tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-76712745454020138682024-02-21T12:17:00.579-05:00RéflexionsUnknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger32125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7671274545402013868.post-79862785743730051522019-05-17T12:15:00.002-04:002022-05-07T14:36:20.543-04:00Commentaires (version finale) sur le recours aux dispositions de dérogation dans le projet de loi no 21, Loi sur la laïcité de l’État. Par Eric Folot, avocat<br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10pt;">« </span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10pt;">The bulk of the law, that part
which defines and implements social, economic and foreign policy, cannot be
neutral. It must state, in its greatest part, the majority's view of the common
good. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: red;">The
institution of rights is therefore crucial, because it represents the
majority's promise to the minorities that their dignity and equality will be
respected. When the divisions among the groups are most violent, then this
gesture, if law is to work, must be most sincere <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[</span>...<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">] </span>is the one
feature that distinguishes law from ordered brutality. If the Government does
not take rights seriously, then it does not take law seriously either</span></u></b> ».</span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> (Ronald
Dworkin, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Taking Rights Seriously</i>,
Cambridge, Harvard University Press 1978 à la p.205)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Je ne souhaite pas
me prononcer pour ou contre le projet de loi 21 (ci-après PL21), mais seulement
avancer certains arguments contre l'usage des dispositions de dérogations.</span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14pt;">Droit
interne </span></u></b><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Le PL 21 mentionne
: </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">« <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">CONSIDÉRANT</b> <u>qu’en vertu du principe
de la souveraineté parlementaire, il revient au Parlement du Québec de
déterminer selon quels principes et de quelle manière les rapports entre l’État
et les religions doivent être organisés au Québec</u> ». </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">« </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">29.</span></b><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> La présente loi ainsi que les
modifications qu’elle apporte à la Loi favorisant la neutralité religieuse de
l’État et visant notamment à encadrer les</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">demandes d’accommodements
pour un motif religieux dans certains organismes <u>s’appliquent malgré les
articles 1 à 38 de la Charte des droits et libertés de la personne</u>
(chapitre C-12) ».</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">« <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">30.</b> La présente loi ainsi que les
modifications qu’elle apporte par son chapitre V <u>ont effet indépendamment
des articles 2 et 7 à 15 de la Loi constitutionnelle de 1982</u> (annexe B de
la Loi sur le Canada, chapitre 11 du</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">recueil
des lois du Parlement du Royaume-Uni pour l’année 1982) ».</span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Or l'enchâssement
de la <i>Charte canadienne des droits et libertés </i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">(ci-après <i>Charte canadienne</i>)</span> dans la Constitution formelle
du Canada (« la loi suprême du Canada » en vertu de son article 52) a
« fait passer le système canadien de gouvernement de la suprématie
parlementaire à la suprématie constitutionnelle ». </span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Source </span></u></b><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">:
<i>Renvoi relatif à la sécession du Québec</i>, [1998] 2 RCS 217 au para.72.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">En
d'autres termes, « la Constitution apporte des limites aux pouvoirs de
légiférer du Parlement et des législatures provinciales ». Ce ne
sont « pas les tribunaux qui imposent des limites au législateur,
mais bien la Constitution, que les tribunaux doivent interpréter ». Le Parlement
du Québec n'a donc pas tous les pouvoirs puisqu'il existe des « limites
constitutionnelles ». Nous vivons donc dans une « démocratie
constitutionnelle ». <b><u>LA RÈGLE</u></b> est donc que « les
citoyens doivent avoir le droit de contester les lois qui outrepassent à leur
avis les pouvoirs d’une législature.<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Lorsqu’un tel recours est dûment exercé, les tribunaux sont constitutionnellement
tenus de trancher ».</span></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Sources </span></u></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">:</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Renvoi relatif à la réglementation pancanadienne des valeurs mobilières</i>,
2018 CSC 48 (CanLII) au para.58 ; <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Vriend
c. Alberta</i>, [1998] 1 RCS 493 au para.56 ; <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Terre-Neuve (Conseil du Trésor) <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">c</span>.
N.A.P.E.</i>, [2004] 3 R.C.S. 381 au para.105 ; </span><i><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Renvoi
relatif à la sécession du Québec</span></i><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">, [1998] 2 RCS 217
au para.62.<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Dans le PL 21, le
gouvernement a recours aux dispositions de dérogation prévues aux articles 33
de la <i>Charte canadienne</i> et 52 de la <i>Charte des droits et libertés de
la personne</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> (ci-après <i>Charte
québécoise</i>)</span> afin de soustraire les dispositions de ce projet de loi
à un examen par les tribunaux dans le but de laisser « le dernier mot au législateur
et non aux tribunaux ». </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Source </span></u></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">:</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Vriend
c. Alberta</i>, [1998] 1 RCS 493 au para.30, j. Iacobucci.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">L'article 33 a été
introduit dans la <i>Charte canadienne</i> par l'entente fédérale-provincial du
5 novembre 1981 afin d'obtenir le consentement des provinces (qui, avant
l'introduction de cet article, étaient opposées à la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i> en raison de la limite qu’elle imposait à leur
souveraineté parlementaire). Lorsqu’il est utilisé de manière préventive, comme
le fait le PL 21, cet article rompt « le dialogue entre les différents
organes du gouvernement » en permettant à une législature, pour une loi
spécifique et pour un maximum de 5 ans, de faire passer le système de
suprématie constitutionnelle à une suprématie parlementaire en supprimant le
droit des citoyens de contester devant les tribunaux cette loi qui contrevient,
selon eux, à leurs droits fondamentaux. Donc cet article 33 est une <b><u>disposition
D'EXCEPTION</u></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">, comme en témoigne
d’ailleurs le paragraphe 3 de cet article qui mentionne que cette dérogation
n’est valable que pour </span>cinq ans après son entrée en <span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">vigueur. </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Roy Romanow, l’honorable </span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Jean
Chrétien et Roy McMurtry, les trois personnes qui ont négocié l’ajout de
l’article 33 dans la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i>,
sont également d’avis qu’il s’agit d’une disposition d’exception, car l’intention
qui a présidée à l’introduction de cet article dans la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i> était que cet article ne devait être utilisé que
dans des situations exceptionnelles et seulement en dernier recours :</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">« <i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "arial";">The
clause was designed to be invoked by legislatures in exceptional
situations, and only as a last resort after careful consideration. It was not
designed to be used by governments as a convenience or as a means
to circumvent proper process. That was clear at the time, and
it has been clear ever since </span></u></b></i><i><span style="font-family: "arial";">»</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-style: normal;"></span></i></span></div>
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<i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Source</span></u></b></i><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> : Macleans, « </span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Chretien, Romanow and McMurtry attack Ford’s
use of the notwithstanding clause » (sept 14, 2018) Macleans,</span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> <i><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; mso-themecolor: text1;">en ligne : </span></i></span><a href="https://www.macleans.ca/politics/ottawa/the-results-of-the-next-federal-election-if-electoral-reform-had-happened/"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">https://www.macleans.ca/politics/ottawa/the-results-of-the-next-federal-election-if-electoral-reform-had-happened/</span></a><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">En effet, l’honorable Jean Chrétien affirmait le 20
novembre 1981 que l’article 33 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte
canadienne</i> est une « soupape de sécurité » qui ne sera
probablement utilisée que très rarement et que dans des circonstances non
controversées :</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">« </span><u><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">What the Premiers
and the Prime Minister agreed to is <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">a
safety valve which is unlikely ever to be used except in non-controversial
circumstances</b> by Parliament or legislatures to override certain sections of
the charter.</span></u><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> The purpose of an override clause
is to provide the flexibility that is required to ensure that legislatures
rather than judges have the final say on important matters of public
policy ».</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Sources</span></u></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> : <span style="font-weight: normal;">Canada, House of Commons Debates,
“Resolution Respecting Constitution Act”, 32nd Parl, 1st Sess (20 November
1981), en ligne</span> : </span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://primarydocuments.ca/house-of-commons-debates-resolution-respecting-constitution-act-6/"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">https://primarydocuments.ca/house-of-commons-debates-resolution-respecting-constitution-act-6/</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> . Voir aussi : David Johansen, Philip
Rosen, « the notwithstanding clause of the charter » (september 1997)
BP-194E, en ligne :</span> <a href="http://publications.gc.ca/Collection-R/LoPBdP/BP/bp194-e.htm"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">http://publications.gc.ca/Collection-R/LoPBdP/BP/bp194-e.htm</span></a></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">L’ancien juge de la Cour suprême du Canada, l’honorable
Michel Bastarache, affirmait que <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>l’article 33 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i> avait été envisagé, par le législateur, comme un
instrument pour corriger des erreurs judiciaires <u>dans les rares cas</u> où
une décision judiciaire serait clairement contraire à l’intérêt public. De
plus, selon le juge Bastarache, le législateur était d’avis que cet instrument
ne devrait être utilisé qu’avec un large appui de l’opinion publique et que
dans des cas non controversés :</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">« </span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">All agreed that section 33 was intended to give
the legislature the so-called “last word.” The controversy centred on the
extent to which the provision would be used.<u> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">It appeared that section 33 was intended as a tool to correct “judicial
errors.”</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is obvious from the
federal Minister of Justice’s description of section 33 <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">as a “safety valve”</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and from
the following statement made by Chief Justice Roy McMurtry, then Attorney
General of Ontario:</u></span></div>
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<u><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">The fact is that the
clause does provide a form of balancing mechanism between the legislators and
the courts <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">in the unlikely event</b> of
a decision of the courts that is clearly contrary to the public interest.</span></u></div>
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<u><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Further, provinces
contemplated the use of the Notwithstanding clause <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">only in the face of strong public support</b>. As a result, many
framers argued that the notwithstanding clause would be rarely used and that it
would only be <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">applied to
noncontroversial issues</b>.The provincial legislatures felt that it was
essential to prevent a possible misuse of this new constitutional document by
the courts </span></u><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">».</span></div>
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<i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Source</span></u></b></i><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> : </span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Michel Bastarache<i><span style="font-family: "arial";">,
</span></i><span style="font-family: "arial";">« Section 33 and the relationship between legislatures and courts »
(2005) 14 :3 Forum Constitutionnel à la p.2, en ligne</span><i><span style="font-family: "arial";"> : </span></i></span><a href="https://www.academia.edu/25839322/WHY_OVERRIDE_CANADAS_CHARTER_OF_RIGHTS_Is_the_Notwithstanding_clause_a_sword_or_paper_tiger_Articles_by_JUSTICE_BASTARACHE_Paul_C._Weiler_author_of_the_idea_and_Thomas_Axworthy"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">https://www.academia.edu/25839322/WHY_OVERRIDE_CANADAS_CHARTER_OF_RIGHTS_Is_the_Notwithstanding_clause_a_sword_or_paper_tiger_Articles_by_JUSTICE_BASTARACHE_Paul_C._Weiler_author_of_the_idea_and_Thomas_Axworthy</span></a></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Le professeur de droit à l’Université Harvard, Paul C.
Weiler, est également d’avis que l’article 33 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i> ne devrait être utilisé que dans des cas
exceptionnels pour corriger des erreurs judiciaires :</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">« </span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">The premise of the Charter is that the optimal
arrangement for Canada is a new partnership between court and legislature.
Under this approach judges will be on the front lines; they will possess both
the responsibility and the legal clout necessary to tackle "rights"
issues as they regularly arise. <u>At the same time, however, the Charter
reserves for the legislature a final say <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">to
be used sparingly in the exceptional case where the judiciary has gone
awry </b></u>».</span></div>
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<i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Source</span></u></b></i><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> : </span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Paul C. Weiler, « Rights and judges in a democracy :
a new canadian version » (1984) 18 :1 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform </i>51 <i><span style="font-family: "arial";">à la p.84, en ligne : </span></i></span><a href="https://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1939&context=mjlr"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">https://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1939&context=mjlr</span></a><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal;"></span></i></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">La
professeure de droit de l’Université de Toronto, Lorraine Weinrib, est du même
avis :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">« </span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">The idea was to provide a safety
valve <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>in exceptional circumstances</u></b>,
not an easily accessible trap door out of the Charter’s strictures. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>The strong and growing convention
against using the override is thus faithful to its original purposes</u></b> ».</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Source</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> : </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Lorraine Weinrib</span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">, « The Charter Critics :
strangers in a strange land » </span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">in <i><span style="font-family: "arial";">The Judiciary as Third Branch of Government:
Manifestations and Challenges to Legitimacy</span></i> (Canadian Institute for
the Administration of Justice: Les Editions Themis, 1999) </span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">à la p.249. <u>Écoutez également ce
vidéo daté du 20 septembre 2018 et intitulé « Above the law »</u>,
à partir de 34 minutes 55 secondes, où Mme Weinrib explique l’intention du
législateur lorsqu’il a adopté l’article 33 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i> : </span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RZ-Qngn8aYM"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RZ-Qngn8aYM</span></a><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> . Écoutez également à 1h 20min.
30sec, où Mme Weinrib mentionne que lors de l’adoption de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i> en 1982, le gouvernement
du Québec était enragé (pour des raisons politiques évidentes), <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>mais pas la population québécoise</u></b>.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Pour ma part, j’affirme que l'article 33 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i> est une <b><u>disposition
D'EXCEPTION</u></b>, comme l’est indiscutablement la limitation aux droits
prévue à l’article 1 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte
canadienne</i> (voir <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">R. c. Oakes</i> (1986)
au para.66 et <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Terre-Neuve (Conseil du
Trésor) <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">c</span>. N.A.P.E</i>. (2004)
au para.102), car elle est antinomique à l’objet immuable ([1985] 1 RCS 295 aux
paras.89- ; </span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">[1988] 2
R.C.S. 680 aux paras.42-43</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">) de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i>, à
savoir « <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">"la protection constante
des droits et libertés individuels"</b> » (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Hunter et autres c. Southam </i>(1984) et <i>R. c. Big M Drug Mart Ltd</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> (1985) au para.121 ; </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">R. c. Tran</i>, [1994] 2 RCS 951<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">)</span>. En effet, l’article 1 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i> mentionne que la
Charte « <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>garantit les droits et
libertés qui y sont énoncés</u> </b>». Dans un même ordre d’idée, l’article
2(3)(a) du <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pacte international relatif
aux droits civils et politiques</i> (ci-après <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pacte international</i>) mentionne que « </span><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">les
États</span></u><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> parties au présent Pacte <u>s'engagent à garantir que
toute personne dont les droits et libertés reconnus dans le présent Pacte
auront été violés <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">disposera d'un recours
utile </b></u>». De même,</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> l’article 4(1) du <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pacte
international </i>mentionne clairement qu’un État ne peut déroger aux droits
que « <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>dans le cas où un danger
public exceptionnel menace l'existence de la nation</u></b><u> </u>». L’article
28 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Déclaration universelle des
droits de l’homme</i> (ci-après <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Déclaration
universelle</i>) est également pertinent et mentionne :</span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">« <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">28.</b>
<u>Toute personne a droit à ce que règne</u>, sur le plan social et sur le plan
international, <u>un ordre tel que les droits et libertés énoncés dans la
présente Déclaration <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">puissent y trouver
plein effet </b></u>».</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Or
il est généralement reconnu que la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Déclaration
universelle</i> jouit du statut de coutume en droit international et qu’elle
constitue donc une source du droit international (art.38(1)(b) du Statut de la
Cour internationale de justice).</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Sources</span></u></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> : <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Commission
des droits de la personne et Commission scolaire de St-Jean-sur-Richelieu,</i>
1991 CanLII 1358 (QC TDP) ; John P. Humphrey, « The international bill of
rights : scope and implementation » (1976) 17 Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 527 à la
p.529 ; Louis Henkin, « Human Rights : Ideology and Aspirations, Reality and
Prospect » in Samantha Power and Graham Allison, Realizing Human Rights :
Moving from Inspiration to Impact , Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmilllan, 2006 à la
p.12 ; Daniel Turp, « Le recours au droit international aux fins de
l'interprétation de la Charte canadienne des droits et libertés : un bilan
jurisprudentiel » (1984) 18 R.J.T. 353 aux pp.374-375 ; Johannes Van Aggelen, «
The preamble of the United Nations declaration of human rights » (1999-2000) 28
Denv. J. Int'l L. & Pol'y 129 aux pp.131-132.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Selon la Cour suprême du Canada, « la coutume
internationale, en tant que droit des nations, <u>constitue également le droit
du Canada</u> à moins que, dans l’exercice légitime de sa souveraineté, celui‑ci
ne déclare son droit interne incompatible ». </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Source</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> : <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">R. c. Hape</i>, [2007] 2 R.C.S. 292 aux
paras.39 et 46.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">La <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Déclaration
universelle</i>, à titre de coutume internationale et en tant qu’elle constitue
donc le droit du Canada, peut donc servir à interpréter la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne.</i> Les articles 1 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i>, 2(3)(a) et 4(1) du <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pacte international</i> et 28 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Déclaration
universelle</i> démontrent, à mon avis, que l’</span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">article 33 <span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i></span> doit être considéré comme une <b><u>disposition
D'EXCEPTION.</u></b></span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><br /></span></span></u></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Source </span></u></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">: Au soutien de mon affirmation, voir : <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Alliance des Professeurs de Montreal v.
A.-G. Quebec</i>, 1985 CanLII 3058 (QC CA) au para.18.</span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><br /></span></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">La Cour suprême du
Canda a reconnu que l’objet de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte
québécoise</i> est le même que celui de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte
canadienne</i> à savoir « la protection du droit à la dignité et à l’égalité
de tout être humain et, comme suite logique, la suppression de la
discrimination ».</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Sources</span></u></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> : <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Québec
(Commission des droits de la personne et des droits de la jeunesse) c. Montréal
(Ville); Québec (Commission des droits de la personne et des droits de la
jeunesse) c. Boisbriand (Ville),</i> [2000] 1 RCS 665 au para.34 (voir aussi
para.46). Dans le préambule de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte
québécoise</i>, il est d’ailleurs mentionné : « </span><span class="texte-preamble"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Considérant qu’il y a lieu
d’affirmer solennellement dans une Charte les libertés et droits fondamentaux
de la personne afin que ceux-ci soient garantis par la volonté collective et
mieux protégés contre toute violation ».</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">En conséquence, une dérogation aux droits et libertés
garantis par la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte québécoise</i> est
donc antinomique à l’objet de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte
québécoise</i>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">De plus, comme le reconnaissait la Cour suprême du Canada,
la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte québécoise</i> représente
« </span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">l’expression des valeurs les plus fondamentales de la
société québécoise ».</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Source </span></u></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">De
Montigny c. Brossard (Succession),</i> [2010] 3 RCS 64 au para.53.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">En conséquence, une dérogation aux droits et libertés
garantis par la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte québécoise</i>, en
plus d’être antinomique à l’objet de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte
québécoise</i>, constitue une dérogation aux « valeurs les plus
fondamentales de la société québécoise ». La disposition de dérogation
prévue à l’article 52 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte
québécoise</i> est donc une <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">disposition </b></span><b><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">d'EXCEPTION</span></b><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">. </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">De plus, l’article 33 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i> renverse la règle selon laquelle<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>l'enchâssement de la <i>Charte canadienne</i>
dans la constitution a « fait passer le système canadien de gouvernement
de la suprématie parlementaire à la suprématie constitutionnelle » afin de
permettre aux citoyens de contester une loi qui contrevient, selon eux, à leurs
droits fondamentaux. En effet, l'application </span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">de cet
article permet de redonner à une législature (provinciale ou fédérale) une
pleine souveraineté parlementaire sans limites (sauf partage de compétence
provincial-fédéral) pour adopter une loi. Cet article renverse donc la règle
susmentionnée en supprimant le droit des citoyens de contester une loi qui
contrevient, selon eux, à leurs droits fondamentaux.</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">On pourrait bien
sûr me rétorquer que l'article 33 de la <i>Charte canadienne </i>n'est pas une
disposition d'exception :</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">- puisqu'il se
trouve dans la <i>Charte canadienne</i> et donc dans la constitution du Canada ;</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">- que son
application n'entraîne pas un reversement de la règle susmentionnée. En effet, bien
qu’elle supprime, pendant un maximum de 5 ans, le droit des citoyens de
contester une loi qui contrevient, selon eux, à leurs droits fondamentaux, son
application est conforme à la constitution et au principe de suprématie
constitutionnelle.</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Or ce serait mal
comprendre ou faire fi des raisons qui ont justifié l'enchâssement de la <i>Charte
canadienne </i>dans la constitution formelle du Canada. Comme le reconnaît la
Cour suprême du Canada, la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte
canadienne</i> « <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">n'a pas été adoptée
en l'absence de tout contexte » et doit donc « être située dans ses
contextes linguistique, philosophique et historique appropriés </span>».</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Source</span></u></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> : <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">R.
c. Big M Drug Mart Ltd.,</i> [1985] 1 RCS 295 au para.117.</span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">L’honorable juge
Dickson de la Cour suprême du Canada était d’avis « que l’essor des droits
de la personne sur le plan international est un facteur important qui a
contribué à l’adoption » de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte
canadienne</i>. <span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Le droit
international est donc un facteur important qui a contribué à l’adoption de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i> et qu’on doit tenir
compte dans l’interprétation de cette Charte.</span> Or en droit international,
la dérogation est une mesure exceptionnelle en vertu de l’article 4(1) du <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Pacte international</span></i>. De plus, le juge Dickson affirme que la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i> « <u>est l’expression
de la <b>volonté commune des gouvernements fédéral et provinciaux de limiter
leur souveraineté législative de manière à ne pas violer certains droits et
certaines libertés</b></u> ». La Cour suprême du Canada en conclut, sur la
base des propos du juge Dickson, que <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">l’objet
principal de la</span> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> est donc « de veiller à ce que toute
action gouvernementale soit conforme à certains droits et libertés individuels »</span>
:</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">« <u>L’ancien
juge en chef Dickson estime que l’essor des droits de la personne sur le plan
international est un facteur important qui a contribué à l’adoption, au Canada,
d’un document garantissant des droits et libertés</u>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Il fait remarquer:</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">[traduction]
<u>La Déclaration universelle des droits de l’homme témoigne de l’horreur
inspirée dans le monde entier par les violations des droits de la personne</u>
qui ont été commises dans de nombreux pays au cours de la Deuxième Guerre
mondiale. La Déclaration universelle représentait cependant plus qu’une simple
expression d’horreur.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><u>Elle soulignait
également de façon éclatante la volonté</u>, issue de la Deuxième Guerre
mondiale et des événements qui y ont conduit, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>de marquer le début d’une ère nouvelle pour l’humanité, une ère
empreinte d’un profond respect des droits de la personne</u></b>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 28.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 28pt 0cm 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>. .</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 28.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 28pt 0cm 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: red; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">La
Charte est l’expression de la volonté commune des gouvernements fédéral et
provinciaux de limiter leur souveraineté législative de manière à ne pas violer
certains droits et certaines libertés</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>[Nous soulignons.]</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: red; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Ces
déclarations confirment ce qui peut paraître évident à certains, c’est‑à‑dire
que <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">l’objet principal de la Charte est
de veiller à ce que toute action gouvernementale soit conforme à certains
droits et libertés individuels</span></span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">
</span></u></b><u><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">dont la protection est essentielle au maintien d’une société
démocratique et fonctionnelle dans laquelle la dignité fondamentale de tous les
individus est reconnue</span></u><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> ».</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Sources </span></u></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">:</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Office
canadien de commercialisation des oeufs c. Richardson</i>, [1998] 3 RCS 157 au
para.57. Voir aussi : </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Vriend
c. Alberta, [</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">1998] 1 RCS 493 aux paras.25 et 27, j.
Iacobucci.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">On pourrait me rétorquer
qu'en ayant recours dans le PL21 à l'article 33 de la <i>Charte canadienne,</i>
le Parlement du Québec ne nie pas les droits fondamentaux des citoyens, car il
a préalablement procédé lui-même (à la place des tribunaux) à l'équilibrage des
droits en jeu et à la justification de l'atteinte des droits par l'objectif
poursuivi (limites raisonnables). Or il y a deux problèmes avec cet argument :</span></div>
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<br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">En tout respect pour les membres de
l'Assemblée nationale, je crois que les juges de la Cour supérieur et des
tribunaux d'appels ont une certaine expertise en la matière (expertise en
droit) que ne possèdent pas tous les membres de l'Assemblée nationale.</span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> En
effet, comme la Cour suprême du Canada l'a reconnu, « la compatibilité
d’une disposition avec la Constitution est une question de droit ». En
d'autres termes, la violation ou non d'un droit fondamental n'est pas une
question de fait, mais de droit. </span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Source</span></u></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> : <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Nouvelle-Écosse
(Workers' Compensation Board) c. Martin; Nouvelle-Écosse (Workers' Compensation
Board) c. Laseur, </i>[2003] 2 RCS 504 au para.28.</span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">
</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">À ce sujet, le professeur
émérite de droit public, Patrice Garant, affirme : « lorsqu’il s’agit
d’apprécier si les restrictions imposées à une liberté fondamentale se
justifient au regard d’un principe constitutionnel (…) alors </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: red; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">les
juges ont manifestement une expertise supérieure aux parlementaires</span></u></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">» :
Patrice Garant, Mémoire déposé dans le cadre des consultations particulières du
PL 21 (010M).</span></div>
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<br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Malgré l'existence de consultations
particulières (et non générales…) sur le PL21, il n'existe pas de garanties
d'équité procédurale comme il en existe devant les tribunaux (par
exemple : le droit pour toutes les parties intéressées d’être entendu et
surtout le fait que les juges doivent être indépendants et impartiaux). Si les
membres de l’Assemblée nationale procèdent à l’équilibrage en question, ils ne
sont pas impartiaux, mais partiaux, c’est-à-dire à la fois « juge et
partie » en contravention à la règle « <span class="solexhl"><i>nemo</i></span><i>
<span class="solexhl">judex</span> <span class="solexhl">in</span> <span class="solexhl">sua</span> <span class="solexhl">causa</span></i> » selon
laquelle « nul ne doit être juge dans sa propre cause ». En effet, l’Assemblée
nationale aurait un parti pris et donc un préjugé favorable à l’égard de son
propre projet de loi et un préjugé défavorable pour les droits fondamentaux qui
pourraient venir limiter son étendue. À ce sujet, la Cour suprême du Canada
affirmait :</span></li>
</ul>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">« Il
n’y a aucun doute qu’en général le Parlement et les législatures <i>prennent</i>
des mesures qui pour eux, qui représentent l’opinion de la majorité,
constituent des limites raisonnables dont la justification a été démontrée <u>à
<i>leur</i> <span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">satisfaction</span></u><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">. Le niveau de déférence que le
juge Marshall propose à l’égard du choix du législateur aurait pour effet de
circonscrire énormément et de rendre superflu le second regard indépendant que
les tribunaux doivent jeter en vertu de l’article premier de la </span></span><a href="https://www.canlii.org/fr/ca/legis/lois/annexe-b-de-la-loi-de-1982-sur-le-canada-r-u-1982-c-11/derniere/annexe-b-de-la-loi-de-1982-sur-le-canada-r-u-1982-c-11.html"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Charte</span></i></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">. Une telle déférence à l’égard de l’opinion de la
majorité accorderait </span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">peu de protection aux minorités (…) <b><u><span style="color: red;">Si les « organes politiques » devaient être
l’« arbitre qui tranche de manière irrévocable » la question de la
conformité de leurs « stratégies » avec la Charte, il semblerait
alors que l’adoption de la Charte n’accorde aucune protection véritable aux
titulaires des droits</span></u></b> (…) <u>chaque fois qu’il existe des
limites à l’exercice licite du pouvoir de l’État, ces limites doivent être
soumises à un arbitre</u>. Depuis la Confédération, les tribunaux
canadiens jouent ce rôle relativement au partage des pouvoirs entre le
Parlement et les législatures provinciales. <u>La ligne de démarcation
entre le droit ou la liberté garantis à une personne et le pouvoir de l’État
doit aussi être soumise à un arbitre. Les rédacteurs de la Charte ont
désigné les tribunaux comme arbitre</u> ».</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Source</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> :
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Terre-Neuve (Conseil du Trésor) <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">c</span>. N.A.P.E</i>., [2004] 3 R.C.S. 381
aux paras.103, 111 et 116. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Cela étant dit, je
crois tout de même que le recours à l'article 33 de la <i>Charte canadienne</i>,
comme <b>disposition d'EXCEPTION</b>, peut cependant se justifier, et être
nécessaire <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>et même un devoir</u></b>,
dans certaines circonstances. En effet, la Cour suprême du Canada peut
commettre des erreurs et n’est donc pas plus infaillible que le législateur. Comme
le disait l’ancien juge de la Cour suprême des États-Unis et procureur en chef
pour les États-Unis au procès de Nuremberg, Robert H. Jackson, à propos des
juges de la Cour suprême des États-Unis : « <span class="headertext">we
are not final because we are infallible, but we are infallible only because we
are final ».</span></span></div>
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<div style="margin-top: 0cm;">
<span class="headertext"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Source</span></u></b></span><span class="headertext"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> : </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Brown v. Allen</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">,
344 U.S. 443 (1953).</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Conformément au
principe qu’il doit exister un </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">dialogue entre
les différents organes du gouvernement,</span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> les décisions de
la Cour suprême du Canada ne doivent donc pas être irrémédiablement finales. Ce
dialogue entre les tribunaux et le législateur est important, car comme
l’affirmait le juge Robert H. Jackson : « <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: red;">each has the human tendency to magnify its own
jurisdiction, to practice what we call « empire building » </span></u></b>(…)
the Court must respect the limitations of its own powers because judicial
usurpation is to me no more justifiable and no more promising of permanent good
to the country than any other kind ».</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Source </span></u></b><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">: Robert H.
Jackson, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Supreme Court in the American
System of Government</i>, Harper Torchbooks, New York, 1963 aux pp. 50 et 61.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">À ce sujet, la
Cour suprême du Canada affirme également qu’il doit exister un processus de
reddition de compte entre les tribunaux et le législateur :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">« <span class="solexhl">Il est tout aussi important, pour les tribunaux, de respecter eux‑mêmes
les fonctions du pouvoir législatif et de l’exécutif que de veiller au respect,
par ces pouvoirs, de leur rôle respectif et de celui des tribunaux ».</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span class="solexhl"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">« </span></span><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">La révision judiciaire et ce dialogue sont
précieux, selon moi, parce qu’ils obligent en quelque sorte les divers organes
du gouvernement à se rendre mutuellement des comptes. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b></span></u><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: red; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Les tribunaux examinent le travail du législateur, et le législateur
réagit aux décisions des tribunaux en adoptant d’autres textes de loi (ou même
en se prévalant de l’</span></u></b><a href="https://www.canlii.org/fr/ca/legis/lois/annexe-b-de-la-loi-de-1982-sur-le-canada-r-u-1982-c-11/derniere/annexe-b-de-la-loi-de-1982-sur-le-canada-r-u-1982-c-11.html#art33_smooth"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">art. 33</span></b></a><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: red; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> de la </span></u></b><a href="https://www.canlii.org/fr/ca/legis/lois/annexe-b-de-la-loi-de-1982-sur-le-canada-r-u-1982-c-11/derniere/annexe-b-de-la-loi-de-1982-sur-le-canada-r-u-1982-c-11.html"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i><span style="color: red; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Charte</span></i></b></a><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: red; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> pour
les soustraire à la </span></u></b><a href="https://www.canlii.org/fr/ca/legis/lois/annexe-b-de-la-loi-de-1982-sur-le-canada-r-u-1982-c-11/derniere/annexe-b-de-la-loi-de-1982-sur-le-canada-r-u-1982-c-11.html"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i><span style="color: red; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Charte</span></i></b></a><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: red; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">).
Ce dialogue et ce processus de reddition de compte entre organes du
gouvernement, loin de nuire au processus démocratique, l’enrichissent</span></u></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></u></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">».<span class="solexhl"></span></span></div>
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<b><span class="solexhl"><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Sources</span></u></span></b><span class="solexhl"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"><b> </b>: </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Doucet-Boudreau
c. Nouvelle-Écosse (Ministre de l'Éducation),</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> [2003] 3 RCS 3 au para.35 ; </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Vriend c. Alberta, [</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">1998] 1 RCS 493 au para.32,
j. Iacobucci.</span><br />
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Pour reprendre les termes employés par les auteures, Louise
Arbour et Fannie Lafontaine, l’objectif est donc de prévenir autant « <u>la
tyrannie de la majorité </u>» (par le législateur) que « <u>la
tyrannie du judiciaire </u>» (par les tribunaux). Ou comme le disait James
Madison, l’un des pères fondateurs des États-Unis : « </span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Ambition
must be made to counteract ambition ».</span></div>
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<h4 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
</h4>
<b><u><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Sources</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> : </span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Louise Arbour et Fannie Lafontaine, « Beyond
self-congratulation : the charter at 25 in an international
perspective » (2007) 45 :2 Osgoode Hall Law Journal 240 à la p.245.
James Madison, « </span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">The Structure of the Government Must Furnish the Proper Checks and
Balances Between the Different Departments</span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;"> From the New York Packet. Friday, February 8, 1788 », The Federalist
Papers no.51, en ligne : </span><a href="http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/fed51.asp"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/fed51.asp</span></a><br />
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Le législateur est donc en droit de réagir à certaines
décisions abusives ou erronées de la Cour suprême du Canada en se prévalant notamment
de l’article 33 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i>.
En effet, l</span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">a Cour suprême du Canada a parfois commis des erreurs
graves. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Pensons, par
exemple, à l’arrêt </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Edwards v. Canada (Attorney General)</span></i><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> (<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">1928), rendu bien avant l’adoption de la <i>Charte canadienne</i>, dans
lequel la Cour suprême du Canada avait déclaré que les femmes ne sont pas des «
personnes » éligibles aux fins d’être nommées au Sénat du Canada</span></span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">.<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Source</span></u></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> : </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Edwards
v. Canada (Attorney General)</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">, [1928] S.C.R. 276.Voir
aussi : </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Renvoi relatif au
mariage entre personnes du même sexe</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">, [2004] 3 RCS 698 au para.22.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">De même, pensons également au </span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">traitement
réservé en temps de guerre aux Canadiens d’origine japonaise, dont la validité
a été confirmée par la Cour suprême du Canada dans l’arrêt <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Reference to the Validity of
Orders in Council in relation to Persons of Japanese Race</span></i>, <span class="reflex3-alt">[1946] S.C.R. 248.</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Source</span></u></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Demande
fondée sur l'art. 83.28 du Code criminel (Re),</i> [2004] 2 RCS 248 au
para.114.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -0.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Plus récemment, après l’adoption de
la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i>, on peut penser
aux arrêts très controversés suivants : </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">l’arrêt </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Rodriguez c. Colombie-Britannique (Procureur général)</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">, [1993] 3 RCS 519 portant sur l’aide au
suicide. À ce sujet, l’ancien juge de la Cour d’appel du Québec, Me </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Jean-Louis Baudouin, affirmait : « On peut
s’interroger sur la légitimité non pas formelle, mais sociale d’une décision
partagée 5-4 du plus haut tribunal du pays sur, par exemple, l’aide au suicide
» <b>(</b>Jean-Louis Baudouin, « Common law, droit civil : réflexion sur les
outils du juge en bioéthique » (2006) 17 Journal international de bioéthique 95
à la p.99).</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">l’arrêt
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">R. c. Sharpe</i>, [2001] 1 RCS 45 sur la
pornographie juvénile (2 exceptions ont été permises par la Cour).</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">l’arrêt </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Gosselin <b>c</b> . Québec (Procureur général),</span></i><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> [2002] 4
R.C.S. 429 où la Cour s'est penchée sur la constitutionnalité du Règlement sur
l'aide sociale de 1984 qui fixait le montant des prestations de base payables
aux personnes de moins de 30 ans au tiers de celui des prestations de base
versées aux 30 ans et plus.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">l’arrêt </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Canadian Foundation for Children, Youth and the Law c. Canada (Procureur
général)</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">, [2004] 1 RCS 76 portant </span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">sur
la constitutionnalité de la décision du législateur d’établir une zone à
l’intérieur de laquelle les pères, mères et instituteurs peuvent, dans
certaines circonstances, employer une force légère pour corriger un enfant sans
s’exposer à des sanctions pénales.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l8 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">l’arrêt </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Chaoulli c. Québec (Procureur général)</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">, [2005] 1 RCS 791 portant sur le droit des Québécois de
contracter des assurances privées pour payer des soins médicaux administrés par
le secteur privé, ouvrant ainsi la porte à la création d’un système parallèle
de santé risquant de nuire au système de santé publique. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Outre l'argument
selon lequel la Cour suprême du Canada n’est pas infaillible, mais qu’elle peut
faire des erreurs et l’argument historique à l’effet que l’article 33 a été
introduit dans la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i>
afin que les provinces puissent, au besoin, récupérer leur pleine souveraineté,
un des arguments au soutien du recours à cet article est la question de la
légitimité démocratique : les députés sont élus par la population alors que les
juges ne le sont pas. Pour reprendre les termes du prof. Peter W. Hogg : « why
should the views of non-elected judges prevail over the views of the elected
legislators ? » Puisque cet article vise à redonner aux législatures leur
pleine souveraineté parlementaire au nom de la légitimité démocratique,
l'utilisation de cet article ne devrait être envisagée que lorsque le
gouvernement au pouvoir représente minimalement, dans les faits, la majorité de
la population (votante et non-votante). Or aux élections de 2018, seulement 25%
des citoyens ont donné leur voix à la CAQ (en tenant compte de ceux qui n'ont
pas voté, qui représentent le tiers de la population). En effet, dans un
article du Devoir du 3 octobre 2018, Annabelle Caillou affirme :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">« Si
l’on compile les résultats des circonscriptions remportées par la CAQ — en
comptabilisant les Québécois inscrits sur les listes électorales n’ayant pas
exercé leur devoir de citoyen —, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>seulement
24,9 % de l’ensemble des électeurs ont vraiment donné leur voix au parti </u></b>».
</span></div>
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<b><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Source</span></u></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> : Annabelle Caillou, « L’adhésion d’un quart des
électeurs a suffi à la CAQ » (3 octobre 2018) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Le Devoir</i>, en ligne : </span><a href="https://www.ledevoir.com/politique/quebec/538222/la-caq-a-convaincu-les-electeurs-avec-moderation"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">https://www.ledevoir.com/politique/quebec/538222/la-caq-a-convaincu-les-electeurs-avec-moderation</span></a></div>
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<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Donc la CAQ ne
peut pas logiquement se prévaloir de l'argument de la légitimité démocratique
(à savoir qu'il représente les aspirations de la majorité de la population)
afin de recourir aux articles 33 de la <i>Charte canadienne</i> et 52 de la <i>Charte
québécoise</i>. En ef<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">fet, il ne
reflète pas les aspirations de la majorité de la population : 75% des citoyens
n'ont pas donné leur voix à la CAQ. </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">De plus, selon Nikolas Barry-Shaw, « </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: red; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">l’opposition
à la loi 21 est également plus large et substantielle qu’on ne le rapporte
souvent — plus de 40% selon plusieurs sondages et même 59% dans l’</span></u></b><a href="http://voxpoplabs.com/fr/signes-religieux/" target="_blank"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">un d’entre eux</span></b></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> ».</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Source</span></u></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> : Nikolas Barry-Shaw,
« Interdiction des signes religieux : quel consensus? » (21 mai 2019)
Institut de recherche et d’informations socio-économiques, en ligne : </span><a href="https://iris-recherche.qc.ca/blogue/interdiction-des-signes-religieux-quel-consensus"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">https://iris-recherche.qc.ca/blogue/interdiction-des-signes-religieux-quel-consensus</span></a></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Pour terminer, même si la CAQ représente les aspirations
de la majorité de la population, il y a lieu de rappeler que « l'idée de
démocratie transcende la règle de la majorité » (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Vriend c. Alberta, [</i>1998] 1 RCS 493 au para.33, j. Iacobucci) et
qu'il n'est donc pas légitime pour une majorité de nier, <u>sur la seule base</u>
de la règle de la majorité (ou du principe démocratique), des droits
fondamentaux en ayant recours aux dispositions de dérogation. En effet, l’objet
de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i>, dans lequel
s’inscrit l’article 33</span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">,</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> est que « </span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">la société canadienne <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>doit être libre</u></b><u> et démocratique </u>» (<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">voir <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">R. <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">c.</span> Oakes</i> (1986)</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> au para.64)</span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> et pas uniquement démocratique. D’ailleurs, l’ancien juge de la Cour
suprême du Canada, l’honorable Michel Bastarache, est d’avis que </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte
canadienne</i> est</span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> « </span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">l’expression
ultime et profondément canadienne <u>de la primauté accordée à la liberté et à
la dignité humaine </u>».<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Source</span></u></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> : Michel Bastarache, « </span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">La
Charte canadienne des droits et libertés, reflet d’un phénomène mondial
? » (2007) 48 :4 Les Cahiers de Droit 735 <span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">à la p.736, en ligne : </span></span><a href="https://www.erudit.org/fr/revues/cd1/2007-v48-n4-cd3850/043952ar.pdf"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">https://www.erudit.org/fr/revues/cd1/2007-v48-n4-cd3850/043952ar.pdf</span></a><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">En d’autres termes, pour qu’un système politique ait une légitimité,
il doit y avoir une interaction entre « la primauté du droit » et le
« principe démocratique ». Sur la question de légitimité d’un système
politique, la Cour suprême du Canada affirme :</span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">« <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Un système politique doit aussi avoir
une légitimité, ce qui exige, dans notre culture politique, une interaction de
la primauté du droit et du principe démocratique</u></b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Le système doit pouvoir refléter les
aspirations de la population.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Il y a
plus encore.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>La légitimité de nos lois
repose aussi sur un appel aux valeurs morales dont beaucoup sont enchâssées
dans notre structure constitutionnelle. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: red;">Ce serait une grave erreur d'assimiler la légitimité à la
seule «volonté souveraine» ou à la seule règle de la majorité, à l'exclusion
d'autres valeurs constitutionnelles</span></u></b><span style="color: red;"> </span>».</span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Source </span></u></b><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">:
<i>Renvoi relatif à la sécession du Québec</i>, [1998] 2 RCS 217 au para.67.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">L’ancienne juge en chef de la Cour suprême du Canada, l’honorable
Beverly McLachlin, ajoute :</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">« </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">La distinction entre « gouverner à coup de lois »
<span style="color: red;">(« </span></span></u></b><i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN" style="color: red; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">rule by law</span></u></b></i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: red; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> »)</span></u></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> — situation qui
existe dans certains pays en voie de développement — et « primauté du
droit » <span style="color: red;">(« </span></span></u></b><i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN" style="color: red; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">rule of law </span></u></b></i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: red; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">») </span></u></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">— principe auquel adhèrent les démocraties développées</span></u></b><u><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">
— décrit succinctement la différence entre un simple système de règles et un
système de droit digne de ce nom, fondé sur certaines valeurs minimales</span></u><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">
(…) La théorie démocratique moderne, telle qu’épousée par la plupart des
démocraties occidentales, conjugue deux doctrines intrinsèquement
contradictoires. Suivant la première, souvent attribuée à </span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Dicey</span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">, il appartient au Parlement,
et à lui seul, d’établir le droit et, par incidence, les normes fondamentales
sur lesquelles il repose. La seconde consiste dans l’idée — très largement
acceptée depuis la Seconde Guerre mondiale dans les démocraties modernes
développées — que<u> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">les systèmes de
droit doivent respecter certaines normes fondamentales</b> </u>».</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Source </span></u></b><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">: <span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Beverly McLachlin, « Les
principes constitutionnels non écrits : qu’est-ce qui se passe dans ce
domaine? » </span>Allocution prononcée par la très honorable </span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Beverley McLachlin</span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">, le 1er décembre
2005, en ligne : </span><a href="https://www.scc-csc.ca/judges-juges/spe-dis/bm-2005-12-01-fra.aspx"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">https://www.scc-csc.ca/judges-juges/spe-dis/bm-2005-12-01-fra.aspx</span></a><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Ainsi, les
sociétés, comme la nôtre, « où prime le droit se caractérisent par une
certaine <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i><u>obligation de justification</u></i><u> </u></b>».</span></div>
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<b><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Source </span></u></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Toronto (Ville) c. S.C.F.P., section locale
79</span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">, [2003] 3 RCS 77 au
para.130.</span></span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> <span class="st">Beverley </span><i><span style="font-family: "arial";">McLachlin</span></i>, « The Roles of
Administrative Tribunals and Courts in Maintaining the Rule of Law »
(1998-1999), 12 <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">C.J.A.L.P.</span> 171.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Le philosophe du droit,
Ronald Dworkin, donne l’exemple suivant afin de démontrer que la règle de la
majorité (le principe démocratique) ne suffit pas toujours à rendre une
décision juste (légitime) :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">« <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Majority decision is not always fair. </u></b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">I earlier gave this example: when
a lifeboat is overcrowded and one passenger must be thrown over else all will
die, it would not be fair to hold a vote so that the least popular among them
would be drowned</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> (…) The evident reasons why a majority vote would
be unfair in the lifeboat case apply also to at least some political decisions.
Just as the biases and personal dislikes of a majority should not count in
deciding which passenger should be thrown overboard, so they are not relevant
when a political community decides on the rights of an identified and disliked
minority (…) <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: red;">Majority
rule is not an intrinsically fair decision procedure, and there is nothing
about politics that makes it intrinsically fair there</span></u></b>. ».</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Source</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> : </span><i><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Ronald Dworkin, Justice
for Hedgehogs, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 2011 aux pp.387 et 392.</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal;"></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">L’ancien juge de
la Cour suprême des États-Unis et procureur en chef pour les États-Unis au
procès de Nuremberg, Robert H. Jackson, expose le dilemme, pour tout
législateur, de choisir entre une règle de la majorité sans limites qui laisse
sans protection les individus d’une minorité et choisir une règle de la
majorité limitée qui protège les minorités :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">« Judicial
power to nullify a law duly passed by the representative process is a
restriction upon the power of the majority to govern the country. Unrestricted
majority rule leaves the individual in the minority unprotected. This is the
dilemma and you have to take your choice. The Constitution-makers made their
choice in favor of a limited majority rule ».</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Source </span></u></b><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">: Robert H.
Jackson, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Supreme Court in the American
System of Government</i>, Harper Torchbooks, New York, 1963 à la p.79.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Au Canada, les
législateurs fédéral et provinciaux ont également fait ce choix de limiter la
règle de la majorité (leur souveraineté) afin de protéger les droits et
libertés fondamentaux et les minorités. En effet, il y a eu une « </span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">volonté commune des gouvernements fédéral et
provinciaux de limiter leur souveraineté législative de manière à ne pas violer
certains droits et certaines libertés ».</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Source </span></u></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">:</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Office
canadien de commercialisation des oeufs c. Richardson</i>, [1998] 3 RCS 157 au
para.57. Voir aussi : <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Vriend c.
Alberta, [</i>1998] 1 RCS 493 aux paras.25 et 27, j. Iacobucci.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Le philosophe du droit, Ronald Dworkin, affirme que la
garantie des droits fondamentaux est la promesse faite aux minorités par la
majorité que leur dignité sera respectée :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">« </span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">The bulk of the law, that part
which defines and implements social, economic and foreign policy, cannot be
neutral. It must state, in its greatest part, the majority's view of the common
good. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: red;">The
institution of rights is therefore crucial, because it represents the
majority's promise to the minorities that their dignity and equality will be
respected. When the divisions among the groups are most violent, then this
gesture, if law is to work, must be most sincere <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[</span>...<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">] </span>is the one
feature that distinguishes law from ordered brutality. If the Government does
not take rights seriously, then it does nottake law seriously either</span></u></b> ».</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Source</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> : Ronald Dworkin, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Taking Rights Seriously</i>, Cambridge, Harvard University Press 1978 à
la p.205.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">La Cour suprême du Canada affirme aussi : </span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">« L<span style="color: black; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">es lois sur les
droits de la personne sont le dernier recours des membres les plus vulnérables
de la société ».</span></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Source</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> :</span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Zurich
Insurance Co. c. Ontario (Commission des droits de la personne),</i> [1992] 2
R.C.S. 321 au para.18.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">En conséquence, bien que dans l’état actuel du droit, l’article
33 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i> « <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">établit des exigences de forme seulement » (</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ford c. Québec (Procureur général)</i>
(1988) au para.33), les tribunaux devraient, selon moi afin de se conformer à
l’article 4(1) du <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pacte international</i>,
revoir les exigences (actuellement limitées « à <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">des exigences de forme seulement ») </span>que doit satisfaire un
législateur qui souhaite recourir à l’article 33 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i>. En effet, le législateur devrait, à mon avis,
avoir à fournir aux citoyens et aux tribunaux une « justification »
pour déroger à un droit ou à une liberté fondamentale ainsi qu’un lien
rationnel entre cette dérogation et l’objectif poursuivi par la loi. La
« justification » ou l’objectif urgent, important et réel à cette
dérogation pourrait reposer sur des valeurs constitutionnelles incluant par
exemple les autres droits et libertés, les valeurs d’une société libre et démocratique
<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">« qui sont à l'origine des droits et
libertés » (voir <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">R. <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">c.</span> Oakes</i> (1986)</span> au
para.64) et les principes constitutionnels non écrits, dont le respect des
minorités et le droit international. Évidemment, « les considérations
budgétaires <u>à elles seules</u> ne peuvent pas être invoquées en tant qu’<span class="solexhl">objectif</span> <span class="solexhl">urgent</span> et <span class="solexhl">réel</span> » ([2003] 2 RCS 504 au para.109 ; </span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">[2004]
3 R.C.S. 381 aux paras.71-72<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">). Le
législateur ne pourrait pas non plus « se fonder<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> sur un objet inconstitutionnel » (</span>[1985] 1 RCS 295 aux
paras.80, 85, 141 ; </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">[1987] 1
R.C.S. 1045</span> au para.51<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">)<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">. En revanche, les tribunaux devraient, dans leur
analyse, accorder une grande déférence au législateur afin de respecter le
principe de souveraineté parlementaire.</span></span> <span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Contrairement à l’article 1 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i>, le gouvernement n’aurait cependant pas, selon ce
que je propose, à démontrer une atteinte minimale et une proportionnalité entre
les effets </span>préjudiciables et les effets bénéfiques de la loi<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">. Il y aurait donc une différence
claire en terme d’exigence entre le recours à l’article 33 (disposition de
dérogation à un droit) et le recours à l’article 1 (disposition de limitation
d’un droit) de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i>.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Dans un texte
collectif publié le 5 juin 2004 dans le <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Globe
and Mail</i>, les signataires, <u>parmi lesquels on retrouve l’honorable Claire
L'Heureux-Dubé (ancienne juge de la Cour suprême du Canada)</u>,
affirmaient :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">« </span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">2. Would a Conservative government
uphold the Charter's fundamental guarantees or override them?</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Indeed, many Conservative policies view the Charter of
Rights not as a fundamental guarantee for all Canadians, but rather as an
obstacle to be circumvented</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> in the drive to remake Canada's social fabric. You have
regularly indicated a willingness to use the Charter's notwithstanding clause
to override Charter rights and to put the state back into the bedrooms of the
nation. Canadians respect and cherish the rights and values that the Charter
guarantees. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: red;">Extensive
use of the override places rights squarely back where they were before the
Charter was enacted: in the hands of a potentially hostile majority </span></u></b>».</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Source </span></u></b><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">:
« Can we trust you, sir, to defend the Charter ? » (June 5,
2004) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Globe and Mail</i>, en ligne :
</span><a href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/can-we-trust-you-sir-to-defend-the-charter/article744080/"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/can-we-trust-you-sir-to-defend-the-charter/article744080/</span></a><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Pour terminer
cette partie sur le droit interne, il est important de sensibiliser la
population sur l’importance de protéger les minorités, car les tribunaux ne
peuvent à eux seuls, sans un large appui de l’opinion publique, garantir la protection
des minorités. En effet, l’ancien juge de la Cour suprême des États-Unis et
procureur en chef pour les États-Unis au procès de Nuremberg, Robert H.
Jackson, affirmait : </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">« <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: red;">I know of no
modern instance in which any judiciary has saved a whole people from the great
currents of intolerance, passion, usurpation, and tyranny which have threatened
liberty and free institutions</span></u></b><span style="color: red;">. </span>The
Dre Scott decision did not settle the question of the power to end slavery (…) <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>No court can support a reactionary
regime and no court can innovate or implement a new one. I doubt that any
court, whatever its power, could have saved Louis XVI or Marie Antoinette. None
could have avoided the French Revolution, none could have stopped its excesses,
and none could have prevented its culmination in the dictatorship of Napoleon.<span style="color: red;"> In Germany a courageous court refused to convict those whom the
Nazi government sought to make the scapegoats for the Reichstag fire,
clandestinely set by the Nazis themselves, and other courts decreed both the
Nazi and the Communist parties to be illegal under German law. Those judgments
fell on deaf ears and became dead letters because the political forces at the
time were against them</span></u></b><span style="color: red;">.</span></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: red; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">It is
not idle speculation to inquire which comes first, either in time or
importance, an independent and enlightened judiciary or a free and tolerant
society</span></u></b><span style="color: red; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">.</span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">
Must we first maintain a system of free political government to assure a free
judiciary, or can we rely on an aggressive, activist judiciary to guarantee
free government ? While each undoubtedly is a support for the other, and
the two are frequently found together, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: red;">it is my belief that the attitude of a society and of its
organized political forces, rather than its legal machinery, is the controlling
force in the character of free institutions</span> </u></b>».</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">« <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: red;">Judicial
functions, as we have evolved them, can be discharged only in that kind of
society which is willing to submit its conflicts to adjudication and to
subordinate power to reason </span></u></b>».</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Source </span></u></b><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">: Robert H.
Jackson, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Supreme Court in the American
System of Government</i>, Harper Torchbooks, New York, 1963 aux pp.80-83.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14pt;">Droit
international</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14pt;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Le 19 mai 1976, le
Canada a adhéré au <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pacte international
relatif aux droits civils et politiques</i> <span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">(ci-après <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pacte
international</i>)</span> ainsi qu’à son protocole facultatif. Ce Pacte dégage
non seulement un consensus international, mais aussi des principes que le
Canada s’est lui-même engagé à respecter.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Source</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> : Health Services
and Support - Facilities Subsector Bargaining Assn. c. Colombie-Britannique,
[2007] 2 RCS 391 au para.71. Sur l’adhésion du Canada au Pacte international,
voir : </span><a href="https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-4&chapter=4&clang=_fr"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-4&chapter=4&clang=_fr</span></a><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Ce <i>Pacte
international</i> lie autant le Canada que les provinces, dont le Québec. En
effet, l’article 50 de ce Pacte mentionne :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">« <b><u>Les
dispositions du présent Pacte s'appliquent, sans limitation ni exception
aucune, à toutes les unités constitutives des Etats fédératifs</u></b> ».</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">De plus, l’article
29 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Convention de Vienne sur le
droit des traités</i>, à laquelle le Canada a adhéré le 14 octobre 1970,
mentionne :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">« À
moins qu’une intention différente ne ressorte du traité ou ne soit par ailleurs
établie, un traité lie chacune des parties à l’égard de l’ensemble de son
territoire ».</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Le 21 avril
1976, dans l’arrêté en conseil 1438-76, le Québec a ratifié ce <i>Pacte
international.</i></span></u></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Source</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> : <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Commission des droits de la personne et
Commission scolaire de St-Jean-sur-Richelieu,</i> 1991 CanLII 1358 (QC TDP).</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">L’adoption de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i> découle de
l’obligation imposée aux États en vertu de l’article 2 de ce <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pacte international</i>.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Les
droits que ce Pacte international protège « </span><b><u><span style="color: red; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">énoncent un niveau minimal de protection dont il faut tenir compte
dans l’interprétation</span></u></b><span style="color: red; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">» des Chartes. En d’autres termes, « </span><span style="color: red; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">i<b><u>l faut présumer que la Charte accorde une protection au moins
aussi grande que les instruments internationaux ratifiés par le Canada en
matière de droits de la personne</u></b> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">».</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Source</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> :
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Divito c. Canada (Sécurité publique et
Protection civile),</i> [2013] 3 RCS 157 aux paras.23-25. Voir aussi : <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Renvoi relatif à la Public Service Employee
Relations Act (Alb.),</i> [1987] 1 R.C.S. 313 au para.59 ; <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Slaight Communications Inc. c. Davidson</i>,
[1989] 1 R.C.S. 1038 au para.23 ; <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Health
Services and Support – Facilities Subsector Bargaining Assn. <b>c</b>
Colombie-Britannique</i>, [2007] 2 R.C.S. 391 au para.70 et 79 ; <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">R. c. Hape</i>, [2007] 2 R.C.S. 292 au
para.55.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">L'article 4 du <i>Pacte
international</i> mentionne : </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">"Article
4</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">1.
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: red;">Dans le cas
où un danger public exceptionnel menace l'existence de la nation</span></u></b><u>
et est proclamé par un acte officiel, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: red;">les Etats parties au présent Pacte peuvent prendre, dans la
stricte mesure où la situation l'exige, des mesures dérogeant aux obligations
prévues dans le présent Pacte, sous réserve</span></b></u><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>que ces mesures ne soient pas incompatibles avec les autres
obligations que leur impose le droit international et <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: red;">qu'elles n'entraînent pas une discrimination
fondée uniquement sur</span></u></b> la race, la couleur, le sexe, la langue<span style="color: red;">, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>la religion</u></b>
</span>ou l'origine sociale.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">2.
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: red;">La
disposition précédente n'autorise aucune dérogation aux articles</span></u></b><span style="color: red;"> </span>6, 7, 8 (par. 1 et 2), 11, 15, 16 et <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: red;">18</span> </u></b>(…) »</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">L’article 18 du <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pacte international</i> mentionne :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">« </span><b><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Article 18 </span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">1. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: red;">Toute personne a droit à la liberté de pensée, de conscience
et de religion</span></u></b>; ce droit implique la liberté d'avoir ou
d'adopter une religion ou une conviction de son choix, ainsi que la liberté de
manifester sa religion ou sa conviction, individuellement ou en commun, tant en
public qu'en privé, par le culte et l'accomplissement des rites, les pratiques
et l'enseignement (…) ».</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">En conséquence, ce
n’est que dans un cas de danger public exceptionnel menaçant l'existence de la nation,
qu’un État est en droit de déroger, dans une loi, aux droits contenus dans le <i>Pacte
international</i>. De plus, cette dérogation ne doit pas entraîner une
discrimination fondée uniquement, par exemple, sur la religion.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Le paragraphe 2 de
l’article 4 du <i>Pacte international</i> mentionne aussi qu’il est interdit
pour un État de déroger aux articles 6, 7, 8 (para.1 et 2), 11, 15, 16 et 18 de
ce Pacte. Or l’article 18 du <i>Pacte international </i>est la disposition
garantissant le droit à la liberté de conscience et de religion, à savoir le
même droit auquel le PL 21 entend déroger.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Dans son document
intitulé « Observation générale no.29-État d’urgence (art.4) », le
Comité des droits de l’homme de l’ONU précise l’application de l’article
4 et le droit d’un État de déroger à certains articles du <i>Pacte
international</i> :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">« Les
mesures dérogeant aux dispositions du Pacte doivent avoir un caractère
exceptionnel et provisoire. Avant qu’un État ne décide d’invoquer l’article 4,
il faut que deux conditions essentielles soient réunies: la situation doit
représenter un danger public exceptionnel qui menace l’existence de la nation
et l’État partie doit avoir proclamé officiellement un état d’urgence. Cette
dernière condition est essentielle au maintien des principes de légalité et de
primauté du droit à des moments où ils sont plus que jamais nécessaires (…) </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Tout
trouble ou toute catastrophe n’entre pas automatiquement dans la catégorie d’un
danger public exceptionnel qui menace l’existence de la nation, selon la
définition du paragraphe 1 de l’article 4. Pendant un conflit armé,
international ou non, les règles du droit international humanitaire deviennent
applicables et contribuent, outre les dispositions de l’article 4 et du
paragraphe 1 de l’article 5 du Pacte, à empêcher tout abus des pouvoirs
exceptionnels par un État. Le Pacte stipule expressément que même pendant un
conflit armé, des mesures dérogeant au Pacte ne peuvent être prises que si, et
dans la mesure où, cette situation constitue une menace pour la vie de la
nation. L’État partie qui envisage d’invoquer l’article 4 dans une situation
autre qu’un conflit armé devrait peser soigneusement sa décision pour savoir si
une telle mesure se justifie et est nécessaire et légitime dans les
circonstances. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Le Comité a exprimé à
plusieurs occasions sa préoccupation au sujet d’États parties qui semblaient
avoir dérogé aux droits protégés par le Pacte, ou dont le droit interne
semblait autoriser une telle dérogation dans des situations non couvertes par
l’article 4</u></b> (…) </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">La question
de savoir quand et dans quelle mesure il peut être dérogé à certains droits ne
peut être examinée sans qu’il soit tenu compte de la disposition du paragraphe
1 de l’article 4 du Pacte selon laquelle toute dérogation aux obligations qui
incombent à l’État partie en vertu du Pacte n’est permise que « dans la stricte
mesure où la situation l’exige ». Cette condition fait obligation aux États
parties de justifier précisément non seulement leur décision de proclamer un
état d’exception, mais aussi toute mesure concrète découlant de cette
proclamation (…) </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Le paragraphe 2 de l’article 4 du Pacte stipule expressément
qu’il ne peut être dérogé aux articles suivants</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">:
article 6 (droit à la vie), article 7 (interdiction de la torture et autres
peines ou traitements cruels, inhumains ou dégradants, et des expériences
médicales ou scientifiques menées sans le libre consentement de la personne
concernée), article 8, paragraphes 1 et 2 (interdiction de l’esclavage, de la
traite des esclaves et de la servitude), article 11 (interdiction d’emprisonner
une personne incapable d’exécuter une obligation contractuelle), article 15
(principe de légalité en matière pénale, en vertu duquel la responsabilité
pénale et les peines doivent être définies dans des dispositions claires et
précises d’une loi qui était en vigueur et applicable au moment où l’action ou
l’omission a eu lieu, sauf dans les cas où une loi ultérieure prévoit une peine
moins lourde), article 16 (reconnaissance de la personnalité juridique de
chacun) <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>et article 18 (liberté de
pensée, de conscience et de religion). Les droits consacrés dans ces
dispositions ne sont pas susceptibles de dérogation du simple fait qu’ils sont
énumérés au paragraphe 2 de l’article 4 (…) <span style="color: red;">À
plusieurs occasions, le Comité s’est déclaré préoccupé par le fait qu’il était
dérogé ou qu’il risquait pouvoir être dérogé à des droits non susceptibles de
dérogation conformément au paragraphe 2 de l’article 4, du fait de
l’insuffisance du régime juridique de l’État partie</span></u></b> ».</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Source </span></u></b><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">: ONU, Comité des
droits de l’homme, observation générale no.29- État d’urgence (art.4), 31 août
2001, CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.11, en ligne : </span><a href="https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/TBSearch.aspx?Lang=fr&TreatyID=8&DocTypeID=11"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/TBSearch.aspx?Lang=fr&TreatyID=8&DocTypeID=11</span></a><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">NB</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> : Dans le cas de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte de la langue française,</i> le
gouvernement du Québec avait, dans sa loi (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Loi
modifiant la Charte de la langue française</i>, L.Q. 1988, c. 54, art.10), notamment
dérogé au droit à la liberté d’expression. Or le paragraphe 2 de l’article 4 du
<i>Pacte international </i>n’interdit pas une dérogation au droit à la liberté
d’expression garanti, par ailleurs, à l’article 19 du Pacte. Il interdit une
dérogation à la liberté de conscience et de religion garantie à l’article 18 du
Pacte. En d’autres termes, le cas de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte
de la langue française</i> (qui dérogeait à la liberté d’expression) se
distingue du cas du PL21 (qui entend déroger à la liberté de conscience).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Contrairement au <i>Pacte
international,</i> les articles 33 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte
canadienne</i> et 52 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte
québécoise</i> semblent <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">a priori</i> permettre
au législateur québécois de déroger dans une loi au droit à la liberté de
conscience et de religion. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Or l’article 27 de
la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Convention de Vienne sur le droit des
traités</i> mentionne :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">« <b><u><span style="color: red;">Une partie ne peut invoquer les dispositions de son droit
interne comme justifiant la non-exécution d’un traité</span></u></b><span style="color: red;"> </span>(…) ».</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">À ce sujet, voir </span></u></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Zingre
c. La Reine et autres</i>, [1981] 2 RCS 392. Dans cet arrêt, le juge Dickson cite,
au nom de tous les juges, le ministère canadien des Affaires extérieures qui
affirmait : « il est un principe consacré dans le droit coutumier
international qu’un état ne peut invoquer les dispositions de son droit interne
pour justifier son omission de s’acquitter de ses obligations
internationales ». Voir aussi : <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">R.
c. Malmo-Levine; R. c. Caine</i>, [2003] 3 RCS 571 au para.271.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Le 4 février 1932,
la Cour Permanente de Justice Internationale affirmait dans un avis
consultatif : « <b><u>Un État ne saurait invoquer, (…) sa propre
constitution pour se soustraire aux obligations que lui imposent le droit
international ou les traités en vigueur</u></b> ».</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">En somme, si le législateur
québécois adopte le PL 21 avec les clauses dérogatoires permettant de déroger
au droit à la liberté de conscience et de religion, des citoyens du Québec
s’estimant brimés pourraient porter plainte contre le Québec pour violation des
articles 4(2) et 18 du <i>Pacte international </i>au Comité des droits de
l’homme des Nations Unies. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">En effet, en vertu
de l’article 1 du <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Protocole facultatif se
rapportant au Pacte international relatif aux droits civils et politiques</i>,
signé par le Canada le 19 mai 1976 après avoir notamment obtenu l’aval du
Québec le 21 avril 1976, le Comité des droits de l'homme « a compétence
pour recevoir et examiner des communications émanant de particuliers relevant
de sa juridiction qui prétendent être victimes d'une violation, par cet Etat
partie, de l'un quelconque des droits énoncés dans le Pacte ». En d’autres
termes, les États parties acceptent la compétence du Comité des droits de
l’homme pour examiner la plainte d’un individu selon laquelle un État partie a
violé ses droits au titre du Pacte. La plainte doit traiter d’une violation,
par l’État partie, de tout droit couvert par le Pacte. Conformément à l’article
2, un particulier qui présente une plainte au Comité doit d’abord avoir épuisé
tous les recours internes et doit relever de la compétence de l’État partie.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Alors que la
plainte fait l’objet d’un examen, le Comité des droits de l’homme peut émettre
un avis non contraignant à l’intention de l’État partie, qu’on appelle une «
demande de <span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">mesures provisoires
». Cette demande vise à éviter un préjudice irréparable. Une fois qu’il aura
considéré la plainte de l’individu et la réponse écrite de l’État, le Comité
présentera ses vues définitives. Les vues définitives et les recommandations du
Comité ne sont pas exécutoires ; en d’autres termes, l’État partie n’est pas
légalement obligé de les mettre en œuvre.</span></span></div>
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<b><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Source </span></u></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">:</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> Gouvernement du Canada, Rapports sur les
traités des Nations Unies relatifs aux droits de la personne, en ligne : </span><a href="https://www.canada.ca/fr/patrimoine-canadien/services/systeme-canada-nations-unies/rapports-traites-nations-unies.html#a1"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">https://www.canada.ca/fr/patrimoine-canadien/services/systeme-canada-nations-unies/rapports-traites-nations-unies.html#a1</span></a><span style="color: #2e74b5; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"></span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14pt;">Conclusion</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">J’exhorte le
gouvernement du Québec à renoncer à l’usage dans le PL21 des dispositions de
dérogation, prévues aux articles 33 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte
canadienne</i> et 52 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte
québécoise</i>, afin de se conformer au droit international. En effet, « en
sa qualité de membre de la communauté internationale », le Québec <b>« <u><span style="color: red;">n’est pas censé légiférer de manière à violer un traité ou de
quelque manière incompatible avec la courtoisie internationale ou les règles
établies du droit international</span></u><span style="color: red;"> </span>»</b>.
Le droit international autorise un État à déroger, dans une loi, aux droits
contenus dans le <i>Pacte international</i> que dans un cas de danger public
exceptionnel menaçant l'existence de la nation. Le <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pacte international</i> interdit également, en toute circonstance, à un
État de déroger au droit à la liberté de conscience. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Contrevenir au droit international enverrait un très mauvais message
aux citoyens québécois qui auront à essuyer et à pâtir des conséquences de ce
projet de loi s’il est adopté</u></b>. Si ce projet de loi est adopté, le
gouvernement est en droit de s’attendre, au nom de la primauté du droit, que
les citoyens respectent les obligations imposées par cette nouvelle loi. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mais la primauté du droit n’est pas que l’affaire
des citoyens. La Cour suprême du Canada affirme : « <span class="solexhl"><u>le</u></span><span class="paragraph1"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b></span><span class="solexhl"><u>droit</u></span><span class="paragraph1"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b></span><span class="solexhl"><u>est</u></span><span class="paragraph1"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b></span><span class="solexhl"><u>au‑dessus</u></span><span class="paragraph1"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b></span><span class="solexhl"><u>des</u></span><span class="paragraph1"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b></span><span class="solexhl"><u>autorités</u></span><span class="paragraph1"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b></span><span class="solexhl"><u>gouvernementales</u></span><span class="paragraph1"> </span><span class="solexhl">aussi</span><span class="paragraph1"> </span><span class="solexhl">bien</span><span class="paragraph1"> </span><span class="solexhl">que</span><span class="paragraph1"> </span><span class="solexhl">du</span><span class="paragraph1"> </span><span class="solexhl">simple</span><span class="paragraph1"> </span><span class="solexhl">citoyen ». <span style="color: red;">La primauté du droit exige également « <u>que </u></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: red;">les actes de
gouvernement soient conformes au droit</span></u></b>, dont la Constitution ».
Le Québec devrait donc être soucieux, dans la mise en œuvre des deux Chartes,
de ses obligations en droit international et de ses engagements internationaux.
À ce sujet, rappelons que, selon le secrétaire général du Conseil de sécurité
des Nations Unies, un « État de droit » signifie notamment qu’un État
est également soumis aux lois qu’il a lui-même promulguées, lesquelles doivent
être compatibles avec les règles et normes internationales en matière de droits
de l’homme :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">« </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Le concept d’« état de droit » ou
de « légalité » s’inscrit au coeur même de la mission de l’Organisation. Il
désigne un principe de gouvernance en vertu duquel l’ensemble des individus,
des institutions et des entités publiques et privées, <span style="color: red;">y
compris l’État lui-même</span>, ont à répondre de l’observation de lois
promulguées publiquement, appliquées de façon identique pour tous et
administrées de manière indépendante, <span style="color: red;">et compatibles
avec les règles et normes internationales en matière de droits de l’homme</span></span></u></b><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">. Il implique,
d’autre part, des mesures propres à assurer le respect des principes de la
primauté du droit, de l’égalité devant la loi, de la responsabilité au regard
de la loi, de l’équité dans l’application de la loi, de la séparation des
pouvoirs, de la participation à la prise de décisions, de la sécurité
juridique, du refus de l’arbitraire et de la transparence des procédures et des
processus législatifs ».</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Source</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> : ONU,
Conseil de sécurité, Rapport du secrétaire général, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Rétablissement de l’état de droit et administration de la justice
pendant la période de transition dans les sociétés en proie à un conflit ou
sortant d’un conflit</i>, 23 août 2004, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">S/2004/616,
en ligne : </span></span><a href="https://undocs.org/fr/S/2004/616"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">https://undocs.org/fr/S/2004/616</span></a><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: red; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">En octobre 1984, lorsque le Canada présenta son
rapport au comité des droits de l’homme des Nations Unies, l’un des membres du
comité a affirmé que la dérogation prévue à l’article 33 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i> ne respectait pas
l’article 4 du <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pacte international</i></span></u></b><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Source</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> : Gisèle
Côté-Harper, « Les minorités et le droit à l’égalité :
introduction » (1986) 27 :1 Les Cahiers de droit 135 à la p.141. Voir
aussi : CCPR/C/SR.559, 19 nov. 1984 ; Rapport du comité des droits de
l’homme, doc. A/40/4, 19 sept. 1985.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">En réponse à cette
préoccupation du comité des droits de l’homme des Nations Unies, « <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: red;">les
représentants du gouvernement canadien ont assuré le Comité des droits de
l'homme de l'O.N.U. que tout recours à l'article 33 devra être compatible avec
les obligations internationales du Canada, telles qu'elles résultent notamment
du Pacte en question</span></u></b><span style="color: red;"> </span>».</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Source </span></u></b><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">:
</span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Guy Tremblay et Sylvain Bellavance, « La suprématie législative et
l'édiction d'une charte des droits Britannique » (1988) 29:3 Les Cahiers
de droit 638 à la p.655.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">En effet, voici ce que le Comité des droits de
l’homme mentionnait dans l’un de ses rapports :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">« </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">8.4</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> <b><u>Enfin, le
Gouvernement canadien affirme que l’existence de l’article 33 en soi n’est pas
contraire à l’article 4 du Pacte et que l’utilisation de l’article 33 de la
Charte n’équivaut pas nécessairement à une dérogation interdite par le Pacte : </u></b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: red; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">"Le
Canada doit veiller à ce que l’article 33 ne soit jamais invoqué dans des
circonstances où il y aurait contravention au droit international. La Cour
suprême du Canada a d’ailleurs affirmé que ’les obligations internationales du
Canada ... devraient [régir] ... l’interprétation du contenu des droits
garantis par la Charte’." Ainsi, une dérogation législative ne pourrait
jamais être invoquée pour autoriser des actes qui sont clairement prohibés par
le droit international. </span></u></b><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Par conséquent, la
dérogation législative figurant à l’article 33 est, selon le Gouvernement,
compatible avec le Pacte ».</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Source</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> : ONU,
Comité des droits de l’homme, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Constatations</i>,
47<sup>e</sup> session, 5 avril 1993, CCPR/C/47/D/359/1989 et 385/1989, en
ligne :</span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span><a href="https://www.hri.ca/wp-content/uploads/DOC-2018-06-03-03-03-03-841.pdf"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">https://www.hri.ca/wp-content/uploads/DOC-2018-06-03-03-03-03-841.pdf</span></a><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">De plus, comme le mentionnait la Cour suprême du Canada, </span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">« <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: red;">la démocratie au
vrai sens du terme ne peut exister sans le principe de la <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">primauté du droit</span></span></u></b><span style="color: red;"> </span>». <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Source</span></u></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> :</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Renvoi
relatif à la sécession du Québec</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">, [1998] 2 RCS 217 au para.67.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">En conséquence, le gouvernement ne peut, en adoptant le
PL 21, prétendre agir démocratiquement alors que ce projet de loi contrevient,
selon </span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">moi, à la primauté du droit en dérogeant (alors que le droit
international l’interdit) au droit à la liberté de conscience et en occultant
des principes constitutionnels non écrits tels que le respect des minorités. Comme
le mentionnait le philosophe du droit Ronald Dworkin, dont l’ouvrage a été cité
par les juges de la majorité de la Cour suprême du Canada </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">dans l’arrêt </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Rodriguez c.
Colombie-Britannique (Procureur général)</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> (1993)</span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> :</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">« </span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Because
we honor dignity, we demand democracy, and we define it so that <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: red;">a constitution
that permits a majority to deny freedom of conscience is democracy’s enemy, not
its author </span></u></b>».</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Source</span></u></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> : </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Ronald Dworkin, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Life's
Dominion : An Argument about Abortion, Euthanasia, and Individual Freedom</i>,
New York, Vintage books, 1994. Ouvrage cité par la Cour suprême du Canada dans
l’arrêt </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Rodriguez c. Colombie-Britannique (Procureur général),</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> [1993] 3 RCS 519.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><br /></span></span></u></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><br /></span></span></u></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><br /></span></span></u></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14pt;">Arguments juridiques contre
le recours par le législateur à l’article 33 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i> pour déroger dans une loi à la liberté de
conscience en contravention avec le droit international</span></u></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Bien que </span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">l’argument qui suit soit
juridiquement discutable, il n’est pas certain, selon moi, que le <span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">législateur</span>, en adoptant
l’article 33 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne,</i>
a eu « <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>l’intention non équivoque »</u></b>
de contrevenir à l’article 4(2) du <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pacte
international</i> qui interdit, en toute circonstance, au législateur de
déroger dans une loi à la liberté de conscience. Voici mon raisonnement :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">La Cour suprême du
Canada affirme :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">« <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: red;">D’une part,
l’organe législatif est présumé agir conformément aux obligations du Canada en
tant que signataire de traités internationaux et membre de la communauté
internationale</span></u></b>. Appelé à choisir entre diverses
interprétations possibles, le tribunal doit éviter celles qui emporteraient la
violation de ces obligations. D’autre part, l’organe législatif est
présumé respecter les valeurs et les principes du droit international coutumier
et conventionnel. Le tribunal privilégie donc l’interprétation qui
reflète ces valeurs et ces principes, lesquels font partie du contexte
d’adoption des lois. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: red;">La présomption est toutefois réfutable. La souveraineté
du Parlement exige que le tribunal donne effet à une loi qui exprime
l’intention non équivoque du législateur de manquer à une obligation
internationale </span></u></b>».</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Source</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> :
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">R. c. Hape</i>, 2007 CSC 26 (CanLII) au
para.53. Voir aussi Daniels v. White, [1968] SCR 517.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">L’article 33(1) de
la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i> mentionne :
« Le Parlement ou la législature d’une province peut adopter une loi où il
est expressément déclaré que celle-ci ou une de ses dispositions a effet
indépendamment d’une disposition donnée de l’article 2 ou des
articles 7 à 15 de la présente charte ». Or l’article 2a) prévoit la
liberté de conscience et de religion. Donc le libellé de l’article 33 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i> semble clair et semble
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">a priori</i> autoriser le législateur à
déroger dans une loi à la liberté de conscience et de religion. Ce faisant, cet
article semble contrevenir à l’article 4(2) du <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pacte international</i> qui interdit, en toute circonstance, à un État
de déroger dans une loi à la liberté de conscience. Certains pourraient vouloir
conclure qu’il s’agit d’une « intention non équivoque du législateur de
manquer à une obligation internationale ».</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Toutefois, la Cour
suprême du Canada nous enseigne que « <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>des
mots en </u></b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">apparence</span></u></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></u></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">clairs</span></u></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">
et exempts d’</span></u></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">ambiguïté</span></u></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> peuvent, en fait,
se révéler ambigus une fois placés dans leur contexte</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">.
La possibilité que le contexte révèle une telle </span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">ambiguïté</span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> latente découle
logiquement de la méthode moderne d’interprétation ».</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Sources</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> :
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Montréal (Ville) c. 2952-1366 Québec
Inc.,</i> [2005] 3 RCS 141 au para.10 ; <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">McLean c. Colombie‑Britannique (Securities Commission),</i> [2013] 3
RCS 895 au para.43.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">La Cour suprême du Canada a
d’ailleurs reconnu que « </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">le libellé du<u> </u></span><a href="https://www.canlii.org/fr/ca/legis/lois/annexe-b-de-la-loi-de-1982-sur-le-canada-r-u-1982-c-11/derniere/annexe-b-de-la-loi-de-1982-sur-le-canada-r-u-1982-c-11.html#art33par1_smooth"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">par. 33(1)</span></a><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> de la </span><a href="https://www.canlii.org/fr/ca/legis/lois/annexe-b-de-la-loi-de-1982-sur-le-canada-r-u-1982-c-11/derniere/annexe-b-de-la-loi-de-1982-sur-le-canada-r-u-1982-c-11.html"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Charte</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">
canadienne</span></a></u><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> n'est pas sans ambiguïté ».</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Source</span></u></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> :
</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Ford c. Québec (Procureur général),</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> [1988] 2 RCS 712 au para.35.</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">La Cour suprême du Canada nous enseigne également qu’il « est
raisonnable de se référer à une convention internationale dès l'ouverture de
l'enquête pour déterminer si la loi nationale renferme </span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">une
ambiguïté, fût‑elle latente » même si celle-ci semble « claire
en soi ». La Cour affirme :</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 28.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 28pt 0cm 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Qu’il « est raisonnable de se référer à une
convention internationale dès l'ouverture de l'enquête pour déterminer si la
loi nationale renferme une ambiguïté, fût‑elle latente</span></u></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">. <u> L'assertion de la Cour d'appel que
le recours à un traité international n'est permis que dans un cas où la
disposition de la loi nationale est ambiguë à première vue </u></span><u><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">est
à écarter. </span></u><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Comme le dit I. Brownlie, à la
p. 51 de <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Principles of Public
International Law</i> (3e éd. 1979):</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 56.35pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 56.35pt 0cm 2cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">S'il
est permis d'avoir recours à la convention conformément au principe correct
suivant lequel la loi est destinée à assurer l'application de cette convention,
alors il s'ensuit que celle‑ci devient une aide légitime à l'interprétation et,
plus particulièrement, <u>qu'elle peut faire ressortir une ambiguïté latente
dans le texte de la loi, même si cette dernière est "claire en soi"</u>.
D'autre part, <u>le principe ou la présomption voulant que Sa Majesté n'ait pas
l'intention de violer un traité international doit comporter comme corollaire
que le texte de l'instrument international représente une source principale du
sens ou de "l'interprétation". Les tribunaux ont reconnu
dernièrement la nécessité de se référer au traité pertinent même lorsque le
texte législatif, pris isolément, ne contient aucune ambiguïté </u>».</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Source</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> :
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">National Corn Growers Assn. c. Canada
(Tribunal des importations),</i> [1990] 2 RCS 1324.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -0.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">De plus, la Cour </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">suprême du Canada énonce qu’« <u>un principe bien établi
d’interprétation législative veut que les tribunaux <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s’efforcent,</b> dans l’interprétation de la législation nationale,
d’arriver à une interprétation qui concorde avec les obligations du Canada
découlant de traités ».</u></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><br /></span></span></u></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Source </span></u></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">: </span></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">États-Unis d'Amérique c. Anekwu</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">, [2009] 3 RCS 3 au para.25.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><br /></span></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">De même, selon la Cour suprême du Canada<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>« <u>donner à une loi canadienne
une interprétation qui va à l’encontre des obligations internationales du
Canada risque d’amener les tribunaux à s’ingérer dans la conduite des affaires
étrangères de l’exécutif et la censure en droit international. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">L’importance contextuelle du droit
international est d’autant plus claire lorsque la disposition à interpréter a
été « adoptée en vue d’assurer l’exécution d’obligations internationales</b></u><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>».</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Source</span></u></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> : </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">B010 c. Canada (Citoyenneté et Immigration),</span></i><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> [2015] 3 RCS 704 </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">au para.47.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Or comme je l’ai déjà mentionné, le pouvoir exécutif
canadien responsable de la signature du <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pacte
international</i> s’est engagé à « ce que l’article 33 ne soit jamais
invoqué dans des circonstances où il y aurait contravention au droit international »
et « ont assuré le Comité des droits de l'homme de l'O.N.U. que tout
recours à l'article 33 devra être compatible avec les obligations
internationales du Canada, telles qu'elles résultent notamment du Pacte en
question ».</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: red; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><br /></span></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Sources </span></u></b><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">:
ONU, Comité des droits de l’homme, Constatations, 47<sup>e</sup> session, 5
avril 1993, CCPR/C/47/D/359/1989 et 385/1989 au para.8.4, en ligne :</span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span><a href="https://www.hri.ca/wp-content/uploads/DOC-2018-06-03-03-03-03-841.pdf"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">https://www.hri.ca/wp-content/uploads/DOC-2018-06-03-03-03-03-841.pdf</span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> ; </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Guy Tremblay et Sylvain Bellavance, « La
suprématie législative et l'édiction d'une charte des droits Britannique »
(1988) 29:3 Les Cahiers de droit 638 à la p.655. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14pt;">On pourrait donc conclure
ainsi</span></u></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14pt;"> :</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">- <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Considérant que </b>« l’organe
législatif est présumé agir conformément aux obligations du Canada en tant que
signataire de traités internationaux et membre de la communauté
internationale » (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">R. c. Hape</i>,
2007 CSC 26 (CanLII) au para.53) ;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">- <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Considérant que</b>
« la présomption est toutefois réfutable. La souveraineté du
Parlement exige que le tribunal donne effet à une loi qui exprime <u>l’intention
non équivoque</u> du législateur de manquer à une obligation
internationale » (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">R. c. Hape</i>,
2007 CSC 26 (CanLII) au para.53) ;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">- <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Considérant que</b>
l’article 4(2) du <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pacte international</i>,
signé par le Canada et ratifié par le Québec, interdit, de façon expresse et en
toute circonstance, à un État de déroger dans une loi à la liberté de
conscience et de religion garantie à l’article 18 du <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pacte</i> ;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">- <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Considérant que</b>
l’article 33(1) de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i>
mentionne que « le Parlement ou la législature d’une province peut
adopter une loi où il est expressément déclaré que celle-ci ou une de ses
dispositions a effet indépendamment d’une disposition donnée de
l’article 2 ou des articles 7 à 15 de la présente
charte » ;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">- <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Considérant que</b>
le libellé de l’article 33(1) de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte
canadienne</i> semble <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">a priori</i>
autoriser une dérogation à la liberté de conscience et de religion prévue à
l’article 2a) de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i> et
semble donc <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">a priori</i> contrevenir à
l’article 4(2) du <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pacte international</i>
;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">- <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Considérant </b>toutefois
que l’article 4(2) du <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pacte international</i>,
n’interdit pas à un État de déroger dans une loi aux autres libertés
fondamentales à savoir la liberté d’expression, la liberté de réunion pacifique
et la liberté d’association prévues aux paragraphes b) c) et d) de l’article 2
de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i> ;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">- <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Considérant</b>
qu’une interprétation de l’article 33(1) de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i> qui serait conforme à l’article 4(2) du <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pacte international</i> exigerait seulement
que le législateur ne puisse, dans une loi, déroger à la liberté de conscience et
de religion (art.2 a) de la Charte) sans toutefois interdire à ce législateur
de déroger aux autres libertés fondamentales (art.2 b), c), d) de la Charte) ;
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">- <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Considérant</b> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">que</b> la Cour suprême du Canada a clairement mentionné<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">« <u>l</u></span></span><u><span style="color: red; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">a prééminence de la conscience individuelle et
l'inopportunité de toute intervention gouvernementale visant</span></u><span style="color: red; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">à forcer ou </span><u><span style="color: red; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">à empêcher sa manifestation </span></u><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">» (</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">R. c. Big M Drug Mart Ltd</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">., [1985] 1 RCS 295 au para.121)<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> ;</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">- <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Considérant</b> la méthode moderne
d’interprétation selon laquelle « <span class="solexhl">il n’y a qu’un seul
principe ou solution : il faut lire les termes d’une loi dans leur
contexte global en suivant le sens ordinaire et grammatical qui s’harmonise
avec l’esprit de la loi</span>, l’objet de la loi et l’intention du
législateur » (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Canada (Chambre des
communes) c. Vaid</i>, [2005] 1 RCS 667 au para.80 ; <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">R. c. Comeau,</i> [2018] 1 RCS 342 au para.52) ;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">- <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Considérant que</b>
selon cette méthode moderne « l’interprétation législative ne peut pas
être fondée sur le seul libellé du texte de loi » (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Rizzo & Rizzo Shoes Ltd. (Re),</i> [1998] 1 R.C.S. 27 au
para.21 ; <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Montréal (Ville) c.
2952-1366 Québec Inc.,</i> [2005] 3 RCS 141 au para.9) ;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">- <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Considérant que</b>
les mots en apparence clairs de l’article 33 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i> peuvent, une fois mis en contexte, révéler une </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">ambiguïté</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> latente (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Montréal
(Ville) c. 2952-1366 Québec Inc.,</i> [2005] 3 RCS 141 au para.10) ;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">- <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Considérant que</b></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> la
Cour suprême du Canada a d’ailleurs reconnu que « </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">le libellé du </span><a href="https://www.canlii.org/fr/ca/legis/lois/annexe-b-de-la-loi-de-1982-sur-le-canada-r-u-1982-c-11/derniere/annexe-b-de-la-loi-de-1982-sur-le-canada-r-u-1982-c-11.html#art33par1_smooth"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">par. 33(1)</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> de la </span><a href="https://www.canlii.org/fr/ca/legis/lois/annexe-b-de-la-loi-de-1982-sur-le-canada-r-u-1982-c-11/derniere/annexe-b-de-la-loi-de-1982-sur-le-canada-r-u-1982-c-11.html"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Charte</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">
canadienne</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> n'est pas sans ambiguïté » (</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Ford c. Québec (Procureur général),</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> [1988] 2 RCS 712 au para.35)<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> ;</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">- <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Considérant qu’il</b>
« est raisonnable de se référer à une convention internationale dès
l'ouverture de l'enquête pour déterminer si la loi nationale renferme une
ambiguïté, fût‑elle latente » (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">National
Corn Growers Assn. c. Canada (Tribunal des importations),</i> [1990] 2 RCS
1324) ;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">- <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Considérant que </b>les documents
constitutionnels comme la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte
canadienne</i> doivent être « situés dans leurs contextes linguistique,
philosophique et historique appropriés » (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Renvoi relatif à la réforme du
Sénat</span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">, [2014] 1 RCS 704 au
para.25 ; </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">R. c. Comeau,</i>
[2018] 1 RCS 342 au para.52) ;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">- <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Considérant que </b>« l’essor
des droits de la personne sur le plan international est un facteur important
qui a contribué à l’adoption, au Canada, d’un document garantissant des droits
et libertés » (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Office canadien de
commercialisation des oeufs c. Richardson</i>, [1998] 3 RCS 157 au
para.57) ;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">- <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Considérant que </b>le
droit international est donc un facteur important qui a contribué à l’adoption
de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i> et qu’on doit
tenir compte dans la recherche de l’intention du législateur ;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">- <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Considérant que</b>
le droit international, par le biais de l’article 4(2) du <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pacte international</i>, interdit depuis le 19 mai 1976 au Canada de
déroger dans une loi à la liberté de conscience ;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">- <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Considérant que</b>
cette interdiction en droit international existait déjà au moment de l’adoption
de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne </i>en 1982
;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">- <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Considérant que </b>les
débats parlementaires ne semblent pas indiquer une « <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">intention non équivoque »</b> du législateur de contrevenir au
droit international ;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">- <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Considérant qu’ </b>« i<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">l faut présumer que la Charte accorde une
protection au moins aussi grande que les instruments internationaux ratifiés
par le Canada en matière de droits de la personne</span> » (</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Divito c. Canada (Sécurité
publique et Protection civile),</span></i><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> [2013] 3 RCS 157
aux paras.23-25 ; <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Health Services
and Support – Facilities Subsector Bargaining Assn. <b>c</b>
Colombie-Britannique</i>, [2007] 2 R.C.S. 391 au para.70 et 79 ; <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">R. c. Hape</i>, [2007] 2 R.C.S. 292 au para.55.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">- <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Considérant que</b>
le fait de « donner à une loi canadienne une interprétation qui va à
l’encontre des obligations internationales du Canada risque d’amener les
tribunaux à s’ingérer dans la conduite des affaires étrangères de l’exécutif et
la censure en droit international » (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">B010 c. Canada (Citoyenneté et Immigration),</span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> [2015] 3 RCS 704 </span>au para.47) ;</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">- <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Considérant que </b>« l’importance
contextuelle du droit international est d’autant plus claire lorsque la
disposition à interpréter a été « adoptée en vue d’assurer l’exécution
d’obligations internationales » (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">B010 c. Canada (Citoyenneté et Immigration),</span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> [2015] 3 RCS 704 </span>au para.47) ;</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Considérant que</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i> a été
adoptée en vue d’assurer l’exécution d’obligations internationales à savoir la
conformité du Canada avec son obligation prévue à l’article 2 du <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pacte international </i>;</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">- <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Considérant que</b>
« les tribunaux doivent </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: red; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">s’efforcer</span></u></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">, dans l’interprétation de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte
canadienne</i>, d’arriver à une interprétation qui concorde avec les obligations
du Canada découlant de traités » (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">États-Unis
d'Amérique c. Anekwu</i>, [2009] 3 RCS 3 au para.25) dont l’article 4(2) du <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pacte international</i> ;</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">- <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Considérant que</b>
le pouvoir exécutif canadien responsable de la signature du <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pacte international</i> s’est engagé à
« ce que l’article 33 ne soit jamais invoqué dans des circonstances où il
y aurait contravention au droit international » et « ont assuré le
Comité des droits de l'homme de l'O.N.U. que tout recours à l'article 33 devra
être compatible avec les obligations internationales du Canada, telles qu'elles
résultent notamment du Pacte en question » ((</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Guy Tremblay et Sylvain Bellavance, « La
suprématie législative et l'édiction d'une charte des droits Britannique »
(1988) 29:3 Les Cahiers de droit 638 à la p.655 et </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">ONU, Comité des droits de l’homme, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Constatations</i>, 47<sup>e</sup> session, 5
avril 1993, CCPR/C/47/D/359/1989 et 385/1989 au para.8.4</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">)</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> ;</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">- <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Considérant que</b>
l’intention du pouvoir exécutif canadien n’a donc jamais été que l’article 33
de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i> puisse être
utilisé d’une manière qui contrevient au droit international et donc à
l’article 4(2) du <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pacte international</i> ;</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">- </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Considérant que </span></b><span style="color: red; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">pour toutes ces
raisons,<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>il est alors invraisemblable
que le législateur ait eu « l’intention non équivoque » de
contrevenir au droit international et notamment à l’article 4(2) du <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pacte international </i></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">;</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">- <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Considérant que</b>
</span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">l’article 27 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Convention
de Vienne sur le droit des traités</i>, à laquelle le Canada a adhéré le 14
octobre 1970, mentionne <span style="color: red;">qu’« une partie ne peut
invoquer les dispositions de son droit interne comme justifiant la
non-exécution d’un traité (…)</span><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> » (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Zingre c. La Reine et
autres</i>, [1981] 2 RCS 392) ;</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">- <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Considérant que « </b>les
principes constitutionnels non écrits » « guident l'interprétation du
texte »,<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">«</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>inspirent et
nourrissent le texte de la Constitution », « en sont les prémisses
inexprimées » et sont « investis d'une force normative puissante et
lient à la fois les tribunaux et les gouvernements » (<i>Renvoi relatif à
la sécession du Québec</i>, [1998] 2 RCS 217 aux paras.49, 52-54 ; <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Renvoi
relatif à la réforme du Sénat</span></i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">,
[2014] 1 RCS 704 aux paras.25-26</span> ; <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">R. c. Comeau</i>, [2018] 1 RCS 342 au para.52) ;</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">- <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Considérant que </b>« le
respect de ces principes est indispensable au processus permanent d'évolution
et de développement de notre Constitution, cet «arbre vivant» » (<i>Renvoi
relatif à la sécession du Québec</i>, [1998] 2 RCS 217 aux paras.52-53) ;</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">- <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Considérant que « </b>les
normes établies ou implicites dans les instruments juridiques internationaux
auxquels l’État a adhéré » sont, selon l’ancienne juge en chef de la Cour
suprême du Canada, l’honorable Beverly McLachlin, des « sources de principes
constitutionnels non écrits » (Voir : Beverly McLachlin, « Les
principes constitutionnels non écrits : qu’est-ce qui se passe dans ce
domaine? » Allocution prononcée par la très honorable </span><span lang="EN" style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Beverley McLachlin</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">, le 1er décembre 2005) ;</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">- <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Considérant que</b>
de déroger, dans une loi, à la liberté de conscience contreviendrait à une
norme juridique internationale établie dans le <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pacte international</i>, auquel le Canada et le Québec ont<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>adhéré, et contreviendrait donc
potentiellement </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">à un principe
constitutionnel non écrit ;</span><span style="color: black; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">- </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Considérant que </span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">«<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>la démocratie »
est l’un des « principes constitutionnels non écrits » (<i>Renvoi
relatif à la sécession du Québec</i>, [1998] 2 RCS 217 aux paras. 49 et 61) ;</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">- <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Considérant que </b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">l</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">a Cour suprême du Canada est d’avis
que la liberté de conscience est « au cœur de notre tradition politique
démocratique </span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">» (</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">R. c. Big M Drug Mart Ltd.,</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> [1985] 1 RCS 295 au para.122)</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> ;</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">- <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Considérant que</b>
de déroger, dans une loi, à la liberté de conscience contreviendrait à la
« </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">tradition politique
démocratique » et donc au principe constitutionnel non écrit de
démocratie ;</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">- </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Considérant que </span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">«<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>le respect des droits
des minorités » est l’un des « principes constitutionnels non
écrits » (<i>Renvoi relatif à la sécession du Québec</i>, [1998] 2 RCS 217
au para. 49) ;</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Considérant que </span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">«<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>le respect des droits
des minorités » « a été un des facteurs clés qui ont motivé l'adoption de
la Charte » et « a clairement été un facteur essentiel dans
l'élaboration de notre structure constitutionnelle même à l'époque de la
Confédération » (<i>Renvoi relatif à la sécession du Québec</i>, [1998] 2
RCS 217 au para. 81) ;</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Considérant que </span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">« </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">la Charte protège les minorités religieuses
contre la menace de "tyrannie de la majorité</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">" » (</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">R. c. Big M Drug Mart Ltd</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">., [1985] 1 RCS 295 au para.96) ;</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Considérant qu’une</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> dérogation dans le PL 21 à la liberté de conscience et de religion risque
d’affecter en particulier les minorités religieuses que la Charte entendait pourtant
protéger<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> ;</span></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">- Considérant </span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">les propos du philosophe du droit Ronald Dworkin, dont l’ouvrage a été cité par les juges de la majorité de la Cour suprême du Canada </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">dans l’arrêt </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Rodriguez c. Colombie-Britannique (Procureur général)</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> (1993), selon lesquels « </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: red; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">une Constitution qui permet à une majorité de nier la liberté de conscience est l’ennemi de la démocratie, pas son auteur</span></u></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">» (traduction libre) (Ronald Dworkin, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Life's Dominion : An Argument about Abortion, Euthanasia, and Individual Freedom</i>, New York, Vintage books, 1994) ;</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">- <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Considérant que,
</b>selon l’ancienne juge en chef de la Cour suprême du Canada, l’honorable
Beverly McLachlin, « </span><span style="color: red; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">la tâche des juges
consiste à rendre la justice. Les juges qui appliquent des lois injustes, des
lois contraires à nos convictions fondamentales sur ce qu’est une société
juste, perdent leur légitimité. Des juges qui se laissent récupérer par des
régimes corrompus ne sont plus dignes d’exercer leurs fonctions. Telle est la
leçon des procès de </span><span lang="EN" style="color: red; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Nuremberg</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Et
c’est aussi une leçon qui devrait enhardir les juges qui constatent des
manifestations d’injustice plus banales </u></b></span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">»
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">(Voir : Beverly McLachlin,
« Les principes constitutionnels non écrits : qu’est-ce qui se passe dans
ce domaine? » Allocution prononcée par la très honorable </span></span><span lang="EN" style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Beverley McLachlin</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">, le 1er décembre 2005) ;</span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">- <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Considérant</b>
qu’il est possible d’interpréter l’article 33(1) de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i> d’une manière conforme au droit international
comme autorisant un législateur à déroger dans une loi à n’importe quelle
liberté fondamentale prévue au paragraphe b), c) ou d) de l’article 2 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i> à l’exception de la
liberté de conscience prévue au paragraphe a) de l’article 2 sans faire violence
au texte constitutionnel et à l’objet de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte</i>
à savoir « "la protection constante des droits et libertés
individuels" » (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Hunter et autres c.
Southam </i>(1984) et <i>R. c. Big M Drug Mart Ltd</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> (1985) au para.121 ; </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">R.
c. Tran</i>, [1994] 2 RCS 951<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">)</span> ;</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Conclusion</span></u></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> : Un législateur (fédéral ou
provincial) ne peut, dans une loi, déroger à la liberté de conscience prévue à
l’article 2a) de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i>
en ayant recours à l’article 33 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte
canadienne</i>, car cet article ne peut être interprété comme autorisant une
contravention aux obligations du Canada et du Québec en droit international et
notamment à l’article 4(2) du <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pacte
international</i>. </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Patrice Garant, professeur émérite de droit public,
affirme également : « </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: red; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Je suis convaincu qu’une Cour ignorerait une clause dérogatoire qui
serait contraire au Droit international</span></u></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span></u></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">».</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Source</span></u></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> : Patrice Garant, Mémoire déposé dans
le cadre des consultations particulières sur le PL21 (010M).</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"><br /></span></u></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Pour le futur</span></u></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Il y aurait peut-être
lieu de requérir du gouvernement québécois un amendement à l’article 52 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte québécoise</i> afin qu’il soit
dorénavant interdit pour le gouvernement québécois de déroger, dans une loi, à
la liberté de conscience et a</span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">ux autres droits dont la
dérogation est interdite en vertu du paragraphe 2 de l’article 4 du <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pacte international relatif aux droits
civils et politiques</i>.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">NB</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> : Cet amendement à la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte québécoise</i> interdirait notamment
toute dérogation au droit à la liberté de conscience, mais n’empêcherait pas
pour autant le gouvernement québécois de justifier au nom d’un <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">objectif</span> <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">urgent</span> et <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">réel</span> une
limite à ce droit en vertu de l’article 9.1 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte québécoise</i>.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14pt;">L’usage des dispositions de dérogation</span></u></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">À mon avis, les dispositions de dérogation ne devraient
être utilisées qu’exceptionnellement, conformément à l’article 4(1) du <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pacte international</i>, car elles sont
antinomiques à l’objet des Chartes à savoir </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">« "la protection constante des droits et libertés
individuels" » (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Hunter et autres c.
Southam </i>(1984) ; voir aussi l’article 1 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i> qui</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">mentionne que la Charte « garantit les droits
et libertés qui y sont énoncés »). </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Le législateur ne devrait jamais y recourir afin de
déroger à un droit ou à une liberté (en particulier à la liberté de conscience)
dont la dérogation est interdite en droit international en vertu </span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">du
paragraphe 2 de l’article 4 du <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pacte
international relatif aux droits civils et politiques.</i> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Comme le suggérait l’honorable Peter Lougheed, avocat et
ancien premier ministre de l’Alberta, les dispositions de dérogation ne
devraient pas être utilisées de manière préventive (mais seulement de façon
réactive) afin d’éviter de rompre « le dialogue entre les différents
organes du gouvernement ». De plus, le vote nécessaire pour recourir aux dispositions
de dérogation devrait être d’au minimum 60 % des votes des membres de
l’Assemblée nationale (et non une majorité simple).</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Source</span></u></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> : Peter Lougheed, « Why a notwithstanding
clause ? » à la p.17, en ligne : </span><a href="https://ualawccsprod.srv.ualberta.ca/images/points-of-view/Lougheed.pdf"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt; text-decoration: none;">https://ualawccsprod.srv.ualberta.ca/images/points-of-view/Lougheed.pdf</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">L’objet
de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i>, dans lequel
s’inscrit l’article 33<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">,</span> est que
« <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">la société canadienne </span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: red; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">doit être libre</span></u></b><span style="color: red; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">et démocratique » (voir <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">R. <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">c.</span> Oakes</i> (1986)</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> au para.64)<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">
et pas uniquement démocratique. D’ailleurs, l’ancien juge de la Cour suprême du
Canada, l’honorable Michel Bastarache, est d’avis que </span>la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i> est<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> « </span>l’expression ultime et
profondément canadienne de la primauté accordée à la liberté et à la dignité
humaine ». Pour cette raison, les tribunaux devraient, selon moi afin de
se conformer à l’article 4(1) du <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pacte
international</i>, revoir les exigences (actuellement limitées « à <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">des exigences de forme seulement ») </span>que
doit satisfaire un législateur qui souhaite recourir à l’article 33 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i>. En effet, le
législateur devrait, à mon avis, avoir à fournir aux citoyens et aux tribunaux
une « justification » pour déroger à un droit ou à une liberté
fondamentale ainsi qu’un lien rationnel entre cette dérogation et l’objectif
poursuivi par la loi. La « justification » ou l’objectif urgent,
important et réel à cette dérogation pourrait reposer sur des valeurs
constitutionnelles incluant par exemple les autres droits et libertés, les
valeurs d’une société libre et démocratique <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">« qui
sont à l'origine des droits et libertés » (voir <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">R. <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">c.</span> Oakes</i> (1986)</span>
au para.64) et les principes constitutionnels non écrits, dont le respect des
minorités et le droit international. Évidemment, « les considérations
budgétaires <u>à elles seules</u> ne peuvent pas être invoquées en tant qu’<span class="solexhl">objectif</span> <span class="solexhl">urgent</span> et <span class="solexhl">réel</span> » ([2003] 2 RCS 504 au para.109 ; </span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">[2004]
3 R.C.S. 381 aux paras.71-72<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">). Le
législateur ne pourrait pas non plus « se fonder<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> sur un objet inconstitutionnel » (</span>[1985] 1 RCS 295 aux
paras.80, 85, 141 ; </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">[1987] 1
R.C.S. 1045</span> au para.51<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">)<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">. En revanche, les tribunaux devraient, dans leur
analyse, accorder une grande déférence au législateur afin de respecter le
principe de souveraineté parlementaire.</span></span> <span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Contrairement à l’article 1 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i>, le gouvernement n’aurait cependant pas, selon ce
que je propose, à démontrer une atteinte minimale et une proportionnalité entre
les effets </span>préjudiciables et les effets bénéfiques de la loi<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">. Il y aurait donc une différence
claire en terme d’exigence entre le recours à l’article 33 (disposition de
dérogation à un droit) et le recours à l’article 1 (disposition de limitation
d’un droit) de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i>.</span></span></div>
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<u><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">À mon
avis, les dispositions de dérogations pourraient, par exemple, être utilisées
afin de <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">(liste non limitative) </b></span></u><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><u><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Suspendre temporairement
l’application d’un jugement de la </span></u><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Cour
suprême du Canada déclarant inopérante une loi visant à protéger des personnes
défavorisées et/ou vulnérables. </span></u><u><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"></span></u></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Source</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> :
Sur la possibilité d’utiliser la clause nonobstant pour suspendre
temporairement l’application d’un jugement de la Cour suprême, voir : <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ontario (Procureur général) <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">c</span>. Fraser</i>, 2011 CSC 20 au
para.141.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Par
exemple, lors de l’ère Lochner aux États-Unis (1897-1937), les tribunaux ont
invalidé d'importantes dispositions législatives du programme de réglementation
connu sous le nom de « New Deal ». Presque tous les commentateurs
s'entendent pour dire aujourd'hui que cette période constitue une époque sombre
dans l'histoire de la Constitution américaine. À ce sujet, la Cour
suprême du Canada affirme :</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">« <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Notre
Cour a fait remarquer à diverses occasions que la </u></b></span><a href="https://www.canlii.org/fr/ca/legis/lois/annexe-b-de-la-loi-de-1982-sur-le-canada-r-u-1982-c-11/derniere/annexe-b-de-la-loi-de-1982-sur-le-canada-r-u-1982-c-11.html"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Charte</span></b></a><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">
n'est pas un instrument dont peuvent se servir les personnes favorisées pour
écarter les protections législatives adoptées afin de protéger ceux qui sont
vulnérables</span></u></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">. Ce principe a
été énoncé pour la première fois par le juge en chef Dickson, au nom de la
majorité, dans l'arrêt R. c. Edwards Books and Art Ltd., </span><a href="https://www.canlii.org/fr/ca/csc/doc/1986/1986canlii12/1986canlii12.html"><u style="mso-text-underline-themecolor: background1; text-underline: white;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt; text-decoration: none;">1986 CanLII 12 (CSC)</span></u></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">, [1986] 2 R.C.S. 713. Il a écrit, à la
p. 779:</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Je
crois que, lorsqu'ils interprètent et appliquent la </span></u></b><a href="https://www.canlii.org/fr/ca/legis/lois/annexe-b-de-la-loi-de-1982-sur-le-canada-r-u-1982-c-11/derniere/annexe-b-de-la-loi-de-1982-sur-le-canada-r-u-1982-c-11.html"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Charte</span></b></a><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">, les
tribunaux doivent veiller à ce qu'elle ne devienne pas simplement l'instrument
dont se serviront les plus favorisés pour écarter des lois dont l'objet est
d'améliorer le sort des moins favorisés</span></u></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Ce même principe a été repris et souligné dans les
arrêts Irwin Toy Ltd. c. Québec (Procureur général), </span><a href="https://www.canlii.org/fr/ca/csc/doc/1989/1989canlii87/1989canlii87.html"><u style="mso-text-underline-themecolor: background1; text-underline: white;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt; text-decoration: none;">1989 CanLII 87 (CSC)</span></u></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">, [1989] 1 R.C.S. 927, à la p. 993, et Slaight
Communications Inc. c. Davidson, </span><a href="https://www.canlii.org/fr/ca/csc/doc/1989/1989canlii92/1989canlii92.html"><u style="mso-text-underline-themecolor: background1; text-underline: white;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt; text-decoration: none;">1989 CanLII 92 (CSC)</span></u></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">, [1989] 1 R.C.S. 1038, à la p. 1051. Ce
principe reconnaît qu'une grande partie de la réglementation adoptée par le
gouvernement vise à protéger les personnes vulnérables. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>En fait, il serait malheureux que la </u></b></span><a href="https://www.canlii.org/fr/ca/legis/lois/annexe-b-de-la-loi-de-1982-sur-le-canada-r-u-1982-c-11/derniere/annexe-b-de-la-loi-de-1982-sur-le-canada-r-u-1982-c-11.html"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Charte</span></b></a><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">
puisse être utilisée pour contester des mesures destinées à protéger les membres
les moins favorisés de la société qui sont comparativement dénués de
pouvoirs. Il est intéressant de signaler qu'aux États‑Unis, les tribunaux
ont invalidé d'importantes dispositions législatives du programme de
réglementation connu sous le nom de "New Deal". Presque tous
les commentateurs s'entendent pour dire aujourd'hui que cette période appelée
"l'ère Lochner" constitue une époque sombre dans l'histoire de la
Constitution américaine </span></u></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">».</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Source</span></u></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> : <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">R. c. Wholesale Travel Group Inc</i>.,
[1991] 3 RCS 154.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Au Canada, on pourrait donner comme exemples de
décisions de la Cour suprême du Canada qui auraient pu <u>possiblement</u>
justifier le recours aux dispositions de dérogation</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">l’arrêt
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ford c. Québec (Procureur général)</i>,
[1988] 2 RCS 712 sur la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte de la
langue française</i> ;</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">l’arrêt
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">R. c. Sharpe</i>, [2001] 1 RCS 45 sur la
pornographie juvénile ;</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">l’arrêt </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Chaoulli c. Québec (Procureur général)</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">, [2005] 1 RCS 791 portant sur le droit des Québécois de
contracter des assurances privées pour payer des soins médicaux administrés par
le secteur privé, ouvrant ainsi la porte à la création d’un système parallèle
de santé risquant de nuire au système de santé publique.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="margin-left: 36pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Suspendre temporairement l’application d’un jugement </span></u><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">de la Cour suprême du Canada qui concerne un enjeu
social important. </span></u></div>
<div style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -0.35pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Le philosophe du droit, Ronald Dworkin, donne des
exemples où les tribunaux américains ont, selon lui, commis des erreurs graves
sur des enjeux sociaux importants :</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 56.35pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 56.35pt 0cm 2cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">« </span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">A phalanx
of like-minded justices can indeed strike down popular laws, impair popular
policies, and critically alter our electoral institutions and processes. They
can make very serious mistakes in exercising that power. The Supreme Court did
great damage in ruling large parts of President Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal
legislation unconstitutional in the 1930s and, in the early years of Chief
Justice Roberts’s tenure, in striking down programs to relieve racial tension
and discrimination. The Court damaged democracy itself both in the way it
resolved the 2000 presidential election and in its recent 5– 4 ruling that
corporations cannot be prevented from spending what they wish on negative
television advertising to defeat legislators who oppose their interests ».</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Source</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> : </span><i><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Ronald Dworkin, Justice
for Hedgehogs, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 2011 à la p.397.</span></i></div>
<div style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Au
Canada, on pourrait donner comme exemples de décisions de la Cour suprême du
Canada qui auraient pu <u>possiblement</u> justifier le recours aux
dispositions de dérogations :</span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">l’arrêt </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Rodriguez c. Colombie-Britannique (Procureur général)</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">, [1993] 3 RCS 519 portant sur l’aide au
suicide. À ce sujet, l’ancien juge de la Cour d’appel du Québec, Me </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Jean-Louis Baudouin, affirmait : « On peut
s’interroger sur la légitimité non pas formelle, mais sociale d’une décision
partagée 5-4 du plus haut tribunal du pays sur, par exemple, l’aide au suicide
» <b>(</b>Jean-Louis Baudouin, « Common law, droit civil : réflexion sur les
outils du juge en bioéthique » (2006) 17 Journal international de bioéthique 95
à la p.99).</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo6; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">l’arrêt </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Gosselin <b>c</b> . Québec (Procureur général),</span></i><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> [2002] 4
R.C.S. 429 où la Cour s'est penchée sur la constitutionnalité du Règlement sur
l'aide sociale de 1984 qui fixait le montant des prestations de base payables
aux personnes de moins de 30 ans au tiers de celui des prestations de base
versées aux 30 ans et plus.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l8 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">l’arrêt </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Canadian Foundation for Children, Youth and the Law c. Canada (Procureur
général)</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">, [2004] 1 RCS 76 portant </span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">sur
la constitutionnalité de la décision du législateur d’établir une zone à
l’intérieur de laquelle les pères, mères et instituteurs peuvent, dans
certaines circonstances, employer une force légère pour corriger un enfant sans
s’exposer à des sanctions pénales.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l8 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman"; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">l’arrêt </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Chaoulli c. Québec (Procureur général)</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">, [2005] 1 RCS 791 portant sur le droit des Québécois de
contracter des assurances privées pour payer des soins médicaux administrés par
le secteur privé, ouvrant ainsi la porte à la création d’un système parallèle
de santé risquant de nuire au système de santé publique. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"></span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"></span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"></span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"></span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 14pt;">L’importance de protéger les droits de l’homme dans le
contexte actuel</span></u></b>
<br />
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<br /></div>
<div style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Aujourd’hui, plus que jamais, il est important de
défendre les droits de l’homme. À ce sujet, le secrétaire-général des Nations
Unies, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">António Guterres, affirmait en
2018 :</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 28.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 28pt 0cm 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">« Nous honorons donc aujourd’hui les défenseurs des
droits de l’homme qui risquent leur vie pour protéger leurs semblables, face à
la montée de la haine, du racisme, de l’intolérance et de la répression.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 28.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 28pt 0cm 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 28.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 28pt 0cm 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: red; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Les droits de l’homme sont assaillis de toutes
parts.</span></u></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 28.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 28pt 0cm 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 28.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 28pt 0cm 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: red; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Les valeurs universelles se délitent. L’état de
droit est en recul.</span></u></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 28.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 28pt 0cm 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 28.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 28pt 0cm 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: red; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Aujourd’hui, plus que jamais, il nous appartient
clairement et collectivement de défendre les droits de l’homme, pour chacun,
partout dans le monde </span></u></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">».</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 28.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 28pt 0cm 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Source</span></u></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> :
</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Message du Secrétaire
général des Nations, António Guterres (2018), </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">en ligne : </span><a href="https://www.un.org/fr/events/humanrightsday/sgmessage.shtml"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">https://www.un.org/fr/events/humanrightsday/sgmessage.shtml</span></a></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 28.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 28pt 0cm 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">L’ancienne
juge en chef de la Cour suprême du Canada, l’honorable Beverly McLachlin, </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">est du même
avis <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">:</b></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 28.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 28pt 0cm 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">« </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: red; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Dans les diverses régions
du monde, les droits politiques, les libertés civiles et la primauté du droit
sont attaqués depuis un certain nombre d’années. Bien que le Canada semble à
l’abri de telles attaques, nous ne sommes pas pour autant immunisés</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">. Les facteurs qui ont contribué au
déclin de ces valeurs ailleurs dans le monde existent aussi chez nous. Le
danger réside dans le fait que, même si ici la primauté du droit et
l’indépendance de la magistrature ne sont pas l’objet de violentes attaques
comme celles observées dans d’autres pays, nous pourrions néanmoins assister à
un déclin graduel de ces valeurs au fil des ans, situation qui affaiblirait la
primauté du droit et ferait en sorte que la magistrature serait moins respectée
et moins indépendante. Il nous incombe donc de faire tout ce qui est en notre
pouvoir pour veiller à ce que cela ne se produise pas.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 28.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 28pt 0cm 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 28.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 28pt 0cm 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="color: red; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">En 2017,
le Canada est un modèle en tant que société fondée sur la primauté du droit.
Nos juges et nos tribunaux jouissent d’une très grande considération, tant au
pays qu’à l’étranger. Je souhaite pouvoir dire la même chose dans dix ans, en
2027 </span></u></b><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">».</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Source : </span></u></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Beverly McLachlin</span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"> , « </span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Le
déclin de la démocratie et de la primauté du droit : <br />
Comment protéger la primauté du droit et l’indépendance de la
magistrature? » Allocution prononcée par la très honorable </span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Beverley McLachlin</span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">, le 28 septembre
2017, </span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">en ligne : </span><a href="https://www.scc-csc.ca/judges-juges/spe-dis/bm-2017-09-28-fra.aspx"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">https://www.scc-csc.ca/judges-juges/spe-dis/bm-2017-09-28-fra.aspx</span></a><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">Éric
Folot, avocat</span></b></div>
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</style>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7671274545402013868.post-6144905354658342272017-04-14T13:19:00.002-04:002017-04-14T13:19:43.543-04:00Éloge de la sensibilité : les sentiments moraux d'abord, la raison ensuite<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 30.45pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">« </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;">C’est en un mot dans ce sentiment
naturel, plutôt que dans des arguments subtils, qu’il faut chercher la cause de
la répugnance que tout homme éprouverait à mal faire, même indépendamment des
maximes de l’éducation.</span></u></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">
Quoiqu’il puisse appartenir à Socrate, et aux esprits de sa trempe, d’acquérir
de la vertu par raison, il y a longtemps que le genre humain ne serait plus, si
sa conservation n’eût dépendu que des raisonnements de ceux qui le composent</span></u></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">»<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;">« <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Il est donc au fond des âmes un principe inné de justice et de
vertu, sur lequel, malgré nos propres maximes, nous jugeons nos actions et
celles d’autrui comme bonnes ou mauvaises, et c’est à ce principe que je donne
le nom de conscience</u></b><u> (...) <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Les
actes de la conscience ne sont pas des jugements, mais des sentiments</b> (...)
</u>»<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>« <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Dans
toutes les questions de morale difficiles comme celle-ci, je me suis toujours
bien trouvé de les résoudre par le dictamen de ma conscience, plutôt que par
les lumières de ma raison. Jamais l’instinct moral ne m’a trompé</u></b> »
(Jean-Jacques Rousseau)<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 30.45pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 30.45pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;">« <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Thus the course of the argument leads us
to conclude, that since vice and virtue are not discoverable merely by reason</u></b>,
or the comparison of ideas, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>it must
be by means of some impression or sentiment they occasion, that we are able to
mark the difference between them</u></b>. Our decisions concerning moral
rectitude and depravity are evidently perceptions ; and as all perceptions are
either impressions or ideas, the exclusion of the one is a convincing argument
for the other. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Morality, therefore,
is more properly felt than judg'd of (...) The rules of morality, therefore,
are not conclusions of our reason</u></b> » (David Hume)<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;">« <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>C’est
dans la pureté du cœur que s’enracine la moralité </u></b>» (Gandhi)<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><o:p></o:p></u></b></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt;">Le sentiment moraux sont la source de la moralité<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">L'être
humain partage avec les autres animaux des sentiments moraux et une propension
naturelle à la moralité<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>,
c'est-à-dire un instinct altruiste, une capacité d'empathie, de compassion, un
sentiment naturel de pitié qui se traduit par « une répugnance innée à voir
souffrir son semblable ». L'idée des sentiments moraux comme source de la
moralité avait notamment été préfigurée par plusieurs philosophes dont
Jean-Jacques Rousseau<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>,
David Hume<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>,
Adam Smith<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> et
Arthur Shopenhauer<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.
Rousseau affirmait :<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">« <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Je ne crois pas avoir aucune
contradiction à craindre, en accordant à l'homme la seule vertu naturelle
qu'ait été forcé de reconnaître le détracteur le plus outré des vertus
humaines. Je parle de la pitié<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(...)
vertu d'autant plus universelle et d'autant plus utile à l'homme, qu'elle
précède en lui l'usage de toute réflexion</u></b><u>, et si naturelle que les
bêtes mêmes en donnent quelquefois des signes sensibles (...) <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Tel est le pur mouvement de la nature,
antérieur à toute réflexion : telle est la force de la pitié naturelle que les
moeurs les plus dépravées ont encore peine à détruire</b></u> (...) <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Mandeville a bien senti qu'avec toute
leur morale les hommes n'eussent jamais été que des monstres, si la nature ne
leur eût donné la pitié à l'appui de la raison ; mais il n'a pas vu que de
cette seule qualité découlent toutes les vertus sociales qu'il veut disputer
aux hommes</u></b> (...) </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;">Il est donc bien certain que la pitié est un sentiment
naturel (…) C’est elle, qui nous porte sans réflexion au secours de ceux que
nous voyons souffrir : c’est elle qui, dans l’état de nature, tient lieu
de lois, de mœurs, et de vertu, avec cet avantage que nul n’est tenté de
désobéir à sa douce voix. C’est elle qui détournera tout sauvage robuste
d’enlever à un faible enfant, ou à un vieillard infirme, sa subsistance acquise
avec peine, si lui-même espère pouvoir trouver la sienne ailleurs (...) <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>C’est en un mot dans ce sentiment
naturel, plutôt que dans des arguments subtils, qu’il faut chercher la cause de
la répugnance que tout homme éprouverait à mal faire, même indépendamment des
maximes de l’éducation.</u></b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></u></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Quoiqu’il puisse appartenir à
Socrate, et aux esprits de sa trempe, d’acquérir de la vertu par raison, il y a
longtemps que le genre humain ne serait plus, si sa conservation n’eût dépendu
que des raisonnements de ceux qui le composent</span></u></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">»<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;">« <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>C’est la raison qui engendre
l’amour-propre</u></b>, et c’est la réflexion qui le fortifie. C’est elle qui
replie l’homme sur lui-même; c’est elle qui le sépare de tout ce qui le gêne et
l’afflige : c’est la philosophie qui isole; <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>c’est par elle qu’il dit en secret, à l’aspect d’un homme souffrant,
péris si tu veux, je suis en sûreté</u></b> »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt;">D'ailleurs, Rousseau
soutenait que la règle d'or en éthique (</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">« ne fais pas aux autres ce que tu ne voudrais pas qu'on te fasse à
toi-même »</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt;">) n'a
de vrai fondement que les sentiments moraux (la conscience) <u>et non la raison</u>.
Il affirme :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;">« <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Le précepte même d’agir avec autrui
comme nous voulons qu’on agisse avec nous n’a de vrai fondement que la
conscience et le sentiment ; car où est la raison précise d'agir étant moi
comme si j'étais un autre, surtout quand je suis moralement sûr de ne jamais me
trouver dans le même cas ?</u></b> et qui me répondra qu'en suivant bien
fidèlement cette maxime j'obtiendrai qu'on la suive de même avec moi ? Le
méchant tire avantage de la probité du juste et de sa propre injustice; il est
bien aise que tout le monde soit juste, excepté lui. Cet accord-là, quoi qu'on
en dise, n'est pas fort avantageux aux gens de bien »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial;">En somme, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Rousseau affirmait </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;">« <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Il est donc au fond des âmes un principe
inné de justice et de vertu, sur lequel, malgré nos propres maximes, nous
jugeons nos actions et celles d’autrui comme bonnes ou mauvaises, et c’est à ce
principe que je donne le nom de conscience</u></b><u> (...) <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Les actes de la conscience ne sont pas des
jugements, mais des sentiments</b> (...) </u>»<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;">« <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Dans toutes les questions de morale
difficiles comme celle-ci, je me suis toujours bien trouvé de les résoudre par
le dictamen de ma conscience, plutôt que par les lumières de ma raison. Jamais
l’instinct moral ne m’a trompé</u></b> »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">NB</span></u></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">
: <u>Jean-Jacques Rousseau</u>, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">considéré
par Arthur Schopenhauer comme le « plus grand des moralistes modernes »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
et par Emmanuel Kant comme le « Newton du monde moral »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>,</span>
<u>était reconnu pour sa très grande sensibilité</u>. Le philosophe David Hume
le décrivait ainsi : « </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">He has only felt
during the whole course of his life, and in this respect his sensibility rises
to a pitch beyond what I have seen any example of ; but it still gives him a
more acute feeling of pain than of pleasure. He is like a man who was stripped
not only of his clothes, but of his skin, and turned out in this situation to
combat with the rude and boisterous elements »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[18]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Le
scientifique Charles Darwin affirmait également que notre volonté d’aider le
faible et le déshérité résultait de notre instinct de sympathie :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">« <u>With savages, the weak in body or mind are soon eliminated ; and
those that survive commonly exhibit a vigorous state of health. We civilized
men, on the other hand, do our utmost to check the process of elimination</u> ;
we build asylums for the imbecile, the maimed, and the sick ; we institute poor-laws
; and our medical men exert their utmost skill to save the life of every one to
the last moment (...) <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>The aid which
we feel impelled to give to the helpless is mainly an incidental result of the
instinct of sympathy, which was originally acquired as part of the social
instincts, but subsequently rendered (...) more tender and more widely
diffused. Nor could we check our sympathy, if so urged by hard reason, without
deterioration in the noblest part of our nature (...) If we were intentionally
to neglect the weak and helpless, it could only be for a contingent benefit,
with a certain and great present evil</u></b> <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">»<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[19]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt;">Gandhi
affirmait également que « c’est dans la pureté du cœur que s’enracine la
moralité »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[20]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Le
primatologue et éthologue Frans de Waal affirme également que l’empathie et la
sympathie sont les pilliers de la moralité :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>« <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Humans and other animals have been endowed with a capacity for
genuine love, sympathy, and care</u></b>—a fact that can and will one day be
fully reconciled with the idea that genetic self-promotion drives the
evolutionary process (...) <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Needless
to say, empathy and sympathy are pillars of human morality</u></b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>»<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[21]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt;">Selon Paul
Bloom, professeur de psychologie morale à l'Université Yale, « </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">certain
moral foundations are not acquired through learning »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[22]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.
En effet,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt;">le sens moral, l'empathie
et la compassion, le sens de l'équité et le sens de la justice sont, selon lui,
innés<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[23]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.
En conséquence, nous naissons tous (exception faites des psychopathes) et à des
degrés divers avec un sens moral (“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">some capacity to distinguish
between kind and cruel actions”</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt;">), de l'empathie et de la compassion (“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">suffering
at the pain of those around us and the wish to make this pain go away”</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt;">), un sens de l'équité (“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">a
tendency to favor equal divisions of resources”</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt;">) et un sens de la justice (“</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">a
desire to see good actions rewarded and bad actions punished”</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt;">)<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[24]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.
Dans un texte de CNN, Susan Chun résume :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;">« </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It is one of life's biggest questions: Are we born knowing
the difference between good and evil? Or are we taught our moral beliefs by
parents and society? <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Philosophers and
psychologists have long believed that babies are born "blank slates,"
and that it is the role of parents and society to teach babies the difference
between right and wrong; good and bad; mean and nice. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>But a growing number of researchers now believe differently. They
believe babies are in fact born with an innate sense of morality, and while
parents and society can help develop a belief system in babies, they don't
create one</u></b> »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[25]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt;">Le
sens moral (la capacité rationnelle de distinguer le bien du mal) est
nécessaire, mais insuffisant à la moralité. Un être humain doué d'un sens moral
exemplaire (par exemple un professeur d'éthique), mais dénué de sentiments
moraux, c’est-à-dire de pitié, d'empathie et de compassion manquerait la
motivation d'agir moralement. Jean-Jacques Rousseau affirmait d’ailleurs que la
raison nous apprend à connaître le bien et le mal, mais que la conscience
(découlant des sentiments moraux) nous fait aimer l’un et haïr l’autre<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[26]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>. L'exemple
extrême qu’on peut donner est celui des psychopathes dénués d'empathie et de
compassion, mais parfaitement capables de discerner le bien du mal. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Le
psychologue Robert D. Hare, spécialisé en psychopathie, définit le psychopathe
ainsi :</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">« <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Psychopaths<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>are social predators who charm, manipulate,
and ruthlessly plow their way through life, leaving a broad trail of broken
hearts, shattered expectations, and empty wallets. Completely lacking in
conscience and in feelings for others, they selfishly take what they want and
do as they please, violating social norms and expectations without the slightest
sense of guilt or regret</u></b> (...) <u>These examples also illustrate</u> a
frightful and perplexing theme that runs through the case histories of all
psychopaths: <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>a deeply disturbing
inability to care about the pain and suffering experienced by others—in short,
a complete lack of empathy, the prerequisite for love (...) Many of the
characteristics displayed by psychopaths—especially their egocentricity, lack
of remorse, shallow emotions, and deceitfulness—are closely associated with a
profound lack of empathy (an inability to construct a mental and emotional
“facsimile” of another person). They seem unable to “get into the skin” or to
“walk in the shoes” of others, except in a purely intellectual sense. The
feelings of other people are of no concern to psychopaths (...) Psychopaths
view people as little more than objects to be used for their own gratification.
The weak and the vulnerable—whom they mock, rather than pity—are favorite
targets. “There is no such thing, in the psychopathic universe, as the merely
weak,” wrote psychologist Robert Rieber. “Whoever is weak is also a sucker;
that is, someone who demands to be exploited</u></b>.”»<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[27]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">« A</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">s I mentioned earlier, psychopaths
do meet current legal and psychiatric standards for sanity. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>They understand the rules of society and
the conventional meanings of right and wrong. They are capable of controlling
their behavior and realize the potential consequences of their acts. The
problem is that this knowledge frequently fails to deter them from antisocial
behavior</u> </b>»<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[28]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt;">Paul Bloom donne
l'exemple des psychopathes afin d'illustrer l'insuffisance de la raison :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;">« </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">People could not be moral without
the capacity to tell right from wrong. But if we want to explain where moral
actions come from— why we sometimes behave kindly and altruistically, instead
of cruelly and selfishly—this moral sense is not enough</span></u></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">To see why,
imagine a perfect—perfectly rotten—psychopath. He is blessed with high
intelligence, good social skills, and some of the same motivations that normal
people possess, such as hunger, lust, and curiosity. But he lacks a normal
response to the suffering of others and is missing as well feelings such as
gratitude and shame. Because of some unhappy combination of genes, parenting,
and idiosyncratic personal experience, he is without moral sentiments</span></u></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Our
psychopath need not be a moral imbecile</span></u></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. He could
possess the simple capacities we talked about in the last chapter. Even as a baby
psychopath, he might prefer an individual who helps someone up a hill over
someone who pushes the character down. And as he grows up, he will learn the
rules and conventions of his society. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Our
psychopath knows that it is “right” to rescue a lost child and “wrong” to
sexually assault a woman while she is unconscious. But he doesn’t feel any of
the associated moral emotions, so his appreciation of right and wrong is
similar to that of someone blind from birth who can state that grass is “green”
and that the sky is “blue”—factually correct knowledge without the usual
experiences that go with it</u></b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Imagine
trying to convince your psychopath to be kind to other people. You might tell
him that he needs to repress selfish impulses for the sake of others. You could
throw some philosophy at him, presenting the view of utilitarian philosophers
that we should act to increase the sum total of human happiness, or going on
about Immanuel Kant’s categorical imperative, or John Rawls’s veil of
ignorance, or Adam Smith’s impartial spectator. You might try strategy that
parents often use with their children and ask him how he would feel if someone
behaved toward him as he often behaves toward others</span></u></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="background: yellow; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-highlight: yellow;">He could respond to all of this that he simply doesn’t
care</span></u></b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> about increasing the amount of human happiness
and has no interest in the categorical imperative, or any of the rest of it. He
appreciates the logical equivalence between him harming another individual and
another individual harming him—he’s not an idiot, after all. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">But, still, none of this motivates him to
treat people with kindness</b></span></u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[29]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt;">L'exemple susmentionné du
psychopathe (que l'on pourrait sans difficulté imaginer comme un être
intellectuellement supérieur et doué en éthique, mais dans les faits
profondément immoral) démontre que, à part pour quelques personnes d'exceptions
telles que Socrate ou Emmanuel Kant pour qui l'éthique est une passion et a une
valeur intrinsèque, la raison est, par elle-même, impuissante à faire aimer le
bien et haïr le mal ou à rendre une personne morale. De plus, cet exemple
confirme les propos du </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">philosophe David Hume qui affirmait
que la raison est instrumentale et l’esclave des passions (des sentiments) : « We
speak not strictly and philosophically when we talk of the combat of passion
and of reason. Reason is, and ought only to be the slave of the passions, and
can never pretend to any other office than to serve and obey them »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn30" name="_ftnref30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[30]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt;">. Le philosophe Bertrand
Russell affirmait aussi :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;">« <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>"Reason" has a perfectly clear
and precise meaning. It signifies the choice of the right means to an end that
you wish to achieve. It has nothing whatever to do with the choice of ends. But
opponents of reason do not realize this, and think that advocates of
rationality want reason to dictate ends as well as means. They have no excuse
for this view in the writings of rationalists. There is a famous sentence :
"Reason is and ought only to be, the slave of the passions". This
sentence does not come from comes from the works of Rousseau or Dostoevsky or
Sartre. It comes from David Hume. It expresses a view to which I, like every
man who attempts to be reasonable, fully subscribe. When I am told, as I
frequently am, that I "almost entirely discount the part played by the
emotions in human affairs", I wonder what motive-force the critic supposes
me to regard as dominant. Desires, emotions, passions (you can choose whichever
word you will), are the only possible causes of action. Reason is not a cause of
action but only a regulator</u></b> »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn31" name="_ftnref31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[31]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt;">Le philosophe Noam
Chomsky affirmait également :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;">«
If you have read serious social science journals or foreign policy journals
over the last few years, you have seen that it is very common to counterpose
the "emotional approach" of certain people with the "rational
response" of others. For example, the people who worry about the slaughter
of peasant populations-these people are overcome by emotion. On the other hand,
those who talk about arranging inputs to realize a certain outcome are
"reasonable" commentators. This is an interesting development, the
counterposing of emotion to reason, because it departs significantly from the
Western intellectual tradition. For example, David Hume wrote that "reason
is and ought to be the slave of the passions". And Russell, commenting on
the observation, noted that every reasonable man subscribes to this dictum. He
surely would be an "unreasonable" commentator by the standards of
today. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Reason is concerned with the
choice of the right means to an end that you wish to achieve, taking emotional
and moral factors into consideration. Unfortunately, too many modern
technocrats, who often pose as scientists and scholars, are really divorcing
themselves from traditional science and scholarship and excluding themselves
from the company of reasonable persons in the name of a kind of reason that is
perverted beyond recognition</u></b> »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn32" name="_ftnref32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[32]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt;">Le professeur Jonathan
Haidt, psychologue social et professeur d'éthique à l'Université de New York,
affirme :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;">« </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Now we know that emotions are not as
irrational (Frank, 1988), that reasoning is not as reliable (Kahneman &
Tversky, 1984), and that animals are not as amoral (de Waal. 1996) as we
thought in the 1970s. The time may be right, therefore, to take another look at
Hume's perverse thesis: that moral emotions and intuitions drive moral reasoning,
just as surely as a dog wags its tail</span></u></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn33" name="_ftnref33" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[33]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Benjamin
Franklin (l'un des pères fondateurs des États-Unis), affirmait que « l'un des
avantages d'être une "créature raisonnable" est qu'on peut trouver
une raison pour tout ce qu'on veut »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn34" name="_ftnref34" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[34]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt;">Puisque la raison est
l'esclave des passions et des émotions alors la qualité morale de la raison (ou
d'un raisonnement) dépend de la qualité des sentiments moraux. Ainsi une
personne ayant peu d'empathie et de pitié aura tendance à être plus égoïste et
à employer sa raison à des fins égoïstes (jusqu'à justifier à l'extrême la vile
maxime des maîtres de l'espèce humaine formulée par Adam Smith : « tout pour
nous et rien pour les autres »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn35" name="_ftnref35" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[35]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>)
alors qu'une personne avec beaucoup d'empathie et de pitié aura tendance à être
plus altruiste et à employer sa raison à des fins altruistes. Quoi qu'il en
soit, l<span style="color: #212121;">es gens ont tendance à considérer « raison »
et « éthique » comme étant indissociables en particulier depuis les écrits du
célèbre philosophe Émmanuel Kant. Or ceci est une erreur comme l'ont démontré
les philosophes David Hume et Arthur Schopenhauer. À</span> ce sujet, le
philosophe Arthur Schopenhauer affirmait : <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;">« </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Quant au titre de raisonnable</span></u></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">,
au contraire, on l'a de tout temps accordé à l'homme qui ne se guide pas sur
des impressions de l'ordre intuitif, mais sur des pensées et des concepts, et qui
doit à cela un air de supériorité, de conséquence, de réflexion dans sa manière
de faire. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Mais tout cela n'a rien à
voir avec la justice ni avec la charité. Au contraire, un homme peut avoir une
conduite fort raisonnable, donc réfléchie, circonspecte, conséquente, bien
ordonnée, méthodique, tout en suivant les maximes les plus égoïstes, les plus
injustes, enfin les plus perverses. Aussi personne avant Kant n'avait songé à
identifier une action juste, vertueuse, noble avec une action raisonnable</u></b>
»<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn36" name="_ftnref36" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn36;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[36]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #212121; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt;">Le
philosophe David Hume affirmait également :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #212121; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;">«<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>'Tis not contrary to
reason to prefer the destruction of the whole world to the scratching of my
finger. 'Tis not contrary to reason for me to chuse my total ruin, to prevent
the least uneasiness of an Indian or person wholly unknown to me</u></b>. 'Tis
as little contrary to reason to prefer even my own acknowledg'd lesser good to
my greater, and have a more ardent affection for the former than the latter »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn37" name="_ftnref37" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn37;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #212121; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[37]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #212121; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt;">En
conséquence, la « raison » ne nous permet pas de préférer une éthique altruiste
(par exemple « l'utilitarisme » où une personne doit considérer les intérêts de
toutes les personnes concernées avant de prendre une décision) à une éthique de
l'égoïsme (par exemple « l'éthique de l'égoïsme » où une personne ne tient
compte que de son intérêt personnel sans égard aux intérêts des autres
personnes concernées).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Par exemple, la
philosophe Ayn Rand, </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">que Noam Chomsky considère comme «
one of the most evil figures of modern intellectual history »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn38" name="_ftnref38" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn38;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">[38]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, défendait une « éthique de
l'égoïsme »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn39" name="_ftnref39" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn39;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">[39]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> (<u>une éthique
rationnelle</u>)</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn40" name="_ftnref40" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn40;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #212121; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #212121; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[40]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Selon cette théorie éthique,
l'altruisme est le mal et est immoral<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn41" name="_ftnref41" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn41;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">[41]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.
Aux États-Unis son oeuvre majeure, « Atlas Shrugged », jouit d'une très grande
popularité et fut citée comme le livre le plus influent après la Bible.
L'ancien Président des États-Unis Ronald Reagan ainsi qu'Alan Greenspan étaient
connus pour leur admiration d'Ayn Rand, admiration que partage Paul Ryan.
Matthieu Ricard affirme : </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #212121; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">« Ayn Rand
est certainement une curieuse énigme. Bien qu'elle ne soit que très peu connue
en Europe et dans le reste du monde, elle continue à avoir une influence
notable sur la société américaine. Dans le cadre d'un sondage d'opinion mené en
1991 par la bibliothèque du Congrès des États-Unis, son oeuvre majeure, Atlas
Shrugged, fut cité comme le livre le plus influent après la Bible. Le Président
Reagan ainsi qu'Alan Greenspan étaient connus pour leur admiration d'Ayn Rand,
admiration que partage Paul Ryan »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn42" name="_ftnref42" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn42;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">[42]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #212121; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt;">En somme, une conviction morale peut être
parfaitement rationnelle sans être éthique</span></u><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #212121; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt;">. Personnellement, je
suis très fortement convaincu, comme l'on mentionné dans leurs écrits les
philosophes Rousseau, Hume, Smith, Schopenhauer et Gandhi, que l'éthique a
davantage avoir avec les « sentiments » qu'avec la « raison ». D'ailleurs, aucune
théorie éthique ne peut être prouvée (par la raison) et elles reposent toutes
pour leur fondement sur des intuitions morales (des sentiments). Aux fins du
présent texte, mentionnons seulement l'opinion du philosophe John Rawls (comme
représentant de la théorie éthique déontologique) et celle du philosophe </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #141413; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt;">J.J.C.
Smart (</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #212121; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt;">comme représentant </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #141413; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt;">de la théorie éthique utilitarisme).</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #212121; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt;"> John Rawls
affirmait qu'une théorie de la justice est une « théorie des sentiments moraux
»<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn43" name="_ftnref43" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn43;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #212121; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[43]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.
</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #141413; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt;">J.J.C.
Smart affirmait aussi : </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #212121; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #141413; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;">« </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;">No proof of
utilitarianism</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;">. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>A system of
normative ethics cannot be proved intellectually. Any such “proof” of
utilitarianism as was attempted by Bentham or Mill can be shown to be
fallacious</u></b>. (Mill disclaimed the possibility of proof and spoke more
vaguely of “considerations capable of determining the intellect,” but he
presented an attempted proof nonetheless.) <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Sidgwick
and Moore were clearer on this point and saw that ethical principles cannot be
deduced from anything else. They appealed instead to intellectual intuition</u></b>
(...) »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn44" name="_ftnref44" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn44;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[44]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #141413; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt;">Albert Camus affirmait
que la philosophie (l'usage de la raison) « peut servir à tout, même à changer les
meurtriers en juges »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn45" name="_ftnref45" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn45;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[45]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>. La
psychologue Denise Cummins donne plusieurs exemples de mésusage de la raison
détachée des sentiments moraux :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial;">« <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Yet
sufficient evidence from the annals of human history plainly shows that reason,
untempered by empathy, is just as likely to lead to tyranny and genocide as it
is to lead to good judgment. When compassion and reason are decoupled, judgment
is not improved. Instead, the door is opened to inhumane practices</u></b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial;">Human history is replete with examples of principle-based atrocities.
The reasoning underlying genocide and "ethnic cleansing" seems
perfectly logical to people who subscribe to a twisted belief system—bring
about a "greater good" by "cleansing" the world of
"bad" people—but it's empathetically bankrupt. What drives and
sustains the suicide bomber ? The belief in the purity of his principles,
principles that require one to blind oneself to the suffering and carnage of
the innocents at his mercy</span></u></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial;">It was the cold light of reason—based of course on false beliefs—that
gave us laws permitting slavery, burning human beings at the stake, and bear
baiting as a form of entertainment. It was empathy for the victim that ended
these practices. It is empathy that prevents a man from beating his wife when
the law in some countries fully permits (or even requires) him to do so. It is
empathy for the victim that brought us the Red Cross, Amnesty International,
and the scores of other humanitarian organizations that grace our world. It is empathy
that makes us want to rescue victims, and it is empathy that prevents us from
killing their tormenters—despite our rage and lust for retributive justice</span></u></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial;"> »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn46" name="_ftnref46" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn46;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[46]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt;">Au procès de Nuremberg de
1945-1946 (procès des chefs nazis responsables de l'holocauste), le psychologue
Gustav M. Gilbert concluait que le mal est l'absence d'empathie :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;">« </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“I told you once
that I was searching for the nature of evil. I think I’ve come close to
defining it: a lack of empathy. It’s the one characteristic that connects all
the defendants: a genuine incapacity to feel with their fellow man. <em><span style="font-family: Arial;">Evil, I think, is the absence of empathy</span></em><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">”</i></span></u></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
»<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn47" name="_ftnref47" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn47;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[47]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt;">La raison n'a pas empêché
Martin Heidegger, l'un des plus grands philosophes du 20<sup>e</sup> siècle,
d'être membre du parti nazi en Allemagne et de participer à l'un des plus
grands maux qu'a connus l'humanité<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn48" name="_ftnref48" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn48;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[48]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Comme l'affirme le philosophe </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Peter
Singer :</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">« Philosophers are human beings and they are subject
to all the preconceptions of the society to which they belong. Sometimes they succeed
in breaking free of the prevailing ideology : more often they become its most
sophisticated defenders »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn49" name="_ftnref49" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn49;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">[49]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt;">Thomas Jefferson, père
fondateur des États-Unis, 3<sup>e</sup> président des États-Unis et auteur
principal de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Déclaration de
l'indépendance</i> de 1776, affirmait également que les sentiments moraux (l'empathie
et la compassion), et non la science ou la raison, étaient la source de la
moralité. Selon lui, ces sentiments moraux constituaient le « sens moral », un
sens de la même nature que par exemple la vue ou l'ouïe, que tous les êtres
humains possèdent à des degrés divers. Par conséquent, il était d'avis que de
suivre des cours ou des conférences portant sur la philosophie morale (servant
à perfectionner la raison) était une perte de temps. Étant entendu n'y a pas de
raison de croire que la nature a conféré au professeur d'éthique un sens moral
plus grand qu'au laboureur, il était d'opinion qu'un laboureur était
susceptible d'avoir un meilleur jugement moral qu'un professeur d'éthique, car
contrairement au professeur d'éthique, le laboureur n'est pas restreint dans son
jugement moral par des règles artificielles (produits de la raison). Il
affirmait :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;">« </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Morals were too
essential to the happiness of man to be risked on the incertain combinations of
the head. She laid their foundation therefore in sentiment, not in science</span></u></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn50" name="_ftnref50" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn50;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[50]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;">« </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Moral Philosophy. I think it lost
time to attend lectures on this branch. He who made us would have been a
pitiful bungler, if he had made the rules of our moral conduct a matter of
science. For one man of science, there are thousands who are not. What would
have become of them?</span></u></b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> Man was destined for society. His
morality, therefore, was to be formed to this object. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">He was endowed with a sense of right and wrong, merely relative to
this. This sense is as much a part of his nature, as the sense of</b></span></u><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <u>hearing, seeing, feeling; it is
the true foundation of morality, and not the to kalon [beautiful], truth, &c.,
as fanciful writers have imagined. The moral sense, or conscience, is as much a
part of man as his leg or arm. It is given to all human beings in a stronger or
weaker degree, as force of members is given them in a greater or less degree</u></span></b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">It may be strengthened by exercise, as
may any particular limb of the body</b>. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">This
sense is submitted, indeed, in some degree, to the guidance of reason; but it
is a small stock which is required for this: even a less one than what we call
common sense. State a moral case to a ploughman and a professor. The former
will decide it as well, & often better than the latter, because he has not
been led astray by artificial rules</b></span></u><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">In this branch, therefore, read good books, because
they will encourage, as well as direct your feelings. The writings of Sterne,
particularly, form the best course of morality that ever was written. Besides
these, read the books mentioned in the enclosed paper; and, above all things,
lose no occasion of exercising your dispositions to be grateful, to be
generous, to be charitable, to be humane, to be true, just, firm, orderly,
courageous, &c. Consider every act of this kind, as an exercise which will
strengthen your moral faculties & increase your worth »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn51" name="_ftnref51" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn51;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[51]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">L'affirmation
de Jefferson, selon laquelle un laboureur est susceptible d'avoir un meilleur
jugement moral qu'un professeur d'éthique, rejoint également l'idée qu'il
n'existe pas d'expert en éthique<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn52" name="_ftnref52" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn52;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[52]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>,
car en ce domaine nous sommes nos propres experts. En effet, Jean-Jacques Rousseau
affirmait que </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt;">«
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>la conscience est le plus éclairé des
philosophes</u></b> »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn53" name="_ftnref53" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn53;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[53]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>,
« le meilleur de tous les casuistes »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn54" name="_ftnref54" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn54;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[54]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>et le « juge infaillible du bien et du
mal »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn55" name="_ftnref55" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn55;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[55]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.
Il ajoute :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;">« <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Il est donc au fond des âmes un principe
inné de justice et de vertu, sur lequel, malgré nos propres maximes, nous
jugeons nos actions et celles d’autrui comme bonnes ou mauvaises, et c’est à ce
principe que je donne le nom de conscience</u></b> (...) <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Les actes de la conscience ne sont pas des jugements, mais des
sentiments</u></b>. Quoique toutes nos idées nous viennent du dehors, les
sentiments qui les apprécient sont au dedans de nous, et c’est par eux seuls
que nous connaissons la convenance ou disconvenance qui existe entre nous et
les choses que nous devons respecter ou fuir »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn56" name="_ftnref56" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn56;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[56]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;">« <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Dans toutes les questions de morale
difficiles comme celle-ci, je me suis toujours bien trouvé de les résoudre par
le dictamen de ma conscience, plutôt que par les lumières de ma raison. Jamais
l’instinct moral ne m’a trompé</u></b> »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn57" name="_ftnref57" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn57;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[57]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Le fait que les sentiments moraux
(pitié, empathie, compassion) soient la source de la moralité et, à mon avis
prioritaires, ne signifie pas que la raison ne soit pas importante en éthique</span></u></b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn58" name="_ftnref58" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn58;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[58]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.
Au contraire, elle est importante pour former un bon jugement moral et
particulièrement utile <u>pour corriger</u> un jugement moral fondé notamment
sur des préjugés, des stérotypes ou sur des idées préconçues ou irrationnelles.
Cependant, en l'absence de capacité d'éprouver de la pitié, de l'empathie ou de
la compassion, la raison, qui est l'esclave des passions, risque de servir des
passions destructrices. Elle sera également impuissante, à elle seule, à forcer
une personne à agir moralement. Le philosophe Hans Jonas affirmait :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">« <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>L'éthique a une face
objective et une face subjective, dont l'une a affaire à la raison et l'autre
au sentiment. Historiquement c'est tantôt l'une, tantôt l'autre qui se trouvait
davantage au centre de la théorie éthique <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[</span>...<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">] </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mais les deux faces sont mutuellement
complémentaires et l'une et l'autre sont des parties intégrantes de l'éthique
comme telle. Si nous n'étions pas <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[</span>...<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">] </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>réceptifs à l'appel de l'obligation grâce à un
sentiment qui lui répond, même la preuve la plus contraignante de son droit <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[</span>...<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">] </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>serait pourtant
impuissante à transformer en force motivante ce qui est prouvé </u></b>»<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn59" name="_ftnref59" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn59;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[59]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Généralement
la personne qui agi de façon immorale, n'est pas immorale en raison de son
incapacité à discerner le bien et le mal ou par manque de connaissance en éthique,
mais par manque de sentiments moraux (c'est-à-dire par manque de pitié,
d'empathie, de compassion). En effet, aucun criminel, ou scélérat ou aucune
personne peu scrupuleuse ne prétendrait, sauf par rationalisation <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">a posteriori</i>, ne pas savoir par exemple
que le meurtre, le viol, le vol, la fraude, la violence sur toutes ses formes,
le harcèlement, l’exploitation des personnes faibles et vulnérables ou
l’intimidation est mal. Comme l'affirme la Cour suprême du Canada, « </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">un enfant de sept ans peut connaître la différence entre le
«<span class="term1">bien</span>» et le «<span class="term2">mal</span>» au sens
moral »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn60" name="_ftnref60" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn60;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[60]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.
De plus, au Canada, une personne de 12 ans est présumée avoir la capacité
pénale et être responsable criminellement de ces actes<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn61" name="_ftnref61" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn61;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[61]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.
C</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">e serait également absurde de prétendre qu'une personne puisse oublier
les notions du bien et du mal. À ce sujet, le philosophe Gilbert Ryle affirme :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">« 'Don't you know the difference between right and
wrong ?' 'Well, I did learn it once, but I have forgotten it'. This is a
ridiculous thing to say »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn62" name="_ftnref62" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn62;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: .75pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: .75pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[62]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span class="a"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: .75pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Le manque de sentiments moraux (d'empathie) est un
problème de société<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Le manque d'empathie semble être un problème
généralisé et donc un problème de société. En effet, selon une métaanalyse
publiée en 2011 et portant sur les années 1979 à 2009, les étudiants
d'université américaines sont 40% moins empathiques que les étudiants des
cohortes d'il y a 20 ou 30 ans<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn63" name="_ftnref63" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn63;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[63]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.
Ceci n'est pas étonnant. En effet, au cours de cette même période, le narcissisme
chez les étudiants, qui est corrélé négativement avec l'empathie<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn64" name="_ftnref64" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn64;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[64]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>,
a augmenté de manière significative<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn65" name="_ftnref65" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn65;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[65]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.
Le DSM V définit le<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>trouble de
personnalité narcissique ainsi : « A pervasive pattern of grandiosity (in
fantasy or behavior), need for admiration, and lack of empathy »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn66" name="_ftnref66" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn66;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[66]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.
L'égocentrisme est également une caractéristique des personnes narcissiques<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn67" name="_ftnref67" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn67;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[67]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.
Selon </span><strong><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jean M. Twenge, professeure de
psychologie à San Diego State University, l'épidémie de narcissisme aurait
commencé dans les années 70</span></strong><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn68" name="_ftnref68" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn68;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[68]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><strong><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Selon elle, la cause principale de cette montée de
narcissisme, </span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">dont
l'arrivée des "selfies" en est un symptôme patent<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn69" name="_ftnref69" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn69;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[69]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a></span><strong><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, est la culture américaine d'estime de soi dans laquelle
les parents insistent pour renforcer l'estime de soi de leurs enfants
convaincus que l'estime de soi est un ingrédient nécessaire au succès :</span></strong><strong><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></div>
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<strong><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">«
</span></strong><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA;">By
comparing decades of personality test results, Dr. Twenge has concluded, over
and over again, that younger generations are increasingly entitled,
self-obsessed and unprepared for the realities of adult life. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA;">And the
blame, she says, falls squarely on America’s culture of self-esteem, in which
parents praise every child as “special,” and feelings of self-worth are
considered a prerequisite to success, rather than a result of it. <o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA;">“There’s a
common perception that self-esteem is key to success, but it turns out it
isn’t,” she said. Nonetheless, “young people are just completely convinced that
in order to succeed they have to believe in themselves or go all the way to
being narcissistic</span></u></b><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA;">.” »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn70" name="_ftnref70" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn70;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[70]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">La montée de narcissisme est inquiétante, car
ce trait de personnalité entraîne une perte d'empathie (de sentiments moraux)
et est corrélé avec la psychopathie et le machiavélisme et forme avec ceux-ci
ce que les psychologues appellent la « triade noire » de la personnalité<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn71" name="_ftnref71" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn71;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[71]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">La montée du narcissisme n'explique
probablement pas à elle seule cette perte d'empathie et de sentiments moraux
que les psychologues observent. Il n'est pas invraisemblable de penser que,
dans la société "insensible" dans laquelle on vit, le processus de socialisation
force les enfants (surtout les garçons) à se désensibiliser afin d'être acceptés
par leurs pairs et pouvoir faire partie du groupe. En conséquence, seule une
partie d'entre eux préservent leur empathie jusqu'à l'âge adulte. À ce sujet, la
psychologue Linda Kreger Silverman affirme :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">« <b><u>It is clear that not all gifted
individuals reach adulthood with their sensitivity intact. It takes great
courage to experience the depth of one's emotions in an insensitive society.
Some gifted children who show profound emotional and moral sensitivity in their
early years seem to lose these capacities somewhere along the way. Lovecky
(1994) writes :<o:p></o:p></u></b></span></div>
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<b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">To continue with the generous,
compassionate and altruistic responses of early childhood places many gifted
boys at considerable risk for peer rejection and ridicule. They are too
vulnerable this way, so they often conceal the moral side of themselves behind
the same invulnerability modeled for them by others ; that is, they wall off
and deny compassionate responses to others.<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Dabrowski (1979/1994) found morally and emotionally
advanced adults gentle, delicate, nonagressive, likely to withdraw rather than
retaliate, "heroic" in their sensitivity. He felt that because of
their sensitivity and integrity, these individuals are capable of bringing
humanity to a higher set of values, but that they are at great risk of being
destroyed by society because of their inherent differences </span></u></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">»<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn72" name="_ftnref72" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn72;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[72]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">La psychologue </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt;">Deirdre V. Lovecky
affirme également :</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">« </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Problems with empathy and compassion<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Not everyone grows up
to act in moral ways. Even gifted children who appear to have early concerns
about others, the environment, pollution, war and peace, and issues of fairness
and justice do not all grow up to be exceptionally sensitive to moral issues.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Roeper discussed how
gifted children’s sense of justice and ethics can be lost through an
overemphasis on conformity. When conformity rules the world in which gifted
children live, they often respond by creating a subculture of beating the system,
getting around the rules, and manipulating. They start to do things for personal
gain and learn that “might makes right.” Anyone who thinks differently is seen
as an idealist, someone not to be taken seriously (Roeper 1995b). Since most
gifted children are pressured to conform, they become sensitized to the expectations
of society to be less idealistic, less altruistic, and less ethical, and over time
show less moral awareness. Those children who conform less to societal expectations,
the ones who do not suffer fools gladly, retain more moral awareness through
adolescence.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">The need to conform starts at birth, but is kept at
bay for many gifted children until they reach formal schooling. Then, the
process of lowering expectations, doing things as peers do, and using popular
pastimes to ensure social success can also decrease moral sensitivity. This can
be the case even among those gifted children who were exceptionally
compassionate or sensitive to injustice in early childhood. Silverman (1994)
described one boy who was extremely sensitive to injustice but became
“desensitized” after he entered school.<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">My own earlier observations with gifted children
(Lovecky 1994c) suggested that many young gifted boys, even as they worry about
the environment and show concern for homelessness, poverty, and war become,
nevertheless, fascinated with violence. As they compete with age peers and
become immersed in peer culture, especially media-driven pastimes, these boys
begin to see violence as an acceptable solution to interpersonal conflict. This
can have a number of different ramifications, including loss of previously held
ideals about justice and caring</span></u></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn73" name="_ftnref73" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn73;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[73]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Il n'est pas non plus invraisemblable de
penser que la structure de la société dans laquelle on vit (incluant ses normes
et ses institutions) encourage les types de personnalités agressives caractérisées
par un manque d'empathie (psychopathie, machiavélisme et narcissisme). En
effet, selon le psychologue Robert D. Hare, spécialisé en psychopathie, «
society is moving in the direction of permitting, reinforcing, and in some
instances actually valuing some of the traits listed in the Psychopathy
Checklist - traits such as impulsivity, irresponsibility, lack of remorse, and
so on »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn74" name="_ftnref74" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn74;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[74]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.
Il ajoute :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">« </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What is clear is that society is making it a lot easier for
psychopathy or psychopathic behaviour to flourish</span></u></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (...) The moral ethical standards that we have now are
shifting. What is acceptable now would not have been acceptable five or 10 or
20 years ago (...) <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>I won't even watch
Dexter. In a sense what they are doing is glorifying, glamorizing and making
normal what is really abnormal. All these programs like CSI and the hundreds of
others</u></b> »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn75" name="_ftnref75" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn75;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[75]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Par
exemple, s</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal;">ur le marché du travail, « l'agréabilité » (« </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Agreeableness »</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal;">)<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn76" name="_ftnref76" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn76;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS ゴシック"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">[76]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>,
comme trait de personnalité, est corrélé négativement avec le revenu<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn77" name="_ftnref77" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn77;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS ゴシック"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">[77]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.
En d'autres termes, les personnes qui sont gentilles, empathiques,
compatissantes, altruistes, modestes, prosociales et coopératives sont
généralement moins bien payées<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn78" name="_ftnref78" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn78;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS ゴシック"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">[78]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
et ont, par conséquent, moins de succès sur le marché du travail (étant entendu
que le salaire est la principale mesure objective du succès sur le marché du
travail)<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn79" name="_ftnref79" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn79;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS ゴシック"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">[79]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.
À l'inverse, pour les hommes (mais pas pour les femmes)<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn80" name="_ftnref80" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn80;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS ゴシック"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">[80]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>,
la « désagréabilité » paie<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn81" name="_ftnref81" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn81;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS ゴシック"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">[81]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.
Par exemple, les hommes qui ont une personnalité narcissique ou machiavélique
(la triade noire) sont favorisés<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn82" name="_ftnref82" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn82;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS ゴシック"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">[82]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.
Un trop grand degré de « désagréabilité » peut être associé à la psychopathie<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn83" name="_ftnref83" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn83;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS ゴシック"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">[83]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.
Or même<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>les « psychopathes », qui sont
par définition dénués de toute </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">conscience
morale<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn84" name="_ftnref84" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn84;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS ゴシック"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">[84]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>,</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal;"> ont
généralement beaucoup de succès sur le marché du travail<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn85" name="_ftnref85" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn85;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS ゴシック"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">[85]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
bien que, comme le mentionnent les auteurs Paul Babiak et al., leur succès
relève davantage du style ou de la forme (à savoir leur habileté à charmer, à
manipuler et à tromper) que de la substance (leur performance)<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn86" name="_ftnref86" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn86;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS ゴシック"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">[86]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.
</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Le professeur de psychologie à l'Université
d'Oxford, Kevin Dutton, compare la psychopathie à une exposition aux rayons de
soleil et suggère ainsi que la psychopathie (l'absence de conscience morale<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn87" name="_ftnref87" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn87;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS ゴシック"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">[87]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>)
à faible dose peut être bénéfique sur le marché du travail<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn88" name="_ftnref88" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn88;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS ゴシック"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">[88]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.
Il affirme :</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt;">
</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">«<b> </b>Yet psychopathy, as the Devil and his flamboyant London protégé
just hinted, can also be good for us, at least in moderation (...) Psychopathy
is like sunlight. Overexposure can hasten one’s demise in grotesque,
carcinogenic fashion. But regulated exposure at controlled and optimal levels
can have a significant positive impact on well-being and quality of life »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn89" name="_ftnref89" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn89;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[89]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt;">Dits autrement, </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">les gens qui sont dépourvus de conscience morale auraient de
sages leçons à nous apprendre</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn90" name="_ftnref90" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn90;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[90]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt;">. Or selon Martha Stout,
psychologiste à Harvard, M. Dutton fait erreur et confond le narcissisme (qui
peut être bénéfique à une certaine dose) avec la psychopathie (qui est toujours
nuisible et destructrice). Elle affirme :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;">« If Dutton
had titled his book “The Wisdom of Narcissists” he might have made a more
credible case: psychologists largely agree that human beings need a certain
amount of “normal” narcissism to be healthy. But narcissism varies by degree.
The emotional black hole of consciencelessness does not (...) As a professional
who has spent decades studying the bleak disorder of consciencelessness, I can
say with a fair degree of certainty that there is no wisdom in psychopathy.
There is only an irredeemable emptiness that should not and cannot be served up
in “doses."»<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn91" name="_ftnref91" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn91;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[91]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">En fait, selon le psychologue Robert Joseph Smith, le
psychopathe (qui n'a aucune conscience morale) serait mieux adapté que la
personne sensible, empathique et douée d'une grande conscience morale à la
culture dans laquelle on vit :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">« In a situation where individualism is
trump, the psychopath is powerfully equipped to survive, if not always to
succeed. That is, if the operational basis of the culture requires projecting a
good image while watching out for oneself, if it encourages pursuit of material
pleasure and the marchandizing of people, then far from being a mask of sanity
or a moral imbecile, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>the psychopath
is the reasonable one and those of us who are trusting, reliable, and
empathetic are out of phase with reality</u></b> »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn92" name="_ftnref92" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn92;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[92]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.</span><span style="font-family: Times; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Ce qui fait dire à Charles Derber, professeur de
sociologie à l'Université de Boston, que les États-Unis sont devenus ou sur le
point de devenir une société « sociopathe ». <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Il affirme :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">« <u>My argument in this book is that the
United States, with a long history of sociopathic institutions and practices,
is now evolving toward a full-blown sociopathic society</u>. We still have a
chance to change course. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>But our
society is increasingly structured to turn people and institutions toward
sociopathic behavior that harms other individuals and entire societies, including
our own</u></b> (...)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Sociopathy is antisocial behavior by an
individual or institution that typically advances self-interest, such as making
money, while harming others and attacking the fabric of society. In a
sociopathic society, sociopathic behavior, both by individuals and
institutions, is the outcome of dominant social values and power arrangements.
A sociopathic society, paradoxically, creates dominant social norms that are
antisocial—that is, norms that assault the well-being and survival of much of
the population and undermine the social bonds and sustainable environmental
conditions essential to any form of social order. This reign of antisocial
social norms is crucial to my definition of sociopathic society</span></u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. Like an autoimmune disease, such antisocial
societal programming leads to behavior that weakens and can, in the most
extreme scenario, kill the society itself.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Sociopathic behavior, whether practiced by
individuals or institutions, can be physically violent, but more often it is
not. An example from the corporate world is when the CEOs of Goldman Sachs,
Bank of America, AIG, and other bailed-out Wall Street giants in the Great
Recession increased their own compensation after driving their banks and much
of America into a ditch. One defining mark of a sociopathic society is that
most sociopathic behavior is perfectly legal and conforms to social norms and
expectations. As a codification of antisocial norms, the law itself becomes
sociopathic in the most full-blown sociopathic societies.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Sociopathic people often have narcissistic,
competitive, and antisocial personalities</span></u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">, but, in contrast to what psychological theories tell us, this can be
the outcome of the hardwiring of sociopathic society. Sociopathic personalities
may be embracing the reigning societal values rather than rejecting them. <u>In
a sociopathic society, narcissists and antisocial individuals</u>—one might
think of O. J. Simpson, Donald Trump, Lance Armstrong, or Bernie Madoff—<u>can appear
entirely normal</u>, since they often are pillars of the community and know how
to succeed under existing rules of the game. Many of them are political
leaders, CEOs of major corporations, high military officers, or high-ranking
church clergy.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Sociopathic institutions rule the landscape
of sociopathic society. These can be economic (corporations such as Enron),
political (a self-serving Congress of millionaires), or military (a detention
center such as Guantanamo), but they all advance institutional self-interest by
harming others and undermining society</span></u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">The witty documentary film and best-selling
book The Corporation, written by law professor Joel Bakan, makes the point
tellingly by imagining the corporation as a patient on the couch being
diagnosed by a psychiatrist. The psychiatrist goes through a checklist of
symptoms evidenced by his patient—insatiable greed, self-preoccupation, power
lust, willingness to harm others without remorse, pursuit of profit at the
expense of communities and the whole society. The behavior is sociopathic, but
it is embedded in the corporate law and power arrangements that make up the
“corporate patient”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">on the couch. The patient is programmed such
that it cannot act differently. Bakan writes that the corporation is
“pathological”; <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">it is singularly self-interested and unable
to feel genuine concern for others in any context . . . deliberately
programmed, indeed legally compelled, to externalize costs without regard for
the harm it may cause to people, communities, and the natural environment.
Every cost it can unload onto someone else is a benefit to itself, a direct
route to profit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">The problem here is not a rotten apple—such
as Enron or its corporate accountant, Arthur Anderson—but a rotten barrel. The
media portrayed Enron as a rotten apple spoiled by bad leaders. Bakan’s point,
though, is that Enron was acting as the corporate system requires, much like
the other leading financial firms, as became evident in the Wall Street meltdown
of 2008. Bank of America, Goldman Sachs, J. P. Morgan Chase, Countrywide, Washington
Mutual, and AIG—all programmed to maximize short-term profit—carried out
unethical, destructive behavior, whether predatory loans or issuing toxic
financial instruments that they secretly bet would fail. The problem is not a
few bad leaders but a corporate DNA placing profits over people and chartered
by a larger sociopathic economic system (the barrel) »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn93" name="_ftnref93" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn93;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[93]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Il est vraisemblable que la très grande
permissivité de la société dans laquelle on vit favorise également ce genre de
personnalités qui n'ont peu ou pas d'inhibition (peu ou pas de
"self-restraint") et de conscience morale (d'empathie). Voici le
raisonnement : selon le psychologue George K. Simon, expert international des
troubles de la personnalité (dont la manipulation), la personnalité d'une
personne "normale" se situe sur un continuum entre deux extrêmes, à
savoir entre deux troubles de la personnalité : entre les « neurotics » ou
névrosés (qui sont des personnes très sensibles, inhibées, souffrant d'anxiété
et de peurs, de culpabilité et de remords et qui ont une conscience morale très
forte) et les « character-disordered personalities » (qui sont des personnes
souvent insensibles, qui ont peu d'inhibition, qui n'ont pas de culpabilité ou
de remord et une conscience morale trop faible)<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn94" name="_ftnref94" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn94;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[94]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Il n'y a pas si longtemps, à une époque très
répressive, la névrose était un véritable problème de société. En effet, les
théories de la personnalité freudienne considéraient que tout le monde était à
un certain degré névrosé (donc inhibé). Ces théories ont été développées à une
époque très répressive<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn95" name="_ftnref95" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn95;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[95]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.
À cette époque, il n'était pas surprenant de constater une prévalence élevée de
névrose dans la population. En revanche, de nos jours, la société est beaucoup
plus permissive (pensons au recul des religions, au relâchement des moeurs, à la
libération sexuelle, à l'individualisme, aux chartes des droits et libertés, au
néolibéralisme, etc.). En conséquence, les psychologues sont davantage appelés
à traiter des personnes souffrant non pas d'une trop grande inhibition (névrose),
mais souffrant d'un manque d'inhibition ou de "self-restraint" (« character-disordered
personalities »)<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn96" name="_ftnref96" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn96;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[96]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.
Or ces « character-disordered personalities » qui manquent d'inhibition sont
généralement des personnalités agressives (qui ont des gros "égo",
désirent gagner à tout prix, dominer, exploiter les autres, qui n'ont pas peur
des sanctions, qui n'éprouvent pas de sentiment de culpabilité et d’empathie et
qui refusent "non" comme réponse). Pour la société, ces «
character-disordered personalities » sont beaucoup plus dangereux que les
névrosés. George K. Simon explique : <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">« In a civilized society the
character-disordered individuals are more problematic then neurotics. Neurotics
mainly cause problems for themselves because they let their excessive and
unwarranted fears stifle their own success. Contrarily, character-disordered
personalities, unencumbered by qualms of conscience, passionately pursue their
personal goals with indifference to, and often at the expense of, the rights
and needs of others. Now, of all the personality types, submissive
personalities are among the most neurotic and agressive personalities are among
the most character-disordered »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn97" name="_ftnref97" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn97;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[97]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Parmi ces personnalités agressives, on retrouve
le psychopathe, le machiavélisme, le narcissisme, le sociopathe, le manipulateur,
etc. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Or dans une entrevue intitulée « </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt;">The heroism of
sensitivity » et</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> réalisée en 1994 par Zbigniew
Bierzanaski (ci-après ZB), le psychologue et psychiatre et ancien professeur en
psychologie à l'Université Laval, Kazimierz Dabrowski (ci-après KD), affirmait que
malheureusement <b><u>ce ne sont pas les personnes sensibles, empathiques, douées
d'une forte conscience morale, d'une grande capacité d'introspection, très
créatives<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn98" name="_ftnref98" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn98;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[98]</span></u></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
voire peut-être inhibées ou névrosées qui sont considérées comme des modèles
pour la société, mais plutôt les psychopathes et semi-psychopathes (égocentriques,
insensibles, sans empathie, sans conscience morale, asociaux et souvent
antisociaux, doués d'une intelligence instrumentale au service de leurs
instincts primitifs, incapables d'introspection, sans aucune créativité, doué
d'un faible potentiel de développement<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn99" name="_ftnref99" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn99;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[99]</span></u></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>)</u></b> parce
qu'ils sont forts, n'ont aucune considération pour autrui et n'ont aucune
inhibition. Il affirmait : <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">« ZB : As a reformer, you are fighting for a
chance for the "oppressed". Who are the oppressed you have in mind ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">KD : They are the ones who are not shrewd, who
are rather delicate, who aren't able to fight for their own interests, who
aren't pushy or demanding, but who are industrious, have deep feelings, are
often wise though unsophisticated. I think about those who don't press their
claims, who aren't vulgar or aggressive, and who often suffer. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">I have in mind another group of people too : neurotics
and psychoneurotics, those who aren't mentally ill but are gentle, emotionally
quite sensitive, who are never brutal but are often inhibited, who take things
deeply into their hearts, and who withdraw into themselves rather than
retaliate. I consider these people to be humiliated and harmed because nobody
takes care of them, or, if anyone does, it is only because these unfortunates are
deemed overexcitable, eccentrics, and without resources. Not fending for
oneself isn't necessarily a sign of lack of intelligence or ability to
function, but very often is a sign of sensitivity and gentleness, which lead to
the inability to contend with anybody about anything. <o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The correlation between the highly talented and
psychoneurosis and neurosis is very high. Almost 97 percent of the highly
creative suffer from different kinds of overexcitabilities, neuroses, and
psychoneurosis. So, neurotics and psychoneurotics are a mine of social
treasure. If their emotionality, talents, interests, and sensitivity were
discovered at an early age, society and science would profit. Meanwhile, under
the influence of psychopaths, and the so-called "statistically
normal" people eager to emulate the apparent efficiency of psychopaths,
the sensitive and creative are put aside</span></u></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(...) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">KD : <b><u>And here those sensitive
individuals I referred to could help us. Who are they ? They are the ones who
can't indifferently pass by human misery, humiliation, harm, sickness, loneliness,
inhumanity, and barbarism (...)</u></b> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">ZB : <b><u>But these people are put aside,
destroyed...</u></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #660066; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Not all of them. Some have such strong
developmental potential that they won't allow themselves to submit to a low
(animalistic) value system. Someone with such potential, encompassing all human
dynamisms, empathy, and responsibility, would rather die than accept life in a
brutal, primitive world. It is to those that we need to look for the repair of
the world</span></u></b><b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. But those individuals need to be gathered
together ; they are rather isolated</span></u></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(...) <b><u><span style="color: #660066;">It is
not these sensitive ones that become models for society, but rather the
psychopaths and semi-psychopaths, because they are strong, they don't consider
others, and they don't have any inhibitions</span></u></b> »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn100" name="_ftnref100" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn100;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[100]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">La solution :<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>les parents doivent cultiver les sentiments moraux chez leur enfant<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Selon le psychiatre
Kazimierz Dabrowski, un développement de la personnalité caractérisé par une
pauvreté émotionnelle et un manque d'empathie conduit une personne proche de la
psychopathie. Il affirme :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">« </span><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">An example of one-sided development, with
emotional poverty and, at the same time, with an excess of cleverness and
adjustment. Such one-sided development brings an individual close to a type of
psychopathy. However such individuals are usually, in everyday life, taken as p
symbols of health, though, on the contrary, they lack the symptoms of
many-sided development and show emotional primitiveness and absence of
authentic attitudes toward others »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn101" name="_ftnref101" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn101;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[101]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Cultiver la sensibilité morale chez un enfant en lui
offrant un lien d’attachement sécure et la disponibilité émotionnelle et
l’empathie qu'il a besoin pour developer adéquatement sa conscience morale est
essentielle à son éducation morale, car comme le mentionne Rousseau « </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt;">l’attrait de la vie
domestique est le meilleur contre-poison des mauvaises mœurs »</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.
Le psychologue </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;">Ross A. Thompson</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> affirme :</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;">« </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Conscience development is influenced by
temperament (especially the growth of effortful control) and the quality of the
parent–child relationship</span></u></b><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. The development of warm, responsive
relationships with caregivers is believed to motivate young children to respond
cooperatively and positively to the caregivers’ socialization initiatives. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>This conclusion is consistent with
attachment theory, which argues that secure attachments are important for early
socialization and the development of sensitivity to others’ feelings. In
several studies, measures of this mutually responsive relationship—including
assessments of maternal responsiveness and shared positive affect between
parent and child—have been found to predict multiple measures of conscience
throughout the preschool years and into middle childhood. A secure parent
–child attachment is also associated with enhanced conscience development (…) </u></b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Young
children obviously have far to go in the development of ethical judgment,
compassion, and moral character. But the developmental achievements of early
childhood should not be overlooked as a basis for later achievements in moral
development</span></u></b><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> </span><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">»<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn102" name="_ftnref102" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn102;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">[102]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Cecci est particulièrement important pour les garçons.
En effet, selon le psychiatre Dr. Sebastian Kraemer, les garçons sont
biologiquement plus fragiles et vulnérables que les filles. Or il existe dans nos
sociétés modernes un stéréotype selon lequel les garçons sont plus résistants
et résilients que les filles. Il est d'avis que cette attitude ajoute à la
fragilité biologique déjà plus grande des garcons une fragilité sociale aggravant
ainsi leur situation. En conséquence, chez les garçons la formation d'un lien
d'attachement sécure et significatif est, en raison de ce stéréotype, plus
sujet que chez les filles à un manque de disponibilité émotionnelle et à
l'insensibilité des parents. Il affirme :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;">« </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="FR" style="color: #141413; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">The
human male is, on most measures, more vulnerable than the female. Part of the
explanation is the biological fragility of the male fetus, which is little
understood and not widely known. A typical attitude to boys is that they are,
or must be made, more resilient than girls. This adds “social insult to
biological injury.” (...) It is clear that the male is more vulnerable from the
beginning of life. Where caregivers assume that from birth a boy ought always
to be tougher than a girl, his inborn disadvantage will be amplified (...) The
data presented here have implications for the upbringing of boys. The more
developmental problems there are, the more sensitive care is required.</span></u></b><span lang="FR" style="color: #141413; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> Yet difficult babies often receive less good
care, precisely because they are more difficult to look after. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Biological and social constraints work
together against the interests of the male. If parents were more aware of male
sensitivity, they might change the way they treat their sons (...) In boys the
formation of secure attachment to a caregiver is more subject than in girls to
parental unavailability, insensitivity, or depression</u></b> »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn103" name="_ftnref103" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn103;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="color: #141413; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[103]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Si les observations du psychiatre Dr. Sebastian
Kraemer s’avèrent exactes, à savoir que chez les garcons la formation d'un lien
d'attachement sécure et significatif est plus sujet que chez les filles à un
manque de disponibilité émotionnelle et à l'insensibilité des parents alors ce
facteur joue clairement contre le développement moral des garçons. Bien sur, ce
facteur n’explique peut-être pas à lui seul la différence de moralité entre les
hommes et les femmes<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn104" name="_ftnref104" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn104;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[104]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
et le fait que les hommes sont en moyenne plus violents que les femmes. Cependant,
comme le mentionne le Dr. Kraemer, si les parents étaient plus conscients de la
sensibilité des garçons, de leur fragilité et de leur vulnérabilité biologique
et qu’ils changeaient leur attitude et la manière de les traiter en leur
donnant davantage l’affection, la tendresse et la disponibilité émotionnelle
qu’ils ont besoin pour developer adéquatement leur conscience morale sans
chercher à répondre aux stérotypes de la société et à l’archétype sociétal de
l’homme insensible, alors on pourrait certainement espérer poindre à l’horizon
un changement important de société. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Évidemment, pour arriver à cultiver la sensibilité
morale chez leur enfant, les parents doivent avant tout la cultiver en
eux-mêmes afin de de devenir des modèles pour leur enfant. En effet, dans une
étude de 2015, les auteurs </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jason M. Cowell et
Jean Decety de l’Université de Chicago sont d’avis que la sensibilité morale
des parents (l’empathie et la justice) influence le développement moral de leur
enfant :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 30.45pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">«
</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial;">Parents: Do you want to raise
a child with a strong sense of right and wrong? You might want to start by
cultivating your own morality—as well as your own </span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://greatergood.berkeley.edu/topic/empathy/definition#what_is"><span style="font-family: Arial;">empathy</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial;">. A </span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2015/08/27/1508832112.abstract"><span style="font-family: Arial;">new study</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial;"> from the University of Chicago suggests that
parents’ sensitivity to both other people’s feelings and to injustice may
influence early moral development in their children »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn105" name="_ftnref105" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn105;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[105]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">Éric
Folot<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Jean-Jacques
Rousseau, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Discours sur l’origine et les
fondements de l’inégalité parmi les hommes</i>, Paris, Éditions Gallimard, 1965
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<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Jean-Jacques Rousseau, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Émile ou de l’éducation</i>,
Garnier-Flammarion, Paris, 1966 aux pp.376-377.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Jean-Jacques Rousseau, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Les rêveries du promeneur solitaire</i>,
Éditions Flammarion, Paris, 1964 à la p.80.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;">David Hume, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hume's
Treatise of Morals: And Selections from the Treatise of the Passions,</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> vol.1, Ginn & Company, 1893 aux pp.102, 115-116.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Gandhi, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tous les hommes sont frères : vie et
pensées du Mahatma Gandhi d’après ses œuvres</i>, Éditions Gallimard,
Commission Française pour l’UNESCO, 1969 à la p.276.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Frans de
Waal, "Morality and the social instincts : continuity with the other
primates", The Tanner lectures of human values, Princeton University,
November 19-20, 2003 à la p.32.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Jean-Jacques
Rousseau, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Discours sur l’origine et les
fondements de l’inégalité parmi les hommes</i>, Paris, Éditions Gallimard, 1965
aux pp.74-77.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;">David Hume, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hume's Treatise of
Morals: And Selections from the Treatise of the Passions,</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> vol.1, Book III, Part I, section I, Ginn & Company,
1893</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;"> aux pp.100-. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Adam Smith
affirme : « <u>How selfish soever man may be supposed, there are evidently some
principles in his nature, which interest him in the fortune of others, and
render their happiness necessary to him, though he derives nothing from it
except the pleasure of seeing it. Of this kind is pity or compassion, the
emotion which we feel for the misery of others, when we either see it, or are
made to conceive it in a very lively manner. That we often derive sorrow from
the sorrow of others, is a matter of fact too obvious to require any instances
to prove it; for this sentiment, like all the other original passions of human
nature, is by no means confined to the virtuous and humane, though they perhaps
may feel it with the most exquisite sensibility. The greatest ruffian, the most
hardened violator of the laws of society, is not altogether without it </u>» :
Adam Smith, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The theory of moral sentiments</i>,
Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2002 part I, section I, chap.I, para.1.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Selon Arthur
Schopenhauer, la pitié est « l'unique source des actions moralement bonnes » :
Arthur Schopenhauer, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Le fondement de la
morale</i>, trad. par A. Burdeau, Paris, Aubier-Montaigne, 1978 aux pp.119 et
147.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Jean-Jacques
Rousseau, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Discours sur l’origine et les
fondements de l’inégalité parmi les hommes</i>, Paris, Éditions Gallimard, 1965
aux pp.74-77.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Jean-Jacques Rousseau, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Discours sur l’origine et les fondements de
l’inégalité parmi les hommes</i>, Éditions Gallimard, 1965 à la p.76.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Jean-Jacques Rousseau, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Émile ou de l’éducation</i>, Paris,
Garnier-Flammarion, 1966 à la p.305.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Jean-Jacques Rousseau, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Émile ou de l’éducation</i>,
Garnier-Flammarion, Paris, 1966 aux pp.376-377.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn15" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Jean-Jacques Rousseau, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Les rêveries du promeneur solitaire</i>,
Éditions Flammarion, Paris, 1964 à la p.80.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn16" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Arthur
Schopenhauer, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Le Fondement de la morale</i>,
trad. par A. Burdeau, Aubier-Montaigne, 1978 à la p.162.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn17" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Emmanuel
Kant, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Leçons d'éthique</i>, trad. par Luc
Langlois, Paris, Librairie générale française, 1997 à la p.14 ; Eric Volant, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Des morales : crises et impératifs</i>,
Montréal, Les Éditions Paulines, 1985 à la p.104.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn18" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[18]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> David Hume, « To the
Rev. Hugh Blair » in </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Letters of David Hume: 1766-1776</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, vol. II, ed. J.Y.T. Greig, Oxford University Press, 2011</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> à la p.29 ; </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bertrand Russell, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The
History of Western philosophy</i>, New York, Simon and Schuster, 1945 à la
p.691.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn19" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[19]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Charles
Darwin, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The descent of man, and selection
in relation to sex</i>, vol.1, New York, D. Appleton and company, 1872 aux
pp.161-162.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn20" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[20]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Gandhi, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tous les hommes sont frères : vie et
pensées du Mahatma Gandhi d’après ses œuvres</i>, Éditions Gallimard,
Commission Française pour l’UNESCO, 1969 à la p.276.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn21" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[21]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Frans de
Waal, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Good natured : The origins of Right
and Wrong in humans and other animals</i>,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Cambridge,
Harvard University Press, 1996 à la p.5.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn22" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[22]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;">Paul Bloom, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Just Babies: The
Origins of Good and Evil</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, New York, Crown
publisher, 2013.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn23" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[23]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;">Paul Bloom, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Just Babies: The
Origins of Good and Evil</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, New York, Crown
publisher, 2013.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn24" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[24]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Paul Bloom affirme : «<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Our natural
endowments include: • a moral sense—some capacity to distinguish between kind
and cruel actions • empathy and compassion—suffering at the pain of those
around us and the wish to make this pain go away • a rudimentary sense of
fairness—a tendency to favor equal divisions of resources • a rudimentary sense
of justice—a desire to see good actions rewarded and bad actions punished. Our
innate goodness is limited, however (...) » : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;">Paul Bloom, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Just Babies: The
Origins of Good and Evil</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, New York, Crown
publisher, 2013.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn25" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[25]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;">Susan Chun, «
Are we born with a moral core? The baby lab says 'Yes' » (February 14, 2014),
en ligne : </span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://www.cnn.com/2014/02/12/us/baby-lab-morals-ac360/"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;">http://www.cnn.com/2014/02/12/us/baby-lab-morals-ac360/</span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn26" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[26]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Jean-Jacques Rousseau, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Émile ou de l’éducation</i>,
Garnier-Flammarion, Paris, 1966 à la p.77.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn27" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[27]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Robert D.
Hare, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Without Conscience: The Disturbing
World of the Psychopaths Among Us</i>, Guilford Press, 1999 aux pp.xi, 6 et
49-50.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn28" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[28]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Robert D.
Hare, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Without Conscience: The Disturbing
World of the Psychopaths Among Us</i>, Guilford Press, 1999 à la p.143.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn29" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[29]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;">Paul Bloom, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Just Babies: The
Origins of Good and Evil</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, New York, Crown
publisher, 2013.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn30" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref30" name="_ftn30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[30]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;">David Hume, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hume's Treatise of
Morals: And Selections from the Treatise of the Passions,</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> vol.1, Ginn & Company, 1893</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;"> à la p.89.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn31" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref31" name="_ftn31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[31]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;">Bertrand
Russell, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Human society in ethics and
politics</i>, London, George Allen & Unwin Ltd, 1954.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn32" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref32" name="_ftn32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[32]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;">Noam Chomsky, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Chomsky on Democracy and
Education</span></i><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, Psychology Press, 2003</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;">à la p.176.</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn33" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref33" name="_ftn33" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[33]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Jonathan Haidt, « The
emotional dog and its rational tail : a social intuitionist approach to moral
judgment » (2001) 108:4 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Psychological Review</i>
814 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;">à la p.830, en ligne : </span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://www3.nd.edu/~wcarbona/Haidt%202001.pdf"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;">http://www3.nd.edu/~wcarbona/Haidt
2001.pdf</span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn34" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref34" name="_ftn34" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[34]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Peter
Singer, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Questions d'éthique pratique</i>,
trad. par Max Marcuzzi, Paris, Bayard Éditions, 1997 à la p.77. “<u>man is a
rationalizing animal – that he attempts to appear rational, both to others and
to himself</u>” : Elliot </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;">Aronson, Dissonance Theory: Progress and Problems, in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Theories of Cognitive Consistency</i>
(1968), pp 5-6 ; Jonathan Haidt, « The emotional dog and its rational tail : a
social intuitionist approach to moral judgment » (2001) 108:4 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Psychological Review</i> 814 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;">à la
p.823, en ligne : </span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://www3.nd.edu/~wcarbona/Haidt%202001.pdf"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;">http://www3.nd.edu/~wcarbona/Haidt
2001.pdf</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn35" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref35" name="_ftn35" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[35]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Adam Smith, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Recherches sur la nature et les causes de la
richesse des nations</i>, trad. par Germain Garnier, t.1, Paris, Flammarion,
1991 à la p.506 (III, IV). Voir aussi Noam Chomsky, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Profit over people : neoliberalism and global order</i>, New York,
Seven Stories Press, 1999 à la p.52 ; Noam Chomsky, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The prosperous few and the restless many</i>, Berkeley, Odonian Press,
1993 à la p.70.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn36" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref36" name="_ftn36" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn36;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[36]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Arthur
Schopenhauer, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Le fondement de la morale</i>,
trad. par A. Burdeau, Paris, Aubier-Montaigne, 1978 à la p.50.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn37" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref37" name="_ftn37" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn37;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[37]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;">David Hume, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hume's Treatise of
Morals: And Selections from the Treatise of the Passions,</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> vol.1, Ginn & Company, 1893 aux pp.89-90.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn38" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref38" name="_ftn38" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn38;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[38]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Alison Flood, « Ayn Rand
fan spells out appreciation in world's largest book ad » (August 23, 2010), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Guardian</i>, en ligne : </span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2010/aug/23/ayn-rand-world-largest-book-ad"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;">https://www.theguardian.com/books/2010/aug/23/ayn-rand-world-largest-book-ad</span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn39" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref39" name="_ftn39" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn39;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[39]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> « </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #1a1a1a; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">ethical
egoism (rational self-interest) » : Stanford Encyclopedia of philosophy, « Ayn
Rand », en ligne : </span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ayn-rand/"><span style="background: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ayn-rand/</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn40" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref40" name="_ftn40" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn40;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[40]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Le philosophe </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;">J. B.
Schneewind affirmait au sujet de la philosophie d'Henry Sidgwick: « <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>It finds ethical egoism as reasonable as
utilitarianism</u></b> » : J. B. Schneewind, « Sidgwick and the Cambridge
moralists » in </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Bart Schultz, </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Essays on Henry Sidgwick</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, <span style="background: white; color: black;">Cambridge University Press, 2002</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;"> à la p.94.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn41" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref41" name="_ftn41" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn41;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[41]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Matthieu Ricard, "Le bon modèle pour une grande
nation?" (28 octobre 2012), en ligne : </span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://www.matthieuricard.org/blog/posts/le-bon-modele-pour-une-grande-nation"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">http://www.matthieuricard.org/blog/posts/le-bon-modele-pour-une-grande-nation</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Voir aussi Mike Wallace interviews
Ayn Rand (1959) (full interview) (voir de 5 min. 20s à 5 min. 50s), en ligne : </span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKd0ToQD00o"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKd0ToQD00o</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn42" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref42" name="_ftn42" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn42;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[42]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Matthieu Ricard, "Le bon modèle pour une grande
nation?" (28 octobre 2012), en ligne : </span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://www.matthieuricard.org/blog/posts/le-bon-modele-pour-une-grande-nation"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">http://www.matthieuricard.org/blog/posts/le-bon-modele-pour-une-grande-nation</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Voir aussi Del Jones, "
Scandals lead execs to 'Atlas Shrugged'", USA Today, en ligne : </span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/money/companies/management/2002-09-23-ayn-rand_x.htm"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/money/companies/management/2002-09-23-ayn-rand_x.htm</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn43" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref43" name="_ftn43" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn43;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[43]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span style="color: #141413;">John
Rawls, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Théorie de la justice</i>, trad.
par Catherine Audard, Paris, Éditions du Seuil, 1997 à la p.75 (chap.9).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn44" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref44" name="_ftn44" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn44;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[44]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> J.J.C. Smart, «
Utilitarianism » in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Encyclopedia of
philosophy</i>, 2nd edition à la p.606, en ligne : </span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="https://www.uta.edu/philosophy/faculty/burgess-jackson/Smart,%20Utilitarianism%20(1967).pdf"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;">https://www.uta.edu/philosophy/faculty/burgess-jackson/Smart,
Utilitarianism (1967).pdf</span></a></span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> . Voir aussi </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;">Thomas Nagel, « You can't
learn about morality from brain scans : the problem with moral psychology »
(November 1, 2013) New Republic, en ligne : </span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="https://newrepublic.com/article/115279/joshua-greenes-moral-tribes-reviewed-thomas-nagel"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;">https://newrepublic.com/article/115279/joshua-greenes-moral-tribes-reviewed-thomas-nagel</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn45" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref45" name="_ftn45" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn45;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[45]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Albert
Camus, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">L'homme révolté</i>, Paris,
Éditions Gallimard, 1951 à la p.13. Voir aussi </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;">Thomas de Koninck, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">De la dignité humaine</i>, Paris, P.U.F.,
1995 aux pp.1-2.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn46" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref46" name="_ftn46" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn46;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[46]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;">Denise Cummins,
« Why Paul Bloom is wrong about empathy and morality » (october 20, 2013), en
ligne : </span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/good-thinking/201310/why-paul-bloom-is-wrong-about-empathy-and-morality"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;">https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/good-thinking/201310/why-paul-bloom-is-wrong-about-empathy-and-morality</span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn47" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<h1 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref47" name="_ftn47" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn47;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">[47]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Ernest Partridge, « Evil as the absence of empathy » (July 26, 2008), en
ligne : </span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://dissidentvoice.org/2008/07/evil-as-the-absence-of-empathy/"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">http://dissidentvoice.org/2008/07/evil-as-the-absence-of-empathy/</span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">. Sur ce sujet, voir </span><span class="addmd"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Simon Baron-Cohen, </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Science of
Evil: On Empathy and the Origins of Cruelty</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, Basic Books, 2013 ;</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> Clint Witchalls, « Why a lack of
empathy is the root of all evil » (April 4, 2011), en ligne : </span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/features/why-a-lack-of-empathy-is-the-root-of-all-evil-6279239.html"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/features/why-a-lack-of-empathy-is-the-root-of-all-evil-6279239.html</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
</div>
<div id="ftn48" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref48" name="_ftn48" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn48;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[48]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;">Michael Inwood,
« Martin Heidegger : the philosopher who fell for Hitler » (April 12, 2014) The
Telegraph, en ligne : </span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/10739165/Martin-Heidegger-the-philosopher-who-fell-for-Hitler.html"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;">http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/10739165/Martin-Heidegger-the-philosopher-who-fell-for-Hitler.html</span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn49" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref49" name="_ftn49" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn49;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[49]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Peter
Singer, « Animal liberation : all animals are equal » in </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;">Louis P. Pojman, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The moral life : an introductory reader in
ethics and literature</i>, 2<sup>nd </sup>ed., Oxford, Oxford University Press,
2004</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> à la p.871.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn50" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref50" name="_ftn50" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn50;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[50]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;">Thomas
Jefferson, « From Thomas Jefferson to Maria Cosway », october 12, 1786, en
ligne : </span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-10-02-0309"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;">http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-10-02-0309</span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn51" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref51" name="_ftn51" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn51;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[51]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;">Thomas
Jefferson, « Letter to Peter Carr », August 10, 1787, en ligne : </span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://www.stephenjaygould.org/ctrl/jefferson_carr.html"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;">http://www.stephenjaygould.org/ctrl/jefferson_carr.html</span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn52" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref52" name="_ftn52" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn52;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[52]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">« Moral
problems are everybody's business » : Cheryl N. Noble and al., « Ethics and
experts » (1982) 12:3 The Hasting center report 7 à la p.7.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn53" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref53" name="_ftn53" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn53;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[53]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Jean-Jacques Rousseau, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Émile ou de l’éducation</i>,
Garnier-Flammarion, Paris, 1966 à la p.535.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn54" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref54" name="_ftn54" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn54;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[54]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Jean-Jacques Rousseau, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Émile ou de l’éducation</i>,
Garnier-Flammarion, Paris, 1966 à la p.372.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn55" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref55" name="_ftn55" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn55;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[55]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Jean-Jacques Rousseau, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Émile ou de l’éducation</i>,
Garnier-Flammarion, Paris, 1966 aux pp.378-379.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn56" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref56" name="_ftn56" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn56;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[56]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Jean-Jacques Rousseau, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Émile ou de l’éducation</i>,
Garnier-Flammarion, Paris, 1966 aux pp.376-377.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn57" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref57" name="_ftn57" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn57;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[57]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Jean-Jacques Rousseau, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Les rêveries du promeneur solitaire</i>,
Éditions Flammarion, Paris, 1964 à la p.80.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn58" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref58" name="_ftn58" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn58;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[58]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;">Thomas
Jefferson, « Letter to Peter Carr », August 10, 1787, en ligne : </span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://www.stephenjaygould.org/ctrl/jefferson_carr.html"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;">http://www.stephenjaygould.org/ctrl/jefferson_carr.html</span></a></span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;"> ; </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hans Jonas, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Le principe responsabilité</i>, trad. par Jean Greisch, Manchecourt,
Les Éditions du Cerf, 1998 à la p.169 ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;">Denise Cummins, « Why Paul Bloom
is wrong about empathy and morality » (october 20, 2013), en ligne : </span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/good-thinking/201310/why-paul-bloom-is-wrong-about-empathy-and-morality"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;">https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/good-thinking/201310/why-paul-bloom-is-wrong-about-empathy-and-morality</span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn59" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref59" name="_ftn59" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn59;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[59]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hans Jonas, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Le principe responsabilité</i>, trad. par
Jean Greisch, Manchecourt, Les Éditions du Cerf, 1998 à la p.169 ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;">Denise
Cummins, « Why Paul Bloom is wrong about empathy and morality » (october 20,
2013), en ligne : </span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/good-thinking/201310/why-paul-bloom-is-wrong-about-empathy-and-morality"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;">https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/good-thinking/201310/why-paul-bloom-is-wrong-about-empathy-and-morality</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn60" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<h1 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref60" name="_ftn60" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn60;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">[60]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Schwartz c. R.</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, [1977] 1 RCS
673.<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
</div>
<div id="ftn61" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<h1 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref61" name="_ftn61" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn61;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">[61]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Article
13 du <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Code criminel</i>. Voir aussi </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">R. c. Chaulk</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">, [1990] 3 RCS 1303.<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
</div>
<div id="ftn62" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref62" name="_ftn62" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn62;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[62]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gilbert
Ryle, “On Forgetting the Di</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Lucida Grande"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ff</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">erence Between Right and Wrong,” in <span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;">Collected Essays Vol. 2, </span>London, <span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;">Routledge, 2009, Originally published in A. I. Melden, ed.,</span> <span style="letter-spacing: .75pt;">Essays in Moral Philosophy, Seattle, University
of </span>Washington Press.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref63" name="_ftn63" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn63;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[63]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Sara H. Konrath, Edward
H. O'Brien and Courtney Hsing, « Changes in dispositional empathy in American
College Students over time : a meta-analysis » (2011) 15:2 </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Personality and Social Psychology Review 180</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;">en ligne : </span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://faculty.chicagobooth.edu/eob/edobrien_empathyPSPR.pdf"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;">http://faculty.chicagobooth.edu/eob/edobrien_empathyPSPR.pdf</span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;"> ; Voir
aussi « Empathy : College students don't have as much as they used to » (May
27, 2010), en ligne : </span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://ns.umich.edu/new/releases/7724-empathy-college-students-don-t-have-as-much-as-they-used-to"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;">http://ns.umich.edu/new/releases/7724-empathy-college-students-don-t-have-as-much-as-they-used-to</span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;"> ;
Jamil Zaki, « What, me care ? Young are less empathetic » (January 1, 2011) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Scientific American</i>, en ligne : </span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/what-me-care/"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;">http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/what-me-care/</span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn64" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref64" name="_ftn64" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn64;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[64]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Voir « Narcissistic
Personality Disorder » 301.81 (F60.81) dans American psychiatric Association, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental
disorders</i> (DSM V), Fifth Edition, 2015 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;">aux pp.669-.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn65" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref65" name="_ftn65" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn65;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[65]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Jean M. Twenge, Sara
Konrath et al., « Egos inflating over time : a cross-temporal Meta-analysis of
the narcissistic personality inventory » (2008) 76:4 </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Journal of
Personality</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;"> 875, en ligne : </span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://www.joshuadfoster.com/twengekonrathfoster2008ajop.pdf"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;">http://www.joshuadfoster.com/twengekonrathfoster2008ajop.pdf</span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;"> . <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn66" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref66" name="_ftn66" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn66;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[66]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Voir « Narcissistic
Personality Disorder » 301.81 (F60.81) dans American psychiatric Association, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental
disorders</i> (DSM V), Fifth Edition, 2015 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;">à la p.669.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn67" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref67" name="_ftn67" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn67;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[67]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Delroy L. Paulhus and
Daniel N. Jones, « Differentiating the dark triad within the interpersonal
circumplex » in L. M. Horowitz & S. Strack, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Handbook of interpersonal psychology : theory, research, assessment,
and therapeutic interventions</i>, New York, Willey & Sons, 2011 aux
pp.249-, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;">en ligne : </span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://www2.psych.ubc.ca/~dpaulhus/research/DARK_TRIAD/CHAPTERS/Jones&Paulhus_2011_SITAR_%20chapter.pdf"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;">http://www2.psych.ubc.ca/~dpaulhus/research/DARK_TRIAD/CHAPTERS/Jones&Paulhus_2011_SITAR_
chapter.pdf</span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref68" name="_ftn68" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn68;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[68]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span class="addmd"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jean M. Twenge and W. Keith
Campbell, </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
Narcissism Epidemic: Living in the Age of Entitlement</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, Simon and Schuster, 2010 à la p.57.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref69" name="_ftn69" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn69;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[69]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;">Cheryl
Wetzstein, « Male 'selfies' linked to vanity : research finds men who post more
self-portraits are more narcissistic » (January 7, 2015), en ligne : </span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/jan/7/male-selfies-linked-to-vanity/"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;">http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/jan/7/male-selfies-linked-to-vanity/</span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref70" name="_ftn70" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn70;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[70]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Douglas Quenqua, «
Seeing narcissists eveywhere » (August 5, 2013) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The New York Time</i>, en ligne : </span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/06/science/seeing-narcissists-everywhere.html?pagewanted=all"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;">http://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/06/science/seeing-narcissists-everywhere.html?pagewanted=all</span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref71" name="_ftn71" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn71;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[71]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;">Delroy L.
Paulhus and Kevin M. Williams, « The dark triad of personality : narcissism,
machiavellianism, and psychopathy » (2002) 36 </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Journal
of Research in Personality 556, en ligne : </span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://members.shaw.ca/ssucur/materials/02_selected_notes/06_tempest/03_PaulhusWilliams.pdf"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://members.shaw.ca/ssucur/materials/02_selected_notes/06_tempest/03_PaulhusWilliams.pdf</span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref72" name="_ftn72" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn72;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[72]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Linda Kreger Silverman, « Inside-out : understanding the social and
emotional needs of gifted children » (november 26, 2005) </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;">à la p.11, The
Institute for the study of advanced development : gifted development
center/visual-spatial resource, en ligne : </span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://www.pegy.org.uk/Inside-Out%20PEGY%20pdf.pdf"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;">http://www.pegy.org.uk/Inside-Out
PEGY pdf.pdf</span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn73" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref73" name="_ftn73" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn73;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[73]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Deirdre V. Lovecky, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Different Minds : gifted children with
AD/HD, Asperger Syndrome, and other learning deficits</i>, London, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Jessica Kingsley Publishers</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;">, 2004 aux
pp.380-381. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn74" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref74" name="_ftn74" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn74;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[74]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Robert D.
Hare, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Without Conscience: The Disturbing
World of the Psychopaths Among Us</i>, Guilford Press, 1999 à la p.177. </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;">Voir
aussi </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kevin Dutton, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Wisdom of Psychopaths : What Saints,
Spies, and Serial Killers Can Teach Us About Success</i>, Farrar, Straus and
Giroux, 2012.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref75" name="_ftn75" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn75;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[75]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;">The Vancouver
Sun, « Society encourages psychopaths : expert » (April 2, 2008), en ligne : </span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/story.html?id=a19bc454-4d01-4262-bdf8-5141618483b9"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;">http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/story.html?id=a19bc454-4d01-4262-bdf8-5141618483b9</span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn76" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref76" name="_ftn76" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn76;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[76]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> « <u><span style="color: black;">Agreeableness is usually defined as a behavioural
disposition that contrasts a prosocial, communal orientation towards others
with an antagonistic attitude. However, some of the best markers of
agreeableness refer to emotional dispositions towards other people (e.g., <b>‘</b>affectionate<b>’</b>,
<b>‘</b>soft-hearted<b>’ </b>versus <b>‘</b>cold<b>’</b>; John and Srivastava </span><span style="color: #408080;">1999</span><span style="color: black;">); and empirically,
agreeableness has been found to correlate negatively with trait anger
(agreeable people are less anger-prone; e.g., Kuppens </span><span style="color: #408080;">2005</span><span style="color: black;">) and positively
with the tendency to experience empathic emotions (i.e., emotional reactions to
the fate of others; Del Barrio, Aluja and García </span><span style="color: #408080;">2004</span><span style="color: black;">). In addition, agreeable persons
seem to try harder than non-agreeable persons to control the expression of
negative emotions</span> » : Rainer Reisenzein and Hannelore Weber, «
Personality and emotion</u> » (chapter 4, part I) in Philip J. Corr and Gerald
Matthews, ed., <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Cambridge Handbook of
personality psychology</i>, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2009<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>à la p.60. Voir aussi Timothy A. Judge, Beth
A. Livingston and Charlice Hurst, « Do nice guys, and gals, really finish last
? The joint effects of sex and agreeableness on income » (2012) 102:2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Journal of personality and social psychology
390 à la p.391.<u><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></span></div>
</div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref77" name="_ftn77" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn77;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[77]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Timothy A. Judge, Beth A. Livingston and
Charlice Hurst, « Do nice guys, and gals, really finish last ? The joint
effects of sex and agreeableness on income » (2012) 102:2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Journal of personality and social psychology
390 ; Daniel Spurk and Andrea E. Abele, « Who earns more and why ? A multiple
mediation model from personality to salary » (2011) 26:1 Journal of business
and psychology 87- ; Thomas W. H. NG and al., « Predictors of objective and
subjective career success : a meta-analysis » (2005) 58:2 Personnel Psychology
367.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn78" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref78" name="_ftn78" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn78;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[78]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Richard Allen Greene, «
Nice guys earn less, study finds » (August 31, 2011) CNN, en ligne : </span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://edition.cnn.com/2011/BUSINESS/08/16/money.and.meanness/"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;">http://edition.cnn.com/2011/BUSINESS/08/16/money.and.meanness/</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> ; Big think editors, «
Nice guys earn less money » BigThink.com, en ligne : </span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://bigthink.com/ideafeed/nice-guys-earn-less-money"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;">http://bigthink.com/ideafeed/nice-guys-earn-less-money</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn79" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref79" name="_ftn79" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn79;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[79]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> « <u>We will concentrate
here on individuals’ objective career success <span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>defined by annual salary<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>because it is one of the most frequent
measures of objective success and because salary is one key facet in
occupational life</span></u><span style="color: black;"> » : </span>Daniel Spurk
and Andrea E. Abele, « Who earns more and why ? A multiple mediation model from
personality to salary » (2011) 26:1 Journal of business and psychology 87 à la
p.87.<span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn80" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref80" name="_ftn80" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn80;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[80]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Shannon Chapla, «
Research shows men get ahead for being "disagreeable" in the
workplace, women don't » (August 3, 2011), en ligne : </span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="https://news.nd.edu/news/25367-men-earn-a-premium-for-being-disagreeable-in-the-workplace-women-dont-says-new-research/"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;">https://news.nd.edu/news/25367-men-earn-a-premium-for-being-disagreeable-in-the-workplace-women-dont-says-new-research/</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn81" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref81" name="_ftn81" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn81;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[81]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> « <u>Overall, our
research provides strong evidence that men earn a substantial premium for being
disagreeable</u> » : Timothy A. Judge, Beth A. Livingston and Charlice Hurst, «
Do nice guys, and gals, really finish last ? The joint effects of sex and
agreeableness on income » (2012) 102:2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Journal of personality and social psychology 390 à la p.404.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn82" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref82" name="_ftn82" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn82;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[82]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> « Results provided
support for the assumptions that narcissism and Machiavellianism are positively
related to objective career success (i.e., salary and status, respectively) » :
Daniel Spurk, Anita C. Keller and Andreas Hirschi, « Do bad guys get ahead or
fall behind ? Relationships of the dark triad of personality with objective and
subjective career success » (October 5, 2015) Social psychological and
personality science, en ligne : </span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Daniel_Spurk/publication/281678953_Do_Bad_Guys_Get_Ahead_or_Fall_Behind_Relationships_of_the_Dark_Triad_of_Personality_With_Objective_and_Subjective_Career_Success/links/5613759508aea9fb51c2c98e.pdf"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;">https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Daniel_Spurk/publication/281678953_Do_Bad_Guys_Get_Ahead_or_Fall_Behind_Relationships_of_the_Dark_Triad_of_Personality_With_Objective_and_Subjective_Career_Success/links/5613759508aea9fb51c2c98e.pdf</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn83" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref83" name="_ftn83" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn83;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[83]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Timothy A. Judge, Beth
A. Livingston and Charlice Hurst, « Do nice guys, and gals, really finish last
? The joint effects of sex and agreeableness on income » (2012) 102:2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Journal of personality and social psychology
390 à la p.391 ; Karen J. Derefinko, « Convergence and divergence among
self-report psychopathy measures : a personality-based approach » (2006) 20:3
Journal of personality disorders 261.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn84" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref84" name="_ftn84" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn84;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[84]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> « </span><span class="big"><b><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Psychopaths</span></i></b></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><b><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></i></b></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-GB" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">are social predators who charm,
manipulate, and ruthlessly plow their way through life, leaving a broad trail
of broken hearts, shattered expectations, and empty wallets. <u>Completely
lacking in conscience</u> and in feelings for others, they selfishly take what
they want and do as they please, violating social norms and expectations
without the slightest sense of guilt or regret</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Robert D. Hare, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Without
Conscience: The Disturbing World of the Psychopaths Among Us</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, Guilford Press, 1999 </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;">aux pp.xi, 6 et 49-50. « <u>Psychopathy
is a disorder of brain and behavior, the central characteristic of which is the
complete absence of conscience</u> » : Martha Stout, « In praise of empty souls
: can we learn from psychopaths ? » (December 14, 2012) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">New Republic</i> en ligne : </span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="https://newrepublic.com/article/111087/wisdom-of-psychopaths-kevin-dutton"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;">https://newrepublic.com/article/111087/wisdom-of-psychopaths-kevin-dutton</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn85" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref85" name="_ftn85" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn85;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[85]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Paul Babiak and Robert
D. Hare, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Snakes in suits : when
psychopaths go to work</i>, </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Harper Collins,
2009</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> à la
p.x. Voir aussi Kevin Dutton, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Wisdom of Psychopaths : What Saints, Spies, and Serial
Killers Can Teach Us About Success</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, Farrar,
Straus and Giroux, 2012 ; Scott O. Lillienfeld and Ashley Watts, « Not all
psychopaths are criminal : some psychopathic traits are actually linked to
success » (January 26, 2016), en ligne : </span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="https://theconversation.com/not-all-psychopaths-are-criminals-some-psychopathic-traits-are-actually-linked-to-success-51282"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">https://theconversation.com/not-all-psychopaths-are-criminals-some-psychopathic-traits-are-actually-linked-to-success-51282</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn86" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref86" name="_ftn86" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn86;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[86]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> « </span><u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Overall, the patterns of correlations and plots
suggest that psychopathy is more strongly associated with style than with
substance. Presumably, impression management and the ability to present well
can obscure or trump subpar performance and behaviors that are damaging to the
organization</span></u><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> » : Paul
Babiak, Craig S. Neumann and Robert D. Hare, « Corporate psychopathy : talking
the walk » (2010) 28 </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #231f20; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;">Behavioral Sciences and the Law 174</span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> à la p.192.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn87" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref87" name="_ftn87" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn87;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[87]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Robert D. Hare, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Without
Conscience: The Disturbing World of the Psychopaths Among Us</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, Guilford Press, 1999 </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;">aux pp.xi, 6 et 49-50. « Psychopathy
is a disorder of brain and behavior, the central characteristic of which is the
complete absence of conscience » : Martha Stout, « In praise of empty souls :
can we learn from psychopaths ? » (December 14, 2012) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">New Republic</i> en ligne : </span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="https://newrepublic.com/article/111087/wisdom-of-psychopaths-kevin-dutton"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;">https://newrepublic.com/article/111087/wisdom-of-psychopaths-kevin-dutton</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn88" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref88" name="_ftn88" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn88;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[88]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Martha Stout, « In
praise of empty souls : can we learn from psychopaths ? » (December 14, 2012) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">New Republic</i> en ligne : </span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="https://newrepublic.com/article/111087/wisdom-of-psychopaths-kevin-dutton"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;">https://newrepublic.com/article/111087/wisdom-of-psychopaths-kevin-dutton</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn89" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref89" name="_ftn89" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn89;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[89]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Kevin Dutton, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Wisdom of
Psychopaths : What Saints, Spies, and Serial Killers Can Teach Us About Success</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2012.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn90" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref90" name="_ftn90" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn90;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[90]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Martha Stout, « In praise of empty souls :
can we learn from psychopaths ? » (December 14, 2012) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">New Republic</i> en ligne : </span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="https://newrepublic.com/article/111087/wisdom-of-psychopaths-kevin-dutton"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;">https://newrepublic.com/article/111087/wisdom-of-psychopaths-kevin-dutton</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn91" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref91" name="_ftn91" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn91;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[91]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Martha Stout, « In
praise of empty souls : can we learn from psychopaths ? » (December 14, 2012) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">New Republic</i> en ligne : </span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="https://newrepublic.com/article/111087/wisdom-of-psychopaths-kevin-dutton"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;">https://newrepublic.com/article/111087/wisdom-of-psychopaths-kevin-dutton</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn92" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref92" name="_ftn92" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn92;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[92]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Robert Joseph Smith, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The
psychopath in society</i>, New York, Academic Press, 1978 à la p.115.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn93" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref93" name="_ftn93" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn93;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[93]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Charles Derber, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sociopathic
Society: A People's Sociology of the United States</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;">, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Paradigm Publishers</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;">, 2013 aux
pp.3-6.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn94" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref94" name="_ftn94" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn94;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[94]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">George K. Simon, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">In sheep's
clothing : understanding and dealing with manipulative people</i>, </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Parkhurst Brothers, 2010</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> 1996 à la p.16.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn95" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref95" name="_ftn95" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn95;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[95]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">George K. Simon, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">In sheep's
clothing : understanding and dealing with manipulative people</i>, </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Parkhurst Brothers, 2010</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> 1996 à la p.11.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn96" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref96" name="_ftn96" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn96;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[96]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">George K. Simon, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">In sheep's
clothing : understanding and dealing with manipulative people</i>, </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Parkhurst Brothers, 2010</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> 1996 à la p.11.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn97" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref97" name="_ftn97" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn97;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[97]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">George K. Simon, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">In sheep's
clothing : understanding and dealing with manipulative people</i>, </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Parkhurst Brothers, 2010</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> 1996 à la p.17.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn98" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref98" name="_ftn98" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn98;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[98]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> « The heroism of
sensitivity : an interview with Kazimierz Dabrowski » (January 1994) 6 Advanced
Development Journal aux pp.87-90, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;">en ligne : </span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://positivedisintegration.com/Dabrowski1994.pdf"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;">http://positivedisintegration.com/Dabrowski1994.pdf</span></a></span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;"> ; </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;">Kazimierz Dabrowski, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Positive
Desintegration</i>, Boston, Little Brown and company, 1964 aux pp.80-81.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn99" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref99" name="_ftn99" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn99;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[99]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> « The heroism of
sensitivity : an interview with Kazimierz Dabrowski » (January 1994) 6 Advanced
Development Journal aux pp.87-90, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;">en ligne : </span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://positivedisintegration.com/Dabrowski1994.pdf"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;">http://positivedisintegration.com/Dabrowski1994.pdf</span></a></span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;"> ; </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;">Kazimierz Dabrowski, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Positive
Desintegration</i>, Boston, Little Brown and company, 1964 aux pp.73-74, 80,
121-122.</span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn100" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref100" name="_ftn100" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn100;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[100]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> « The heroism of
sensitivity : an interview with Kazimierz Dabrowski » (January 1994) 6 Advanced
Development Journal aux pp.87-90, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;">en ligne : </span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://positivedisintegration.com/Dabrowski1994.pdf"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;">http://positivedisintegration.com/Dabrowski1994.pdf</span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn101" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref101" name="_ftn101" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn101;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[101]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;">Kazimierz
Dabrowski, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The dynamics of concepts</i>,
Gryf Publications Ltd., 1973 à la p.177.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn102" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref102" name="_ftn102" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn102;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[102]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;">Ross A.
Thompson, « Whither the preconventional child ? Toward a life-span moral
development theory » (2012) 6 :4 </span><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Child Development Perspectives</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;"> 423, en ligne : </span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261533333_Whither_the_Preconventional_Child_Toward_a_Life-Span_Moral_Development_Theory"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261533333_Whither_the_Preconventional_Child_Toward_a_Life-Span_Moral_Development_Theory</span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn103" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref103" name="_ftn103" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn103;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[103]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;">Sebastian
Kraemer, « The fragile man » (december 2000) 321 British Medical Journal 1609,
en ligne : </span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://www.sebastiankraemer.com/docs/Kraemer%20the%20fragile%20male.pdf"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;">http://www.sebastiankraemer.com/docs/Kraemer
the fragile male.pdf</span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn104" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref104" name="_ftn104" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn104;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[104]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Les hommes
sont, selon Scientific American, en moyenne moins moral que les femmes :</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;">Cindi May, « When men are less moral
than women » (June 19, 2012) </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;">Scientific American, en ligne : </span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/when-men-are-less-moral-than-woman/"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;">http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/when-men-are-less-moral-than-woman/</span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn105" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref105" name="_ftn105" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn105;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[105]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Jill Suttie, « How
parents influence early moral development » (September 29, 2015), </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;">en
ligne : </span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://greatergood.berkeley.edu/article/item/how_parents_influence_early_moral_development"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;">http://greatergood.berkeley.edu/article/item/how_parents_influence_early_moral_development</span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;"> .
L’étude en question : </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jason M. Cowell
and Jean Decety, « Precursors to morality in development as a complex interplay
between neural, socioenvironmental, and behavioral facets » (October 13, 2015)
112:41 Psychological and cognitive sciences 12657, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;">en ligne :
</span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/112/41/12657.full.pdf"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;">http://www.pnas.org/content/112/41/12657.full.pdf</span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7671274545402013868.post-69878898659089538342016-04-28T17:29:00.002-04:002016-04-28T19:01:46.337-04:00Homme de succès ou homme de valeur ?<style>@font-face {
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<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 30.85pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« Try not to become a man of
success, but rather try to become a man of value. He is considered successful
in our day who gets more out of life than he puts in. But a man of value will
give more than he receives » (<b>Albert Einstein</b>)<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal;">L'expression « les bons gars finissent derniers » est
malheureusement devenue un truisme dans le monde des affaires<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>, en politique<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a> et même en
amour<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>. Cette
expression synthétise bien les propos du Prince de Machiavel et ceux du Marquis
de Sade. Machiavel affirmait :</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 30.85pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal;">« Mais il y a si loin de la manière dont
on vit à celle selon laquelle on devrait vivre, que celui qui laissera ce qui
se fait pour ce qui se devrait faire, apprend plutôt à se perdre qu'à se
conserver ; <u>car qui veut faire entièrement profession d'homme de bien, il ne
peut éviter sa perte parmi tant de gens qui ne sont pas gens de bien</u>. Aussi
est-il nécessaire au prince qui se veut conserver d'apprendre à pouvoir n'être
pas bon et d'en user ou n'user pas selon la nécessité »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal;">Sade affirmait aussi : </span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 30.85pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal;">« <u>Il vient malheureusement à arriver
que par la perversité des autres, nous n'ayons pourtant jamais rencontré que
des épines, lorsque les méchants ne cueillaient que des roses</u>, des gens
privés d'un fonds de vertu assez constaté pour se mettre au-dessus des
réflexions fournies par ces tristes circonstances, ne calculeront-ils pas
qu'alors il vaut mieux s'abandonner au torrent que d'y résister, ne diront-ils
pas que la vertu telle belle qu'elle soit, quand malheureusement elle devient
trop faible pour lutter contre le vice, devient le plus mauvais parti qu'on
puisse prendre et que dans un siècle entièrement corrompu le plus sûr est de
faire comme les autres ? (...) <u>que si le malheur persécute la vertu, et que
la prospérité accompagne presque toujours le vice (...) il vaut infiniment
mieux prendre parti parmi les méchants qui prospèrent que parmi les vertueux
qui périssent ? </u>»<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<h3 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal;">Or devrions-nous, comme le laisse sous-entendre Sade, accepter l'idée
que le malheur persécute la vertu et que la prospérité accompagne le vice ? En
d'autres termes, que le seul choix réside entre la vertu et le succès ? </span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal;">Dans ce court texte, nous tenterons de répondre à ces questions.</span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal;"></span></h3>
<h3 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></h3>
<h3 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal;">Sur le marché du travail, « l'agréabilité » (« </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal;">Agreeableness »</span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal;">)<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a>,
comme trait de personnalité, est corrélé négativement avec le revenu<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a>. En
d'autres termes, les personnes qui sont gentilles, empathiques, compatissantes,
altruistes, modestes, prosociales et coopératives sont généralement moins bien
payées<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a> et
ont, par conséquent, moins de succès sur le marché du travail (état entendu que
le salaire est la principale mesure objective du succès sur le marché du
travail)<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a>.
À l'inverse, pour les hommes (mais pas pour les femmes)<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a>, la
« désagréabilité » paie<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a>. Par
exemple, les hommes qui ont une personnalité narcissique ou machiavélique (la
triade noire) sont favorisés<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[13]</span></span></span></span></a>. Pourquoi
en est-il ainsi ? Simplement parce que « l'agréabilité » et la compétence sont
perçus à tort comme mutuellement exclusifs<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[14]</span></span></span></span></a>. </span></h3>
<h3 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></h3>
<h3 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal;">Un trop grand degré de « désagréabilité » peut être associé à la
psychopathie<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[15]</span></span></span></span></a>.
Or même <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>les « psychopathes », qui sont
par définition dénués de toute </span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal;">conscience morale<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[16]</span></span></span></span></a>,</span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal;"> ont généralement
beaucoup de succès sur le marché du travail<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[17]</span></span></span></span></a> bien
que, comme le mentionnent les auteurs Paul Babiak et al., leur succès relève
davantage du style ou de la forme (à savoir leur habileté à charmer, à manipuler
et à tromper) que de la substance (leur performance)<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[18]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></h3>
<h3 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Le professeur de psychologie
à l'Université d'Oxford, Kevin Dutton, compare la psychopathie à une exposition
aux rayons de soleil et suggère ainsi que la psychopathie (l'absence de
conscience morale<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[19]</span></span></span></span></a>) à
faible dose peut être bénéfique sur le marché du travail<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[20]</span></span></span></span></a>. Il
affirme : </span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 30.85pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">«<b> </b>Yet psychopathy, as the Devil and his flamboyant London protégé
just hinted, can also be good for us, at least in moderation (...) Psychopathy
is like sunlight. Overexposure can hasten one’s demise in grotesque,
carcinogenic fashion. But regulated exposure at controlled and optimal levels
can have a significant positive impact on well-being and quality of life »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[21]</span></span></span></span></a>.
</span></div>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Dits autrement, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">les
gens qui sont dépourvus de conscience morale auraient de sages leçons à nous
apprendre</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[22]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">. Or selon Martha Stout,
psychologiste à Harvard, M. Dutton fait erreur et confond le narcissisme (qui
peut être bénéfique à une certaine dose) avec la psychopathie (qui est toujours
nuisible et destructrice). Elle affirme :</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 30.85pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« If Dutton had
titled his book “The Wisdom of Narcissists” he might have made a more credible
case: psychologists largely agree that human beings need a certain amount of
“normal” narcissism to be healthy. But narcissism varies by degree. The
emotional black hole of consciencelessness does not (...) As a professional who
has spent decades studying the bleak disorder of consciencelessness, I can say
with a fair degree of certainty that there is no wisdom in psychopathy. There
is only an irredeemable emptiness that should not and cannot be served up in
“doses."»<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[23]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<h3 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal;">Bien que certaines études semblent démontrer que sur le marché du
travail être un homme de valeur est un handicap au succès<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[24]</span></span></span></span></a>,
d'autres études<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[25]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tendent à démontrer le contraire à savoir que
les hommes de valeur (les « givers » : ceux qui donnent plus qu'ils ne
reçoivent) ont étonnamment beaucoup de succès. Par conséquent, la solution
n'est pas de demander aux hommes de valeur de devenir cruels afin d'être mieux
payé, mais plutôt, comme le mentionne Emma Seppala de l'Université de Stanford,
de changer les normes du milieu du travail. Elle affirme :</span></h3>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 30.85pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "arial";">« </span></b><span style="font-family: "arial";">What is
clear is we’re going to have to start valuing kindness at work more. One
depressing study out of Notre Dame University suggests that for men, the more
agreeable they are, the lower their pay rate. Because agreeableness does not
affect women’s salary, the researchers theorize that when we don’t conform to
gender norms, we’re punished. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>The
answer is not for men to be cruel but for us all to help change the norms</u></b>
»<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[26]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<h3 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal;">Ce changement exigerait notamment de démystifier l'idée pernicieuse
selon laquelle « l'agréabilité » et la compétence sont mutuellement exclusifs et
d'éliminer du milieu de travail les « dirty dozen », c'est-à-dire les
techniques agressives employées par ceux que le professeur Robert I. Sutton de
l'Université de Stanford appelle volontairement les « trous de culs », à savoir
notamment les insultes, les menaces, l'intimidation et le sarcasme<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[27]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Qu'en est-il en amour ? Dans
la conscience collective, les hommes de valeur finissent derniers, car les
femmes auraient une attirance pour les « Bad Boy »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[28]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> notamment </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">les hommes qui ont une
personnalité narcissique, machiavélique ou psychopathique (la triade noire)<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[29]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Les
auteurs </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Geoffrey
C. Urbaniak et Peter R. Kilmann affirment :</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 30.85pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">A common perception, both in the general public consciousness and in the
mass media, is that, in terms of romantic relationships, “Nice guys finish last”.
According to this belief, women are perceived to display contradicting
attitudes and behaviors toward whom they choose as dating partners. Although women
often portray themselves as wanting to date kind, sensitive, and emotionally
expressive men, the nice guy stereotype contends that, when actually presented
with a choice between such a “nice guy” and an unkind, insensitive, emotionally
closed, “macho man” or “jerk,” they invariably reject the nice guy in favor of
his more macho competitor </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">»<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn30" name="_ftnref30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[30]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn31" name="_ftnref31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""></a>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Or
les études tendent à démontrer que bien que les femmes considèrent l'apparence
plus importante que la gentillesse dans la recherche d'une relation à court terme,
elles préfèrent la gentillesse à l'apparence et au statut social pour une
relation à long term<span style="font-family: "arial";">e</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn31" name="_ftnref31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[31]</span></span></span></span></a>.
</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Comme
le mentionne Delroy L. Paulhus, professeur de psychologie à l'Université de
Colombie-Britannique, la société humaine est tellement complexe qu'il existe
différentes façons d'accroître son « succès reproductif » : certaines
impliquent d'être gentil et d'autres d'être méchant<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn32" name="_ftnref32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[32]</span></span></span></span></a>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>En conséquence, les propos de la blogueuse
Isabelle Tessier sont empreints de sagesse :</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 30.85pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">T'es
le bon gars, le gentil. T'es celui qu'on voit dans les films et qui fait
soupirer les filles parce qu'on en voudrait un comme toi dans nos vies</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">
(...) t'es un gentil et ça en prend des gentils! Ça en prend pour aimer, pour
construire de belles relations saines (...) Ne cesse pas d'être gentil à cause des filles comme moi. Ne deviens
pas un méchant, ne change pas ok? C'est à moi de changer, c'est aux filles
comme moi de changer »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn33" name="_ftnref33" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[33]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Les hommes qui ont des
moeurs, disait Jean-Jacques Rousseau, « sont les vrais adorateurs des femmes.
Ils n’ont pas comme les autres je ne sais quel jargon moqueur de galanterie ;
mais ils ont un empressement plus vrai, plus tendre, et qui part du cœur. Je
connaîtrais près d’une jeune femme un homme qui a des mœurs et qui commande à
la nature entre cent mille débauchés »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn34" name="_ftnref34" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[34]</span></span></span></span></a>. </span></div>
<h3 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></h3>
<h3 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Conclusion</span></h3>
<h3 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></h3>
<h3 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal;">En introduction, j'ai cité le Marquis de Sade qui laissait
sous-entendre que dans ce monde, où les vertueux ne rencontrent </span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal;">que des épines alors que les
méchants ne cueillent que des roses, il</span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal;"> valait </span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal;">mieux
prendre parti parmi les méchants qui prospèrent que parmi les vertueux qui périssent.
Or j'avais volontairement omis de citer le reste du passage dans lequel Sade
mentionne que penser ainsi est un sophisme dangereux </span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal;">:</span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal;"></span></h3>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h3 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 30.85pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal;">« Que si le malheur persécute la
vertu, et que la prospérité accompagne presque toujours le vice (...) il vaut
infiniment mieux prendre parti les méchants qui prospèrent que parmi les
vertueux qui périssent ? </span><u><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Il est donc important de prévenir
ces sophismes dangereux de la philosophie</span></u><u><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal;">, essentiel de faire voir que les exemples de
la vertu malheureuse présentés à une âme corrompue dans laquelle il reste
encore pourtant quelques bons principes, peuvent ramener cette âme au bien tout
aussi sûrement que si on lui eût offert dans cette route de la vertu les palmes
les plus brillantes et les plus flatteuses récompenses</span></u><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal;"> »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn35" name="_ftnref35" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[35]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal;"></span></h3>
</blockquote>
<h3 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal;"></span>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">La vertu et le succès ne sont pas mutuellement
exclusifs et il n'est donc pas nécessaire de renoncer à l'un pour jouir de
l'autre. En revanche, un conflit est toujours possible. Par conséquent, l'homme
de valeur doit nécessairement renoncer au succès à tout prix. En effet, seul
un sophiste oserait<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>résoudre ce
conflit en laissant faussement prétendre que le succès est la règle du juste et
de l'injuste et le critérium de la morali<span style="font-family: "arial";">té. Par exemple, </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal;">la
« secte des encyclopédistes » regardait </span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal;">« le succès comme la règle du juste et de l'injuste
»<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn36" name="_ftnref36" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn36;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[36]</span></span></span></span></a>. De même, Adolf Hitler était d'avis que</span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal;">« le succès est le seul juge ici-bas qui décide de la
justice ou de l'injustice »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn37" name="_ftnref37" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn37;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[37]</span></span></span></span></a>. </span></h3>
<h3 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></h3>
<h3 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal;">
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">L'homme de valeur accepte ainsi de renoncer au succès
à tout prix afin d'honorer la dignité humaine en cultivant ce qu'il y a de
meilleur en lui. </span>
Pour approfondir
le sujet, cliquez </span><a href="http://www.eric.folot.net/2016/03/pour-le-futur-une-religion-humaniste-ou.html"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal;">ici</span></a><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal;">.</span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Quoi que puissent en penser certains, le fait d'être
très gentil n'est pas un problème. À ce sujet, le psychiatre Pierre Mailloux
disait :</span></span>
</h3>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« <u><b>Le fait d'être
très gentil n'est absolument pas un problème. Ça devient un problème si vous
côtoyez des mauvaises personnes (...) Y'a certains êtres humains, dans leur
caractère, qui ont comme caractéristique d'être très gentil de façon naturelle.
Ce trait de caractère là va devenir problématique seulement si vous côtoyez des
crétins, des mesquins ou des petites personnes. Ce qu'il y a beaucoup au Québec</b></u>
»</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn38" name="_ftnref38" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn38;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[38]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.</span></div>
</blockquote>
<h3 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt; font-weight: normal;">Et si être un
homme de valeur peut parfois être difficile, il n'est pas inutile de se
rappeler les paroles de Jean-Jacques Rousseau selon lequel il vaut mieux être
soi-même dans la misère que d'affecter d'être quelqu'un d'autre pour vivre dans
la prospérité :</span></h3>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<h3 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 30.85pt; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal;">« <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Soyons toujours vrai au risque de tout ce
qui en peut arriver. La justice elle-même est dans la vérité des choses (...) S’il
faut être juste pour autrui, il faut être vrai pour soi, c’est un hommage que
l’honnête homme doit rendre à sa propre dignité (...) Eh bien, dans cet
état déplorable je ne changerais pas encore d’être et de destinée contre le
plus fortuné d’entre eux, et j’aime encore mieux être moi dans toute ma misère que
d’être aucun de ces gens-là dans toute leur prospérité (...) De quelque façon
que les hommes veuillent me voir, ils ne sauraient changer mon être, et malgré
leur puissance et malgré toutes leurs sourdes intrigues, je continuerai, quoi
qu’ils fassent, d’être en dépit d’eux ce que je suis</span> »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn39" name="_ftnref39" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn39;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[39]</span></span></span></span></a> .</span></h3>
</blockquote>
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<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: 2.45pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Éric Folot,
avocat et bioéthicien</span></b></div>
<br />
<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span><br />
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Albert Einstein, « Death of a genius : his fourth dimension, time,
overtakes » dans <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Life</i>, 2 mai 1955.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Todd Kashdan and Robert
Biswas-Diener, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">The
Upside of Your Dark Side: Why Being Your Whole Self--Not Just Your
"Good" Self--Drives Success and Fulfillment</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">,
Penguin, 2014 ; Tom McNichol, « Be a jerk : the worst business lesson from the
Steve Jobs biography » (November 28, 2011) The Atlantic, en ligne : </span><span lang="FR"><a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2011/11/be-a-jerk-the-worst-business-lesson-from-the-steve-jobs-biography/249136/"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2011/11/be-a-jerk-the-worst-business-lesson-from-the-steve-jobs-biography/249136/</span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.
</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Voir aussi
Timothy A. Judge, Beth A. Livingston and Charlice Hurst, « Do nice guys, and
gals, really finish last ? The joint effects of sex and agreeableness on income
» (2012) 102:2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Journal of personality
and social psychology 390. </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Charles Krauthammer, « No
more Mr. Nice Guy-Please » (January 27, 1989) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Washington Post</i> ; David Horowitz, « Why nice guys finish last
in politics » (september 11, 2014) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The
Washington Times</i>, en ligne : </span><span lang="FR"><a href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2014/sep/11/horowitz-why-nice-guys-finish-last/"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2014/sep/11/horowitz-why-nice-guys-finish-last/</span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Crawford
Kilian, « Reactionary Hero Stephen Harper is what's happened to politics » (2
septembre 2015), en ligne : </span><span lang="FR"><a href="http://thetyee.ca/Culture/2015/09/02/Reactionary-Hero-Stephen-Harper/"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">http://thetyee.ca/Culture/2015/09/02/Reactionary-Hero-Stephen-Harper/</span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">
.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Voir aussi </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Lynn
Darling, « Good guys bow out » (February 7, 1978) The Washington Post, en ligne
: </span><span lang="FR"><a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1978/02/07/good-guys-bow-out/7e5cc34e-d01e-4937-8043-a0f5e4331784/"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1978/02/07/good-guys-bow-out/7e5cc34e-d01e-4937-8043-a0f5e4331784/</span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">
.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Geoffrey C. Urbaniak and
Peter R. Kilmann, « Physical attractiveness and the "Nice guy paradox"
: do nice guys really finish last ? » (November 2003) 49-9-10 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sex Roles</i>, en ligne : </span><span lang="FR"><a href="http://www.drpeterkilmann.com/pdf/niceguy.pdf"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">http://www.drpeterkilmann.com/pdf/niceguy.pdf</span></a></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Machiavel, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Le Prince et autres textes</i>, Paris,
Éditions Gallimard, 1980 à la p.98 (XV).</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Marquis de Sade, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Les infortunes de la vertu</i>, Paris, Union
Générale d'Éditions, 1968 aux pp.21-22.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> « <u><span style="color: black;">Agreeableness is usually defined as a behavioural
disposition that contrasts a prosocial, communal orientation towards others
with an antagonistic attitude. However, some of the best markers of
agreeableness refer to emotional dispositions towards other people (e.g., <b>‘</b>affectionate<b>’</b>,
<b>‘</b>soft-hearted<b>’ </b>versus <b>‘</b>cold<b>’</b>; John and Srivastava </span><span style="color: #408080;">1999</span><span style="color: black;">); and empirically,
agreeableness has been found to correlate</span></u></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<u><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">negatively with
trait anger (agreeable people are less anger-prone; e.g., Kuppens </span></u><u><span lang="FR" style="color: #408080; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">2005</span></u><u><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">) and positively
with the tendency to experience empathic emotions (i.e., emotional reactions to
the fate of others; Del Barrio, Aluja and García </span></u><u><span lang="FR" style="color: #408080; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">2004</span></u><u><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">). In addition,
agreeable persons seem to try harder than non-agreeable persons to control the
expression of negative emotions</span></u><u><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> » : Rainer Reisenzein and Hannelore Weber, «
Personality and emotion</span></u><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> » (chapter 4, part I) in Philip J. Corr and Gerald Matthews,
ed., <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Cambridge Handbook of
personality psychology</i>, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2009<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>à la p.60. Voir aussi Timothy A. Judge, Beth
A. Livingston and Charlice Hurst, « Do nice guys, and gals, really finish last
? The joint effects of sex and agreeableness on income » (2012) 102:2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Journal of personality and social psychology
390 à la p.391.<span style="color: black;"></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Timothy A. Judge, Beth A. Livingston and
Charlice Hurst, « Do nice guys, and gals, really finish last ? The joint
effects of sex and agreeableness on income » (2012) 102:2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Journal of personality and social psychology
390 ; Daniel Spurk and Andrea E. Abele, « Who earns more and why ? A multiple
mediation model from personality to salary » (2011) 26:1 Journal of business
and psychology 87- ; Thomas W. H. NG and al., « Predictors of objective and
subjective career success : a meta-analysis » (2005) 58:2 Personnel Psychology
367.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Richard Allen Greene, «
Nice guys earn less, study finds » (August 31, 2011) CNN, en ligne : </span><span lang="FR"><a href="http://edition.cnn.com/2011/BUSINESS/08/16/money.and.meanness/"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">http://edition.cnn.com/2011/BUSINESS/08/16/money.and.meanness/</span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> ; Big think editors, « Nice
guys earn less money » BigThink.com, en ligne : </span><span lang="FR"><a href="http://bigthink.com/ideafeed/nice-guys-earn-less-money"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">http://bigthink.com/ideafeed/nice-guys-earn-less-money</span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> « <u>We will concentrate
here on individuals’ objective career success <span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>defined by annual salary<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>because it is one of the most frequent
measures of objective success and because salary is one key facet in
occupational life</span></u><span style="color: black;"> » : </span>Daniel Spurk
and Andrea E. Abele, « Who earns more and why ? A multiple mediation model from
personality to salary » (2011) 26:1 Journal of business and psychology 87 à la
p.87.<span style="color: black;"></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Shannon Chapla, « Research
shows men get ahead for being "disagreeable" in the workplace, women
don't » (August 3, 2011), en ligne : </span><span lang="FR"><a href="https://news.nd.edu/news/25367-men-earn-a-premium-for-being-disagreeable-in-the-workplace-women-dont-says-new-research/"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">https://news.nd.edu/news/25367-men-earn-a-premium-for-being-disagreeable-in-the-workplace-women-dont-says-new-research/</span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> « <u>Overall, our research
provides strong evidence that men earn a substantial premium for being
disagreeable</u> » : Timothy A. Judge, Beth A. Livingston and Charlice Hurst, «
Do nice guys, and gals, really finish last ? The joint effects of sex and
agreeableness on income » (2012) 102:2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Journal of personality and social psychology 390 à la p.404.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> « Results provided support
for the assumptions that narcissism and Machiavellianism are positively related
to objective career success (i.e., salary and status, respectively) » : Daniel
Spurk, Anita C. Keller and Andreas Hirschi, « Do bad guys get ahead or fall
behind ? Relationships of the dark triad of personality with objective and
subjective career success » (October 5, 2015) Social psychological and
personality science, en ligne : </span><span lang="FR"><a href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Daniel_Spurk/publication/281678953_Do_Bad_Guys_Get_Ahead_or_Fall_Behind_Relationships_of_the_Dark_Triad_of_Personality_With_Objective_and_Subjective_Career_Success/links/5613759508aea9fb51c2c98e.pdf"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Daniel_Spurk/publication/281678953_Do_Bad_Guys_Get_Ahead_or_Fall_Behind_Relationships_of_the_Dark_Triad_of_Personality_With_Objective_and_Subjective_Career_Success/links/5613759508aea9fb51c2c98e.pdf</span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> « </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">People
tend to see warmth and competence as inversely related. If there’s a surplus of
one trait, they infer a deficit of the other » : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Amy J. C. Cuddy, « Just because I'm
nice, don't assume I'm dumb » (February 2009) 87:2 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Harvard Business Review</i>, en ligne : </span><span lang="FR"><a href="http://www.people.hbs.edu/acuddy/2009,%20cuddy,%20HBR.pdf"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">http://www.people.hbs.edu/acuddy/2009,
cuddy, HBR.pdf</span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> . Voir aussi en ligne : </span><span lang="FR"><a href="http://harvardmagazine.com/2010/11/the-psyche-on-automatic"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">http://harvardmagazine.com/2010/11/the-psyche-on-automatic</span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn15" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[15]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Timothy A. Judge, Beth A.
Livingston and Charlice Hurst, « Do nice guys, and gals, really finish last ?
The joint effects of sex and agreeableness on income » (2012) 102:2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Journal of personality and social psychology
390 à la p.391 ; Karen J. Derefinko, « Convergence and divergence among
self-report psychopathy measures : a personality-based approach » (2006) 20:3
Journal of personality disorders 261.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn16" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[16]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> « </span><span class="big"><b><i><span lang="FR" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Psychopaths</span></i></b></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><b><i><span lang="FR" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></i></b></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="FR" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">are social predators who charm, manipulate, and
ruthlessly plow their way through life, leaving a broad trail of broken hearts,
shattered expectations, and empty wallets. <u>Completely lacking in conscience</u>
and in feelings for others, they selfishly take what they want and do as they
please, violating social norms and expectations without the slightest sense of
guilt or regret</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Robert D. Hare, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Without
Conscience: The Disturbing World of the Psychopaths Among Us</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">,
Guilford Press, 1999 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">aux pp.xi, 6 et 49-50. « <u>Psychopathy is a disorder of brain and
behavior, the central characteristic of which is the complete absence of
conscience</u> » : Martha Stout, « In praise of empty souls : can we learn from
psychopaths ? » (December 14, 2012) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">New
Republic</i> en ligne : </span><span lang="FR"><a href="https://newrepublic.com/article/111087/wisdom-of-psychopaths-kevin-dutton"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">https://newrepublic.com/article/111087/wisdom-of-psychopaths-kevin-dutton</span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn17" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[17]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Paul Babiak and Robert D.
Hare, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Snakes in suits : when psychopaths
go to work</i>, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Harper Collins, 2009</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> à la p.x. Voir aussi Kevin
Dutton, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">The
Wisdom of Psychopaths : What Saints, Spies, and Serial Killers Can Teach Us
About Success</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2012 ;
Scott O. Lillienfeld and Ashley Watts, « Not all psychopaths are criminal :
some psychopathic traits are actually linked to success » (January 26, 2016),
en ligne : </span><span lang="FR"><a href="https://theconversation.com/not-all-psychopaths-are-criminals-some-psychopathic-traits-are-actually-linked-to-success-51282"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">https://theconversation.com/not-all-psychopaths-are-criminals-some-psychopathic-traits-are-actually-linked-to-success-51282</span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn18" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[18]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> « </span><u><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Overall, the patterns of correlations and plots
suggest that psychopathy is more strongly associated with style than with
substance. Presumably, impression management and the ability to present well
can obscure or trump subpar performance and behaviors that are damaging to the
organization</span></u><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> » : Paul
Babiak, Craig S. Neumann and Robert D. Hare, « Corporate psychopathy : talking
the walk » (2010) 28 </span><span lang="FR" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Behavioral Sciences and the Law 174</span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> à la p.192.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn19" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[19]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Robert D. Hare, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Without
Conscience: The Disturbing World of the Psychopaths Among Us</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">,
Guilford Press, 1999 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">aux pp.xi, 6 et 49-50. « Psychopathy is a disorder of brain and
behavior, the central characteristic of which is the complete absence of
conscience » : Martha Stout, « In praise of empty souls : can we learn from
psychopaths ? » (December 14, 2012) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">New
Republic</i> en ligne : </span><span lang="FR"><a href="https://newrepublic.com/article/111087/wisdom-of-psychopaths-kevin-dutton"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">https://newrepublic.com/article/111087/wisdom-of-psychopaths-kevin-dutton</span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn20" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[20]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Martha Stout, « In praise
of empty souls : can we learn from psychopaths ? » (December 14, 2012) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">New Republic</i> en ligne : </span><span lang="FR"><a href="https://newrepublic.com/article/111087/wisdom-of-psychopaths-kevin-dutton"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">https://newrepublic.com/article/111087/wisdom-of-psychopaths-kevin-dutton</span></a></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn21" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[21]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Kevin Dutton, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">The Wisdom of
Psychopaths : What Saints, Spies, and Serial Killers Can Teach Us About Success</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">,
Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2012.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn22" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[22]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Martha Stout, « In praise of empty souls :
can we learn from psychopaths ? » (December 14, 2012) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">New Republic</i> en ligne : </span><span lang="FR"><a href="https://newrepublic.com/article/111087/wisdom-of-psychopaths-kevin-dutton"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">https://newrepublic.com/article/111087/wisdom-of-psychopaths-kevin-dutton</span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn23" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[23]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Martha Stout, « In praise
of empty souls : can we learn from psychopaths ? » (December 14, 2012) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">New Republic</i> en ligne : </span><span lang="FR"><a href="https://newrepublic.com/article/111087/wisdom-of-psychopaths-kevin-dutton"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">https://newrepublic.com/article/111087/wisdom-of-psychopaths-kevin-dutton</span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn24" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[24]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> « <u>We will concentrate
here on individuals’ objective career success <span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>defined by annual salary<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>because it is one of the most frequent
measures of objective success and because salary is one key facet in
occupational life</span></u><span style="color: black;"> » : </span>Daniel Spurk
and Andrea E. Abele, « Who earns more and why ? A multiple mediation model from
personality to salary » (2011) 26:1 Journal of business and psychology 87 à la
p.87.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn25" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<h1 style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[25]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal;"> Fred Kiel, « Ethical CEOs finish first »
(April 30, 2015) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Harvard Business Review,</i>
en ligne : </span><span lang="FR"><a href="https://hbr.org/ideacast/2015/04/ethical-ceos-finish-first.html"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal;">https://hbr.org/ideacast/2015/04/ethical-ceos-finish-first.html</span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal;"> ; Fred Kiel, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal;">Return on Character: The Real Reason Leaders and Their Companies Win</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal;">, Harvard
Business Review Press, 2015 ; Craig E. Johnson,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Paul M. Shelton and Laurie Yates, « Nice guys (and gals) finish first :
ethical leadership and organizational trust, satisfaction and effectiveness »
(winter 2012) 4:1 International leadership journal, en ligne : </span><span lang="FR"><a href="http://www.tesu.edu/documents/ilj_winter_2012-final.pdf"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal;">http://www.tesu.edu/documents/ilj_winter_2012-final.pdf</span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal;"> ; Seth
Borenstein, « Harvard study : nice guy actually finish first » (March 19, 2008)
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Usa Today</i>, en ligne : </span><span lang="FR"><a href="http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/tech/science/2008-03-19-nice-guys-harvard-study_N.htm"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal;">http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/tech/science/2008-03-19-nice-guys-harvard-study_N.htm</span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal;"> <span class="addmd">Linda Kaplan Thaler and Robin Koval, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Power of Nice: How to Conquer the Business World With Kindness</i>,
Crown Publishing Group, 2006. Voir aussi « Nice guys finish first : evolution
will punish selfish people, says study by Michigan state university biologists
» (august 2013), en ligne : </span><span lang="FR"><a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/08/05/christoph-adami-arend-hintze_n_3709187.html"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal;">http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/08/05/christoph-adami-arend-hintze_n_3709187.html</span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal;"></span></h1>
</div>
<div id="ftn26" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[26]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Emma Seppala, « The hard
data on being a nice boss » (november 24, 2014) Harvard Business Review, en
ligne : </span><span lang="FR"><a href="https://hbr.org/2014/11/the-hard-data-on-being-a-nice-boss"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">https://hbr.org/2014/11/the-hard-data-on-being-a-nice-boss</span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn27" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[27]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Robert I. Sutton, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">The No Asshole
Rule: Building a Civilized Workplace and Surviving One That Isn't</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">,
Grand Central Publishing, 2007. Pour connaître les raisons qui ont poussé le
professeur Sutton à écrire ce livre, voir : Robert, I. Sutton, « Why I wrote
the No Asshole Rule » (March 17, 2007) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Harvard
Business Review</i>, en ligne : </span><span lang="FR"><a href="https://hbr.org/2007/03/why-i-wrote-the-no-asshole-rule/"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">https://hbr.org/2007/03/why-i-wrote-the-no-asshole-rule/</span></a></span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> . Pour en savoir plus sur les trous
de cul, voir : Aaron James, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Assholes : a
theory</i>, </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Knopf Doubleday Publishing
Group, 2012.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn28" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[28]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Gurit E. Birnbaum, Tsachi
Ein-Dor, et al., « Why do men prefer nice women ? Gender typicality mediates
the effect of responsiveness on perceived attractiveness in initial
acquaintanceships » (July 25, 2014) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Personality
and social psychology bulletin</i>. Voir aussi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>James Maynard, « Why guys like good girls, while women like bad boys »
(July 26, 2014), en ligne : </span><span lang="FR"><a href="http://www.techtimes.com/articles/11301/20140726/guys-good-girls-women-bad-boys.htm"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">http://www.techtimes.com/articles/11301/20140726/guys-good-girls-women-bad-boys.htm</span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn29" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[29]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> « </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Women
rated the high DT character as significantly more attractive » : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Gregory Louis Carter, Anne
C. Campbell and Steven Muncer, « The dark triad personality : attractiveness to
women » (January 2014) 56 Personality and individual differences 57, en ligne :
</span><span lang="FR"><a href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Gregory_Carter4/publication/257411090_The_Dark_Triad_personality_Attractiveness_to_women/links/0a85e5375ac162059a000000.pdf"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Gregory_Carter4/publication/257411090_The_Dark_Triad_personality_Attractiveness_to_women/links/0a85e5375ac162059a000000.pdf</span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn30" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref30" name="_ftn30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[30]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Geoffrey C. Urbaniak and
Peter R. Kilmann, « Physical attractiveness and the "Nice guy
paradox" : do nice guys really finish last ? » (November 2003) 49-9-10 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sex Roles</i>, en ligne : </span><span lang="FR"><a href="http://www.drpeterkilmann.com/pdf/niceguy.pdf"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">http://www.drpeterkilmann.com/pdf/niceguy.pdf</span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn31" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref31" name="_ftn31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[31]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Daniel Farrelly, Paul
Clemson and Melissa Guthrie, « Are women's mate preferences for altruism also
influenced by physical attracttiveness ? » (January-March 2016) 14:1
Evolutionary Psychology, en ligne : </span><span lang="FR"><a href="http://evp.sagepub.com/content/14/1/1474704915623698"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">http://evp.sagepub.com/content/14/1/1474704915623698</span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> ; Theresa E. Didonato, « Do
nice guys really finish last ? : when warm and kind faces off against bold and
sexy » (May 19, 2014) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Psychology Today</i>,
en ligne : </span><span lang="FR"><a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/meet-catch-and-keep/201405/do-nice-guys-really-finish-last"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/meet-catch-and-keep/201405/do-nice-guys-really-finish-last</span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> . Voir aussi Geoffrey C.
Urbaniak and Peter R. Kilmann, « Physical attractiveness and the "Nice guy
paradox" : do nice guys really finish last ? » (November 2003) 49-9-10 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sex Roles</i>, en ligne : </span><span lang="FR"><a href="http://www.drpeterkilmann.com/pdf/niceguy.pdf"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">http://www.drpeterkilmann.com/pdf/niceguy.pdf</span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn32" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref32" name="_ftn32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[32]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">human
society is so complex that there are different ways of enhancing your
reproductive success – some involve being nice and some being nasty » : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">David Robson, « Psychology :
the man who studies everyday evil » (30 january 2015) BBC, en ligne : </span><span lang="FR"><a href="http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20150130-the-man-who-studies-evil"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20150130-the-man-who-studies-evil</span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn33" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref33" name="_ftn33" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[33]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Isabelle Tessier,
"Cher bon gars...C'est pas toi, c'est moi" (7 janvier 2016) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Huffingtonpost.ca</i>, en ligne : </span><span lang="FR"><a href="http://quebec.huffingtonpost.ca/isabelle-teissier/bon-gars-amour_b_8918060.html"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">http://quebec.huffingtonpost.ca/isabelle-teissier/bon-gars-amour_b_8918060.html</span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn34" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref34" name="_ftn34" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[34]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Jean-Jacques Rousseau,
Émile ou de l’éducation, Garnier-Flammarion, Paris, 1966 à la p.442.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn35" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref35" name="_ftn35" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[35]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Marquis de Sade, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Les infortunes de la vertu</i>, Paris, Union
Générale d'Éditions, 1968 à la p.22.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn36" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref36" name="_ftn36" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn36;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[36]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Maximilien de Robespierre, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Oeuvres de Maximilien de Robespierre avec
une notice historique, des notes et des commentaires par Laponneraye</i>,
Paris, Éditeur Faubourg Saint-Denis, 1840 aux pp.627-628.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn37" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref37" name="_ftn37" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn37;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[37]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Adolf Hitler, <i>Mein Kampf
: mon combat</i>, trad. par J. Gaudefroy-Demombynes et A. Calmettes, Paris,
Nouvelles Éditions Latines, 1934 à la p.343 (ch.XII). Voir aussi Karl Petit, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Le dictionnaire des citations du monde
entier</i>, Éditions Gérard, 1960 à la p.392.</span><span lang="FR"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn38" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref38" name="_ftn38" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn38;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[38]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Pierre Mailloux,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Annexe A</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> dans </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Décision
du CCNR 06/07-0168 et -0266 : </span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">CKAC-AM
concernant Doc Mailloux (six épisodes)</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Conseil canadien des normes
de la radiodiffusion</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>aux pp.371-372, en ligne : </span><span lang="FR"><a href="http://www.cbsc.ca/transcripts/francais/decisions/2008/080515appa.pdf"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">http://www.cbsc.ca/transcripts/francais/decisions/2008/080515appa.pdf</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn39" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref39" name="_ftn39" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn39;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[39]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Jean-Jacques Rousseau, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Les rêveries du promeneur solitaire</i>,
Paris, Garnier-Flammarion, 1964 aux pp.79, 90, 142 et 147.</span></div>
</div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7671274545402013868.post-11928977038422064832016-03-04T15:18:00.000-05:002016-05-14T21:32:34.743-04:00Pour le futur : une religion humaniste ou une religion satanique?<div class="tr_bq">
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<blockquote class="tr_bq">
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« <u>If the
humanist is against slavery, the manipulation and objectification of
individuals or the extermination of part of humanity, it is not only because
such is his goodwill, in which he might be joined by the pure voluntarist; but
also because these values of freedom, respect for others, and the equal dignity
of all impose themselves on him with the force of self-evidence, and seem to
him more suitable to the human species then others. It is clear, however, that
other values might claim a similar “suitability” and yet are not part of the
humanists’<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>set of values. Why not?
Egotism, the preference for one’ s own, or the comfort found in submission to
the strong are no less “natural”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>than their
opposites. To rationalize their feeling of self-evidence, the humanists are
then led to refer to a discriminatory criterion, which is universality itself.
One can wish that all human beings were autonomous, that they were all treated
as ends in themselves, or provided with the same dignity; one cannot say as
much of principles like the survival of the fittest, submission, or the
instrumentalization of others. Human universality does double duty in the
humanist doctrine, both as one value among others and as the means of
legitimizing values</u> » (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Religion
humaniste</b>)<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« <u>The mind of the superior man is conversant with righteousness; the
mind of the ordinary man is conversant with gain</u> » (...) « The superior man
in all things considers righteousness essential »</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">
(<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Confucius</b>)<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">VS</span></u></b></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« <u>Death to
the weakling, wealth to the strong!</u> » (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Religion
satanique</b>)<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></div>
</blockquote>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« <u>Comme si
l'esclavage était contraire à la civilisation et non pas plutôt la condition de
toute civilisation supérieure, de tout progrès en civilisation<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><u><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[4]</span></u></span></span></span></a>
(...) Périssent les faibles et les ratés ! Premier principe de notre
philanthropie. Et il faut même les y aider »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><u><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[5]</span></u></span></span></span></a>
(..) Les religions qui ont régné souverainement jusqu'à ce jour ont contribué
pur une large part à maintenir le type de l'homme à un niveau inférieur ; elles
ont conservé trop d'êtres qui auraient dû périr<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><u><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[6]</span></u></span></span></span></a><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"> (...) Vivre, </span>c'est essentiellement
dépouiller, blesser, violenter le faible et l'étranger, l'opprimer, lui imposer
durement ses formes propres, l'assimiler ou tout au moins (c'est la solution la
plus douce) l'exploiter (...) L'"exploitation" n'est pas le fait
d'une société corrompue, imparfaite ou primitive ; elle est inhérente à la
nature même de la vie<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><u><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[7]</span></u></span></span></span></a></u>»
(<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Friedrich Nietzsche</b><span class="MsoFootnoteReference">)</span>.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Par
nature, l'être humain « n'est ni ange ni bête »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a>. Comme
le disait Platon, il est un « </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">animal composite
et polycéphale, possédant à la fois les têtes d'animaux paisibles et d'animaux
féroces »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a>.
Le primatologue et éthologue </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Frans de Waal</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> affirme :</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Instead of human nature's
being either fundamentally brutish or fundamentally noble, it is both</span></u></b><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">—a more complex picture
perhaps, but an infinitely more inspiring one »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">En
ce sens, il partage avec les autres animaux une propension naturelle à la
moralité<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a>,
c'est-à-dire un instinct altruiste, une capacité d'empathie, un sentiment
naturel de pitié qui se traduit par « une répugnance innée à voir souffrir son
semblable ». La pitié, l'empathie ou la sympathie comme source de la moralité
avait notamment été préfigurée par plusieurs philosophes dont Jean-Jacques
Rousseau<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a>
(</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">considéré par
Arthur Schopenhauer comme le « plus grand des moralistes</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial";"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">modernes »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[13]</span></span></span></span></a>
et par Emmanuel Kant comme le « Newton du monde moral »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[14]</span></span></span></span></a>),
</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Adam Smith<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[15]</span></span></span></span></a>
et Arthur Shopenhauer<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[16]</span></span></span></span></a>.
Rousseau affirme :</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Je ne crois pas avoir aucune
contradiction à craindre, en accordant à l'homme la seule vertu naturelle
qu'ait été forcé de reconnaître le détracteur le plus outré des vertus
humaines. Je parle de la pitié</u></b><u> (...) vertu d'autant plus universelle
et d'autant plus utile à l'homme, qu'elle précède en lui l'usage de toute
réflexion, et si naturelle que les bêtes mêmes en donnent quelquefois des
signes sensibles (...) Tel est le pur mouvement de la nature, antérieur à toute
réflexion : telle est la force de la pitié naturelle que les moeurs les plus
dépravés ont encore peine à détruire (...) Mandeville a bien senti qu'avec
toute leur morale les hommes n'eussent jamais été que des monstres, si la
nature ne leur eût donné la pitié à l'appui de la raison ; mais il n'a pas vu
que de cette seule qualité découlent toutes les vertus sociales qu'il veut
disputer aux hommes (...) Quoiqu’il puisse appartenir à Socrate, et aux esprits
de sa trempe, d’acquérir de la vertu par raison, il y a longtemps que le genre
humain ne serait plus, si sa conservation n’eût dépendu que des raisonnements
de ceux qui le composent</u> »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[17]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Frans de Waal</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">
ajoute :</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Humans and other animals
have been endowed with a capacity for genuine love, sympathy, and care—a fact
that can and will one day be fully reconciled with the idea that genetic self-promotion
drives the evolutionary process (...) Needless to say, empathy and sympathy are
pillars of human morality</span></u></b><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[18]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span>
<style>@font-face {
font-family: "MS 明朝";
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}p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal { margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Cambria; }p.MsoFootnoteText, li.MsoFootnoteText, div.MsoFootnoteText { margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Cambria; }span.MsoFootnoteReference { vertical-align: super; }span.NotedebasdepageCar { }.MsoChpDefault { font-size: 10pt; font-family: Cambria; }div.WordSec</style><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";">Le
scientifique Charles Darwin est d'avis qu'il relève de la partie la
plus noble de notre nature de protéger les plus faibles et les plus vulnérables.
Il affirme :</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">« With savages, the weak in body or
mind are soon eliminated ; and those that survive commonly exhibit a vigorous
state of health. <b><u>We civilized men, on the other hand, do our utmost to check
the process of elimination ; we build asylums for the imbecile, the maimed, and
the sick ; we institute poor-laws ; and our medical men exert their utmost
skill to save the life of every one to the last moment (...) The aid which we
feel impelled to give to the helpless is mainly an incidental result of the
instinct of sympathy, which was originally acquired as part of the social
instincts, but subsequently rendered (...) more tender and more widely
diffused. Nor could we check our sympathy, if so urged by hard reason, without
deterioration in the noblest part of our nature (...) If we were intentionally
to neglect the weak and helpless, it could only be for a contingent benefit,
with a certain and great present evil</u></b> » (</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Charles Darwin,
<i>The
descent of man, and selection in relation to sex</i>, vol.1, New York, D. Appleton and company, 1872 aux pp.161-162).</span></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></span></span></span></a></span></div>
</blockquote>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span>
</div>
<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">L'être
humain</span><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> partage également avec les animaux un instinct égoïste<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[19]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="color: #1155cd; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">et une propension
naturelle à la domination<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[20]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="color: #1155cd; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">et à la cruauté<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[21]</span></span></span></span></a>. </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Friedrich Nietzsche affirme :</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>La cruauté était la réjouissance
préférée de l'humanité primitive (...) La "méchanceté désintéressée"
(...) apparaît chez elle, par principe, comme un attribut normal de l'homme</u></b><u>
(...) Voir souffrir fait du bien, faire souffrir plus de bien encore, voilà une
vérité, mais une vieille et puissante vérité capitale, humaine, trop humaine, à
quoi du reste les singes déjà souscrivaient peut-être : on raconte en effet que
par l'invention de bizarres cruautés ils annoncent déjà pleinement l'homme
(...) Sans cruauté, point de réjouissance, voilà ce que nous apprend la plus
ancienne et la plus longue histoire de l'homme<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><u><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[22]</span></u></span></span></span></a>
(...) <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">L'homme est le plus cruel des
animaux</b>. C'est en assistant à des tragédies, à des combats de taureaux et à
des crucifixions qu'il s'est jusqu'à présent senti le plus heureux sur terre<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><u><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[23]</span></u></span></span></span></a>
(...) <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Presque tout ce que nous appelons
une civilisation supérieure repose sur la spiritualisation et
l'approfondissement de la cruauté ; voilà ma thèse. Cette "bête
féroce" n'a pas été abattue, loin de là, elle vit, elle prospère, elle
s'est seulement divinisée</b> (...) Ce qui plaisait aux Romains à
l'amphithéâtre, aux chrétiens dans l'extase de la croix, aux Espagnols dans les
autodafés ou les courses de taureaux, ce qui plaît de nos jours aux Japonais
qui se pressent en foule à la tragédie, à l'ouvrier parisien qui a la passion
des révolutions sanglantes (...) ce qu'ils savourent tous (...) ce sont les
breuvages épicés de la grande Circé dont le nom est Cruauté</u> »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[24]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Cependant
l'être humain, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">«
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">arbitria libera</i> »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[25]</span></span></span></span></a>,</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">
se distingue des autres animaux, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">« <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">arbitria bruta</i> »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[26]</span></span></span></span></a>,</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">
par sa « qualité d'agent libre »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[27]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">
Rousseau affirme :</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« La nature commande à tout animal et la bête obéit. L'homme
éprouve la même impression, mais il se reconnaît libre d'acquiescer ou de
résister ; et c'est surtout dans la conscience de cette liberté que se montre
la spiritualité de son âme »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[28]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">La
nature humaine est donc telle que l'être humain est indéterminé<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[29]</span></span></span></span></a>.
Il a donc la liberté et le choix de développer son </span><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">instinct égoïste</span><span lang="FR" style="color: #1155cd; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">et sa propension
naturelle à la domination</span><span lang="FR" style="color: #1155cd; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">et à la cruauté</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">
(ses têtes d'animaux féroces) ou de développer sa propension naturelle à la
moralité, c'est-à-dire son instinct altruiste et sa capacité d'empathie ou son
sentiment naturel de pitié (ses têtes d'animaux paisibles)<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn30" name="_ftnref30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[30]</span></span></span></span></a><i><span style="font-family: "arial";">. </span></i></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">La dignité humaine réside ainsi dans cette liberté
morale dont il est l'unique dépositaire<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn31" name="_ftnref31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[31]</span></span></span></span></a>.
</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">La philosophie (ou religion)
humaniste<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn32" name="_ftnref32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[32]</span></span></span></span></a>, qui
incorpore notamment une bonne partie de l'éthique judéo-chrétienne<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn33" name="_ftnref33" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[33]</span></span></span></span></a>,
est une morale athée et démocratique qui vise le bien de tous<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn34" name="_ftnref34" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[34]</span></span></span></span></a>,
condamne l'égoïsme et affirme la possibilité psychologique et la désirabilité
éthique </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">de développer sa propension
naturelle à la moralité (ses têtes d'animaux paisibles), c'est-à-dire son
instinct altruiste et sa capacité d'empathie ou son sentiment naturel de pitié<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn35" name="_ftnref35" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[35]</span></span></span></span></a>
</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">:<span style="color: black;"></span></span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Thus Humanism affirms the psychological
possibility and the ethical desirability of intelligent altruism</u></b>. There
is nothing more shallow than those sophisticates who insist on reducing all
human conduct to personal self-interest and who persist in saying that egoism
is more “natural” than altruism. Neither egoism nor altruism is an original
characteristic of human nature; both, however, are potential dispositions of
the personality.Thinkers who claim that complete selfishness is an inborn
quality of human beings are taking over and expressing in different language
one of the great errors of Christian ethics, namely that humankind is
inherently sinful and depraved (...) <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>On
the ethical and social side Humanism sets up service to all humankind as the
ultimate moral ideal. It holds that as individuals we can find our own highest
good in working for the good of all</u></b>, which of course includes ourselves
and our families. In this sophisticated and disillusioned era Humanism emphatically
rejects, as psychologically naïve and scientifically unsound, the widespread
notion that human beings are moved merely by self-interest. It repudiates the
constant rationalization of brute egoism into pretentious schemes on behalf of
individuals or groups bent on self-aggrandizement. It refuses to accept the
reduction of human motivation to economic terms, to sexual terms, to
pleasure-seeking terms, or to any one limited set of human desires. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>It insists on the reality of genuine
altruism as one of the moving forces in the affairs of human beings</u></b> »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn36" name="_ftnref36" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn36;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[36]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Cette philosophie a un grand
potentiel d'unification à l'intérieur et entre nations. Corliss Lamont affirme
:</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« It is a
philosophy that has striking potentialities for unification both within nations
and among nations.This is why Sir Julian Huxley, when he was head of UNESCO,
suggested that the general philosophy of that United Nations agency should be
“a scientific world Humanism, global in extent and evolutionary in
background"»<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn37" name="_ftnref37" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn37;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[37]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Au contraire, d'autres
philosophies morales dont l'origine remonte notamment aux philosophes Max
Stirner<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn38" name="_ftnref38" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn38;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[38]</span></span></span></span></a>
et Friedrich Nietzsche<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn39" name="_ftnref39" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn39;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[39]</span></span></span></span></a>
encouragent le développement de l'<span style="color: black;">instinct égoïste</span><span style="color: #1155cd;"> </span><span style="color: black;">et la propension
naturelle à la domination</span><span style="color: #1155cd;"> </span><span style="color: black;">et à la cruauté (</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">têtes
d'animaux féroces). Nietzsche affirmait : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">« <u>Tout ce qui tient de la bête
fauve ou du serpent, chez l'homme, sert aussi bien que son contraire à élever
le niveau de l'espèce humaine</u> »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn40" name="_ftnref40" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn40;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[40]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Ces
philosophes </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">promeuvent
une éthique de l'égoïsme qui consiste à maximiser son propre intérêt sans égard
aux intérêts d'autrui<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn41" name="_ftnref41" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn41;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[41]</span></span></span></span></a>.
Or cette éthique confond l'amour de soi ou "self-love", qui est souhaitable
et nécessaire pour fonder le principe de justice humaine<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn42" name="_ftnref42" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn42;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[42]</span></span></span></span></a>,
avec l'amour-propre ou l'égoïsme ou "selfishness" qui n'est pas
souhaitable<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn43" name="_ftnref43" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn43;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[43]</span></span></span></span></a>. Le
psychologue humaniste Erich Fromm explique cette confusion :</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">«This trend in
modern philosophy has found its most radical expression in Stirner and
Nietzsche (...) They denounce love for others as weakness and self-sacrifice
and postulate <u>egotism, selfishness, and self-love, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">they too confuse the issue by not clearly differentiating between these
last</b></u>, as virtue. Thus Stirner says : "Here, egoism, selfishness
must decide, not the principle of love, not love motive like mercy, gentleness,
good-nature, or even justice and equity- for justitia too is a phenomenon of
love, a product of love ; love knows only sacrifice and demands self-sacrifice
(...) In spite of many differences between Nietzsche and Stirner, their ideas
in this respect are very much the same. Nietzsche too denounces love and
altruism as expressions of weakness and self-negation. For Nietzsche, the quest
for love is typical of slaves unable to fight for what they want and who
therefore try to get it through love. Altruism and love for mankind thus have
become a sign of degeneration. For Nietzsche it the essence of a good and
healthy aristocracy that it is ready to sacrifice countless people for its
interests without having a guilty conscience (...) <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>The doctrine that love for oneself is identical with
"selfishness" and an alternative to love for others has pervaded
theology, philosophy, and popular thought</u></b> (...) <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Is his selfishness identical with self-love or is it not caused by
the very lack of it? (...) How do we explain selfishness, which obviously
excludes any genuine concern for others ? The selfish person is interested only
in himself, wants everything for himself, feels no pleasure in giving, but only
in taking. The world outside is looked at only from the standpoint of what he
can get out of it ; he lacks interest in the needs of others, and respect for
their dignity and integrity. He can see nothing but himself; he judges everyone
and everything from its usefulness to him ; he is basically unable to love
(...) Selfishness and self-love, far from being identical, are actually
opposites. The selfish person does not love himself too much but too little ;
in fact he hates himself (...) It is true that selfish persons are incapable of
loving others, but they are not capable of loving themselves either</u></b> »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn44" name="_ftnref44" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn44;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[44]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></div>
</blockquote>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Plus récemment, la
philosophe Ayn Rand, que Noam Chomsky considère comme « one of the most evil figures of modern intellectual history », défendait également, dans ses ouvrages tel que </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">« The Fountainhead » (1943) et « Atlas
Shrugged » (1957)</span>, une éthique de l'égoïsme<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn45" name="_ftnref45" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn45;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[45]</span></span></span></span></a>
et soutenait l'idée selon laquelle l'altruisme est le mal et est immoral<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn46" name="_ftnref46" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn46;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[46]</span></span></span></span></a>.
Étonnamment, l'une des inspirations d'Ayn Rand fut le psychopathe sadique et
tueur en série William Edward Hickman </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">qui commit
de multiples incendies criminels, rapts d'enfants, et meurtres<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn47" name="_ftnref47" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn47;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[47]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">. Matthieu Ricard affirme :</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« </span><u><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Les
sources préférées d'Ayn Rand étaient au mieux suspectes. Dans <i>Journals</i>,
elle cite William Edward Hickman selon qui « Ce qui est bon pour moi est juste.
» Elle répond avec enthousiasme à cette idée : « C'est la meilleure et la plus
forte expression de la psychologie d'un véritable homme qu'il ne m'a jamais été
donné d'entendre. » Le seul problème est que William Edward Hickman était un
psychopathe qui commit de multiples incendies criminels, rapts d'enfants, et
meurtres </span></u><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">»<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn48" name="_ftnref48" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn48;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[48]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">En effet, dans son livre
intitulé « </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">The Journals of Ayn Rand »</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">, Ayn Rand affirme :</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>William Edward Hickman said</u></b> :
"I am like the state : <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>what is
good for me is right</u></b>". That is this boy's psychology. (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>The best and strongest expression of a
real man's psychology I ever heard</u></b>) »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn49" name="_ftnref49" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn49;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[49]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Or, par définition, un
psychopathe est un prédateur sans conscience morale, sans empathie (donc
incapable d'aimer) et égoïste. Le psychologue Robert D. Hare affirme :</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« </span><span class="big"><b><i><u><span lang="FR" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Psychopaths</span></u></i></b></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><b><i><u><span lang="FR" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></u></i></b></span><span class="apple-style-span"><u><span lang="FR" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">are social predators</span></u></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="FR" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> who
charm, manipulate, and ruthlessly plow their way through life, leaving a broad
trail of broken hearts, shattered expectations, and empty wallets. <u>Completely
lacking in conscience and in feelings for others, they selfishly take what they
want and do as they please</u>, violating social norms and expectations without
the slightest sense of guilt or regret (...) <u>These examples also illustrate
a frightful and perplexing theme that runs through the case histories of all
psychopaths: a deeply disturbing inability to care about the pain and suffering
experienced by others—in short, a complete lack of</u></span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><u><span lang="FR" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></u></span><span class="apple-style-span"><u><span lang="FR" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">empathy, the prerequisite for love (...) Many of
the characteristics displayed by psychopaths—especially their egocentricity,
lack of remorse, shallow emotions, and deceitfulness—are closely associated
with a profound lack of empathy (an inability to construct a mental and
emotional “facsimile” of another person). They seem unable to “get into the
skin” or to “walk in the shoes” of others, except in a purely intellectual
sense. The feelings of other people are of no concern to psychopaths (...) Psychopaths
view people as little more than objects to be used for their own gratification.
The weak and the vulnerable—whom they mock, rather than pity—are favorite
targets. “There is no such thing, in the psychopathic universe, as the merely
weak,” wrote psychologist Robert</span></u></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><u><span lang="FR" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></u></span><span class="apple-style-span"><u><span lang="FR" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Rieber. “Whoever is weak is also a sucker; that
is, someone who demands to be exploited.”</span></u></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="FR" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">»</span></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn50" name="_ftnref50" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn50;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[50]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="FR" style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Un psychopathe est rationnel
et conscient de ce qu'il fait et pourquoi. Son comportement est le résultat
d'un choix librement exercé<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn51" name="_ftnref51" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn51;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[51]</span></span></span></span></a>.
</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Il est donc très troublant
de penser qu'une personne (et encore plus troublant pour une auteure de
philosophe morale qui a inspiré des millions de personnes) puisse trouver
quelque chose d'admirable dans un tel monstre<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn52" name="_ftnref52" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn52;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[52]</span></span></span></span></a>.
Aux États-Unis son oeuvre majeure, « Atlas Shrugged », jouit d'une très grande
popularité et </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">fut citée comme le livre le plus
influent après la Bible.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> Matthieu Ricard affirme :</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« Ayn Rand est certainement une curieuse énigme. Bien
qu'elle ne soit que très peu connue en Europe et dans le reste du monde, elle
continue à avoir une influence notable sur la société américaine. <u>Dans le
cadre d'un sondage d'opinion mené en 1991 par la bibliothèque du Congrès des
Etats-Unis, son oeuvre majeure, <i>Atlas Shrugged</i>, fut cité comme le livre
le plus influent après la Bible</u>. Le Président Reagan ainsi qu'Alan
Greenspan étaient connus pour leur admiration d'Ayn Rand, admiration que
partage Paul Ryan »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn53" name="_ftnref53" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn53;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[53]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">La Bible Satanique, rédigée
en 1969 par Anton </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Szandor</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> LaVey (fondateur de l'Église
de Satan), est, de son aveu, fortement inspirée des écrits de la philosophe Ayn
Rand<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn54" name="_ftnref54" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn54;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[54]</span></span></span></span></a>.
Dans le contenu de la deuxième édition « Underground » de La Bible Satanique, il
est mentionné :</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>To imply or state that the Church of
Satan was the first to clearly state the Satanic ethic is to ignore the
continuing impact of Ayn Rand and individualists influenced by her work (...)
To illustrate this historical precedent, let us examine the Nine Satanic
Statements in view of the Rand work <i>Atlas Shrugged</i>. In Galt’s speech
(pages #936</u></b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "american typewriter"; font-size: 10.0pt;">‐</span></u></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">993) is the written source of most of the philosophical
ideas expressed in the <i>Satanic Bible</i></span></u></b><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">. Here are the first clear,
contemporary statements which led to the glorification of man’s pride and the
denouncing of the life</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "american typewriter"; font-size: 10.0pt;">‐</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">killing concept called altruism. Here also is a vindication
of rationality and the inevitable cause of the failure of the Church of Satan
to encompass the needs of intelligent and curious minds. </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Note that the sequential order of these <i>Atlas
Shrugged </i>quotations parallels the order of the Nine Satanic Statements</span></u></b><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">. </span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">1. LaVey: Satan represents
indulgence instead of abstinence. </span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Rand: A doctrine that gives
you, as an ideal, the role of a sacrificial animal seeking slaughter on the
altars of others, is giving you death as your standard. By the grace of reality
and the nature of life, man—every man—is an end in himself. He exists for his
own sake, and the achievement of his own happiness is his highest moral purpose.
(page 940).</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">2. LaVey: Satan represents
vital existence instead of spiritual pipe dreams. </span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Rand: My morality, the
morality of reason, is contained in a single axiom: existence exists—and in a
single choice: to live. The rest proceeds from these. (page 944).</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">3. LaVey: Satan
represents undefiled wisdom instead of hypocritical self</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "american typewriter"; font-size: 10.0pt;">‐</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">deceit.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Rand: Honesty is not a
social duty, not a sacrifice for the sake of others, but the most profoundly
selfish virtue man can practice: his refusal to sacrifice the reality of his
own existence to the deluded consciousness of others. (page 945).</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">4. LaVey: Satan represents
kindness to those who deserve it instead of love wasted on ingrates. </span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Rand: To withhold your
contempt from men’s vices is an act of moral counterfeiting, and to withhold
your admiration from their virtues is an act of moral embezzlement. (page 946).</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">5. LaVey: Satan represents
vengeance instead of turning the other cheek. </span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Rand: When a man attempts to
deal with me by force, I answer him by force. (page 950).</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">6. LaVey: Satan represents
responsibility to the responsible instead of concern for psychic vampires. </span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Rand: You have been using
fear as your weapon, and have been bringing death to man as his punishment for
rejecting your morality. We offer him life as his reward for accepting ours.
(page 950).</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">7. LaVey: Satan represents
man as just another animal—sometimes better, more often worse than those that
walk on all</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "american typewriter"; font-size: 10.0pt;">‐</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">fours—who, because of his
“divine spiritual and intellectual development”, has become the most vicious
animal of all. </span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Rand: Damnation
is the start of your morality; destruction is its purpose, means, and end. Your
code begins by damning man as evil, then demands that he practice a good which
it defines as impossible for him to practice. It demands, as his first proof of
virtue, that he accept his own depravity without proof. It demands that he
start not with a standard of value but with a standard of evil, which is
himself, by means of which he is then to define the good; the good is that
which he is not. (page 951).</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">8. LaVey: Satan represents
all of the so</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "american typewriter"; font-size: 10.0pt;">‐</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">called sins, as they all
lead to physical, mental, or emotional gratification. </span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Rand: What is the nature of
the guilt that your teachers call his Original Sin? What are the evils man
acquired when he fell from a state they consider perfection? Their myth
declares that he ate the fruit of the tree of knowledge—he acquired a mind and
became a rational being. It was the knowledge of good and evil; he became a
moral being. He was sentenced to earn his bread by his labor; he became a
productive being. He was sentenced to experience desire; he acquired the
capacity of sexual enjoyment. The evils for which they damn him are reason,
morality, creativeness, joy—all the cardinal values of his existence. (page
951).</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">9. LaVey: Satan has been the
best friend the church has ever had, as he has kept it in business all these
years. </span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Rand: And as he now crawls
through the wreckage, groping blindly for a way to live, your teachers offer
him the help of a morality that proclaims that he’ll find no solution and must
seek no fulfillment on Earth. Real existence, they tell him, is that which he
cannot perceive, true consciousness is the faculty of perceiving the non</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "american typewriter"; font-size: 10.0pt;">‐</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">existent—and if he is unable
to understand it, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">that<b> </b></span>is
the proof that his existence is evil and his consciousness impotent. (page
952).</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">(...)</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Anton LaVey is
the Magus of the Age of Satan, and did Utter a Word and cause a magical
restructuring of the universe. As the instrument of the creation of that Age,
he is immortalized. At the same time, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>credit
for the source of the philosophy which he espoused must be given to Ayn Rand</u></b>
»<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn55" name="_ftnref55" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn55;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[55]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Les auteurs </span><span class="addmd"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Per Faxneld et Jesper Aagaard Petersen</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> affirment aussi :</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>The 1969 Satanic Bible presented LaVey's
worldview to the public</u></b>. Satan, to him, was a symbol of man's carnal
nature, and LaVey's Satanism was a blend of Epicureanism, elitism, and
streetwise cynicism. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>He once himself
described it as 'Ayn Rand with trappings'</u></b> (Klein 1970 :20) (...) The
brutal interpretation of mankind and the world is emphasized in the first
section of The Satanic Bible, where LaVey includes an edited excerpt of the
book Might is Right. This excerpt declares : 'Blessed are the strong, for they
shall possess the earth- Cursed are the weak, for they shall inherit the yoke!'
(LaVey 1969:34). This excerpt was in part meant to provoke and challenge the
reader (Redbeard 1996 :3), but <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>it
also reflects the social Darwinism and cynicism that LaVey gathered from people
such as Herbert Spencer, Friedrich Nietzsche, and Ayn Rand</u></b> »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn56" name="_ftnref56" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn56;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[56]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">La Bible Satanique est également
inspirée des écrits de Nietzsche dont notamment les concepts suivants<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn57" name="_ftnref57" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn57;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[57]</span></span></span></span></a>
: « l'inversion de toutes les valeurs »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn58" name="_ftnref58" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn58;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[58]</span></span></span></span></a>,
« le surhomme »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn59" name="_ftnref59" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn59;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[59]</span></span></span></span></a>,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>« la volonté de puissance »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn60" name="_ftnref60" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn60;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[60]</span></span></span></span></a>,
le mépris de la pitié, de la compassion et de l'altruisme<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn61" name="_ftnref61" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn61;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[61]</span></span></span></span></a>,
« société aristocratique »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn62" name="_ftnref62" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn62;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[62]</span></span></span></span></a>
et hiérarchique<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn63" name="_ftnref63" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn63;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[63]</span></span></span></span></a>,
anti-démocratique<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn64" name="_ftnref64" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn64;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[64]</span></span></span></span></a>,
qui croit en l'esclavage<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn65" name="_ftnref65" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn65;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[65]</span></span></span></span></a>,
philosophie réservée à une élite<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn66" name="_ftnref66" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn66;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[66]</span></span></span></span></a>,
« morale aristocratique »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn67" name="_ftnref67" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn67;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[67]</span></span></span></span></a>
(par opposition à une « morale de troupeau »)<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn68" name="_ftnref68" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn68;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[68]</span></span></span></span></a>
ou « morale des maîtres »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn69" name="_ftnref69" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn69;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[69]</span></span></span></span></a>
(selon laquelle on n'a de devoirs qu'envers ses égaux, tandis qu'à l'égard des
inférieurs et des étrangers on peut agir à sa guise ou "comme le coeur
vous en dit", en tout cas par delà le bien et le mal)<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn70" name="_ftnref70" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn70;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[70]</span></span></span></span></a>,
l'acquiescement de la réalité par l'homme fort et la fuite devant la réalité
par l'homme faible<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn71" name="_ftnref71" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn71;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[71]</span></span></span></span></a>,
le droit et le devoir du plus fort de dominer le faible<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn72" name="_ftnref72" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn72;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[72]</span></span></span></span></a>,
« l'instinct grégaire de l'obéissance »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn73" name="_ftnref73" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn73;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[73]</span></span></span></span></a>,
échelons de valeur entre les hommes<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn74" name="_ftnref74" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn74;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[74]</span></span></span></span></a>,
qu'il « existe un instinct du rang »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn75" name="_ftnref75" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn75;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[75]</span></span></span></span></a>,
les hommes ne sont pas égaux<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn76" name="_ftnref76" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn76;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[76]</span></span></span></span></a>,
l'inégalité des droits<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn77" name="_ftnref77" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn77;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[77]</span></span></span></span></a>,
mort aux faibles et aux ratés<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn78" name="_ftnref78" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn78;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[78]</span></span></span></span></a>.
Nietzsche affirmait :</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« Où et comment
la plante humaine est-elle parvenue jusqu'à présent à sa croissance la plus
vigoureuse ? (...) qu'il a fallu une longue pression et une longue contrainte
pour que les facultés d'imagination et de dissimulation s'affinent et
s'enhardissent chez l'homme, pour que son vouloir vivre s'intensifie jusqu'à
devenir volonté de puissance ; <u>nous pensons que la dureté, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">la violence, l'esclavage</b>, le danger
partout présent, dans la rue et dans les coeurs, la clandestinité, le
stoïcisme, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">la magie et toute sorte de
diablerie, tout ce qui est mauvais, terrible, tyrannique, tout ce qui tient de
la bête fauve ou du serpent, chez l'homme, sert aussi bien que son contraire à
élever le niveau de l'espèce humaine</b></u> »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn79" name="_ftnref79" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn79;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[79]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Il condamnait la dépendance<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn80" name="_ftnref80" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn80;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[80]</span></span></span></span></a>
et affirmait que les faibles et les ratés doivent périr et qu'on doit les y
aider<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn81" name="_ftnref81" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn81;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[81]</span></span></span></span></a>.
Il défendait le droit et le devoir du plus fort de dominer<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn82" name="_ftnref82" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn82;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[82]</span></span></span></span></a>.
Il affirmait :</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« Que les
agneaux aient l'horreur des grands oiseaux de proie, voilà qui n'étonnera
personne : mais ce n'est point une raison d'en vouloir aux grands oiseaux de
proie de ce qu'ils ravissent les petits agneaux (...) <u>Exiger de la force
qu'elle ne se manifeste pas comme telle, qu'elle ne soit pas une volonté de
terrasser et d'assujettir, une soif d'ennemis, de résistance et de triomphes,
c'est tout aussi insensé que d'exiger de la faiblesse qu'elle manifeste de la
force</u> »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn83" name="_ftnref83" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn83;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[83]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Ainsi, vivre, selon
Nietzsche, « c'est essentiellement dépouiller, blesser, violenter le faible et
l'étranger, l'opprimer, lui imposer durement ses formes propres, l'assimiler ou
tout au moins (c'est la solution la plus douce) l'exploiter (...)
L'"exploitation" n'est pas le fait d'une société corrompue,
imparfaite ou primitive ; elle est inhérente à la nature même de la vie<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>»<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn84" name="_ftnref84" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn84;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[84]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></div>
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<span class="hps"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Nietzsche</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> <span class="hps">a
prêché</span> <span class="hps">la plupart des</span> <span class="hps">articles</span>
<span class="hps">de la foi</span> <span class="hps">nazie (à savoir</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"> </span>la transvaluation de toutes les valeurs, la
volonté de puissance, le droit et le devoir du plus fort de dominer...etc)<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn85" name="_ftnref85" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn85;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[85]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">. Crane Brinton, professeur
de philosophie et historien des idées à l'Université Harvard, affirme à ce
sujet : </span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>The historian must recognize that, point
for point, Nietzsche preached (along with other things) most of the articles of
the Nazi faith – a transvaluation of all values, the sanctity of the will to
power, the right and duty of the strong to dominate, the sole right of great
states to exist, and a renewing, a rebirth of German and European society</u></b>.
The historian must recognize also that, though many differing ethical values
may be attached to the vague Nietzschean concept of the Superman, both the Nazi
idea of the master-race and the Führerprinzip are among the most obvious and
most congruous derivatives of that concept. He may well feel also, as the
present writer feels, a similarity in the general emotional tone (as distinct
from specific ideas) of Nietzsche’s writings and that of the utterances of the
Nazi leaders. Nietzsche first, among philosophers, repudiated sharply and
completely the underlying ethos, the “great tradition,” of Western civilization
; and what he preached, the leaders of National Socialism have converted into a
potent organized propaganda and a program of collective action »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn86" name="_ftnref86" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn86;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[86]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span>
</div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Corliss Lamont affirme aussi
:</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« <u>Bracing
himself with crude interpretations of the Darwinian theory of evolution, he
defined this Will as a brutal, assertive, and amoral Will to Power. In the
human race this Will to Power manifests itself, according to Nietzsche, in the
survival and superiority of the strongest, the most ruthless, the most
masterful. Nietzsche had an extreme contempt for women. He was militantly
opposed to democracy and bitterly attacked Christianity, primarily on the
grounds that it encourages the democratic way of life. His ideal man was the
tough and aristocratic hero recklessly engaging in strife, danger, and
adventure and boldly setting himself up above all current views of good and bad
(...) <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">This fierce philosophy,
paradoxically enough produced by a constitutional invalid, later became a
stimulus and inspiration for the German Nazis under Adolf Hitler. The
Nietzschean Will to Power was equated with the Will to Dominate the World</b>;
the Nietzschean stress on biological superiority and eugenics, with the right
of the master race to rule the rest of humankind </u>»<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn87" name="_ftnref87" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn87;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[87]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">La Bible satanique est
également inspirée des écrits de Ragnar Redbeard (son ouvrage « Might is right
») et des écrits de Herbert Spencer (darwinisme social)<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn88" name="_ftnref88" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn88;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[88]</span></span></span></span></a>.
Alors que Nietzsche a</span><span class="hps"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> prêché</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">
<span class="hps">la plupart des</span> <span class="hps">articles</span> <span class="hps">de la foi</span> <span class="hps">Nazie</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn89" name="_ftnref89" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn89;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[89]</span></span></span></span></a><span class="hps">, Ayn Rand et Nietzsche sont les principales sources des idées
philosophiques exprimées dans la Bible Satanique</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn90" name="_ftnref90" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn90;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[90]</span></span></span></span></a><span class="hps">.</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> En somme, James R. Lewis, professeur de religions à l'Université du
Wisconsin, soutient, dans un article cité dans la Bible satanique, que la Bible
satanique est fondée sur le côté sombre ou obscur de la nature humaine (à
savoir l'<span style="color: black;">instinct égoïste</span><span style="color: #1155cd;"> </span><span style="color: black;">et la propension
naturelle à la domination</span><span style="color: #1155cd;"> </span><span style="color: black;">et à la cruauté</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">)
de sorte que l'être humain n'est rien de plus qu'un animal sans moralité qui ne
respecte que la loi de la jungle et sans autre but que la survie du plus fort </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">:</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>The human nature to which LaVey appealed
was humanity's animal nature, viewed through the lens of Darwinism. The human
being in this view is little more than an animal with no ultimate morality
other than law of the jungle and no purpose other than the survival of the
fittest</u></b> »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn91" name="_ftnref91" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn91;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[91]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Dans un texte intitulé « On
the importance of being Evil », Anton Szandor LaVey affirme, dans un même
esprit que Nietzsche<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn92" name="_ftnref92" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn92;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[92]</span></span></span></span></a>,
que du mal peut naître le bien :</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« Volumes have
charted the history of man's cruelty and tyranny. <u>How many have considered
the essential role of villainy in human development?</u> </span></div>
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<u><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">An impartial
survey would no doubt qualify the villain as unsung hero</span></u><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">. While fusty religionists
still cast Satanists in the old, convenient mold, the readily obtainable
literature of contemporary Satanism has inspired change in religious thought. Can
we expect such an admission by modern theologians? Of course not. <u>It is
always a villain, however, who becomes the catalyst for change</u>.</span></div>
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<u><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Consider
these still fresh examples</span></u><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">: If Aleister Crowley had not been "the world's wickedst
man," the like of Gerald Gardner and Margaret Murray could not have
stepped onstage for purposes of "enlightenment," and Dennis Wheatley
might be a starving hack. They owe their identities to Crowley's outrages. If
the Hell's Angels had not caused such a furor, and had not been ritualized in
motion pictures like The Wild One and Scorpio Rising, a "clean,
wholesome" interest in motorcycling (and its billions in profits) would
not have evolved. The glamour of evil, not fun in the sun, secretly spawned the
present bike movement. Pollution reduction, economical transportation -- all
other rationales for motorcycling are piety devices. If the late Senator Joseph
McCarthy had not performed his auto-da-fe there would be no movement of the
"Politically Correct." <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>If
Hitler had not singled out the Jews for discrimination, the nation of Israel
might never have been realized</u></b> »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn93" name="_ftnref93" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn93;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[93]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Dans un texte intitulé « The
goodguy badge », Anton Szandor LaVey semble dire que les bons gars sont très
majoritairement des hypocrites et manipulateurs. Il affirme : </span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« </span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Man is a
selfish creature. Everything in life is a selfish act. Man is not concerned
with helping others, yet he wants others to believe he is (..) Intrinsically
evil people are often hypocrites who make a show of their Goodguy Badge »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn94" name="_ftnref94" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn94;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[94]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></div>
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<b><u><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Conclusion</span></u></b></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">La
religion satanique repose sur une conception de la nature humaine qui </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">encourage l'être humain à
développer son <span style="color: black;">instinct égoïste</span><span style="color: #1155cd;"> </span><span style="color: black;">et sa propension
naturelle à la domination</span><span style="color: #1155cd;"> </span><span style="color: black;">et à la cruauté</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">
de sorte que celui-ci n'est rien de plus qu'un animal sans moralité (ou avec
une </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">« morale
des maîtres »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn95" name="_ftnref95" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn95;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[95]</span></span></span></span></a> au
sens nietzschéen)</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> qui ne respecte que la loi de la
jungle et sans autre but que la survie du plus fort<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn96" name="_ftnref96" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn96;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[96]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> La
Bible Satanique mentionne : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">« <u>Death to the weakling, wealth to the strong!</u> »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn97" name="_ftnref97" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn97;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[97]</span></span></span></span></a>.
Cette conception est dans la même lignée que les écrits du Marquis de Sade, de
Nietzsche et d'Hitler. </span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Le Marquis de Sade affirmait
:</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« Apprends que
la civilisation en bouleversant les institutions de la nature, ne lui enleva
pourtant point ses droits ; elle créa dans l'origine des êtres forts et des êtres
faibles, son intention fut que ceux-ci fussent toujours subordonnés aux autres
comme l'agneau l'est toujours au lion, comme l'insecte l'est à l'éléphant ;
l'adresse et l'intelligence de l'homme varièrent la position des individus ; ce
ne fut plus la force physique qui détermina le rang, ce fut celle qu'il acquit par
ses richesses. L'homme le plus riche, devint l'homme le plus fort, le plus
pauvre devint le plus faible, mais à cela près des motifs qui fondaient la
puissance, la priorité du fort sur le faible fut toujours dans les lois de la
nature à qui il devenait égal que la chaîne qui captivait le faible fût tenue
par le riche ou par le plus fort, et qu'elle écrasât le plus faible ou bien le
plus pauvre (...) Le pauvre est dans l'ordre de la nature ; en créant les
hommes de forces inégales, elle nous a convaincus du désir qu'elle avait que
cette inégalité se conservât même dans le changement que notre civilisation
apporterait à ses lois. Le pauvre remplace le faible, je te l'ai déjà dit,
c'est s'opposer à celui de la nature »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn98" name="_ftnref98" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn98;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[98]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span>
</div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Nietzsche
affirmait :</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« Que les
agneaux aient l'horreur des grands oiseaux de proie, voilà qui n'étonnera
personne : mais ce n'est point une raison d'en vouloir aux grands oiseaux de
proie de ce qu'ils ravissent les petits agneaux (...) Exiger de la force
qu'elle ne se manifeste pas comme telle, qu'elle ne soit pas une volonté de
terrasser et d'assujettir, une soif d'ennemis, de résistance et de triomphes,
c'est tout aussi insensé que d'exiger de la faiblesse qu'elle manifeste de la
force<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn99" name="_ftnref99" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn99;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[99]</span></span></span></span></a>
(...) <span class="MsoFootnoteReference">Vivre, </span>c'est essentiellement
dépouiller, blesser, violenter le faible et l'étranger, l'opprimer, lui imposer
durement ses formes propres, l'assimiler ou tout au moins (c'est la solution la
plus douce) l'exploiter (...) L'"exploitation" n'est pas le fait
d'une société corrompue, imparfaite ou primitive ; elle est inhérente à la
nature même de la vie<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn100" name="_ftnref100" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn100;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[100]</span></span></span></span></a>
».</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span>
</div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Hitler, qui louait un culte
à la force, affirmait également : </span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« Il sentira dès
lors que dans un monde (...) où la force règne, partout et seule, en maîtresse
de la faiblesse qu'elle contraint à la servir docilement, ou qu'elle brise,
l'homme ne peut pas relever de lois spéciales<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn101" name="_ftnref101" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn101;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[101]</span></span></span></span></a>
(...) le rôle du plus fort est de dominer<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn102" name="_ftnref102" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn102;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[102]</span></span></span></span></a>
».</span></div>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">La
religion satanique sous-tend également une conception aristocratique de la «
dignité » dont l'origine remonte à </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">l'Antiquité gréco-romaine.<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span>Le mot « dignité » existe depuis l'Antiquité gréco-romaine<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn103" name="_ftnref103" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn103;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[103]</span></span></span></span></a>.
Il vient des mots latins <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">dignus</i> et <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">dignitas</i> qui signifient « digne
d'honneur et d'estime »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn104" name="_ftnref104" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn104;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[104]</span></span></span></span></a>.
Il réfère au rang, à la hiérarchie, au statut social, à la charge ou à la
fonction occupée, à l'excellence et au pouvoir<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn105" name="_ftnref105" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn105;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[105]</span></span></span></span></a>.
La « dignité » implique donc l'admiration, l'excellence et la distinction<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn106" name="_ftnref106" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn106;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[106]</span></span></span></span></a>.
Par conséquent, seuls certains individus, qui ont les qualités, les mérites ou
les aptitudes recherchés, la possèdent<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn107" name="_ftnref107" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn107;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[107]</span></span></span></span></a>.
Elle opère ainsi des distinctions entre les individus et c'est pourquoi, dans
l'Antiquité, tous les êtres humains n'étaient pas égaux devant la loi<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn108" name="_ftnref108" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn108;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[108]</span></span></span></span></a>.
La « dignité » est, en ce sens, conditionnelle, élitiste et aristocratique<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn109" name="_ftnref109" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn109;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[109]</span></span></span></span></a>.<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Au contraire, la religion humaniste </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">repose
sur une conception de la nature humaine qui encourage l'être humain à
développer</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> sa propension naturelle à la
moralité, c'est-à-dire son instinct altruiste et sa capacité d'empathie ou son sentiment
naturel de pitié, car elles sont les seules caractéristiques de la nature
humaine qui sont universalisables<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn110" name="_ftnref110" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn110;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[110]</span></span></span></span></a>.
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Le
religion humaniste sous-tend également une conception </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">démocratique<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn111" name="_ftnref111" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn111;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[111]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> de la « dignité » (à savoir la « dignité
humaine ») dont l'origine remonte </span>à l'époque des lumières il y a moins
de deux cents ans<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn112" name="_ftnref112" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn112;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[112]</span></span></span></span></a>.<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span>Herbert Spiegelberg explique
l'essence de la dignité humaine démocratique qui se distingue de la dignité
aristocratique : </span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 30.85pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« <u>Human
dignity is a very different matter. It implies the very denial of an
aristocratic order of dignities. For it refers to the minimum dignity which
belongs to every human being qua human. It does not admit of any degrees. It is
equal for all humans. It cannot be gained or lost. In this respect human
dignity as a species of dignity differs fundamentally from the genus</u> »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn113" name="_ftnref113" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn113;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[113]</span></span></span></span></a>.
</span></div>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Seule la religion humaniste, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">qui encourage l'être humain à
développer sa propension à la moralité (l'amour des hommes dérivés de l'amour
de soi)<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn114" name="_ftnref114" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn114;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[114]</span></span></span></span></a> et
qui vise le bien de tous<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn115" name="_ftnref115" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn115;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[115]</span></span></span></span></a>,</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> est universalisable :</span></div>
<blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 30.85pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<u><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« These
values of freedom, respect for others, and the equal dignity of all impose
themselves on him with the force of self-evidence, and seem to him more
suitable to the human species then others. It is clear, however, that other values
might claim a similar “suitability” and yet are not part of the humanists’<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>set of values. Why not? Egotism, the
preference for one’ s own, or the comfort found in submission to the strong are
no less “natural”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>than their opposites.
To rationalize their feeling of self-evidence, the humanists are then led to
refer to a discriminatory criterion, which is universality itself. One can wish
that all human beings were autonomous, that they were all treated as ends in
themselves, or provided with the same dignity; one cannot say as much of
principles like the survival of the fittest, submission, or the
instrumentalization of others. Human universality does double duty in the
humanist doctrine, both as one value among others and as the means of
legitimizing values</span></u><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn116" name="_ftnref116" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn116;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[116]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span><b><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></b></div>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Corliss Lamont ajoute :</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 37.95pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« <u>It is a
philosophy that has striking potentialities for unification both within nations
and among nations.This is why Sir Julian Huxley, when he was head of UNESCO,
suggested that the general philosophy of that United Nations agency should be
“a scientific world Humanism, global in extent and evolutionary in
background"</u>»<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn117" name="_ftnref117" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn117;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[117]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></div>
</blockquote>
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</style> <span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11pt;">En ce moment même,
</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">le </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">« Satanic Temple » </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">distribue de la littérature satanique à des étudiants d'écoles primaires et
secondaires au Colorado (États-Unis) ce qui</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> démontre
que ce débat n'est pas que théorique. (Voir : </span>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Mark
Judge, « Satanic, atheist literature to be distributed in Colorado middle and
high schools » (March 29, 2016) CNSNews.com, en ligne : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><a href="http://www.cnsnews.com/blog/mark-judge/video-satanic-secular-brochures-be-distributed-colorado-middle-and-high-schools"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">http://www.cnsnews.com/blog/mark-judge/video-satanic-secular-brochures-be-distributed-colorado-middle-and-high-schools</span></a></span>
<br />
<br />
Le choix entre une religion humaniste et une religion satanique est bien exprimé par Noam Chomsky :<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
« <span class="st">The <em>tendencies</em> that <em>we</em>'<em>ve been describing within American society</em>, <em>unless</em> they're <em>reversed</em>, it's going to be an extremely ugly society, </span><span class="st">a <em>society</em> that's <em>based on Adam Smith's</em> '<em>vile maxim</em>' </span><span class="st">'<em>all for myself</em>, <em>nothing</em> for anyone else' ; </span><span class="st"><em>a society in which normal human instincts </em></span><span class="st">and <em>emotions</em> of sympathy, </span><span class="st">solidarity, and <em>mutual support</em> are driven out. </span><span class="st"><em>That's a society so ugly</em> I don't even know who'<em>d</em> want to live in it. </span><span class="st"><span class="f"></span>I <em>wouldn't want my children</em> to (...)</span> If the society is based on control by private wealth, it will reflect
the values that it, in fact, does reflect now — greed and the desire to
maximize personal gain at the expense of others. A small society based
on that principle is ugly, but it can survive. A global society based on
that principle is headed for massive destruction. We have to have a
mode of social organization that reflects other values inherent in human
nature. It’s not the case that in the family every person tries to
maximize personal gain at the expense of others. If they do, it’s
pathological. It’s not the case, if you and I are walking down the
street and we see a child eating a piece of candy, and we see that
nobody’s around, and we happen to be hungry, that we steal the candy.
Concern for other people’s needs and concern for our fragile environment
that must sustain future generations are part of human nature. But
these elements are suppressed in a social system which is designed to
maximize personal gain. We must try to overcome that suppression » (Voir : Noam Chomsky, « Meaningful democracy : Noam Chomsky interviewed by Bill Moyers, A World of ideas, Doubleday, 1989, p.38-58, en ligne : <a href="https://chomsky.info/1988____/">https://chomsky.info/1988____/</a>)</div>
</blockquote>
<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Eric Folot,
Avocat et Bioéthicien</span></b></div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Tzvetan Todorov, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Imperfect garden : the legacy of humanism</i>,
trad. par Carol Cosman, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2002 à la p.42.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Confucius, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Ethics of Confucius : the sayings of the
master and his disciples upon the conduct of "the superior man"</i>,
arranged according to the plan of Confucius with running commentary by Miles
Menander Dawson, with a foreword by Wu Ting Fang, New York,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1915 à la p.17, en ligne
: </span><span lang="FR"><a href="http://lf-oll.s3.amazonaws.com/titles/2065/Confucius_1377_EBk_v6.0.pdf"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">http://lf-oll.s3.amazonaws.com/titles/2065/Confucius_1377_EBk_v6.0.pdf</span></a></span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> . « </span></span><u><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Unquestionably the great religious
leaders like Buddha and Confucius and Jesus have made a substantial
contribution, on the ethical side, to the Humanist tradition </span></u><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">» : Corliss Lamont, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The philosophy of humanism</i>, 8th Edition,
New York, Humanist Press, 1997 à la p.53.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> The Book of Satan" in
Anton Szandor LaVey, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Satanic Bible</i>,
Underground Edition 2 à la p.35 (chap I au para.1), en ligne : </span><span lang="FR"><a href="https://cdn.preterhuman.net/texts/religion.occult.new_age/Satanism/The%20Satanic%20Bible%20%28Ed.2%29.pdf"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">https://cdn.preterhuman.net/texts/religion.occult.new_age/Satanism/The
Satanic Bible %28Ed.2%29.pdf</span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Friedrich Nietzsche, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Par delà le bien et le mal</i>, Paris,
Éditions Montaigne, 1951 au para.239.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Friedrich Nietzsche, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">L'Antéchrist suivi de Ecce Homo</i>, trad.
par Jean-Claude Hémery, Paris, Éditions Gallimard, 1974 à la p.16.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Friedrich Nietzsche, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Par delà le bien et le mal</i>, Paris,
Éditions Montaigne, 1951 au para.62.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Friedrich Nietzsche, <i>Par
delà le bien et le mal</i>, trad. par Geneviève Bianquis, Aubier, Éditions
Montaigne, 1951 au para.259.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Blaise Pascal affirme : « <u>Il
ne faut pas que l'homme croie qu'il est égal aux bêtes, ni aux anges, ni qu'il
ignore l'un et l'autre, mais qu'il sache l'un et l'autre. L'homme n'est ni ange
ni bête, et le malheur veut que qui veut faire l'ange fait la bête</u> » :
Blaise Pascal, <i>Pensées</i>, Paris, Librairie générale française, 1962 à la
p.151 (aux paras. 328-329) (voir aussi à la p.92 au para.176). Pascal ajoute :
« Que l'homme maintenant s'estime son prix. Qu'il s'aime, car il y a en lui une
nature capable de bien ; mais qu'il n'aime pas pour cela les bassesses qui y
sont<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>» : Blaise Pascal, <i>Pensées</i>,
Paris, Librairie générale française, 1962 à la p.151 (au para 331).</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Platon, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">La République</i>, trad. par Georges Leroux,
Paris, Flammarion, 2002 aux pp.474-475 (IX, 588c-588d).</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Frans de Waal, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Good natured : The
origins of Right and Wrong in humans and other animals</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">,</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Cambridge, Harvard
University Press, 1996 à la p.5. « Human beings are endowed by nature with both
selfish and unselfish impulses » : Reinhold Niebuhr, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Moral man and immoral society : a study in ethics and politics</i>, New
York, Scribner, 1960 à la p.25</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Frans de Waal,
"Morality and the social instincts : continuity with the other
primates", The Tanner lectures of human values, Princeton University,
November 19-20, 2003 à la p.32.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Jean-Jacques Rousseau, <i>Discours
sur l’origine et les fondements de l’inégalité parmi les hommes</i>, Paris,
Éditions Gallimard, 1965 aux pp.74-77.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Arthur
Schopenhauer, <i>Le Fondement de la morale</i>, trad. par A. Burdeau,
Aubier-Montaigne, 1978 à la p.162.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Emmanuel Kant, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Leçons d'éthique</i>, trad. par Luc
Langlois, Paris, Librairie générale française, 1997 à la p.14 ; Eric Volant, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Des morales : crises et impératifs</i>,
Montréal, Les Éditions Paulines, 1985 à la p.104.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn15" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[15]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Adam Smith affirme : « <u>How
selfish soever man may be supposed, there are evidently some principles in his
nature, which interest him in the fortune of others, and render their happiness
necessary to him, though he derives nothing from it except the pleasure of
seeing it. Of this kind is pity or compassion, the emotion which we feel for
the misery of others, when we either see it, or are made to conceive it in a
very lively manner. That we often derive sorrow from the sorrow of others, is a
matter of fact too obvious to require any instances to prove it; for this
sentiment, like all the other original passions of human nature, is by no means
confined to the virtuous and humane, though they perhaps may feel it with the
most exquisite sensibility. The greatest ruffian, the most hardened violator of
the laws of society, is not altogether without it </u>» : Adam Smith, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The theory of moral sentiments</i>, Cambridge,
Cambridge University Press, 2002 part I, section I, chap.I, para.1.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn16" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[16]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Selon Arthur Schopenhauer,
la pitié est « <u>l'unique source des actions moralement bonnes </u>» : Arthur
Schopenhauer, <i>Le fondement de la morale</i>, trad. par A. Burdeau, Paris, Aubier-Montaigne,
1978 aux pp.119 et 147.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn17" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[17]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Jean-Jacques Rousseau, <i>Discours
sur l’origine et les fondements de l’inégalité parmi les hommes</i>, Paris,
Éditions Gallimard, 1965 aux pp.74-77.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn18" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[18]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Frans de Waal, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Good natured : The
origins of Right and Wrong in humans and other animals</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">,</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Cambridge, Harvard
University Press, 1996 aux pp.16-17, 20.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn19" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[19]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> « <u>Human beings are
endowed by nature with both selfish and unselfish impulses</u> » : Reinhold
Niebuhr, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Moral man and immoral society :
a study in ethics and politics</i>, New York, Scribner, 1960 à la p.25 ; « <u>Let
us try to teach generosity and altruism, because we are born selfish </u>» :
Richard Dawkins, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The selfish gene</i>,
Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2006 à la p.3.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn20" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[20]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Hobbes parle de désir de
puissance : Thomas Hobbes, <i>Léviathan</i>, trad. par Gérard Mairet, Paris,
Éditions Gallimard, 2000 aux pp.187-188. Il parle également d'inclination
naturelle de nuire aux autres : Thomas Hobbes, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Le citoyen ou les fondements de la politique</i>, trad. par Samuel
Sorbière, Paris, Flammarion, 1982 aux pp.95 et 98. Kant parle d'instinct de
domination : Emmanuel Kant, « Idée d'une histoire universelle au point de vue
cosmopolitique (1784) » dans <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">La
philosophie de l'histoire (opuscules)</i>, trad. par Stephane Piobetta, Paris,
Aubier-Montaigne, 1947 à la p.65. John Stuart Mill parle d'instinct de
destruction et de domination : John Stuart Mill, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Nature, the Utility of religion, and Theism</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">,
3rd ed., London, Longmans, Green, Reader, and Dyer, 1874 aux pp.56-57.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Il parle également de désir
d'exercer du pouvoir sur les autres : John Stuart Mill, <i>Considerations on
representative government</i>, London, Parker, son, and Bourn, 1861 à la p.82.
Voir aussi John Locke, « Lettre sur la tolérance (1686) » dans <i>Lettre sur la
tolérance et autres textes</i>, trad. par Jean Le Clerc, Paris, Flammarion,
1992 à la p.163 ; Blaise Pascal, <i>Pensées</i>, Paris, Librairie générale
française, 1962 à la p.138 ; Adam Smith, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Recherches
sur la nature et les causes de la richesse des nations</i>, trad. par Germain
Garnier, t.1, Paris, Flammarion, 1991 à la p.480 (III, II) ; Friedrich
Nietzsche, <i>La généalogie de la morale</i>, trad. par Henri Albert, Paris,
Mercure de France, 1964 à la p.111 ; Max Horkheimer et Theodor W. Adorno, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">La dialectique de la raison</i>, trad. par
Éliane Kaufholz, Paris, Éditions Gallimard, 1974 à la p.57 ; Reinhold Niebuhr, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Moral man and immoral society : a study in
ethics and politics</i>, New York, Scribner, 1960 aux pp.18, 46-47. </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Voir
également : C. Northcote Parkinson, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">L'évolution
de la pensée politique</i>, trad. par Louis Évrard, t.2, Paris, Éditions
Gallimard, 1965 aux pp.31-32 ; John Kenneth Galbraith et Nicole Salinger, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tout savoir ou presque sur l'économie</i>,
trad. par Nicole Salinger, Paris, Éditions du Seuil, 1978 à la p.63 ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Yale Law School, The Avalon
Project, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Alexander Hamilton,</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> « The Federalist Papers :
No.6 », en ligne : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><</span></span><span lang="FR" style="color: blue; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/fed06.asp</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn21" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[21]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Voir les propos d' Arnold Toynbee
: Arnold Toynbee and Daisaku Ikeda, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Choose
life : a dialogue</i>, London, Oxford University Press, 1976 aux pp.201-202. </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn22" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[22]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Friedrich Nietzsche, <i>La
généalogie de la morale</i>, trad. par Henri Albert, Paris, Mercure de France,
1964 aux pp.90-91.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn23" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[23]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Friedrich Nietzsche, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ainsi parlait Zarathoustra</i>, trad. par
Marthe Robert, Paris, Union générale d'édition, 1958 à la p.207.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn24" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[24]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Friedrich Nietzsche, <i>Par
delà le bien et le mal</i>, trad. par Geneviève Bianquis, Aubier, Éditions
Montaigne, 1951 aux pp.167-168 (para.229).</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn25" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[25]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Kant affirme que les êtres
humains sont « <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u>arbitria libera</u></i>
» : Immanuel Kant, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The metaphysics of
morals</i>, trad. par Mary Gregor, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1991
aux pp.41-42 (aux paras.213-214) ; Onora O'Neill, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Constructions of reason: explorations of Kant's practical
philosophy</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, Cambridge University Press, 1989 à
la p.72.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn26" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[26]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Kant affirme que les
animaux sont « <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u>arbitria bruta</u></i>
» : Immanuel Kant, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The metaphysics of
morals</i>, trad. par Mary Gregor, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1991
aux pp.41-42 (para.213-214) ; Onora O'Neill, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Constructions of reason: explorations of Kant's practical
philosophy</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, Cambridge University Press, 1989 à
la p.72.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn27" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[27]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Jean-Jacques Rousseau, <i>Discours
sur l’origine et les fondements de l’inégalité parmi les hommes</i>, Paris,
Éditions Gallimard, 1965 à la p.57. Voir aussi </span><span class="addmd"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">George
Kateb, </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Human
Dignity</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, Cambridge, Harvard University
Press, 2011 aux pp.11 et 171.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Emmanuel Kant affirme également que la nature <u>« en
munissant l'homme de la raison et de la liberté du vouloir qui se fonde sur
cette raison, elle indiquait déjà clairement son dessein en ce qui concerne la
dotation de l'homme. Il ne devait pas être gouverné par l'instinct, ni secondé
et informé par une connaissance innée ; il devait bien plutôt tirer tout de
lui-même (...) Il semble bien que la nature n'ait pas eu du tout en vue de lui
accorder une vie facile, mais au contraire de l'obliger par ses efforts à
s'élever assez haut pour qu'il se rende digne, par sa conduite, de la vie et du
bien-être</u> » : Emmanuel Kant, « Idée d'une histoire universelle au point de
vue cosmopolitique (1784) » dans <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">La
philosophie de l'histoire (opuscules)</i>, trad. par Stephane Piobetta, Paris,
Aubier-Montaigne, 1947 aux pp.62-63. « <u>L'homme seul est libre (...) La
liberté est ce qui constitue la valeur de l'homme</u> » : Emmanuel Kant, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Leçons d'éthique</i>, trad. par Luc
Langlois, Paris, Librairie générale française, 1997 aux pp.233 et 404. Sur
Kant, voir aussi Michael J. Sandel, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Justice
: What's the right thing to do ?</i>, New York, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2009
à la p.108 ; <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Allen W. Wood, <i>Kant's
ethical thought</i>, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1999 aux
pp.241-242.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn28" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[28]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Jean-Jacques Rousseau, <i>Discours
sur l’origine et les fondements de l’inégalité parmi les hommes</i>, Paris,
Éditions Gallimard, 1965 à la p.57.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn29" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[29]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Giovanni Pico della
Mirandola, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Oration on the dignity of man</i>,
trad. par A. Robert Caponigri, Washington, Regnery Publishing Inc., 1999 aux
pp.7-8 ; Jacques Rousseau, <i>Discours sur l’origine et les fondements de
l’inégalité parmi les hommes</i>, Paris, Éditions Gallimard, 1965 aux pp.56-57
; Emmanuel Kant, « Conjectures sur les débuts de l'histoire humaine (1786) »
dans <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">La philosophie de l'histoire
(opuscules)</i>, trad. par Stephane Piobetta, Paris, Aubier-Montaigne, 1947 à
la p.157. </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Emmanuel Lévinas affirme que « <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">selon Fichte, </i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">l'homme originairement n'est rien </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">» [nos italiques] : Emmanuel
Lévinas, « Quelques réflexions sur la philosophie de l'hitlérisme », en ligne :
</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><</span></span><span lang="FR" style="color: blue; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">http://www.anti-rev.org/textes/Abensour97a/index.html</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> ; Thomas de Koninck, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">De la
dignité humaine</i>, Paris, P.U.F., 1995 aux pp.132- ; Friedrich Nietzsche, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Par delà le bien et le mal</i>, Paris,
Éditions Montaigne, 1951 au para.62.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn30" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref30" name="_ftn30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[30]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> "<u>It is this liberty
that is the common source of good and evil: the origin of the two is indeed the
same</u>":<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tzvetan Todorov, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Imperfect garden : the legacy of humanism</i>,
trad. par Carol Cosman, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2002 à la p.194.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn31" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref31" name="_ftn31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[31]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Kant affirme : « <u>La
moralité, ainsi que l’humanité, en tant qu’elle est capable de moralité, c’est
donc là ce qui seul a de la dignité</u> » [nos italiques] : Emmanuel Kant, <i>Fondements
de la métaphysique des moeurs</i>, trad. par Victor Delbos, Paris, Classiques
de la philosophie, 1993 à la p.113 ; </span><span class="addmd"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">George
Kateb, </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Human
Dignity</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, Cambridge, Harvard University
Press, 2011 à la p.13 ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Denis Gingras, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">René
Cassin et les droits de l'homme</i>, thèse de doctorat en philosophie,
Université Laval, 1996 à la p.198.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn32" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref32" name="_ftn32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[32]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> « <u>Humanism, in brief, is
a philosophy (or religion) (...) </u></span><u><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">My minimum
definition for a functioning religion is that it must be an over-all way of
life (including a comprehensive attitude towards the universe and other human
beings), to which a group of persons gives supreme commitment and which they
implement through the shared quest of ideals. Under this definition Humanism
qualifies as a religion</span></u><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">» : Corliss Lamont, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The philosophy of humanism</i>, 8th Edition,
New York, Humanist Press, 1997 aux pp.xiii et 157.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn33" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref33" name="_ftn33" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[33]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> « Humanism incorporates the
sound principles of other philosophies or religions. Thus, although it regards
as poetic myth the supernatural aspects of Christianity, <u>it incorporates
much of the Judeo-Christian ethic as set forth in the Old and New Testaments </u>»
: Corliss Lamont, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The philosophy of humanism</i>,
8th Edition, New York, Humanist Press, 1997 à la p.xvi.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn34" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref34" name="_ftn34" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[34]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> « <u>The supreme ethical
aim of Humanism is, in fact, the this-earthly well-being of all humankind, with
reliance on the methods of reason and science, democracy and love</u> » :
Corliss Lamont, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The philosophy of
humanism</i>, 8th Edition, New York, Humanist Press, 1997 aux pp.xvi, xxx et
285.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn35" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref35" name="_ftn35" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[35]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> « <u>Reason should be
balanced with compassion and empathy and the whole person fulfilled</u> » :
Corliss Lamont, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The philosophy of
humanism</i>, 8th Edition, New York, Humanist Press, 1997 à la p.320.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn36" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref36" name="_ftn36" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn36;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[36]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Corliss Lamont, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The philosophy of humanism</i>, 8th Edition,
New York, Humanist Press, 1997 aux pp.16 et 266-267.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn37" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref37" name="_ftn37" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn37;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[37]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Corliss Lamont, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The philosophy of humanism</i>, 8th Edition,
New York, Humanist Press, 1997 à la p.65.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn38" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref38" name="_ftn38" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn38;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[38]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Max Stirner, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Ego and his own</i>, trad. par Steven T.
Byington, London, A. C. Fifield, 1913 aux pp.339-341.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn39" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref39" name="_ftn39" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn39;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[39]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Friedrich Nietzsche, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Par delà le bien et le mal</i>, Paris,
Éditions Montaigne, 1951 au para.265.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn40" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref40" name="_ftn40" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn40;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[40]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Friedrich Nietzsche, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Par delà le bien et le mal</i>, Paris,
Éditions Montaigne, 1951 au para.44.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn41" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref41" name="_ftn41" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn41;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[41]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Stanford Encyclopedia of
philosophy, "Egoism", en ligne : </span><span lang="FR"><a href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/egoism/#2"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/egoism/ - 2</span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn42" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref42" name="_ftn42" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn42;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[42]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Comme le mentionnait
Rousseau, « <u>l'amour des hommes <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">dérivés
de l'amour de soi</b> est le principe de la justice humaine</u> » :
Jean-Jacques Rousseau, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Émile ou de
l'éducation</i>, Paris, Garnier-Flammarion, 1966 à la p.306. Mais on ne doit
pas aimer tout ce qui se trouve en nous comme le disait Blaise Pascal : « <u>Que
l'homme maintenant s'estime son prix. Qu'il s'aime, car il y a en lui une
nature capable de bien ; mais qu'il n'aime pas pour cela les bassesses qui y
sont</u><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>» : Blaise Pascal, <i>Pensées</i>,
Paris, Librairie générale française, 1962 à la p.151 (au para 331).</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn43" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref43" name="_ftn43" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn43;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[43]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Jean-Jacques Rousseau, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Émile ou de l'éducation</i>, Paris,
Garnier-Flammarion, 1966 aux pp.275-277. </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn44" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref44" name="_ftn44" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn44;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[44]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Erich Fromm, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Man for himself : an enquiry into the
psychology of ethics</i>, London, Routledge Paperback, 1971 aux pp.123-124,
127-128, 130-131.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn45" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref45" name="_ftn45" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn45;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[45]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Stanford Encyclopedia of
philosophy, "Ayn Rand", en ligne : </span><span lang="FR"><a href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ayn-rand/#Ethi"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ayn-rand/ - Ethi</span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn46" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<h3 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref46" name="_ftn46" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn46;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[46]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal;"> Matthieu Ricard, "Le bon modèle pour une grande nation?" (28
octobre 2012), en ligne : </span><a href="http://www.matthieuricard.org/blog/posts/le-bon-modele-pour-une-grande-nation"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal;">http://www.matthieuricard.org/blog/posts/le-bon-modele-pour-une-grande-nation</span></a><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal;">. Voir aussi Mike Wallace interviews Ayn Rand (1959) (full interview)
(voir de 5 min.20 à 5 min.50), en ligne : </span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKd0ToQD00o"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal;">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HKd0ToQD00o</span></a><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></h3>
</div>
<div id="ftn47" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref47" name="_ftn47" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn47;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[47]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Matthieu Ricard, "Le
bon modèle pour une grande nation?" (28 octobre 2012), en ligne : </span><span lang="FR"><a href="http://www.matthieuricard.org/blog/posts/le-bon-modele-pour-une-grande-nation"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">http://www.matthieuricard.org/blog/posts/le-bon-modele-pour-une-grande-nation</span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn48" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref48" name="_ftn48" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn48;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[48]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Matthieu Ricard, "Le
bon modèle pour une grande nation?" (28 octobre 2012), en ligne : </span><span lang="FR"><a href="http://www.matthieuricard.org/blog/posts/le-bon-modele-pour-une-grande-nation"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">http://www.matthieuricard.org/blog/posts/le-bon-modele-pour-une-grande-nation</span></b></a></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.</span></b><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn49" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref49" name="_ftn49" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn49;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[49]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Ayn Rand, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">The Journals of
Ayn Rand</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, Penguin, 1999, en ligne : </span><span lang="FR"><a href="https://books.google.fr/books?hl=fr&lr=&id=2Gkx0STfl5kC&oi=fnd&pg=PT20&dq=William+Edward+Hickman+ayn+rand&ots=Ac90I5s20z&sig=72qzw6Z7JwVj1O-hW49Qs5JvX5A#v=onepage&q&f=false"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">https://books.google.fr/books?hl=fr&lr=&id=2Gkx0STfl5kC&oi=fnd&pg=PT20&dq=William+Edward+Hickman+ayn+rand&ots=Ac90I5s20z&sig=72qzw6Z7JwVj1O-hW49Qs5JvX5A
- v=onepage&q&f=false</span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Matthieu Ricard, "Le
bon modèle pour une grande nation?" (28 octobre 2012), en ligne : </span><span lang="FR"><a href="http://www.matthieuricard.org/blog/posts/le-bon-modele-pour-une-grande-nation"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">http://www.matthieuricard.org/blog/posts/le-bon-modele-pour-une-grande-nation</span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Mark
Ames, "Atlas Shrieked : Ayn Rand's first love and mentor was a sadistic
serial killer who dismembered little girls" (February 26, 2010), en ligne :
</span><span lang="FR"><a href="http://exiledonline.com/atlas-shrieked-why-ayn-rands-right-wing-followers-are-scarier-than-the-manson-family-and-the-gruesome-story-of-the-serial-killer-who-stole-ayn-rands-heart/"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">http://exiledonline.com/atlas-shrieked-why-ayn-rands-right-wing-followers-are-scarier-than-the-manson-family-and-the-gruesome-story-of-the-serial-killer-who-stole-ayn-rands-heart/</span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">
; Mark Ames, "Ayn Rand, Hugely popular author and inspiration to
right-wing leaders, was a big admirer of serial killer" (February 25,
2010), en ligne : </span><span lang="FR"><a href="http://www.alternet.org/story/145819/ayn_rand%2C_hugely_popular_author_and_inspiration_to_right-wing_leaders%2C_was_a_big_admirer_of_serial_killer"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">http://www.alternet.org/story/145819/ayn_rand,_hugely_popular_author_and_inspiration_to_right-wing_leaders,_was_a_big_admirer_of_serial_killer</span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">; </b>Eric Sapp, "Why democrats
must read Ayn Rand" (July 6, 2011), en ligne : </span><span lang="FR"><a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/eric-sapp/ayn-rand-democrats_b_855797.html"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">http://www.huffingtonpost.com/eric-sapp/ayn-rand-democrats_b_855797.html</span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">
; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Michael
Prescott, "Romancing the stone-cold killer : Ayn Rand and William
Hickman", en ligne : </span><span lang="FR"><a href="http://michaelprescott.freeservers.com/romancing-the-stone-cold.html"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">http://michaelprescott.freeservers.com/romancing-the-stone-cold.html</span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn50" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref50" name="_ftn50" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn50;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[50]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Robert D. Hare, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Without
Conscience: The Disturbing World of the Psychopaths Among Us</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">,
Guilford Press, 1999 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">aux pp.xi, 6 et 49-50.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn51" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref51" name="_ftn51" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn51;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[51]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> « Psychopaths are rational
and aware of what they are doing and why. Their behavior is the result of
choice, freely exercised » : Robert D. Hare, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Without Conscience: The Disturbing World of the Psychopaths
Among Us</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, Guilford Press, 1999 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">à la p.22.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn52" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref52" name="_ftn52" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn52;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[52]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> « <u>It remains troubling to
think that anyone (much less an author and moralist who has inspired millions)
would see anything admirable in such a monster</u> » : Allan Gotthelf and
Gregory Salmieri, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">A
Companion to Ayn Rand</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, John Wiley &
Sons, 2015</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> à la
p.68.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn53" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref53" name="_ftn53" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn53;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[53]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Matthieu Ricard, "Le
bon modèle pour une grande nation?" (28 octobre 2012), en ligne : </span><span lang="FR"><a href="http://www.matthieuricard.org/blog/posts/le-bon-modele-pour-une-grande-nation"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">http://www.matthieuricard.org/blog/posts/le-bon-modele-pour-une-grande-nation</span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">. Voir aussi Del Jones,
"</span><span class="inside-head"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Scandals lead
execs to 'Atlas Shrugged'", USA Today,</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> en ligne : </span><span lang="FR"><a href="http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/money/companies/management/2002-09-23-ayn-rand_x.htm"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/money/companies/management/2002-09-23-ayn-rand_x.htm</span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn54" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref54" name="_ftn54" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn54;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[54]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> George C. Smith, "The
hidden source of the satanic philosophy" in Anton Szandor LaVey, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Satanic Bible</i>, Underground Edition 2
aux pp.174-176, en ligne : </span><span lang="FR"><a href="https://cdn.preterhuman.net/texts/religion.occult.new_age/Satanism/The%20Satanic%20Bible%20%28Ed.2%29.pdf"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">https://cdn.preterhuman.net/texts/religion.occult.new_age/Satanism/The
Satanic Bible %28Ed.2%29.pdf</span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">. Voir aussi </span><span class="addmd"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Per
Faxneld and Jesper Aagaard Petersen, </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">The Devil's Party: Satanism in Modernity</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">,
Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2012 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">aux pp.6 et 95. Voir aussi Jesper Aagaard Peterson, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Between Darwin and the Devil : modern
satanism as discourse, milieu and self</i>, Thesis for the degree of
Philosophiae Doctor, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU),
Trondheim, September 2011 à la p.77.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn55" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref55" name="_ftn55" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn55;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[55]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> George C. Smith, "The
hidden source of the satanic philosophy" in Anton Szandor LaVey, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Satanic Bible</i>, Underground Edition 2
aux pp.174-176, en ligne : </span><span lang="FR"><a href="https://cdn.preterhuman.net/texts/religion.occult.new_age/Satanism/The%20Satanic%20Bible%20%28Ed.2%29.pdf"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">https://cdn.preterhuman.net/texts/religion.occult.new_age/Satanism/The
Satanic Bible %28Ed.2%29.pdf</span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn56" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<h1 style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref56" name="_ftn56" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn56;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[56]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span><span class="addmd"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal;">Per Faxneld and
Jesper Aagaard Petersen, </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal;">The Devil's
Party: Satanism in Modernity</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal;">, Oxford, Oxford University
Press, 2012 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal;">aux pp.6 et 95.
Voir aussi Jesper Aagaard Peterson, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Between
Darwin and the Devil : modern satanism as discourse, milieu and self</i>,
Thesis for the degree of Philosophiae Doctor, Norwegian University of Science
and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, September 2011 à la p.77.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal;"></span></h1>
</div>
<div id="ftn57" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref57" name="_ftn57" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn57;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[57]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Stephen E. Flowers,
"The Satanic Bible Dedications Delineated" in Anton Szandor LaVey, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Satanic Bible</i>, Underground Edition 2
à la p.166, en ligne : </span><span lang="FR"><a href="https://cdn.preterhuman.net/texts/religion.occult.new_age/Satanism/The%20Satanic%20Bible%20%28Ed.2%29.pdf"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">https://cdn.preterhuman.net/texts/religion.occult.new_age/Satanism/The
Satanic Bible %28Ed.2%29.pdf</span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn58" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref58" name="_ftn58" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn58;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[58]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Friedrich Nietzsche, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">L'Antéchrist suivi de Ecce Homo</i>, trad.
par Jean-Claude Hémery, Paris, Gallimard, 1974 aux pp.187 et 241. Ou "<u>transmutation
de toutes les valeurs</u>" : Friedrich Nietzsche, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">La Généalogie de la morale</i>, trad. par Henri Albert, Paris, Mercure
de France, 1964 à la p.241. Ou "<u>pour transvaluer, pour renverser les
'valeurs éternelles'</u>" : Friedrich Nietzsche, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Par delà le bien et le mal</i>, Paris, Éditions Montaigne, 1951 au
para.203. "<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Too long right and
wrong, good and evil have been inverted by false prophets</u></b>" :
"The Book of Satan" in Anton Szandor LaVey, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Satanic Bible</i>, Underground Edition 2 à la p.35 (chap.II au
para.5), en ligne : </span><span lang="FR"><a href="https://cdn.preterhuman.net/texts/religion.occult.new_age/Satanism/The%20Satanic%20Bible%20%28Ed.2%29.pdf"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">https://cdn.preterhuman.net/texts/religion.occult.new_age/Satanism/The
Satanic Bible %28Ed.2%29.pdf</span></a></span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> . </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">"<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Blessed are the valiant, for they shall
obtain great treasure- Cursed are the believers in good and evil, for they are
frightened by shadows!</u></b>" : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">The Book of Satan" in Anton Szandor LaVey, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Satanic Bible</i>, Underground Edition 2
à la p.38 (chap.V au para.8), en ligne : </span><span lang="FR"><a href="https://cdn.preterhuman.net/texts/religion.occult.new_age/Satanism/The%20Satanic%20Bible%20%28Ed.2%29.pdf"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">https://cdn.preterhuman.net/texts/religion.occult.new_age/Satanism/The
Satanic Bible %28Ed.2%29.pdf</span></a></span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> .</span></span><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn59" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref59" name="_ftn59" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn59;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[59]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Friedrich Nietzsche, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ainsi parlait Zarathoustra</i>, trad. par
Marthe Robert, Paris, Union générale d'Éditions, 1958 à la p.80. Voir aussi
Friedrich Nietzsche, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">L'Antéchrist suivi
de Ecce Homo</i>, trad. par Jean-Claude Hémery, Paris, Éditions Gallimard, 1974
à la p.17. "<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>The God you save may
be yourself</u></b>" in Anton Szandor LaVey, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Satanic Bible</i>, Underground Edition 2 à la p.43, en ligne : </span><span lang="FR"><a href="https://cdn.preterhuman.net/texts/religion.occult.new_age/Satanism/The%20Satanic%20Bible%20%28Ed.2%29.pdf"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">https://cdn.preterhuman.net/texts/religion.occult.new_age/Satanism/The
Satanic Bible %28Ed.2%29.pdf</span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn60" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref60" name="_ftn60" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn60;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[60]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Friedrich Nietzsche, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">La Généalogie de la morale</i>, trad. par
Henri Albert, Paris, Mercure de France, 1964 aux pp.110-111. « <u>Le vivant
veut avant tout donner libre cours à sa force, la vie elle-même est volonté de
puissance. L'instinct de conservation n'en est qu'une conséquence indirecte</u>
» : Friedrich Nietzsche, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Par delà le bien
et le mal</i>, Paris, Éditions Montaigne, 1951 aux paras.13, 36, 186 et 259.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn61" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref61" name="_ftn61" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn61;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[61]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Friedrich Nietzsche, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">La Généalogie de la morale</i>, trad. par
Henri Albert, Paris, Mercure de France, 1964 aux pp.14-16. Voir aussi Friedrich
Nietzsche, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Par delà le bien et le mal</i>,
Paris, Éditions Montaigne, 1951 aux paras.221-222 et 260. « <u>La compassion
contrarie en tout la grande loi de l'évolution, ce qui est la loi de la
sélection (...) On a osé appelé la compassion une vertu (dans toute morale
aristocratique, elle passe pour une faiblesse</u> » : Friedrich Nietzsche, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">L'Antéchrist suivi de Ecce Homo</i>, trad.
par Jean-Claude Hémery, Paris, Éditions Gallimard, 1974 aux pp.16 et 18-19.
Selon Nietzsche, Schopenhauer (qui a fondé la morale sur la pitié) a échoué à
fonder la morale, car l'essence est la volonté de puissance. Il affirme « <u>Schopenhauer
y a échoué lui aussi, et quand on s'est bien rendu compte à quel point ce
principe est faux, vulgaire et sentimental, dans un monde dont l'essence est la
volonté de puissance</u> » : Friedrich Nietzsche, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Par delà le bien et le mal</i>, Paris, Éditions Montaigne, 1951 au
para.186. </span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« </span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Satan
represents vengeance, instead of turning the other cheek!</span></u></b><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> » : "The Nine Satanic
Statements" in Anton Szandor LaVey, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The
Satanic Bible</i>, Underground Edition 2 à la p.33 (au para.5), en ligne : </span><span lang="FR"><a href="https://cdn.preterhuman.net/texts/religion.occult.new_age/Satanism/The%20Satanic%20Bible%20%28Ed.2%29.pdf"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">https://cdn.preterhuman.net/texts/religion.occult.new_age/Satanism/The
Satanic Bible %28Ed.2%29.pdf</span></a></span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> .</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> « <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Satan represents man as just another animal, sometimes better, more
often worse than those that walk on all</u></b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "american typewriter"; font-size: 10.0pt;">‐</span></u></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">fours, who, because of his "divine spiritual and
intellectual development," has become the most vicious animal of all!</span></u></b><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> » : "The Nine Satanic
Statements" in Anton Szandor LaVey, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The
Satanic Bible</i>, Underground Edition 2 à la p.33 (au para.7), en ligne : </span><span lang="FR"><a href="https://cdn.preterhuman.net/texts/religion.occult.new_age/Satanism/The%20Satanic%20Bible%20%28Ed.2%29.pdf"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">https://cdn.preterhuman.net/texts/religion.occult.new_age/Satanism/The
Satanic Bible %28Ed.2%29.pdf</span></a></span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> .</span></span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn62" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref62" name="_ftn62" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn62;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[62]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> « <u>Toute élévation du
type humain a toujours été et sera toujours l'oeuvre d'une société
aristocratique, d'une société qui croit à de multiples échelons de hiérarchie
et de valeurs entre les hommes et qui, sous une forme ou sous une autre,
requiert l'esclavage (...) Sans doute il importe de ne pas se faire d'illusions
humanitaires sur la façon dont naît une société aristocratique, condition
indispensable au progrès en dignité du type humain</u> »<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> : </i>Friedrich Nietzsche, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Par
delà le bien et le mal</i>, Paris, Éditions Montaigne, 1951 au para.257. « <u>L'essentiel
d'une bonne et véritable aristocratie c'est qu'elle (...) accepte de sacrifier
d'un coeur léger une foule de gens qui devront être dans son intérêt humiliés
et ravalés à l'état d'êtres mutilés, d'esclaves, d'instruments. Sa croyance
fondamentale, en effet, doit être que la société n'existe pas pour elle-même,
mais qu'elle est la substructure et la charpente qui permet à une élite de
s'élever à un état supérieur, soit simplement dans son propre intérêt</u> » :
Friedrich Nietzsche, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Par delà le bien et
le mal</i>, Paris, Éditions Montaigne, 1951 au para.258.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn63" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref63" name="_ftn63" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn63;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[63]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Friedrich Nietzsche, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Par delà le bien et le mal</i>, Paris,
Éditions Montaigne, 1951 aux paras.30 et 221.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn64" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref64" name="_ftn64" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn64;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[64]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> « <u>Nous qui considérons
la tendance démocratique non seulement comme une forme dégénérée de
l'organisation politique, mais comme une forme décadente et diminuée de
l'humanité</u> » : Friedrich Nietzsche, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Par
delà le bien et le mal</i>, Paris, Éditions Montaigne, 1951 au para.203.
Nietzsche critiquait d'ailleurs les démocrates : « <u>L'aversion pour tout ce
qui commande et veut commander, cette idiosyncrasie des démocrates (...)</u><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>» : Friedrich Nietzsche, <i>La
généalogie de la morale</i>, trad. par Henri Albert, Paris, Mercure de France,
1964 à la p.110.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn65" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref65" name="_ftn65" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn65;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[65]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Friedrich Nietzsche, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Par delà le bien et le mal</i>, Paris,
Éditions Montaigne, 1951 aux paras.44, 239 et 257. « <u>Comme si l'esclavage
était contraire à la civilisation et non pas plutôt la condition de toute
civilisation supérieure, de tout progrès en civilisation</u> » (para.239).</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn66" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref66" name="_ftn66" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn66;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[66]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> « <u>Il faut renoncer au
mauvais goût de vouloir être d'accord avec le plus grand nombre (...) Ce qui
peut être mis en commun n'a jamais que peu de valeur</u> (...) Les grandes
choses sont pour les grands esprits, les abîmes pour les esprits profonds, les
délicatesses et les frissons pour les délicats ; <u>et pour faire bref, les
raretés sont pour les rares</u> » : Friedrich Nietzsche, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Par delà le bien et le mal</i>, Paris, Éditions Montaigne, 1951 aux
paras.26 et 43. « <u>Ce livre est réservé au plus petit nombre</u> » :
Friedrich Nietzsche, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">L'Antéchrist suivi
de Ecce Homo</i>, trad. par Jean-Claude Hémery, Paris, Éditions Gallimard, 1974
(avant-propos).</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn67" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref67" name="_ftn67" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn67;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[67]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Friedrich Nietzsche, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">L'Antéchrist suivi de Ecce Homo</i>, trad.
par Jean-Claude Hémery, Paris, Éditions Gallimard, 1974 aux pp.19 et 36. Voir
aussi Friedrich Nietzsche, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">La Généalogie
de la morale</i>, trad. par Henri Albert, Paris, Mercure de France, 1964 à la
p.45.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn68" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref68" name="_ftn68" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn68;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[68]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Friedrich Nietzsche, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Par delà le bien et le mal</i>, Paris,
Éditions Montaigne, 1951 au para.202.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn69" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref69" name="_ftn69" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn69;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[69]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Friedrich Nietzsche, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Par delà le bien et le mal</i>, Paris,
Éditions Montaigne, 1951 au para.260-.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn70" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref70" name="_ftn70" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn70;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[70]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Friedrich Nietzsche, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Par delà le bien et le mal</i>, Paris,
Éditions Montaigne, 1951 au para.260.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn71" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref71" name="_ftn71" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn71;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[71]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> « <u>La connaissance de la
réalité, l'acquiescement de la réalité, voilà, pour l'homme fort, une nécessité
aussi impérieuse que, pour l'homme faible, sous l'inspiration de sa faiblesse,
la fuite devant la réalité, bref, l'<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>"idéal"</u> » : Friedrich Nietzsche, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">L'Antéchrist suivi de Ecce Homo</i>, trad. par Jean-Claude Hémery,
Paris, Éditions Gallimard, 1974 à la p.141. « <u>On ouvrira peut-être les yeux
sur l'idéal opposé, celui de l'homme le plus impulsif, le plus vivant, le plus
consentant à l'univers, qui non seulement a appris à s'accommoder de tout ce
qui a été et de tout ce qui est, et à le supporter, mais qui souhaite revoir
toutes choses telles qu'elles ont été et telles qu'elles sont, pour toute
l'éternité</u> » : Friedrich Nietzsche, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Par
delà le bien et le mal</i>, Paris, Éditions Montaigne, 1951 au para.56. « <u>Ma
formule pour ce qu'il y a de grand dans l'homme est amor fati : ne rien vouloir
d'autre que ce qui est (...) Ne pas se contenter de supporter l'inéluctable, et
encore moins se le dissimuler, tout idéalisme est une manière de se mentir
devant l'inéluctable, mais l'aimer... </u>» : Friedrich Nietzsche, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">L'Antéchrist suivi de Ecce Homo</i>, trad.
par Jean-Claude Hémery, Paris, Éditions Gallimard, 1974 à la p.129. Nietzsche
affirme : « <u>Tu dois devenir l'homme que tu es</u> » : Friedrich Nietzsche, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Le gai savoir</i>, Paris, Éditions
Gallimard, 1950 aux pp.219 et 270 (aux paras.270 et 335).</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn72" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref72" name="_ftn72" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn72;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[72]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> « <u>Vivre, c'est essentiellement
dépouiller, blesser, violenter le faible et l'étranger, l'opprimer, lui imposer
durement ses formes propres, l'assimiler ou tout au moins (c'est la solution la
plus douce) l'exploiter (...) L'"exploitation" n'est pas le fait
d'une société corrompue, imparfaite ou primitive ; elle est inhérente à la
nature même de la vie</u><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>» :
Friedrich Nietzsche, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Par delà le bien et
le mal</i>, Paris, Éditions Montaigne, 1951 au para.259. « Que les agneaux
aient l'horreur des grands oiseaux de proie, voilà qui n'étonnera personne :
mais ce n'est point une raison d'en vouloir aux grands oiseaux de proie de ce
qu'ils ravissent les petits agneaux (...) <u>Exiger de la force qu'elle ne se
manifeste pas comme telle, qu'elle ne soit pas une volonté de terrasser et
d'assujettir, une soif d'ennemis, de résistance et de triomphes, c'est tout
aussi insensé que d'exiger de la faiblesse qu'elle manifeste de la force</u> »
: Friedrich Nietzsche, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">La Généalogie de
la morale</i>, trad. par Henri Albert, Paris, Mercure de France, 1964 aux
pp.57-59. Voir aussi Crane Brinton, « The National Socialists’ Use of Nietzsche
», (1940) 1(2) Journal of the History of Ideas 131 aux pp.149-150. "<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Death to the weakling, wealth to the
strong!</u></b>" : The Book of Satan" in Anton Szandor LaVey, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Satanic Bible</i>, Underground Edition 2
à la p.35 (chap I au para.1), en ligne : </span><span lang="FR"><a href="https://cdn.preterhuman.net/texts/religion.occult.new_age/Satanism/The%20Satanic%20Bible%20%28Ed.2%29.pdf"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">https://cdn.preterhuman.net/texts/religion.occult.new_age/Satanism/The
Satanic Bible %28Ed.2%29.pdf</span></a></span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> "<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Are we not all predatory animals by instinct? If humans ceased
wholly from preying upon each other, could they continue to exist?</u></b>"
: The Book of Satan" in Anton Szandor LaVey, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Satanic Bible</i>, Underground Edition 2 à la p.36 (chap III au
para.4), en ligne : </span><span lang="FR"><a href="https://cdn.preterhuman.net/texts/religion.occult.new_age/Satanism/The%20Satanic%20Bible%20%28Ed.2%29.pdf"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">https://cdn.preterhuman.net/texts/religion.occult.new_age/Satanism/The
Satanic Bible %28Ed.2%29.pdf</span></a></span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">"<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Blessed are the strong, for they shall possess the earth- Cursed are
the weak, for they shall inherit the yoke!"</u></b> : The Book of
Satan" in Anton Szandor LaVey, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The
Satanic Bible</i>, Underground Edition 2 à la p.37 (chap V au para.1), en ligne
: </span><span lang="FR"><a href="https://cdn.preterhuman.net/texts/religion.occult.new_age/Satanism/The%20Satanic%20Bible%20%28Ed.2%29.pdf"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">https://cdn.preterhuman.net/texts/religion.occult.new_age/Satanism/The
Satanic Bible %28Ed.2%29.pdf</span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn73" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref73" name="_ftn73" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn73;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[73]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Friedrich Nietzsche, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Par delà le bien et le mal</i>, Paris,
Éditions Montaigne, 1951 au para.199.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn74" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref74" name="_ftn74" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn74;" title=""></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">"<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Thrice cursed are the weak whose insecurity makes them vile, for
they shall serve and suffer!</u></b>" : The Book of Satan" in Anton
Szandor LaVey, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Satanic Bible</i>,
Underground Edition 2 à la p.38 (chap V au para.12), en ligne : </span><span lang="FR"><a href="https://cdn.preterhuman.net/texts/religion.occult.new_age/Satanism/The%20Satanic%20Bible%20%28Ed.2%29.pdf"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">https://cdn.preterhuman.net/texts/religion.occult.new_age/Satanism/The
Satanic Bible %28Ed.2%29.pdf</span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[74]</span></span></span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Friedrich Nietzsche, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Par delà le bien et le mal</i>, Paris,
Éditions Montaigne, 1951 aux paras.221 et 257.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn75" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref75" name="_ftn75" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn75;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[75]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Friedrich Nietzsche, <i>Par
delà le bien et le mal</i>, trad. par Geneviève Bianquis, Aubier, Éditions
Montaigne, 1951 au para.263.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn76" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref76" name="_ftn76" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn76;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[76]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> « <u>Je ne veux être ni
mélangé ni confondu avec ces prédicateurs de l'égalité. Car ainsi me parle la
justice : "Les hommes ne sont pas égaux"</u> » : Friedrich Nietzsche,
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ainsi parlait Zarathoustra</i>, trad. par
Marthe Robert, Paris, Union générale d'édition, 1958 aux pp.95, 119 et 270.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn77" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref77" name="_ftn77" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn77;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[77]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> « <u>L'inégalité des droits
est la condition nécessaire pour qu'il y ait des droits. Un droit est toujours
un privilège (...) L'injustice n'est jamais dans l'inégalité des droits, elle
est dans la prétention à des droits "égaux"</u><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>» : Friedrich Nietzsche, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">L'Antéchrist
suivi de Ecce Homo</i>, trad. par Jean-Claude Hémery, Paris, Éditions
Gallimard, 1974 aux pp.80-81.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn78" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref78" name="_ftn78" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn78;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[78]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> « <u>Périssent les faibles et les
ratés ! Premier principe de notre philanthropie. Et il faut même les y aider</u>
» : Friedrich Nietzsche, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">L'Antéchrist
suivi de Ecce Homo</i>, trad. par Jean-Claude Hémery, Paris, Éditions
Gallimard, 1974 à la p.16. « <u>Les religions qui ont régné souverainement
jusqu'à ce jour ont contribué pur une large part à maintenir le type de l'homme
à un niveau inférieur ; elles ont conservé trop d'êtres qui auraient dû périr </u>»
: Friedrich Nietzsche, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Par delà le bien
et le mal</i>, Paris, Éditions Montaigne, 1951 au para.62.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>"<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Death
to the weakling, wealth to the strong!</u></b>" : The Book of Satan"
in Anton Szandor LaVey, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Satanic Bible</i>,
Underground Edition 2 à la p.35 (chap I au para.1), en ligne : </span><span lang="FR"><a href="https://cdn.preterhuman.net/texts/religion.occult.new_age/Satanism/The%20Satanic%20Bible%20%28Ed.2%29.pdf"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">https://cdn.preterhuman.net/texts/religion.occult.new_age/Satanism/The
Satanic Bible %28Ed.2%29.pdf</span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn79" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref79" name="_ftn79" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn79;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[79]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Friedrich Nietzsche, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Par delà le bien et le mal</i>, Paris,
Éditions Montaigne, 1951 au para.44.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn80" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref80" name="_ftn80" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn80;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[80]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> « </span><u><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Le
malade est un parasite de la Société. Arrivé à un certain état il est
inconvenant de vivre plus longtemps. L’obstination à végéter lâchement, esclave
des médecins et des pratiques médicales, après que l’on a perdu le sens de la
vie, le droit à la vie, devrait entraîner, de la part de la Société, un mépris
profond </span></u><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">» :</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Friedrich Nietzsche,</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Le crépuscule des idoles : le cas Wagner,
Nietzsche contre Wagner, L'Antéchrist</i>, trad. par Henri Albert, 14<sup>e</sup>
éd., Paris, Mercure de France, 1920 à la p.202.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn81" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref81" name="_ftn81" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn81;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[81]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> « <u>Périssent les faibles
et les ratés ! Premier principe de notre philanthropie. Et il faut même les y
aider</u> » : Friedrich Nietzsche, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">L'Antéchrist
suivi de Ecce Homo</i>, trad. par Jean-Claude Hémery, Paris, Éditions
Gallimard, 1974 à la p.16. </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn82" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref82" name="_ftn82" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn82;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[82]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Crane Brinton, « The National
Socialists’ Use of Nietzsche », (1940) 1(2) Journal of the History of Ideas 131
aux pp.149-150.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn83" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref83" name="_ftn83" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn83;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[83]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Friedrich Nietzsche, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">La Généalogie de la morale</i>, trad. par
Henri Albert, Paris, Mercure de France, 1964 à la p.57.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn84" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref84" name="_ftn84" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn84;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[84]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Friedrich Nietzsche, <i>Par
delà le bien et le mal</i>, trad. par Geneviève Bianquis, Aubier, Éditions
Montaigne, 1951 au para.259.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn85" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref85" name="_ftn85" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn85;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[85]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> "<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>The historian must recognize that, point for point, Nietzsche
preached (along with other things) most of the articles of the Nazi faith</u></b>"
: Crane Brinton, « The National Socialists’ Use of Nietzsche », (1940) 1(2)
Journal of the History of Ideas 131 aux pp.149-150.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn86" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref86" name="_ftn86" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn86;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[86]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Crane Brinton, « The
National Socialists’ Use of Nietzsche », (1940) 1(2) Journal of the History of
Ideas 131 aux pp.149-150. Voir aussi Roger Trigg, Ideas of Human Nature : an
Historical Introduction, Oxford, Blackwell Publishing, 1999 à la p.141.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn87" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref87" name="_ftn87" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn87;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[87]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Corliss Lamont, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The philosophy of humanism</i>, 8th Edition,
New York, Humanist Press, 1997 aux pp.151-152.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn88" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref88" name="_ftn88" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn88;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[88]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Voir la dédicace : Anton
Szandor LaVey, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Satanic Bible</i>,
Underground Edition 2 à la p.5, en ligne : </span><span lang="FR"><a href="https://cdn.preterhuman.net/texts/religion.occult.new_age/Satanism/The%20Satanic%20Bible%20%28Ed.2%29.pdf"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">https://cdn.preterhuman.net/texts/religion.occult.new_age/Satanism/The
Satanic Bible %28Ed.2%29.pdf</span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">. Voir aussi </span><span class="addmd"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Per
Faxneld and Jesper Aagaard Petersen, </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">The Devil's Party: Satanism in Modernity</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">,
Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2012 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">aux pp.6 et 95.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn89" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref89" name="_ftn89" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn89;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[89]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> "<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>The historian must recognize that, point for point, Nietzsche
preached (along with other things) most of the articles of the Nazi faith</u></b>"
: Crane Brinton, « The National Socialists’ Use of Nietzsche », (1940) 1(2)
Journal of the History of Ideas 131 aux pp.149-150.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn90" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref90" name="_ftn90" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn90;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[90]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> "<u>To illustrate this
historical precedent, let us examine the Nine Satanic Statements in view of the
Rand work <i>Atlas Shrugged</i>. In Galt’s speech (pages #936</u></span><u><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "american typewriter"; font-size: 10.0pt;">‐</span></u><u><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">993) <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">is the written source of most of the philosophical ideas expressed in
the <i>Satanic Bible</i></b></span></u><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">" : George C. Smith, "The hidden source of the
satanic philosophy" in Anton Szandor LaVey, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Satanic Bible</i>, Underground Edition 2 aux pp.174-176, en ligne :
</span><span lang="FR"><a href="https://cdn.preterhuman.net/texts/religion.occult.new_age/Satanism/The%20Satanic%20Bible%20%28Ed.2%29.pdf"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">https://cdn.preterhuman.net/texts/religion.occult.new_age/Satanism/The
Satanic Bible %28Ed.2%29.pdf</span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn91" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref91" name="_ftn91" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn91;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[91]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> James R. Lewis,
"Diabolical authority : Anton LaVey, The Satanic Bible and the Satanist
"Tradition"" in Anton Szandor LaVey, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Satanic Bible</i>, Underground Edition 2 à la p.197, en ligne : </span><span lang="FR"><a href="https://cdn.preterhuman.net/texts/religion.occult.new_age/Satanism/The%20Satanic%20Bible%20%28Ed.2%29.pdf"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">https://cdn.preterhuman.net/texts/religion.occult.new_age/Satanism/The
Satanic Bible %28Ed.2%29.pdf</span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn92" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref92" name="_ftn92" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn92;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[92]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> « <u>Comment une chose
pourrait-elle naître de son contraire ? La vérité, par exemple, de l'erreur ?
Ou la volonté du vrai, de la volonté de tromper ? Ou l'acte désintéressé, de
l'égoïsme ? (...) Une telle genèse est impossible (...) La croyance
fondamentale des métaphysiciens, c'est la croyance à l'antinomie des valeurs
(...) il se pourrait même que la valeur de ces choses bonnes et bien réputées
consistât justement dans la façon insidieuse dont elles sont apparentées,
liées, enchevêtrées, peut-être même identiques par essence aux choses mauvaises
qui leur paraissent opposées</u> » : Friedrich Nietzsche, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Par delà le bien et le mal</i>, Paris, Éditions Montaigne, 1951 au
para.2. « <u>Tout ce qui tient de la bête fauve ou du serpent, chez l'homme,
sert aussi bien que son contraire à élever le niveau de l'espèce humaine</u> »
: Friedrich Nietzsche, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Par delà le bien
et le mal</i>, Paris, Éditions Montaigne, 1951 au para.44.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn93" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref93" name="_ftn93" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn93;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[93]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Anton Szandor LaVey, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Devil's Notebook</i>, en ligne : </span><span lang="FR"><a href="https://zalbarath666.files.wordpress.com/2010/08/anton-szandor-lavey-the-devil-notebook.pdf"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">https://zalbarath666.files.wordpress.com/2010/08/anton-szandor-lavey-the-devil-notebook.pdf</span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn94" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref94" name="_ftn94" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn94;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[94]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Anton Szandor LaVey, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Devil's Notebook</i>, en ligne : </span><span lang="FR"><a href="https://zalbarath666.files.wordpress.com/2010/08/anton-szandor-lavey-the-devil-notebook.pdf"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">https://zalbarath666.files.wordpress.com/2010/08/anton-szandor-lavey-the-devil-notebook.pdf</span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn95" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref95" name="_ftn95" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn95;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[95]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Friedrich Nietzsche, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Par delà le bien et le mal</i>, Paris,
Éditions Montaigne, 1951 au para.260-.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn96" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref96" name="_ftn96" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn96;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[96]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> « <u>The human nature to
which LaVey appealed was humanity's animal nature, viewed through the lens of
Darwinism. The human being in this view is little more than an animal with no
ultimate morality other than law of the jungle and no purpose other than the
survival of the fittest</u> » : James R. Lewis, "Diabolical authority :
Anton LaVey, The Satanic Bible and the Satanist "Tradition"" in
Anton Szandor LaVey, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Satanic Bible</i>,
Underground Edition 2 à la p.197, en ligne : </span><span lang="FR"><a href="https://cdn.preterhuman.net/texts/religion.occult.new_age/Satanism/The%20Satanic%20Bible%20%28Ed.2%29.pdf"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">https://cdn.preterhuman.net/texts/religion.occult.new_age/Satanism/The
Satanic Bible %28Ed.2%29.pdf</span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn97" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref97" name="_ftn97" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn97;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[97]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> The Book of Satan" in
Anton Szandor LaVey, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Satanic Bible</i>,
Underground Edition 2 à la p.35 (chap I au para.1), en ligne : </span><span lang="FR"><a href="https://cdn.preterhuman.net/texts/religion.occult.new_age/Satanism/The%20Satanic%20Bible%20%28Ed.2%29.pdf"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">https://cdn.preterhuman.net/texts/religion.occult.new_age/Satanism/The
Satanic Bible %28Ed.2%29.pdf</span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn98" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref98" name="_ftn98" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn98;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[98]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Marquis de Sade, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Les infortunes de la vertu</i>, Paris, Union
Générale d'Éditions, 1968 aux pp.145 et 152-153.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn99" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref99" name="_ftn99" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn99;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[99]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Friedrich Nietzsche, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">La Généalogie de la morale</i>, trad. par
Henri Albert, Paris, Mercure de France, 1964 à la p.57.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn100" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref100" name="_ftn100" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn100;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[100]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Friedrich Nietzsche, <i>Par
delà le bien et le mal</i>, trad. par Geneviève Bianquis, Aubier, Éditions
Montaigne, 1951 au para.259.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn101" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref101" name="_ftn101" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn101;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[101]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Adolf Hitler, <i>Mein Kampf
: mon combat</i>, trad. par J. Gaudefroy-Demombynes et A. Calmettes, Paris,
Nouvelles Éditions Latines, 1934 à la p.243.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn102" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref102" name="_ftn102" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn102;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[102]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Adolf Hitler, <i>Mein Kampf
: mon combat</i>, trad. par J. Gaudefroy-Demombynes et A. Calmettes, Paris,
Nouvelles Éditions Latines, 1934 à la p.284.</span><span lang="FR"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn103" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref103" name="_ftn103" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn103;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[103]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span class="A2"><span style="font-family: "arial";">Antoon de Baets, « A successful utopia : The doctrine
of human dignity » (2007) 7 </span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Historein:
A Review of the Past and</span></i><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Other
Stories </i>(Athens) 71 à la p.71 ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Teresa Iglesias, « Bedrock truths and the dignity of the
individual » (2001) 4:1 LOGOS 114 à la p.120 ; Adam Schulman, « Bioethics and
the questions of human dignity » in The President's Council on Bioethics, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Human Dignity and Bioethics</i>, Washington DC,
2008 à la p.6.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn104" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref104" name="_ftn104" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn104;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[104]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Adam Schulman, « Bioethics
and the questions of human dignity » in The President's Council on Bioethics, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Human Dignity and Bioethics</i>, Washington
DC, 2008 à la p.6 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">; Christopher McCrudden, «
Human dignity and judicial interpretation of human rights » (2008) 19:4 E. J.
I. L. 655 aux pp.656-657.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Teresa Iglesias, « Bedrock truths and the dignity of the
individual » (2001) 4:1 LOGOS 114 à la p.120.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn105" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref105" name="_ftn105" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn105;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[105]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Teresa Iglesias, « Bedrock
truths and the dignity of the individual » (2001) 4:1 LOGOS 114 à la p.120.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn106" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref106" name="_ftn106" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn106;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[106]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Adam Schulman, « Bioethics
and the questions of human dignity » in The President's Council on Bioethics, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Human Dignity and Bioethics</i>, Washington
DC, 2008 à la p.6 ; Herbert Spiegelberg, « Human Dignity : A Challenge to
contemporary philosophy » (1971) 9:1 World Futures 39 à la p.42. Par exemple,
Emmanuel Kant affirmait : « <u><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Dignities,
</span>which are eminent Estates without pay, based on honor alone, that is, a
division of rank into the higher (destined to command) and the lower (which,
though free and bound only by public law, is still destined to obey the former)</u><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>» : Immanuel Kant, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The metaphysics of morals</i>, trad. par Mary Gregor, Cambridge,
Cambridge University Press, 1991 à la p.138 (au para.328). Blaise Pascal
réfère, par exemple, à la dignité royale : Blaise Pascal, <i>Pensées</i>,
Paris, Librairie générale française, 1962 au para.206 (à la p.110). Le «
English Bill of Rights 1689 » utilise également l'expression « royal dignity »
: Yale Law School, The Avalon Project, « English Bill of Rights 1689 », en
ligne : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><</span></span><span lang="FR" style="color: blue; font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/england.asp</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn107" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref107" name="_ftn107" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn107;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[107]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Adam Schulman, « Bioethics
and the questions of human dignity » in The President's Council on Bioethics, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Human Dignity and Bioethics</i>, Washington
DC, 2008 à la p.7. Teresa Iglesias, « Bedrock truths and the dignity of the
individual » (2001) 4:1 LOGOS 114 à la p.120.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn108" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref108" name="_ftn108" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn108;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[108]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Dans la Rome antique : voir
Teresa Iglesias, « Bedrock truths and the dignity of the individual » (2001)
4:1 LOGOS 114 aux pp.120-121. Dans la grèce antique : voir Georg Friedrich
Schömann, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Antiquités grecques</i>, trad.
par C. Galuski, t.1, Paris, Alphonse Picard, 1884 à la p.207.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn109" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref109" name="_ftn109" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn109;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[109]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Adam Schulman, « Bioethics
and the questions of human dignity » in The President's Council on Bioethics, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Human Dignity and Bioethics</i>, Washington
DC, 2008 à la p.7. Voir aussi Herbert Spiegelberg, « Human Dignity : A
Challenge to contemporary philosophy » (1971) 9:1 World Futures 39 aux
pp.55-56.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn110" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref110" name="_ftn110" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn110;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[110]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Tzvetan Todorov, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Imperfect garden : the legacy of humanism</i>,
trad. par Carol Cosman, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2002 à la p.42.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn111" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref111" name="_ftn111" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn111;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[111]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Tzvetan Todorov, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Imperfect garden : the legacy of humanism</i>,
trad. par Carol Cosman, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2002 à la p.42.
Sur une conception démocratique de la dignité (ou dignité humaine), voir <span class="A2"><span style="font-family: "arial";">Antoon de Baets, « A successful utopia
: The doctrine of human dignity » (2007) 7 </span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Historein: A Review of the Past and</span></i><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Other Stories </i>(Athens) 71 à la p.71. </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Mais selon Jeremy Waldron,
la notion de « dignité humaine » réfère également au rang. Il soutient que le
rang élevé qui était jadis accordé à quelques-uns par l'usage de la notion de «
dignité » est maintenant accordé à tous les êtres humains par l'usage de la
notion de « dignité humaine » : Jeremy Waldron, « Lecture 1: Dignity and rank
», The Tanner lectures on human values, University of California (Berkeley),
April 2009 aux pp.28- ; Jeremy Waldron, « Lecture 2: Law, dignity and
self-control », The Tanner lectures on human values, University of California
(Berkeley), April 2009 à la p.29. John Locke soutenait, par exemple, que
puisque tous les êtres humains sont de la même espèce et du même rang alors ils
doivent être égaux entre eux. Locke affirmait : «<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> <u>A state also of equality, wherein all the power and jurisdiction is reciprocal,
no one having more than another ; there being nothing more evident, than that
creatures of the same species and rank, promiscuously born to all the same
advantages of nature, and the use of the same faculties, should also be equal
one amongst another without subordination or subjection</u></span> » : John
Locke, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Of
Civil Government : The Second Treatise</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">,
Rockville, Wildside Press, 2008 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">aux pp.2-3 (chap II, 4). Voir aussi John Locke, <i>Traité du
gouvernement civil</i>, trad. par David Mazel, Paris, Flammarion, 1984 à la
p.173 (chap.II, 4)<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn112" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref112" name="_ftn112" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn112;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[112]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Herbert Spiegelberg, «
Human Dignity : A Challenge to contemporary philosophy » (1971) 9:1 World
Futures 39 à la p.42. En revanche, "l'idée" de dignité humaine a une
origine plus ancienne : Herbert Spiegelberg, « Human Dignity : A Challenge to
contemporary philosophy » (1971) 9:1 World Futures 39 à la p.42 ; Anne Mette
Maria Lebech, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The identification of human
dignity : hermeneutic, eidetic and constitutional analyses in the light of
Edith Stein's phenomenology</i>, Doctoral thesis in philosophy published, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Katholieke
Universiteit Leuven, 2005 à la p.18.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn113" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref113" name="_ftn113" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn113;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[113]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Herbert Spiegelberg, «
Human Dignity : A Challenge to contemporary philosophy » (1971) 9:1 World
Futures 39 à la p.56.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn114" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref114" name="_ftn114" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn114;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[114]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Comme le mentionnait
Rousseau, « <u>l'amour des hommes <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">dérivés
de l'amour de soi</b> est le principe de la justice humaine</u> » :
Jean-Jacques Rousseau, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Émile ou de
l'éducation</i>, Paris, Garnier-Flammarion, 1966 à la p.306.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn115" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref115" name="_ftn115" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn115;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[115]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> « <u>The supreme ethical
aim of Humanism is, in fact, the this-earthly well-being of all humankind, with
reliance on the methods of reason and science, democracy and love</u> » :
Corliss Lamont, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The philosophy of
humanism</i>, 8th Edition, New York, Humanist Press, 1997 aux pp.xvi, xxx et
285.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn116" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref116" name="_ftn116" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn116;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[116]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Tzvetan Todorov, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Imperfect garden : the legacy of humanism</i>,
trad. par Carol Cosman, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2002 à la p.42.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn117" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref117" name="_ftn117" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn117;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[117]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Corliss Lamont, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The philosophy of humanism</i>, 8th Edition,
New York, Humanist Press, 1997 à la p.65.</span></div>
</div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7671274545402013868.post-37176700794485315822016-02-14T13:32:00.005-05:002016-02-14T13:32:47.513-05:00La dignité humaine : les fondements juridiques (Conclusion)
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Conclusion</span></b></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">En somme, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">une société libre
et démocratique qui reconnaît les valeurs de dignité humaine et de justice
sociale doit concevoir la liberté comme comportant une dimension négative et
une dimension positive. Ces deux dimensions de la liberté sont nécessaires afin
de garantir une égale et une réelle liberté pour tous. La reconnaissance de la
dimension positive de la liberté appelle à une interprétation des droits et
libertés conforme à celle-ci et aux valeurs d’égalité substantielle, de dignité
humaine et de justice sociale qui la sous-tendent. Une telle interprétation
compatible avec la philosophie libérale donnerait notamment corps aux droits
économiques et sociaux qui, comme les droits civils et politiques, visent à
protéger la liberté et qui sont essentiels aux personnes défavorisées afin de
leur assurer des conditions minimales de vie dans la dignité. De plus, dans </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">l’interprétation de l’article 1 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i>, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">les </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">valeurs de dignité humaine, d’égalité et de justice
sociale qui sous-tendent la liberté positive appellent à la reconnaissance par
la Cour du principe anti-désavantage qui consiste à reconnaître que la Charte
est d’abord destinée à venir en aide aux personnes défavorisées.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Les valeurs de dignité humaine et de
justice sociale appellent également à la reconnaissance d’une égalité non
seulement formelle, procédurale et abstraite, mais également substantielle et
concrète</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Dans la
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i>, l’égalité formelle
s’intéresse aux règles d’équité procédurale et à l'égalité dans la jouissance
des libertés fondamentales alors que l’égalité substantielle, qui s’intéresse
au contexte et est sensible aux conditions sociaux-économiques, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">garantit une égalité réelle dans </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">l'application
de la loi.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Une société libre et démocratique
qui reconnaît la valeur de dignité humaine doit, par conséquent, non seulement
reconnaître la liberté négative et l'égalité formelle, mais également la
liberté positive et l’égalité substantielle. Ces dernières sont compatibles</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> et
découlent toutes deux de la dignité humaine. En effet, la liberté positive, qui
vise à assurer à tous une réelle liberté et un véritable choix, a besoin de
l'égalité substantielle, qui s'intéresse à une juste répartition des ressources,
afin d'assurer à tous les moyens d'exercer leur autonomie, de réaliser leur
propre conception du bien et de participer pleinement comme citoyen égal dans
la société. Nous souscrivons ainsi aux propos de </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pius Langa, ancien juge en chef de la
Cour constitutionnelle en Afrique du Sud<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a> :</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">“<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>The first is a commitment to creating a
substantively equal society. It recognizes the moral entitlement of persons to
what some call “positive liberty”: the ability actually to exercise one’s
rights and pursue one’s projects, rather than a mere empty entitlement to do
so. It recognizes that this entitlement vests in everyone equally. The
government bears duties to refrain from steps which restrict the ability of
individuals equally to exercise their freedoms, but just as importantly, it
recognizes that the government possesses duties to take positive steps to
protect, promote, and fulfil the equal freedoms of the people</u></b>. Thus,
South Africa’s pursuit of substantive equality requires both state prevention
of discrimination and state promotion of distributive justice”</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> [nos soulignés]</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Le lecteur aura pu constater que ces trois valeurs (dignité
humaine, liberté et égalité) sont complémentaires et entretiennent des liens
importants. Nous partageons d’ailleurs l'opinion de la juriste </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Susanne Baer, qui est conforme à
la philosophie libérale kantienne<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a>,
selon laquelle</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> ces trois valeurs constituent une triade de concepts
interreliés et dynamiques où le contenu de l'un informe le contenu de l'autre</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. </span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Notre conception juridique de la
dignité humaine et de ses exigences n’est pas incompatible avec la philosophie
libérale et est conforme au droit international, à la jurisprudence canadienne,
à la doctrine canadienne et finalement au concept de « capabilities » développé
par l’économiste et philosophe Amartya Sen et employé dans la sphère
économique.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Elle n’est pas incompatible avec la
philosophie libérale. En effet, la philosophie libérale reconnaît l’importance
de la liberté négative et de la liberté positive, l’existence de droits
économiques et sociaux et l’importance de protéger les personnes faibles,
défavorisées et vulnérables. Elle reconnaît également l’importance de l’égalité
formelle et de l’égalité substantielle qu’elle considère comme réconciliables.
De plus, les valeurs d’égale liberté et de justice que vise notre conception de
la dignité humaine sont, selon Isaiah Berlin, les fondements de la moralité
libérale</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Elle est également conforme au droit
international. En effet, le droit international reconnaît l’importance pour la
dignité humaine d’assurer à tous une réelle liberté, des droits économiques et
sociaux et de protéger les personnes faibles, défavorisées et vulnérables. </span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Elle est aussi conforme à la
jurisprudence canadienne qui s’est toujours refusé d'établir dans la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i> une distinction rigide
entre la liberté négative et la liberté positive ou entre les droits négatifs
et les droits positifs, qui s'est parfois montrée ouverte à une éventuelle
reconnaissance dans la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i>
de droits économiques et sociaux et qui considère la préexistence d’un
désavantage et la vulnérabilité comme un facteur contextuel très important pour
déterminer une atteinte à la dignité humaine. Elle reconnaît également à la
fois l’importance de l’égalité formelle (par les règles d’équité procédurale et
par l'égalité dans la jouissance des libertés fondamentales) et de l’égalité
substantielle (par le droit à l’égalité). </span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Elle est, au surplus, conforme à la
doctrine canadienne qui assimile la dignité humaine à la liberté et à
l'égalité, qui reconnaît la liberté positive et l’égalité substantielle comme
relevant de la dignité humaine et qui conçoit la vulnérabilité comme un aspect
central de la dignité humaine</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. </span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Finalement, elle est conforme dans
la sphère économique au concept des « capabilities » lié à la liberté
substantielle (ou réelle)</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">,
développé par l’économiste et philosophe Amartya Sen</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> et
adoptée par la Commission française sur la mesure des performances économiques
et du progrès social présidée par Joseph E. Stiglitz</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Éric Folot, Avocat et Bioéthicien</span></b></div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Comme
l’affirmait avec justesse le révolutionnaire français, Gracchus Babeuf,
l’égalité formelle (l’égalité des droits et l’égalité devant la loi) n’est
qu’une fiction légale : Gracchus Babeuf, « Manifesto of the equals »
(1796), en ligne : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><</span></span><span lang="FR" style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">http://www.marxists.org/history/france/revolution/conspiracy-equals/1796/manifesto.htm</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.</span><span lang="FR"></span></div>
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<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Par exemple, selon Hobhouse la liberté contractuelle exige l’égalité
substantielle afin d’assurer aux deux parties un choix réel : Leonard
Trelawny Hobhouse, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Hobhouse : </i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Liberalism
and Other Writings</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, 2<sup>nd</sup> ed., Cambridge, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cambridge University Press, 1994</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> aux pp.40-41 ; Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The elements of social justice</i>, New York, Henry Holt and company,
1922 à la p.80. Voir aussi </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Peter Leuprecht, « La liberté qui opprime et la
loi qui affranchit », en ligne : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><</span></span><cite><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="color: blue;">www.unesco.chairephilo.uqam.ca/LACORDAIRELeuprecht.pdf</span></span></cite><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">></span></span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Daniel Proulx, « L'objet des droits constitutionnels à l'égalité » (1988)
29 C. de D. 567 aux pp</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.579-580 ; Susanne Baer, « Lecture : dignity, liberty,
equality : a fundamental rights triangle of constitutionalism » (2009) 59
University of Toronto Law Journal 417 aux pp.449-450 ; Richard B. Wilson, « The
merging concepts of liberty and equality » (1955) 12:2 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Wash. & Lee L. Rev. 182</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> à la p.194.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Selon
plusieurs philosophes, concevoir la liberté sous sa dimension positive permet
de faire disparaître la tension ou l’opposition traditionnelle entre liberté et
égalité : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">R. H. Tawney, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Equality</i>,
London, Unwin books, 1964 aux pp.167-168 et 228-229 ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">John Dewey, « Liberalism
and equality » in </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Later Works of John Dewey</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, vol.11, Carbondale, Southern Illinois Univ. Press, 1987</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> à la p.370. Sur
la compatibilité entre la liberté et l'égalité, voir aussi John Rawls, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Théorie de la justice</i>, trad. par
Catherine Audard, Paris, Éditions du Seuil, 1997 à la p.240 (ch.32) ; Ronald
Dworkin, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Justice for Hedgehogs</i>,
Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 2011 aux pp.4 et 331 ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">T. M. Scanlon, « When does equality matter ? », Conference on equality at the
John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, April 2004 aux
pp.41-42 ; Francis M. Wilhoit, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Quest for Equality in Freedom</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">New Brunswick, Transaction Books, 1979 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">aux pp.53-</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">. Selon </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Arthur J.
Goldberg, ancien juge de la Cour suprême des États-Unis, les pères fondateurs
des États-Unis </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>concevaient l’égalité comme une composante de
la liberté et la liberté comme un synonyme de l’égalité : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Arthur J. Goldberg</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, « Equality and
governmental action » (1964) </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">39 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 205 à la p.207.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Dans ses arrêts
portant sur le droit constitutionnel, la Cour suprême du Canada a souvent
référé aux décisions de la Cour constitutionnelle d’Afrique du Sud. Par
exemple : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Sauvé c. Canada (Directeur général des élections),
[2002] 3 R.C.S. 519 au para.35, j. McLachlin (pour la majorité)</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> ; R c.
Hall, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">[2002] A.C.S. 65 au para.115, j. Iacobucci
(dissident) ; États-Unis <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">c</span>.
Burns, [2001] 1 R.C.S. 283 au para.67 (la Cour). Voir aussi Beverly McLachlin,
« Bills of rights in common law countries » (2002) 51:2 International and
Comparative Law Quarterly 197.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: ArialMT; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: ArialMT; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Daniel Butt, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Courts and the making of public policy and
the social contract revisited : transformative constitutionalism and
socio-economic rights</i>, Report of a lecture by the chief justice of South
Africa, Oxford, The foundation for law, justice and society, 2009 à la p.2, </span><span class="longdesc"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">en ligne :
</span></span><span class="longdesc"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><</span></span></span><span class="longdesc"><span lang="FR" style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://www.fljs.org/section.aspx?id=3141</span></span><span class="longdesc"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">></span></span></span><span class="longdesc"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
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<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Rory O'Connell, « The role of dignity in equality law : Lessons from Canada
and South Africa » (2008) 6:2 </span><cite><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Int. J. Constitutional Law</span></cite><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> 267 à la p.273.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Susanne Baer, «
Lecture : dignity, liberty, equality : a fundamental rights triangle of
constitutionalism » (2009) 59 University of Toronto Law Journal 417 à la p.468.
Voir aussi </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">R. c. Zundel, [1992] 2 R.C.S. 731 au para.148, j.
Iacobucci et Cory (dissidents).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Isaiah Berlin,
« Two concepts of liberty » in Henry Hardy, dir., <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Liberty</i>, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2009 à la p.172.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Isabelle
Martin, « Reconnaissance, respect et sollicitude : vers une analyse intégrée
des exigences de la dignité humaine » (2010) 15:2 Lex Electronica 1 à la p.29.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Amartya Sen, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Idea of Justice</i>, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cambridge, Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2009 à
la p.253.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Amartya Sen, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Idea of Justice</i>, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cambridge, Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2009
aux pp.225-. Martha Nussbaum a identifié 10 capacités essentielles pour vivre
une vie dans la dignité : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Martha Nussbaum, « Human dignity and political
entitlements » in The President's Council on Bioethics, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Human Dignity and Bioethics</i>, Washington DC, 2008 aux pp.362 et 377.
Voir aussi Martha C. Nussbaum, « Capabilities as fundamental
entitlements : Sen and social justice » (2003) 9:2-3 Feminist economics 33
aux pp.33 et 56.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> France, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ministère de l'économie, de l'industrie et de l'emploi</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, Commission sur
la mesure des performances économiques et du progrès social, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Rapport Commission sur la mesure des
performances économiques et du progrès social</i>, Paris, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ministère de l'économie, de l'industrie et de l'emploi</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, 2009 aux
pp.168-171. </span></div>
</div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7671274545402013868.post-82513585028614535592016-02-14T13:28:00.002-05:002016-02-14T13:28:43.893-05:00La dignité humaine : les fondements juridiques (2.2. La doctrine canadienne : la dignité humaine et l'égalité)
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">2.2.2. La
dignité humaine et l'égalité </span></b></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pour de nombreux juristes canadiens</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">,
l'égalité constitue un élément important de la dignité humaine. En effet, la
dignité humaine confère à chaque être humain une égale valeur intrinsèque</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> qui
l'élève au rang de fin en soi</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. L’être
humain n'est donc pas un simple rouage au service de l'État et de la
collectivité</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> et ne
doit, par conséquent, jamais être traité simplement comme un moyen en vue d'une
fin qui le dépasse</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Cette
égale valeur intrinsèque que la dignité humaine confère à chaque être humain
justifie une « égalité morale »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">
indépendante des faits</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> et de la
contribution à la société</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">,
c’est-à-dire du mérite, des accomplissements</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, du
statut social, de la richesse et des capacités rationnelles</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">,
physiques ou intellectuelles</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. La
reconnaissance de cette égalité morale commande un droit à un égal respect et à
une égale considération</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> :
(un égal respect)</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> de la
part de soi-même (le respect de soi) et de la part des autres (le respect des autres)</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Ce
droit <span style="color: #231f20;">ne constitue pas <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">a priori</i> un principe d'égalité substantielle et de justice sociale</span></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[15]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, mais seulement un principe moral abstrait d'égalité formelle et
procédurale (égalité des droits) et d'impartialité morale (un principe sans
contenu)</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[16]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Il ne prend la forme d'un principe d’égalité substantielle que s'il se
traduit dans les faits par des conséquences substantiellement égalitaires en
terme, par exemple, de liberté, de revenu, de ressources ou de bien-être</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[17]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. En effet, l'égalité substantielle s’intéresse aux conditions de vie
réelles des personnes (notamment des personnes désavantagées)</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[18]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> et implique, selon </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Donna
Greschner et </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">R. James Fyfe</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[19]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span lang="FR" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> ce
que Joel Bakan appelle l’égalité sociale : </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 28.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="FR" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">« <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>An absence
of major disparities in people's resources, political and social power,
well-being and of exploitation and oppression</u></b> »</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> [nos soulignés]<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: #231f20;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[20]</span></span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="FR" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Ces conceptions formelle et substantielle de l'égalité peuvent, selon le
philosophe libéral John Rawls, être réconciliées</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[21]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> dans une théorie de la justice qui répartit les biens sociaux premiers</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[22]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> conformément à la justice sociale</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[23]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Sa théorie de la justice inclut une conception formelle de l'égalité dans
son premier principe de justice (qui prévoit que les libertés de base sont,
dans l'abstrait, égales pour tous et qu'elles n'ont donc pas à être compensées)
et une conception substantielle de l'égalité dans son deuxième principe (qui
prévoit que la valeur de la liberté, n'étant pas dans les faits égale pour tous
en raison des différences de richesses et de ressources entre citoyens, doit
être compensée par une juste redistribution des revenus et de la richesse)</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[24]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Ce second principe (et la conception substantielle de l'égalité qu’il
incarne) est, selon lui, une condition essentielle à la justice sociale</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[25]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, car il permet de maximiser une réelle liberté (ou valeur de la liberté)
égale pour tous</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[26]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">
qu’il considère comme le but de la justice sociale</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[27]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Ce second principe (et la conception substantielle de l'égalité qu’il
incarne) est également </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">nécessaire,
selon lui, afin de traiter les hommes « comme des fins en soi »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[28]</span></span></span></span></a>
conformément à la dignité humaine<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[29]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span><span lang="FR" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> Étant entendu que les valeurs de justice sociale</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn30" name="_ftnref30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[30]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> et de dignité humaine, qui justifient une égalité substantielle de
l’égalité, constituent toutes deux des valeurs fondamentales d'une société
libre et démocratique</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn31" name="_ftnref31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[31]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">
alors l'égalité substantielle exigée par ces valeurs est conforme aux valeurs
d'une société libre et démocratique. D’ailleurs, le juriste </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mark. R. Macguigan, cité par
Commission de réforme du droit du Canada, affirmait que l</span><span lang="FR" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">a
notion même de démocratie, tant du point de vue du fond que de la forme, « <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>repose sur le respect de l'égalité
économique, sociale, culturelle et morale</u></b> »</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> [nos soulignés]<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn32" name="_ftnref32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: #231f20;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[32]</span></span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. <span style="color: #231f20;">Albert Frederick Pollard résume en insistant sur
l'importance de l'égalité substantielle pour la liberté : </span></span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">« <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>There
is only one solution of the problem of liberty, and it lies in equality.
Without some equality there can be no common liberty ; and the equalization of
liberty has been one of the greatest achievements of parliament</u></b>. There
are, indeed, endless kinds of equality (...) Men vary in physical strength ;
but so far as their social relations go that inequality has been abolished. The
weak are as safe as the strong in civilized communities, and the strong are
effectually prevented from using their strength to the detriment of their
weaker neighbours. Yet there must have been a period in social evolution when
this refusal to permit the strong man to do what he liked with his own physical
strength seemed, at least to the strong, an outrageous interference with
personal liberty (...) <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>There is, in
fact, no more reason why a man should be allowed to use his wealth or his brain
than is physical strength as he likes ; and the principle which controls the
one should also control the other. No one hopes to equalize physical strength ;
no sane person expects to equalize wealth or mental equipment. But liberty in
the employment of each should be restrained by the same social considerations.
The liberty of the weak depends upon the restraint of the strong, that of the
poor upon the restraint of the rich, and that of the simpler-minded upon the
restraint of the sharper</u></b><u> </u>» </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[nos italiques]<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn33" name="_ftnref33" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: #231f20;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[33]</span></span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Selon
Ronald Dworkin, l'égalité formelle et l'égalité substantielle peuvent également
être réconciliées. En effet, selon lui, la dignité humaine comporte deux
dimensions ou deux principes : le respect de soi (et le respect des autres) et
l'authenticité</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn34" name="_ftnref34" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[34]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Le
premier principe du respect de soi est un principe d'égalité</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn35" name="_ftnref35" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[35]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Il
suppose un droit à un égal respect et à une égale considération, c'est-à-dire
une égalité morale formelle. Il emporte également une égalité politique</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn36" name="_ftnref36" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn36;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[36]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">,
c'est-à-dire l'obligation pour l'État de ne pas faire de discrimination</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn37" name="_ftnref37" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn37;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[37]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> et de
traiter les membres les plus faibles d'une société avec le même respect et avec
la même considération que les membres les plus puissants</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn38" name="_ftnref38" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn38;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[38]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Il
affirme :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 59.2pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Government must not only treat people
with concern and respect, but with equal concern and respect. It must not
distribute goods or opportunities unequally on the ground that some citizens
are entitled to more because they are worthy of more concern</u></b> » [nos
soulignés]<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn39" name="_ftnref39" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn39;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[39]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Pusique
l'État doit, en conséquence, agir comme si l'impact de ses politiques sur la
vie de tous ses citoyens était également important</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn40" name="_ftnref40" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn40;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[40]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, cette
égalité formelle engendre pour l'État une obligation d'égalité substantielle.
En effet, comme les décisions prises par un gouvernement affectent les
ressources matérielles de ses citoyens</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn41" name="_ftnref41" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn41;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[41]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, l'État
ne peut, conformément à son obligation de traiter chaque citoyen en égal,
rester indifférent aux demandes exprimées par ses citoyens d'être traités en
égal dans la distribution des ressources</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn42" name="_ftnref42" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn42;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[42]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Selon
Ronald Dworkin, l’égalité politique, l’égalité sociale et l’égalité économique
sont toutes aussi importantes l’une que l’autre</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn43" name="_ftnref43" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn43;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[43]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> et
relèvent toutes de notre égalité morale et de notre égal statut</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn44" name="_ftnref44" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn44;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[44]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Il
affirme :<span style="color: #231f20;"></span></span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>It is hardly enough to say (although
many political philosophers apparently think it is enough) that society owes
everyone care for their most basic needs, but not economic equality. It is not
a question of discrete prior obligation, but of equal status</u></b><u>.</u> If
everyone's basic needs were met, but some citizens still had an opportunity to
make their lives much more exciting, productive, varied or interesting than
others could, the question would remain whether laws that distribute resources
with that consequence are justified » [nos soulignés]<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn45" name="_ftnref45" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn45;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[45]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;"></span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Néanmoins,
par respect pour le deuxième principe de dignité, la responsabilité
individuelle des citoyens pour leur propre vie (un principe de liberté)</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn46" name="_ftnref46" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn46;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[46]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, cette
revendication d'égalité substantielle doit être limitée</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn47" name="_ftnref47" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn47;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[47]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> et
n'exige pas, par conséquent, une « égalité de résultat »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn48" name="_ftnref48" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn48;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[48]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">
(c'est-à-dire que tous les citoyens aient les mêmes ressources matérielles
indépendamment de leurs choix de vie). L’égalité substantielle ne saurait
toutefois tolérer la pauvreté</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn49" name="_ftnref49" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn49;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[49]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> et une
trop grande disparité de richesse</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn50" name="_ftnref50" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn50;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[50]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> sans
porter atteinte à la liberté</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn51" name="_ftnref51" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn51;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[51]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Comme
le soulignait le philosophe libéral John Stuart Mill, ce qui est économiquement
nécessaire dans les pays riches et avancés est une meilleure redistribution des
richesses</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn52" name="_ftnref52" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn52;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[52]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Par conséquent, l'État a, selon
Dworkin, la responsabilité de réduire les inégalités économiques par des
programmes sociaux et un système de redistribution de la richesse</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn53" name="_ftnref53" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn53;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[53]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>À ce sujet, Ronald Dworkin affirme :</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">« <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Equal concern is the
sovereign virtue of political community, without it government is only tyranny,
and when a nation's wealth is very unequally distributed, as the wealth of even
prosperous nations now is, then its equal concern is suspect. For the
distribution of wealth is the product of a legal order </u></b>» </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[nos soulignés]<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn54" name="_ftnref54" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn54;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[54]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Dans la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte
canadienne</i>, l'égalité formelle et procédurale est garanti par les libertés
fondamentales elles-mêmes (l'égalité dans la jouissance des libertés
fondamentales) prévues à l’article 2</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn55" name="_ftnref55" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn55;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[55]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> et par
les règles d’équité procédurale prévues aux articles 7 à 14 alors que l'</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">égalité substantielle est assurée
par le droit à l'égalité garanti à l'article 15<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn56" name="_ftnref56" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn56;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[56]</span></span></span></span></a>.
Bien que ce droit à l’égalité ne soit pas une </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">garantie générale
d'égalité et de justice sociale et qu'il ne porte que sur l'application de la
loi</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn57" name="_ftnref57" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn57;" title=""><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[57]</span></span></span></a></span></span><span lang="FR" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, il n’en reste pas moins fondé sur les valeurs de dignité humaine et de
justice sociale</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn58" name="_ftnref58" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn58;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[58]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">. En effet, le premier paragraphe de cet
article vise à</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> interdire toute discrimination</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> et à garantir un droit à une égalité
réelle dans l'application de la loi </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">en assurant à tous la même
protection et le même bénéfice de la loi (en tenant compte des différences
individuelles et contextuelles), c'est-à-dire en</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">favorisant « l’existence d’une
société où tous sont reconnus par la loi comme des êtres humains égaux ou comme
des membres égaux de la société canadienne, tous aussi capables, et méritant le
même intérêt, le même respect, et la même considération »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn59" name="_ftnref59" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn59;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[59]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> De même, le deuxième paragraphe
de cet article vise à promouvoir une égalité substantielle et plus de justice
sociale<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn60" name="_ftnref60" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn60;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[60]</span></span></span></span></a>
en protégeant, contre toute prétention de discrimination, les lois qui tiennent
compte des différences économiques et sociales et qui visent à améliorer les
conditions de vie des personnes défavorisées<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn61" name="_ftnref61" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn61;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[61]</span></span></span></span></a>.
Nous estimons, avec Donna Greschner, que le droit à l’égalité qui vise à
assurer une égalité substantielle doit être interprété de manière à servir la
liberté positive des personnes autonomes<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn62" name="_ftnref62" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn62;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[62]</span></span></span></span></a>
et l’intégrité physique et psychologique des personnes non autonomes<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn63" name="_ftnref63" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn63;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[63]</span></span></span></span></a>. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">En somme, une
société libre et démocratique qui reconnaît les valeurs de dignité humaine et
de justice sociale doit concevoir l'égalité comme étant non seulement formelle,
mais également substantielle. En effet, la dignité humaine confère à chaque
être humain une égale valeur intrinsèque qui justifie une « égalité morale »
indépendante du mérite, des accomplissements, du statut social, de la richesse
et des capacités rationnelles, physiques ou intellectuelles. La reconnaissance
de cette égalité morale commande un droit à un égal respect et à une égale
considération. Ce droit <span style="color: #231f20;">constitue un principe moral
abstrait d'égalité formelle et procédurale et d'impartialité morale (un
principe sans contenu) qui prescrit comment les êtres humains doivent être
traités. Il ne prend la forme d'un principe d’égalité substantielle (un
principe avec contenu) que s'il se traduit dans les faits par des conséquences
substantiellement égalitaires en terme, par exemple, de liberté, de revenu, de
ressources ou de bien-être. Ces conceptions formelle et substantielle de l'égalité
peuvent, selon le philosophe libéral John Rawls, être réconciliées dans une
théorie de la justice qui répartit les biens sociaux premiers conformément à la
justice sociale. En effet, sa théorie de la justice inclut une conception
formelle de l'égalité dans son premier principe de justice et une conception
substantielle de l'égalité dans son deuxième principe. Ce second principe (et
la conception substantielle de l'égalité qu’il incarne) est, selon lui, une
condition essentielle à la justice sociale, car il permet de maximiser une
réelle liberté (ou valeur de la liberté) égale pour tous qu’il considère comme
le but de la justice sociale. Ce second principe (et la conception
substantielle de l'égalité qu’il incarne) est également </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">nécessaire, selon lui, afin de
traiter les hommes « comme des fins en soi » conformément à la dignité humaine.</span><span lang="FR" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> Étant entendu que les valeurs de justice sociale et de dignité humaine,
qui justifient une égalité substantielle de l’égalité, constituent toutes deux
des valeurs fondamentales d'une société libre et démocratique alors l'égalité
substantielle exigée par ces valeurs est conforme aux valeurs d'une société
libre et démocratique. </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Dans la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte
canadienne</i>, l'égalité formelle et procédurale est garanti par les libertés
fondamentales elles-mêmes (l'égalité dans la jouissance des libertés
fondamentales) prévues à l’article 2 et par les règles d’équité procédurale
prévues aux articles 7 à 14 alors que l'</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">égalité substantielle est assurée par le droit à l'égalité
garanti à l'article 15. Nous estimons que le droit à l’égalité, qui vise à
assurer une égalité substantielle, doit être interprété de manière à servir
l’égale liberté positive des personnes autonomes et l’intégrité physique et
psychologique des personnes non autonomes.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">2.2.3. Le droit à la sauvegarde de sa dignité</span></b></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Le
droit à la sauvegarde de sa dignité garanti par l'article 4 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte québécoise</i> sous-tend une
conception universaliste de la dignité humaine indissociable du principe
d'égalité</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn64" name="_ftnref64" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn64;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[64]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Il
comporte à la fois un volet interne (le respect de soi) et un volet externe (le
respect des autres)</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn65" name="_ftnref65" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn65;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[65]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">.
Christian Brunelle est d'avis qu'en droit le respect du volet interne de la
dignité humaine, qui impose l'obligation de se respecter soi-même, pose deux
difficultés</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn66" name="_ftnref66" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn66;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[66]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">.
Premièrement, pour que cette obligation de se respecter soi-même ait un sens,
il faut qu'un tiers soit autorisé à invoquer contre son débiteur une atteinte
au droit à la sauvegarde de sa dignité. Or en vertu de l'article 49 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte québécoise</i>, seule la victime
d'une atteinte illicite à l'un de ses droits ou à l'une de ses libertés
reconnus par la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte québécoise</i>
peut demander une réparation pécuniaire pour le préjudice moral ou matériel qui
en découle</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn67" name="_ftnref67" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn67;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[67]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. En
conséquence, il y a confusion puisque le débiteur de l’obligation de respect
est également créancier de celle-ci. Il estime, par conséquent, que le respect
du volet interne de la dignité humaine ne relève pas du pouvoir judiciaire,
mais du pouvoir législatif qui pourrait par la voie du droit criminel interdire,
par exemple, des crimes sans victime</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn68" name="_ftnref68" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn68;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[68]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Deuxièmement,
le droit à la sauvegarde de sa dignité garanti à l'article 4 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte québécoise</i> peut potentiellement
entrer en conflit avec le droit au respect de sa vie privée</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn69" name="_ftnref69" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn69;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[69]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> qui
délimite une sphère limitée d'autonomie personnelle et de liberté qui protège
le droit de prendre des décisions personnelles fondamentales sans influence
externe indue</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn70" name="_ftnref70" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn70;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[70]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. La
manière d’interpréter le droit à la sauvegarde de sa dignité est, par
conséquent, cruciale pour la liberté. Une interprétation paternaliste de ce
droit, qui viserait à judiciariser le respect de soi et à imposer de façon
paternaliste des devoirs juridiques envers soi-même et une conception
particulière du bien en interdisant certains comportements volontaires ou certaines
activités librement consenties</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn71" name="_ftnref71" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn71;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[71]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">,
pourrait, selon Christian Brunelle, rendre la dignité humaine liberticide</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn72" name="_ftnref72" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn72;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[72]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Il
affirme :</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">“Si le « droit à la
sauvegarde de la dignité » emporte, comme nous l’avons vu, une obligation, pour
chaque individu, de respecter sa propre dignité afin de ne pas saper, par
ricochet dirions-nous, celle d’autrui et même celle de toute l’espèce humaine,
la sanction d’une telle obligation demeure problématique (...) Si l’on peut
concevoir que la « dignité » ait pu justifier l’interdiction d’un spectacle de
« lancer de nain » (...) en viendra-t-on également à prohiber toujours au nom
de la dignité humaine – la boxe, la lutte, la pornographie, le strip-tease, la
tauromachie, le travail dans l’industrie du sexe... et quoi encore ? On le
voit, une conception par trop hégémonique de la dignité « pourrait à terme la
rendre liberticide », en favorisant le « réarmement moral » et la résurgence
d’un certain paternalism”</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> [nos soulignés]<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn73" name="_ftnref73" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn73;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[73]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Nous souscrivons à ces propos et nous sommes également
d'avis que d'imposer dans une société pluraliste des devoirs juridiques envers
soi-même au nom du respect de soi et de la dignité humaine porterait atteinte à
la liberté négative de choisir et de suivre sa propre conception du bien et
serait, par voie de conséquence, contraire au principe de neutralité morale de
l’État. Le philosophe libéral John Stuart Mill ajoute :</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">« <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Ces
vices peuvent être une marque de bêtise, de manque de dignité personnelle et de
respect de soi, mais ils ne deviennent des sujets de réprobation morale que
lorsqu'ils entraînent le mépris des devoirs envers les autres</u></b>, pour le
bien desquels l'individu se doit de veiller sur lui-même. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Ce qu'on appelle devoirs envers soi-même ne constituent pas une
obligation sociale</u></b>, à moins que les circonstances n'en fassent
simultanément des devoirs envers autrui » </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[nos soulignés]<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn74" name="_ftnref74" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn74;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[74]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. </span></div>
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<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<b>Éric Folot, Avocat et Bioéthicien</b><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Isabelle
Martin, « Reconnaissance, respect et sollicitude : vers une analyse intégrée
des exigences de la dignité humaine » (2010) 15:2 Lex Electronica 1 aux pp.11
et 24 ; Denise G. Réaume, « Discrimination and dignity » (2002-2003) 63 La. L.
Rev. 645 à la p.674 ; <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Bartha Maria
Knoppers, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dignité humaine et patrimoine
génétique</i>, Ottawa, Commission de réforme du droit du Canada, 1991 à la p.82
; </span>Susanne Baer, « Lecture : dignity, liberty, equality : a fundamental
rights triangle of constitutionalism » (2009) 59 University of Toronto Law
Journal 417 aux pp.457-458, 461-462 ;<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">
Roger Gibbins, « How in the world can you contest equal human dignity ? »
(2000-2001) </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">12 Nat'l J. Const. L. 25 aux
pp.27-28 ; Christian Brunelle, « La dignité dans la Charte des droits et libertés
de la personne : de l'ubiquité à l'ambiguïté d'une notion fondamentale » (2006)
Hors-Série R. du B. 143 aux pp.150 et 156 ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Thomas M. J. Bateman, «
Human dignity's false start in the supreme court of Canada : equality rights
and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms » (2011) </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">The International Journal of Human Rights 1 à la p.4. Voir aussi Québec
(Commission des droits de la personne et des droits de la jeunesse) c.
Transport en commun La Québécoise Inc., <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[2002]
J.T.D.P.Q. no 9</span> au para.31 ;</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Canada, Groupe d’experts de la Société royale du Canada, <i>Prise de
décisions en fin de vie</i>, La Société royale du Canada, novembre 2011 à la
p.50. Voir aussi </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Ronald
Dworkin, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Is democracy possible here ? :
principles for a new political debate</i>, Princeton, Princeton University
Press, 2006 à la p.10 ; Ronald Dworkin, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Justice
for Hedgehogs</i>, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 2011 à la p.331 ; Jack
Donnelly, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Universal Human Rights in Theory and Practice</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, London, Cornell University Press, 2003 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">à la p.44 ; <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Oscar Schacter, « </span>Human Dignity as a
Normative Concept » (1983) 77:4 The American Journal of International Law 848 à
la p.851.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Isabelle
Martin, « Reconnaissance, respect et sollicitude : vers une analyse intégrée
des exigences de la dignité humaine » (2010) 15:2 Lex Electronica 1 à la p.11 ;
Denise G. Réaume, « Discrimination and dignity » (2002-2003) 63 La. L. Rev. 645
aux pp.672 et 675 ; Daniel Proulx, « Le concept de dignité et son usage en
contexte de discrimination : deux Chartes, deux modèles » (2003) R. du B.
(numéro spécial) 485 aux pp.497-498 ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Christian
Brunelle, « La dignité dans la Charte des droits et libertés de la personne :
de l'ubiquité à l'ambiguïté d'une notion fondamentale » (2006) Hors-Série R. du
B. 143 à la p.152 ; Errol P. Mendes, «Taking Equality Into the 21st Century:
Establishing the Concept of Equal Human Dignity » (2000-2001) 12 Nat'l J.
Const. L. 3 aux pp.20-21 ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Sophia R. Moreau, « The Wrongs of Unequal
Treatment » (2004) 54:3 University of Toronto Law Journal 291</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> aux pp.295 et 319. Voir aussi </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Ronald Dworkin, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Is democracy possible here ? : principles for a new political debate</i>,
Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2006 aux pp.9-10 et 37 ; Ronald Dworkin,
</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sovereign
Virtue : The Theory and Practice of Equality</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 2002</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> à la p.5. </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Voir aussi la jurisprudence supra notes 633.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Luc Huppé, « La
dignité humaine comme fondement des droits et libertés garantis par la Charte »
(1988) 48:4 R. du B. 724 à la p.727 ; Daniel Proulx, « Le concept de dignité et
son usage en contexte de discrimination : deux Chartes, deux modèles » (2003)
R. du B. (numéro spécial) 485 aux pp.497-498 ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Christian Brunelle, « La dignité dans la Charte des droits et libertés de
la personne : de l'ubiquité à l'ambiguïté d'une notion fondamentale » (2006)
Hors-Série R. du B. 143 à la p.152 ; Jacob Weinrib, « What is the purpose of
freedom of expression ? » (2009) 67:1 U.T. Fac. L. Rev. 165 au para.14 ;
Québec, Commission de consultation sur les pratiques d'accommodement reliées
aux différences culturelles, Gérard Bouchard et Charles Taylor, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Fonder l'avenir : le temps de la
conciliation</i>, Rapport, Gouvernement du Québec, Bibliothèque et Archives
nationales du Québec, 2008 à la p.107. </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Voir aussi </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">R. c. Morgentaler, [1988] 1 R.C.S. 30 au para.250-251, j. Wilson (pour la
majorité) ; R. c. Hess; R. c. Nguyen, [1990] 2 R.C.S. 906 au para.14 et 28, j.
Wilson (pour la majorité) ; Québec (Curateur public) <b>c</b>. Syndicat
national des employés de l’hôpital St-Ferdinand, [1996] 3 R.C.S. 211 au para.101,
j. l'Heureux-Dubé (pour la Cour).</span></div>
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<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Luc Huppé, « La
dignité humaine comme fondement des droits et libertés garantis par la Charte »
(1988) 48:4 R. du B. 724 à la p.726 ; Daniel Proulx, « Le concept de dignité et
son usage en contexte de discrimination : deux Chartes, deux modèles » (2003) R.
du B. (numéro spécial) 485 à la p.498. Voir aussi </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">R. c. Morgentaler, [1988] 1 R.C.S. 30 au para.224, j. Wilson (pour la
majorité). Voir aussi Rodriguez c. Colombie-Britannique (Procureur général), <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1993] 3 R.C.S. 519 au para.201, j. McLachlin
(dissidente).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Luc Huppé, « La
dignité humaine comme fondement des droits et libertés garantis par la Charte »
(1988) 48:4 R. du B. 724 à la p.727 ; Daniel Proulx, « Le concept de dignité et
son usage en contexte de discrimination : deux Chartes, deux modèles » (2003)
R. du B. (numéro spécial) 485 aux pp.497-498 et 500 ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Christian Brunelle, « La dignité dans la Charte des droits et libertés de
la personne : de l'ubiquité à l'ambiguïté d'une notion fondamentale » (2006)
Hors-Série R. du B. 143 à la p.152 et 173 ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Oscar Schacter, « </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Human Dignity as a Normative Concept » (1983)
77:4 The American Journal of International Law 848 à la p.849. Voir aussi </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">R. c. Morgentaler, [1988] 1 R.C.S. 30 au para.243 et 250, j. Wilson (pour
la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Luc B.
Tremblay, « Le fondement normatif du principe de proportionnalité en théorie
constitutionnelle<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>» in Luc B. Tremblay
et Grégoire Charles N.Webber, dir., </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">La limitation des droits de la Charte : Essais critiques sur
l'arrêt R. C. Oakes</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, Montréal,
Éditions Thémis, 2009</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> aux pp.90-91 ; Denise G. Réaume, « Discrimination and
dignity » (2002-2003) 63 La. L. Rev. 645 aux pp.675 et 679 ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Daniel Proulx, « L'objet des droits constitutionnels à l'égalité » (1988)
29 C. de D. 567 aux pp.569-570. Voir aussi Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The elements of social justice</i>, New
York, Henry Holt and company, 1922 à la p.104 ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>R. H. Tawney, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Equality</i>, London, Unwin books, 1964 à la p.46 ; </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Herbert Spiegelberg, «</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> A defense of human equality » (1944) 53:2
The philosophical review 101<span style="color: black;"> aux pp.122 et 124 ;</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Ralph Barton Perry, « Puritanism and democracy » in </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">George L. Abernethy, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The idea of equality : an anthology</i>, Richmond, John Knox Press,
1959 à la p.273.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> R. H. Tawney, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Equality</i>, London, Unwin books, 1964 aux
pp.50-52 ; </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Herbert Spiegelberg, «</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> A defense of human equality » (1944) 53:2 The philosophical review 101<span style="color: black;"> </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">aux pp.104 et 106.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Herbert Spiegelberg, «</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> A defense of human equality » (1944) 53:2
The philosophical review 101<span style="color: black;"> </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">à la p.105.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Denise G.
Réaume, « Discrimination and dignity » (2002-2003) 63 La. L. Rev. 645 à la
p.675.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Aristote
confondait l'inégalité de fait (ou l'inégalité naturelle) avec l'inégalité
morale et justifiait, par conséquent, l'esclavage sur la base que certains
hommes étaient nés pour obéir et pour servir d'instruments vivants : R. H.
Tawney, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Equality</i>, London, Unwin
books, 1964 à la p.50.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> R. H. Tawney, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Equality</i>, London, Unwin books, 1964 à la
p.50.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Denise G.
Réaume, « Discrimination and dignity » (2002-2003) 63 La. L. Rev. 645 aux
pp.675-676.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Christian Brunelle, « La dignité dans la Charte des droits et libertés de
la personne : de l'ubiquité à l'ambiguïté d'une notion fondamentale » (2006)
Hors-Série R. du B. 143 à la p.152 ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Sophia R. Moreau, « The Wrongs of Unequal
Treatment » (2004) 54:3 University of Toronto Law Journal 291</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> aux pp.295 et 319 ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Denise G. Réaume, « Discrimination and dignity »
(2002-2003) 63 La. L. Rev. 645 à la p.679. </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Voir aussi la jurisprudence supra notes 634.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Christian Brunelle, « La dignité dans la Charte des droits et libertés de
la personne : de l'ubiquité à l'ambiguïté d'une notion fondamentale » (2006)
Hors-Série R. du B. 143 aux pp.167-168 ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Daniel Proulx, « Le concept de dignité et
son usage en contexte de discrimination : deux Chartes, deux modèles » (2003)
R. du B. (numéro spécial) 485 à la p.498. Voir ausssi Ronald Dworkin, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Justice for Hedgehogs</i>, Cambridge,
Harvard University Press, 2011 aux pp.204 et 255.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn15" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[15]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Luc B.
Tremblay, « Le fondement normatif du principe de proportionnalité en théorie
constitutionnelle<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>» in Luc B. Tremblay
et Grégoire Charles N.Webber, dir., </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">La limitation des droits de la Charte : Essais critiques sur
l'arrêt R. C. Oakes</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, Montréal, Éditions
Thémis, 2009</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">
à la p.90.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn16" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[16]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Luc B.
Tremblay, « Le fondement normatif du principe de proportionnalité en théorie</span><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">constitutionnelle<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>» in Luc B. Tremblay et Grégoire Charles
N.Webber, dir., </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">La limitation des droits de la Charte : Essais critiques sur
l'arrêt R. C. Oakes</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, Montréal,
Éditions Thémis, 2009</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> aux pp.89-90 ; Isabelle Martin, « Reconnaissance,
respect et sollicitude : vers une analyse intégrée des exigences de la dignité
humaine » (2010) 15:2 Lex Electronica 1 aux pp.16-17 ; Sophia R. Moreau, « The
Wrongs of Unequal Treatment » (2004) 54:3 University of Toronto Law Journal 291
aux pp.295-296. Voir aussi </span><span class="addmd"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">T. M. Scanlon, « The diversity of objections to inequality »
in </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Difficulty of Tolerance : Essays in Political Philosophy</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, Cambridge, Cambridge Univ. Press, 2003<span class="addmd"> </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">à la p.202 ;
Will Kymlicka, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contemporary political philosophy : an introduction</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, New York, Oxford University Press, 1990</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> à la p.4 ; Will
Kymlicka, « Rawls on Teleology and Deontology » (1988) 17:3 Philosophy &
Public Affairs 173 à la p.177 ; John Rawls, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Théorie
de la justice</i>, trad. par Catherine Audard, Paris, Éditions du Seuil, 1997 à
la p.546 (ch.77) ; Ronald Dworkin, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Taking Rights Seriously</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1978 aux pp.179-184. </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Cette
impartialité morale est nécessaire au respect de la dignité humaine. Elle est <span style="color: #231f20;">nécessaire à la neutralisation des rapports de force et
de marchandage</span> : Catherine Audard, « Éthique publique et démocratie
» (1997) 41 Arch. Phil. Droit 65 à la p.75. Voir aussi </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">John Stuart Mill, <i>L'utilitarisme</i>, trad. par Georges Tanesse, Paris,
Garnier-Flammarion, 1968 aux pp.124-125 et 152-156 (ch.V).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn17" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[17]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">R. James Fyfe, « Dignity as theory : competing conceptions of human dignity
at the supreme court of Canada » (2007) 70 Sask. L. Rev. 1 à la p.18. Voir
aussi </span><span class="addmd"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">T. M.
Scanlon, « The diversity of objections to inequality » in </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
Difficulty of Tolerance : Essays in Political Philosophy</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, Cambridge, Cambridge Univ. Press, 2003<span class="addmd"> </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">à la
p.202 ; Amartya Sen, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Idea of
Justice</i>, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cambridge, Belknap Press of Harvard
University Press, 2009 à la p.291. </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn18" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[18]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Denise G.
Réaume, « Discrimination and dignity » (2002-2003) 63 La. L. Rev. 645 à la
p.648 ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">R. James Fyfe, « Dignity as theory : competing
conceptions of human dignity at the supreme court of Canada » (2007) 70 Sask.
L. Rev. 1 à la p.18. Pour une définition de l’égalité réelle ou substantielle,
voir Withler c. Canada (Procureur général), 2011 CSC 12, [2011] 1 R.C.S. 396 au
para.39, j. McLachlin et Abella (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn19" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[19]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Donna
Greschner, « Does Law advance the cause of equality ? » (2001-2002) </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">27 Queen's L.J. 299</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> à la p.303 ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">R. James Fyfe, «
Dignity as theory : competing conceptions of human dignity at the supreme court
of Canada » (2007) 70 Sask. L. Rev. 1 à la p.18.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn20" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[20]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Joel Bakan, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Just Words : Constitutional Rights and Social
Wrongs</i>, Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 1997 à la p.47.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn21" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[21]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> John Rawls, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Théorie de la justice</i>, trad. par
Catherine Audard, Paris, Éditions du Seuil, 1997 à la p.549 (ch.77) ; David
Estlund, « Political quality » (2000) 17:1 Social philosophy and policy 127 à
la p.131.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn22" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[22]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Les biens sociaux premiers que tout homme rationnel est supposé désiré sont
: les droits, les libertés et les possibilités offertes à l'individu, les
revenus et la richesse : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">John Rawls, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Théorie
de la justice</i>, trad. par Catherine Audard, Paris, Éditions du Seuil, 1997
aux pp.93 (ch.11) et 123 (ch.15).</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn23" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[23]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Le but de sa
théorie de la justice est la justice sociale : John Rawls, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Théorie de la justice</i>, trad. par
Catherine Audard, Paris, Éditions du Seuil, 1997 aux pp.33 (ch.2) et 240 (ch.32).</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn24" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[24]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> John Rawls, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Théorie de la justice</i>, trad. par
Catherine Audard, Paris, Éditions du Seuil, 1997 aux pp.240 (ch.32) et 549
(ch.77). </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn25" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[25]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> John Rawls, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Théorie de la justice</i>, trad. par
Catherine Audard, Paris, Éditions du Seuil, 1997 à la p.240 (ch.32) ; Ronald
Dworkin, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Justice for Hedgehogs</i>,
Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 2011 à la p.4 ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">T. M. Scanlon, « When does equality matter ? », Conference on equality at
the John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, April 2004 à la
p.18 ;</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">
</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bertrand Russell et Dora Russell, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The prospects of industrial civilization</i>,
New York, The century co., 1923 à la p.279 ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Colleen Sheppard, « Inclusive equality and new forms of social governance »
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(2004), 24 S.C.L.R. 45</span> à la
p.64, n.73. </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Les
concepts de justice sociale et justice distributive sont généralement employés
comme synonyme : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Samuel Fleischacker, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A short history of distributive justice</i>, Cambridge, Harvard
University Press, 2005 à la p.1.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn26" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[26]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> John Rawls, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Théorie de la justice</i>, trad. par
Catherine Audard, Paris, Éditions du Seuil, 1997 à la p.240 (ch.32).</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn27" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[27]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> John Rawls, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Théorie de la justice</i>, trad. par
Catherine Audard, Paris, Éditions du Seuil, 1997 à la p.240 (ch.32).</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn28" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[28]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> John Rawls, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Théorie de la justice</i>, trad. par
Catherine Audard, Paris, Éditions du Seuil, 1997 à la p.210 (ch.29). Voir aussi
Andreas Teuber, « </span><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Kant's Respect for
Persons</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">
» (1983) 11:3 Political Theory 369 à la p.370.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn29" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[29]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Rory O'Connell, « The role of dignity in equality law : Lessons from Canada
and South Africa » (2008) 6:2 </span><cite><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Int. J. Constitutional Law</span></cite><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> 267 aux pp.273-274. Voir aussi Allen Wood, « Human dignity, right and the
realm of end » (2008) </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Acta Juridica 47</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> à la p.61.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn30" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref30" name="_ftn30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[30]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> La justice
sociale est indispensable à la dignité humaine : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Daniel Proulx, « Les droits à l'égalité revus et
corrigés par la Cour suprême du Canada dans l'arrêt Law : un pas en avant ou un
pas en arrière ? » (2001) 61 R. du B. 185 à la p.269.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn31" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref31" name="_ftn31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[31]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">R. c. Oakes , [1986] 1 R.C.S. 103 au para.64, j. Dickson (pour la majorité)
; Renvoi relatif à la sécession du Québec, [1998] 2 R.C.S. 217 au para.64 (la
Cour) ; Renvoi relatif à la Public Service Employee Relations Act (Alb.),
[1987] 1 R.C.S. 313 au para.57, j. Dickson (dissident).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn32" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<pre style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref32" name="_ftn32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: Courier;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Courier; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">[32]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Mark. R. Macguigan, « The protection of freedom and the achievement of equality in Canada » in Gerald L. Gall, dir., </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Civil liberties in Canada : entering the 1980s</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Toronto, Butterworths, 1982 à la p.247. L'auteur a été cité dans : </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Commission de réforme du droit du Canada, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Le statut juridique de l'administration fédérale</i>, Document de travail 40, Ottawa, Commission de réforme du droit du Canada, 1985 à la p.53. Voir aussi Mostafa Rejai, « The metamorphosis of democratic theory » (1967) 77:3 Ethics 202 à la p.202. Selon Louis D. Brandeis, ancien juge de la Cour suprême des États-Unis, la démocratie implique non seulement la démocratie politique, mais également la démocratie industrielle : Louis D. Brandeis, « On industrial relations » in </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Courier; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">George L. Abernethy, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The idea of equality : an anthology</i>, Richmond, John Knox Press, 1959 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">aux pp.218 et 220.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"></span></pre>
</div>
<div id="ftn33" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref33" name="_ftn33" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[33]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> A. F. Pollard, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The evolution of parliament</i>, London,
Longmans, green and co., 1920 aux pp.183-184. R. H. Tawney a repris ce passage
avec approbation : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">R. H. Tawney, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Equality</i>, London, Unwin books, 1964 à la p.173.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn34" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref34" name="_ftn34" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[34]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Ronald Dworkin,
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Justice for Hedgehogs</i>, Cambridge,
Harvard University Press, 2011 à la p.204 ; Ronald Dworkin, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Is democracy possible here ? : principles
for a new political debate</i>, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2006 à
la p.10.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn35" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref35" name="_ftn35" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[35]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Ronald Dworkin,
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Is democracy possible here ? : principles
for a new political debate</i>, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2006 à
la p.10.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn36" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref36" name="_ftn36" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn36;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[36]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Ronald Dworkin, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Taking Rights Seriously</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1978 aux pp.198-199 ;
</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Ronald
Dworkin, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sovereign Virtue : The Theory and Practice of Equality</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 2002</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> à la p.184. </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn37" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref37" name="_ftn37" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn37;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[37]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Ronald Dworkin,
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Is democracy possible here ? : principles
for a new political debate</i>, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2006 à
la p.37. </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn38" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref38" name="_ftn38" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn38;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[38]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Ronald Dworkin, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Taking Rights Seriously</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1978 aux pp.198-199
et 272-273 ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Ronald
Dworkin, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Is democracy possible here ? :
principles for a new political debate</i>, Princeton, Princeton University
Press, 2006 aux pp.97 et 144. Voir aussi </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Errol P. Mendes,
«Taking Equality Into the 21st Century: Establishing the Concept of Equal Human
Dignity » (2000-2001) 12 Nat'l J. Const. L. 3 aux pp.21-22. Les pauvres ont
droit à une justice égale aux riches : Griffin v. Illinois, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">351 U.S. 12</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> (1956) aux pp.16-17 et 19-20 ; Arthur J. Goldberg</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, « Equality and governmental action » (1964) </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">39 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 205 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">aux pp.217-221.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn39" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref39" name="_ftn39" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn39;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[39]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Ronald Dworkin, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Taking Rights Seriously</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1978 aux pp.272-273. </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Sophia R.
Moreau, « The Wrongs of Unequal Treatment » (2004) 54:3 University of Toronto
Law Journal 291</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> à la p.295.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn40" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref40" name="_ftn40" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn40;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[40]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Ronald Dworkin,
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Is democracy possible here ? : principles
for a new political debate</i>, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2006 à
la p.97.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn41" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref41" name="_ftn41" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn41;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[41]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> La distribution
de la richesse dépend des lois et des coutumes d’une société : <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">John Stuart Mill, </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Principles
of political economy : with some of their applications to social philosophy</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, London, Routledge, 1891</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> à la p</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">.144 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(Book II, I para.1).
Voir aussi</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> R. H. Tawney, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Equality</i>,
London, Unwin books, 1964 aux pp.54-55. </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Selon Dworkin, un changement dans les
politiques fiscales et monétaires, dans les lois relatives au travail, dans les
lois sur l'environnement et dans la politique de santé modifierait la
distribution des richesses personnelles dans la société : Ronald Dworkin, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Is democracy possible here ? : principles
for a new political debate</i>, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2006 à
la p.98-99. Voir aussi Ronald Dworkin, « Equality, Luck and Hierarchy » (2003)
31:2 Philosophy & Public Affairs 190 aux pp.197-198. Voir aussi </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Louise Arbour, « 'Freedom from want'- from charity to
entitlement » (March 3, 2005), </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">en ligne : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><</span></span><cite><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="color: blue;">http://www.unhchr.ch/huricane/huricane.nsf/0/58E08B5CD49476BEC1256FBD006EC8B1?opendocument</span>
</span></cite><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> ; Allan C. Hutchinson
et Andrew Petter, «</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Private Rights/Public
Wrongs: The Liberal Lie of the Charter » (1988) </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">38:3 <span style="color: black;">The University of
Toronto Law Journal 278 </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">à la p.292 ; </span><span class="addmd"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Barbara Fried, </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Progressive Assault on Laissez
Faire : Robert Hale and the First Law and Economics Movement</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 2001 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">à la p.68.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn42" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref42" name="_ftn42" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn42;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[42]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Ronald Dworkin,
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Is democracy possible here ? : principles
for a new political debate</i>, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2006 à
la p.98-99.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn43" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref43" name="_ftn43" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn43;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[43]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Ronald Dworkin,
« Equality, Luck and Hierarchy » (2003) 31:2 Philosophy & Public Affairs
190 à la p.190. </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Selon Thomas Nagel une réelle égalité politique,
légale et sociale ne peut être dissociée d’une égalité économique puisqu’une
inégalité économique risque de les menacer toutes : Thomas Nagel, « The
justification of equality » The Tanner lectures on human values, Stanford
University, 1977 aux pp.3-4. Voir aussi </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">George L. Abernethy, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The idea of equality : an anthology</i>, Richmond, John Knox Press,
1959 à la p.27 ;</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> Harold J. Laski, « A grammar of politics » in </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">George L. Abernethy, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The idea of equality : an anthology</i>, Richmond, John Knox Press,
1959 à la p.228 ; Paul A. Freund, « The philosophy of equality » (1979) Wash.
U. L. Q. 11 à la p.17.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn44" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref44" name="_ftn44" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn44;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[44]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Ronald Dworkin,
« Equality, Luck and Hierarchy » (2003) 31:2 Philosophy & Public Affairs
190 à la p.198. Selon Catharine A. Mackinnon, l’essence de l’inégalité est la
notion misanthrope que certains êtres humains ont intrinsèquement plus de
valeurs que d’autres du seul fait d’être membre d’un certain groupe :
</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Catharine A. Mackinnon, «
Substantive equality : a perspective » (2011-2012) </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">96 Minn. L. Rev. 1 à la p.12.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn45" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref45" name="_ftn45" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn45;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[45]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Ronald Dworkin,
« Equality, Luck and Hierarchy » (2003) 31:2 Philosophy & Public Affairs
190 à la p.198.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn46" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref46" name="_ftn46" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn46;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[46]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Ronald Dworkin,
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Is democracy possible here ? : principles
for a new political debate</i>, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2006 à
la p.10.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn47" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref47" name="_ftn47" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn47;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[47]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Ronald Dworkin,
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Justice for Hedgehogs</i>, Cambridge,
Harvard University Press, 2011 à la p.3. Selon Dworkin, les deux principes de
dignité (liberté et égalité) sont donc complémentaires : Ronald Dworkin, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Justice for Hedgehogs</i>, Cambridge,
Harvard University Press, 2011 aux pp.3-4 et 331.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn48" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref48" name="_ftn48" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn48;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[48]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Ronald Dworkin,
« Why liberals should believe in equality » <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The
New York review of books</i> (February 3, 1983) ; Ronald Dworkin, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Justice for Hedgehogs</i>, Cambridge,
Harvard University Press, 2011 à la p.3. Une conception de l'égalité
substantielle qui exigerait que tous aient exactement les mêmes ressources
indépendamment de leurs choix de vie individuels serait nécessairement en
conflit avec la liberté : Ronald Dworkin, « Do values conflict ? A Hedgehog's
approach » (2001) 43 Ariz. L. Rev. 251 à la p.253.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn49" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref49" name="_ftn49" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn49;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[49]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Ronald Dworkin,
« Do values conflict ? A Hedgehog's approach » (2001) 43 Ariz. L. Rev. 251 à la
p.251.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn50" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref50" name="_ftn50" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn50;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[50]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Ronald Dworkin,
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Is democracy possible here ? : principles
for a new political debate</i>, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2006 à
la p.102. Voir aussi Thomas Nagel, « Libertarianism without Foundations »
(1975) 85:1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Yale Law Journal 136 à
la p.136.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn51" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref51" name="_ftn51" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn51;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[51]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Harold J. Laski, « A grammar of politics » in </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">George L. Abernethy, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The idea of equality : an anthology</i>, Richmond, John Knox Press,
1959 à la p.227.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn52" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref52" name="_ftn52" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn52;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[52]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">John Stuart Mill, </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Principles
of political economy : with some of their applications to social philosophy</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, London, Routledge, 1891</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> à la p.497 (Book IV, VI, para.2).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn53" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref53" name="_ftn53" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn53;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[53]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Ronald Dworkin,
« What liberalism isn't » The New York review of books</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> (January 20, 1983).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn54" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref54" name="_ftn54" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn54;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[54]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Ronald Dworkin,
</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sovereign
Virtue : The Theory and Practice of Equality</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 2002</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> à la p.1. Voir
aussi Ronald Dworkin, « Do values conflict ? A Hedgehog's approach » (2001) 43
Ariz. L. Rev. 251 à la p.259.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn55" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref55" name="_ftn55" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn55;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[55]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">R. c. Big M Drug Mart Ltd., [1985] 1 R.C.S. 295 au para.94, j. Dickson
(pour la majorité) ; R. c. Edwards Books and Art Ltd., [1986] 2 R.C.S. 713
au para.94, j. Dickson (pour la majorité). Voir aussi Peter W. Hogg, « Equality
as a charter value in constitutional interpretation » (2003) </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">20 S.C.L.R. (2d)
113 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">aux pp.118-119 ; Kathleen Mahoney, « R. v.
Keegstra : a rationale for regulating pornography ? » (1992) 37 R. D. McGill
242 au para.15 ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Daniel Proulx, « Le concept de dignité et son usage en
contexte de discrimination : deux Chartes, deux modèles » (2003) R. du B.
(numéro spécial) 485 à la p.489, n.3.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn56" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref56" name="_ftn56" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn56;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[56]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Peter W. Hogg,
« What is equality ? The winding course of judicial interpretation »
(2005) 29 S.C.L.R. (2d) 39 à la p.50 ; Denise G. Réaume, « Discrimination
and dignity » (2002-2003) 63 La. L. Rev. 645 à la p.645 ; Donna Greschner, «
Does Law advance the cause of equality ? » (2001-2002) </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">27 Queen's L.J. 299</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> à la p.302 ;</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Daniel Proulx, «
Le concept de dignité et son usage en contexte de discrimination : deux
Chartes, deux modèles » (2003) R. du B. (numéro spécial) 485 à la p</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">.537 ; <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Mark A. Drumbl and John
D. R. Craig, « Affirmative action in question : a coherent theory for section
15(2) » (1997) 4:1 Review of Constitutional Studies 80 à la p.80 ;
Catharine A. Mackinnon, « Substantive equality : a perspective »
(2011-2012) </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">96 Minn.
L. Rev. 1 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: FR;">à la p.10. </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Voir aussi Lovelace <b>c</b>. Ontario, [2000] 1 R.C.S. 950 au para.93, j.
Iacobucci (pour la Cour) ; R. c. Kapp, [2008] 2 R.C.S. 483 au para.14-16 et 25,
j. McLachlin et Abella (pour la majorité)</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn57" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref57" name="_ftn57" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn57;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[57]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Andrews c. Law Society of British Columbia, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1989] 1 R.C.S. 143 au para.25, j.McIntyre (dissident en partie). </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn58" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref58" name="_ftn58" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn58;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[58]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Daniel Proulx, « L'objet des droits constitutionnels à l'égalité » (1988)
29 C. de D. 567 à la p.580.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn59" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref59" name="_ftn59" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn59;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[59]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">R. c. Kapp, [2008] 2 R.C.S. 483 au para.15, j. McLachlin et Abella (pour la
majorité) ; Andrews c. Law Society of British Columbia, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1989] 1 R.C.S. 143 au para.34, j.McIntyre (dissident en partie). Voir
aussi</span> Law <b>c</b>. Canada (Ministre de l’Emploi et de l’Immigration),
[1999] 1 R.C.S. 497 au para.51 et 99, j. Iacobucci (pour la Cour).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn60" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref60" name="_ftn60" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn60;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[60]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Daniel Proulx, « L'objet des droits constitutionnels à l'égalité » (1988)
29 C. de D. 567 à la p.597 ; <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Daniel
Proulx, « Les droits à l'égalité revus et corrigés par la Cour suprême du
Canada dans l'arrêt Law : un pas en avant ou un pas en arrière ? » (2001) 61 R.
du B. 185 à la p.269 ; Mark A. Drumbl and John D. R. Craig, « Affirmative
action in question : a coherent theory for section 15(2) » (1997) 4:1 Review of
Constitutional Studies 80 aux pp.80 et 115 ; </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Michel Bastarache, «
Does affirmative action have a future as an instrument of social justice ? »
(1997-1998) 29:2 Ottawa Law Review 497 à la p.502. </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: FR;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn61" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref61" name="_ftn61" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn61;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[61]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Daniel Proulx, « Les droits à l'égalité revus et
corrigés par la Cour suprême du Canada dans l'arrêt Law : un pas en avant ou un
pas en arrière ? » (2001) 61 R. du B. 185 à la p.269.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn62" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref62" name="_ftn62" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn62;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[62]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Donna
Greschner, « Praise and promises » (2005) 29 S.C.L.R. (2d) 63 à la p.75. Voir
aussi </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Law <b>c</b>. Canada (Ministre de l’Emploi et de
l’Immigration), [1999] 1 R.C.S. 497 au para.53, j. Iacobucci (pour la Cour). </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Comme l’affirme </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Denise </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">G.
Réaume : «</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">To the
extent that our conception of humanity incorporates notions of autonomy, we
will be disposed towards the view that our law should at least aim at its equal
distribution » :</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Denise </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">G. Réaume, «
Discrimination and dignity » (2002-2003) 63 La. L. Rev. 645 à la p.689. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn63" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref63" name="_ftn63" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn63;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[63]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Law <b>c</b>. Canada (Ministre de l’Emploi et de l’Immigration), [1999] 1
R.C.S. 497 au para.53, j. Iacobucci (pour la Cour). Par exemple, voir : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Canadian Foundation for Children, Youth and the Law <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">c.</span> Canada (Procureur général)</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, [2004] 1 R.C.S. 76 au para.106 et 109, j. Binnie (dissident), au
para.224, j. Deschamps (dissidente). </span><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn64" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref64" name="_ftn64" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn64;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[64]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Christian Brunelle, « La dignité dans la Charte des droits et libertés de
la personne : de l'ubiquité à l'ambiguïté d'une notion fondamentale » (2006)
Hors-Série R. du B. 143 à la p.150 ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Ronald Dworkin, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Is democracy possible here ? : principles for a new political debate</i>,
Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2006 à la p.10.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn65" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref65" name="_ftn65" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn65;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[65]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Québec (curateur public) c. Syndicat national des employés de l'hôpital
St-Ferdinand,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>[1996] 3 R.C.S. 211 au
para.101, j. l'Heureux-Dubé (pour la Cour) ; Christian Brunelle, « La dignité
dans la Charte des droits et libertés de la personne : de l'ubiquité à
l'ambiguïté d'une notion fondamentale » (2006) Hors-Série R. du B. 143 aux
pp.167-168.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn66" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref66" name="_ftn66" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn66;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[66]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Christian Brunelle, « La dignité dans la Charte des droits et libertés de
la personne : de l'ubiquité à l'ambiguïté d'une notion fondamentale » (2006)
Hors-Série R. du B. 143 aux pp.170-171.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn67" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref67" name="_ftn67" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn67;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[67]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Christian Brunelle, « La dignité dans la Charte des droits et libertés de
la personne : de l'ubiquité à l'ambiguïté d'une notion fondamentale » (2006)
Hors-Série R. du B. 143 à la p.171.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn68" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref68" name="_ftn68" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn68;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[68]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Christian Brunelle, « La dignité dans la Charte des droits et libertés de
la personne : de l'ubiquité à l'ambiguïté d'une notion fondamentale » (2006) Hors-Série
R. du B. 143 à la p.171.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn69" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref69" name="_ftn69" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn69;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[69]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Christian Brunelle, « La dignité dans la Charte des droits et libertés de
la personne : de l'ubiquité à l'ambiguïté d'une notion fondamentale » (2006)
Hors-Série R. du B. 143 à la p.173.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn70" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref70" name="_ftn70" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn70;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[70]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Godbout c. Longueuil (Ville), <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1997]
3 R.C.S. 844 au para.97-99, j. La Forest (pour la majorité).</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn71" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref71" name="_ftn71" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn71;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[71]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Christian Brunelle, « La dignité dans la Charte des droits et libertés de
la personne : de l'ubiquité à l'ambiguïté d'une notion fondamentale » (2006)
Hors-Série R. du B. 143 à la p.173.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn72" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref72" name="_ftn72" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn72;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[72]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Christian Brunelle, « La dignité dans la Charte des droits et libertés de
la personne : de l'ubiquité à l'ambiguïté d'une notion fondamentale » (2006)
Hors-Série R. du B. 143 aux pp.173-174. Voir aussi Rory O'Connell, « The role
of dignity in equality law : Lessons from Canada and South Africa » (2008) 6:2 </span><cite><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Int.
J. Constitutional Law</span></cite><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> 267 aux pp.272-273.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn73" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref73" name="_ftn73" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn73;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[73]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Christian Brunelle, « La dignité dans la Charte des droits et libertés de
la personne : de l'ubiquité à l'ambiguïté d'une notion fondamentale » (2006) Hors-Série
R. du B. 143 aux pp.170 et 173.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn74" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref74" name="_ftn74" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn74;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[74]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">John Stuart Mill, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">De la liberté</i>,
trad. par Laurence Lenglet, Paris, Éditions Gallimard, 1990 à la p.182.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7671274545402013868.post-81799526267315841232016-02-14T13:24:00.001-05:002016-02-14T13:24:31.897-05:00La dignité humaine : les fondements juridiques (2.2. La doctrine canadienne : la dignité humaine et la liberté)
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">2.2. La doctrine canadienne </span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Introduction</span></b></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Nous
avons recensé dans la littérature juridique canadienne tous les textes portant
sur la dignité humaine. Notre recherche s'est malheureusement avérée plutôt
décevante, car nous n'avons pu retracer et identifier une seule véritable
conception juridique de la dignité humaine. En effet, certains auteurs ne
réfèrent que vaguement à la dignité humaine sans trop insister sur sa réelle
signification. D'autres analysent la jurisprudence et y révèlent les différents
sens généralement accordés à la dignité humaine</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">.
Quelques-uns circonscrivent leur écrit sur la dignité humaine au droit à l'égalité
et traitent de l'application parfois hautement critiquable des facteurs
contextuels</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">.
Certains appliquent à la jurisprudence une typologie de la dignité humaine
empruntée à d'autres auteurs afin d’identifier, à partir d’une grille d'analyse
unique, l’usage faite par la Cour de différentes conceptions de la dignité
humaine</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Bien
que quelques auteurs aient apporté une contribution substantielle à l’étude
juridique de la dignité humaine en tentant d’élucider et de clarifier son sens
et de déterminer ce qu'elle requiert</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[4]</span></span></span></a></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, aucun
auteur n’a véritablement articulé une conception juridique globale ou
systémique de la dignité humaine. Nous entendons par là une conception de la
dignité humaine ancrée dans la philosophie libérale, cohérente avec le droit
international, la jurisprudence et la doctrine canadienne, applicable à la fois
aux Chartes canadienne et québécoise, qui puisse servir à interpréter les
nombreux droits et libertés et la clause de justification et qui puisse
informer les tribunaux sur les rôles que la dignité humaine joue dans la
protection des personnes faibles, défavorisées et vulnérables et dans
l’interprétation des valeurs de liberté et d’égalité. Dans l’ensemble, la
majorité des juristes associent, quoique sans trop de justification, la dignité
humaine à la liberté et à l'égalité. Partant de ce postulat non vérifié, nous
étudierons les concepts de liberté (section 2.2.1.1.) et d'égalité (section
2.2.1.2.) dans leur relation avec la dignité humaine et nous offrirons une
justification juridique (et philosophique lorsque nécessaire) de ce postulat
que nous souhaitons la plus cohérente possible avec la philosophie libérale et
avec le sens accordé à la dignité humaine en droit international et dans la
jurisprudence et la doctrine canadienne.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>La
liberté est souvent invoquée par les juristes canadiens comme relevant de la
dignité humaine. En effet, nombreux sont ceux qui soutiennent que la liberté
négative de prendre des décisions personnelles fondamentales sans interférences
de l’État relève de la dignité humaine. Entendue comme conférant à tout être
humain une égale valeur intrinsèque, la dignité humaine érige l'être humain au
rang de fin en soi. Et cette reconnaissance de l'être humain comme fin en soi
emporte un droit à l’autonomie et à la liberté de choix et un droit au plein
développement de sa personnalité. Mais plusieurs juristes canadiens soutiennent
également que la liberté négative, quoiqu’essentielle, est insuffisante à
assurer aux personnes défavorisées une véritable autonomie compte tenu qu’ils
ne disposent pas des moyens et des ressources nécessaires pour l’exercer
utilement. Ils estiment, par conséquent, qu'une société, qui prend l’autonomie
au sérieux et qui reconnaît le droit de chacun de participer pleinement comme
citoyen égal à la société, doit reconnaître, au nom des valeurs de dignité
humaine, d’égalité substantielle et de la justice sociale, une dimension
positive de la liberté. Contrairement à la liberté négative, celle-ci justifie
l’intervention de l’État et l’adoption de lois afin d’assurer à tous les
citoyens les conditions matérielles d’une réelle liberté (d’un véritable choix)
et les moyens d’exercer leur autonomie. </span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>L’égalité
est également invoquée par les juristes canadiens comme relevant de la dignité
humaine. En effet, tous les êtres humains ont une égale valeur intrinsèque. Et
cette égale valeur intrinsèque justifie de reconnaître à tous les êtres humains
une égalité morale indépendante du mérite, des accomplissements, du statut
social, de la richesse et des capacités rationnelles, physiques ou
intellectuelles. La reconnaissance de cette égalité morale commande un droit à
un égal respect et à une égale considération. Ce droit à un égal respect ne
constitue <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">a priori</i> qu'<span style="color: #231f20;">un principe moral abstrait d'égalité formelle et
procédurale et d'impartialité morale. Il ne prend la forme d'un principe
d’égalité substantielle que s'il se traduit dans les faits par des conséquences
substantiellement égalitaires en terme, par exemple, de liberté, de revenu, de
ressources ou de bien-être. Selon les philosophes libéraux John Rawls et Ronald
Dworkin, ces deux formes d’égalité (formelle et substantielle) sont
réconciliables à l’intérieure d’une théorie de la justice qui respecte les
valeurs de dignité humaine et de justice sociale.</span> <span style="color: #231f20;">Dans la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte
canadienne</i>, l'égalité formelle </span>et procédurale garantit l'égalité
dans la jouissance des libertés fondamentales et les règles d’équité
procédurale alors que l'</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">égalité
substantielle garantit une égalité réelle dans </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">l'application de
la loi et est</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">
assurée par le droit à l'égalité garanti à l'article 15. </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">2.2.1. La dignité humaine et la liberté</span></b></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pour de nombreux juristes canadiens</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, le
droit de prendre des décisions personnelles fondamentales sans contraintes
légales imposées par l'État constitue un élément important de la dignité
humaine. Entendue comme conférant à tout être humain une égale valeur
intrinsèque</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, la
dignité humaine érige l’être humain au rang de fin en soi</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. L’être
humain n'est donc pas un simple rouage au service de l'État et de la
collectivité</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> et ne
doit, par conséquent, jamais être traité simplement comme un moyen en vue d'une
fin qui le dépasse</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Cette
reconnaissance de l'être humain comme fin en soi emporte un droit à l’autonomie
et au plein développement de sa personnalité</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">.
Conformément à la philosophie libérale de John Stuart Mill</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, la
liberté « </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">telle qu'on l'entend et
telle qu'on en jouit dans une société libre et démocratique »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> implique
donc, selon les propos de la juge Wilson (dissidente) dans l'arrêt <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">La Reine c. Jones</i> (1986) repris par les
juges de la majorité dans l'arrêt <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">B. (R.)
c. Children's Aid Society of Metropolitan Toronto</i> (1995) :</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">« La liberté pour
l'individu de se développer et de réaliser son potentiel au maximum, d'établir
son propre plan de vie, en accord avec sa personnalité ; de faire ses propres
choix, pour le meilleur ou pour le pire, d'être non conformiste, original et
même excentrique, d'être, en langage courant, "lui-même" et d'être
responsable en tant que tel. </span></u></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">John Stuart
Mill décrit cela ainsi : "rechercher notre propre bien, à notre façon</span></u></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> »<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[nos soulignés]<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[13]</span></span></span></span></a></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">.</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> </span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Cette liberté, protégée par les libertés
fondamentales, par le droit à la liberté et à la sécurité et par le droit à la
protection contre les fouilles, les perquisitions ou les saisies abusives,
comporte une dimension négative</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">
nécessaire au respect de soi</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[15]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, à son
individualité et au choix et à la réalisation de sa propre conception d'une vie
de bien</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[16]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Cette
liberté négative s’intéresse seulement à l’absence d’intervention de l’État.
Elle oblige l’État à respecter et à ne pas s'immiscer dans les décisions et
dans les choix fondamentaux de ses citoyens</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[17]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> et à ne
pas imposer par moralisme légal une conception du bien à l’ensemble de sa
population. Bien qu'essentielle à tous</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[18]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, cette
liberté négative qualifiée parfois de « self-preserving »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[19]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> bénéficie
davantage aux personnes riches et favorisées (dites <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">beati possidentes</i>) qui possèdent les moyens d’exercer leur liberté,
qui disposent de véritables choix et qui peuvent saisir les opportunités qui
s’offrent à elles</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[20]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dans le passage susmentionné portant sur la
liberté, la juge Wilson réfère également à la dimension positive de la liberté</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[21]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Cette
dimension positive de la liberté qualifiée parfois de « self-developing »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[22]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> bénéficie
surtout aux personnes défavorisées et ne s’intéresse pas seulement à l’absence
d’intervention de l’État</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[23]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, mais à
tous les obstacles externes (sociaux ou économiques) qui oppriment et empêchent
les individus d’exercer pleinement leur autonomie et de réaliser leur
conception d'une vie de bien</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[24]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. La juge
Wilson affirme, avec John Stuart Mill</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[25]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, que
l’autonomie requiert que l’individu soit véritablement libre « de se développer
et de réaliser son potentiel au maximum »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[26]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Or
selon John Stuart Mill, cette liberté positive de se réaliser et de développer
son autonomie est parfois restreinte non pas par l'intervention de l’État, mais
par des conditions matérielles et économiques oppressives qui privent les
individus des ressources réputées nécessaires pour vivre librement et dignement</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[27]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Il
affirme :</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">“<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>No longer enslaved or made dependent by force of law, the great
majority are so by force of poverty (…) That this is an evil equal to almost
any of those against which mankind have hitherto struggled, the poor are not
wrong in believing</u></b>. Is it a necessary evil ? They are told so by those
who do not feel it—by those who have gained the prizes in the lottery of life.
But it was also said that slavery, that despotism, that all the privileges of
oligarchy were necessary” </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[nos soulignés]</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[28]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Plusieurs juristes canadiens</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[29]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> abondent
dans le même sens que le philosophe libéral John Stuart Mill</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn30" name="_ftnref30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[30]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, que la
juge Wilson</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn31" name="_ftnref31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[31]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> et que
le droit international</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn32" name="_ftnref32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[32]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> et
estiment comme eux et comme la majorité des canadiens</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn33" name="_ftnref33" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[33]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> que la
liberté doit non seulement comporter une dimension négative, mais également une
dimension positive, au nom des valeurs de dignité humaine</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn34" name="_ftnref34" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[34]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> et de
justice sociale</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn35" name="_ftnref35" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[35]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, afin de
sécuriser les conditions matérielles d’une réelle liberté (d’un véritable
choix)</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn36" name="_ftnref36" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn36;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[36]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> et de
garantir à tous, en particulier aux personnes pauvres et défavorisées</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn37" name="_ftnref37" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn37;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[37]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, une
réelle autonomie et un véritable droit au développement de leur personnalité</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn38" name="_ftnref38" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn38;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[38]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Ainsi dans
son interprétation du critère juridique de dignité humaine élaboré par la Cour
suprême du Canada dans le cadre du droit à l’égalité</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn39" name="_ftnref39" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn39;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[39]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, la
juriste Denise Réaume insiste notamment sur le fait que la dimension positive
de la liberté constitue une composante essentielle de la dignité humaine</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn40" name="_ftnref40" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn40;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[40]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">En
effet, parmi les trois formes d’atteinte à la dignité humaine (trois formes
d’indignités) qu'elle a identifiées et qui compromettent toutes l'autonomie
individuelle<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn41" name="_ftnref41" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn41;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[41]</span></span></span></span></a>, elle mentionne, outre
les préjudices et les stéréotypes, l’exclusion d’un groupe de personne à des
bénéfices importants et essentiels aux conditions minimales de vie dans la
dignité<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn42" name="_ftnref42" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn42;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[42]</span></span></span></span></a>.
Dans son analyse et sa critique de l'arrêt Gosselin, l'auteure soutient que les
bénéficiaires d'aide social de moins de 30 ans qui devait vivre avec moins de
170$ par mois dans un contexte de chômage élevé ne vivaient certainement pas
dans des conditions minimales de vie dans la dignité. Elle affirme :</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">“<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>The real question, then, was whether creating a serious risk for
those under thirty that they might end up with no more to live on than $170 per
month in an economic context of high unemployment show sufficient lack of
regard for their welfare to qualify as a violation of dignity. It is hard to
imagine how anyone could live a life with dignity under such circumstances</u></b>”</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> [nos soulignés]</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn43" name="_ftnref43" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn43;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[43]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Selon
les philosophes Isaiah Berlin</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn44" name="_ftnref44" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn44;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[44]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, Amartya
Sen</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn45" name="_ftnref45" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn45;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[45]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> et Joseph
Raz</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn46" name="_ftnref46" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn46;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[46]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> une
conception adéquate de la liberté, dans une société libérale</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn47" name="_ftnref47" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn47;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[47]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, doit
comporter à la fois une dimension négative</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn48" name="_ftnref48" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn48;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[48]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> et une
dimension positive</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn49" name="_ftnref49" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn49;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[49]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. </span><span class="addmd"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Isaiah Berlin, par exemple, considérait la liberté positive
comme une « fin en soi »</span></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn50" name="_ftnref50" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn50;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[50]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="addmd"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> essentielle à une existence décente</span></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn51" name="_ftnref51" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn51;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[51]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="addmd"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
et à la protection des personnes faibles et vulnérables</span></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn52" name="_ftnref52" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn52;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[52]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="addmd"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.
Selon lui un compromis entre les deux dimensions de la liberté est nécessaire
sans quoi la liberté des faibles et des défavorisées serait sacrifiée. Il
affirme :</span></span></div>
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<span class="addmd"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">« Legal
liberties are compatible with extremes of exploitation, brutality and
injustice. The case for intervention, by the State (…), to secure conditions
for both positive, and at least a minimum degree of negative, liberty for
individuals, is overwhelmingly strong. Liberals like Tocqueville and J.S. Mill,
and even Benjamin Constant (…) were not unaware of this. The case for social
legislation or planning, for the Welfare State and socialism, can be
constructed with as much validity from consideration of the claims of negative
liberty as from those of its positive brother, and if, historically, it was not
made so frequently, that was because the kind of evil against which the concept
of negative liberty was directed as a weapon was not laissez-faire, but
despotism. The rise and fall of the two concepts can largely be traced to the
specific dangers which, at a given moment, threatened a group or society most
(…)</span></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn53" name="_ftnref53" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn53;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[53]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="addmd"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Negative liberty is twisted when I
am told that liberty must be equal for the tigers and for the sheep, and that
this cannot be avoided even if it enables the former to eat the latter, if
coercion by the state is not to be used. Of course unlimited liberty for
capitalists destroy the liberty of the workers (…) Certainly the weak must be
protected against the strong, and liberty to that extent be curtailed. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Negative liberty must be curtailed if
positive liberty is to be sufficiently realized ; there must be a balance
between the two, about which no clear principle can be enunciated </u></b>»<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[nos soulignés]</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn54" name="_ftnref54" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn54;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[54]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="addmd"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span></span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Reconnaître l’importance de la liberté positive</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn55" name="_ftnref55" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn55;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[55]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, c’est
reconnaître que dans nos sociétés modernes et industrielles les atteintes à la liberté
individuelle proviennent non seulement de l’intervention de l’État, mais aussi
des conditions socio-économiques oppressives</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn56" name="_ftnref56" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn56;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[56]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ralph B. Perry</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">
affirme : « </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">The most ancient, persistent, and
oppressive enemies of liberty are not external hindrances, whether physical or
human, but poverty and ignorance</span></u></b><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn57" name="_ftnref57" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn57;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[57]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> Selon
une conception positive de la liberté, l’État n’est pas nécessairement l’ennemi
de la liberté, mais souvent un bienfaiteur et un émancipateur</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn58" name="_ftnref58" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn58;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[58]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. En
effet, l’intervention de l’État, par l’adoption de lois contraignantes, peut
parfois s’avérer essentielle afin de protéger les plus faibles et de garantir
aux personnes défavorisées une véritable autonomie et un véritable droit au
plein développement</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn59" name="_ftnref59" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn59;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[59]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Le
juriste Roderick A. Macdonald souligne l’importance de la liberté positive pour
la majorité des Canadiens :</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">“<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>The most important fundamental right for the majority of Canadians
is not a right to be <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">free from</i>
certain kinds of governmental activity, but rather the right to be <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">free to</i> benefit equally from the
advantages that organized government fosters</u></b>” </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[nos soulignés]<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn60" name="_ftnref60" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn60;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[60]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">La Cour s'est d'ailleurs toujours refusé d'établir
dans la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i> une
distinction rigide entre la liberté négative et la liberté positive ou entre
les droits négatifs et les droits positifs</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn61" name="_ftnref61" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn61;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[61]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. En
effet, la Cour a reconnu non seulement une dimension négative, mais également
une dimension positive à la liberté de conscience et de religion (article 2a))</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn62" name="_ftnref62" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn62;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[62]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, à la
liberté d'expression (article 2b))</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn63" name="_ftnref63" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn63;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[63]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> et à la
liberté d'association (article 2d))</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn64" name="_ftnref64" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn64;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[64]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Une
dimension positive a également été reconnue au droit de vote (article 3)</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn65" name="_ftnref65" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn65;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[65]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">.
Plusieurs droits prévus aux articles 7 à 12 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i> protègent également la dimension positive de la
liberté</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn66" name="_ftnref66" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn66;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[66]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Par
exemple, le droit à l'assistance d'un avocat (article 10b))</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn67" name="_ftnref67" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn67;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[67]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, le
droit d'être jugé dans un délai raisonnable (article 11 b))</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn68" name="_ftnref68" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn68;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[68]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, le
droit d'être présumé innocent (article 11 d))</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn69" name="_ftnref69" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn69;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[69]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> et le droit
de bénéficier d'un procès avec jury dans certains cas (article 11 f))</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn70" name="_ftnref70" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn70;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[70]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. À cette
liste, on peut également ajouter le droit à un interprète dans des procédures
pénales (article 14)</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn71" name="_ftnref71" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn71;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[71]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, le
droit à l'égalité (article 15)</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn72" name="_ftnref72" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn72;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[72]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> et les
droits à l'instruction dans la langue de la minorité (article 23)</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn73" name="_ftnref73" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn73;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[73]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Selon
certains juristes, l'article 1 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte
canadienne</i> protège également la liberté positive</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn74" name="_ftnref74" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn74;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[74]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. En
effet, l'article 1, qui sous-tend une « </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">vision proprement canadienne d'une société libre et démocratique »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn75" name="_ftnref75" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn75;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[75]</span></span></span></span></a>,</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> ne fait
pas que garantir les droits et libertés énoncés dans la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i> et les protéger contre l'intervention et les
atteintes de l'État, il justifie également qu'une restriction raisonnable peut
leur être apportée</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn76" name="_ftnref76" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn76;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[76]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, par une
règle de droit adoptée par le Parlement, au nom des valeurs d'une société libre
et démocratique à l'origine de ces droits</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn77" name="_ftnref77" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn77;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[77]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Il
reconnaît donc, contrairement à la liberté négative</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn78" name="_ftnref78" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn78;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[78]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, que le
Parlement et les lois qu'il édicte peuvent jouer un rôle émancipateur et
important dans la promotion et la protection de la liberté et de la démocratie</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn79" name="_ftnref79" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn79;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[79]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">.
L'article 1 confère ainsi à l'État le droit d'intervenir et de restreindre,
dans des limites raisonnables, des droits et libertés pour promouvoir la
dimension positive de la liberté insuffisamment protégée par les droits et
libertés garantis par la Charte</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn80" name="_ftnref80" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn80;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[80]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Mayo
Moran résume :</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">“If<b>
</b></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">many of the guarantees of
the Charter protect the classic negative liberties, section <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1<b> </b></span>gives expression to Canada's
belief in positive liberty. This is because section <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1<b> </b></span>embodies the recognition that the state may well be <i>acting,
</i>and even limiting, some Charter rights and freedoms, in an attempt to
secure a more positive form of freedom not sufficiently safeguarded in private
ordering. <u>When seen in light of this more positive conception of liberty,
section <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">l's<b> </b></span>reference to
those limits on rights which are justified <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">by<b> </b></span>a free and democratic society is not incoherent.
Instead, it expresses the "uniquely Canadian" vision of a free
society, a society in which members have not merely the opportunity to be free,
but also the means of exercising that freedom</u>” </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[nos soulignés]</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn81" name="_ftnref81" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn81;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[81]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">La liberté positive des personnes défavorisées
protégée par la loi ne doit pas, selon </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Victor V. Ramraj,</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> être annihilée par la liberté
négative des personnes favorisées protégée par les droits négatifs de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn82" name="_ftnref82" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn82;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[82]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Au soutien de
ses propos, il cite le passage suivant du juge Dickson (pour la majorité) dans
l'arrêt <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">R. c. Edwards Books and Art Ltd </i>(1986) :
</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">“<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Je crois que lorsqu'ils interprètent et appliquent la <i>Charte</i>,
les tribunaux doivent veiller</u></b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> </span></u></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">à ce qu'elle ne devienne pas simplement l'instrument
dont se serviront les plus favorisés pour écarter des lois dont l'objet est
d'améliorer le sort des moins favorisés</span></u></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[nos soulignés]<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn83" name="_ftnref83" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn83;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[83]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Les juges Cory et
l’Heureux-Dubé (pour la majorité) commentent les propos du juge Dickson et
ajoutent :</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">“<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Ce principe reconnaît qu'une grande partie de la réglementation
adoptée par le gouvernement vise à protéger les personnes vulnérables</u></b><u>
(…) Il est intéressant de signaler qu'aux États-Unis, les tribunaux ont
invalidé d'importantes dispositions législatives du programme de réglementation
connu sous le nom de "New Deal". Presque tous les commentateurs
s'entendent pour dire aujourd'hui que cette période appelée "l'ère
Lochner" constitue une époque sombre dans l'histoire de la Constitution américaine</u>”
</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[nos
soulignés]</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn84" name="_ftnref84" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn84;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[84]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Le passage du juge Dickson,
qui fut cité à plusieurs occasions par les juges de la majorité dans des arrêts
subséquents de la Cour suprême du Canada<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn85" name="_ftnref85" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn85;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[85]</span></span></span></span></a>
et rappelé dans un article par la juge en chef McLachlin<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn86" name="_ftnref86" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn86;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[86]</span></span></span></span></a>,
révèle, selon </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Victor V. Ramraj</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">, une vérité fondamentale au sujet de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i> à savoir que lorsque les droits sont détachés des
valeurs morales qui les ont fait naître (par exemple la dignité humaine,
l'égalité et la justice sociale)<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn87" name="_ftnref87" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn87;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[87]</span></span></span></span></a>,
ils peuvent être aussi régressifs que progressifs<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn88" name="_ftnref88" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn88;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[88]</span></span></span></span></a>.
Ce passage du juge Dickson fait également écho aux propos fort judicieux et
toujours d’actualité<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn89" name="_ftnref89" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn89;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[89]</span></span></span></span></a>
du philosophe libéral Henri Lacordaire (et formulé d'une manière quelque peu
différente par les philosophes libéraux John Stuart Mill<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn90" name="_ftnref90" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn90;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[90]</span></span></span></span></a>,
Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn91" name="_ftnref91" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn91;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[91]</span></span></span></span></a>,
R. H. Tawney<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn92" name="_ftnref92" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn92;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[92]</span></span></span></span></a> et Isaiah Berlin<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn93" name="_ftnref93" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn93;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[93]</span></span></span></span></a>)
selon lequel l’adoption de lois par l’État pour limiter la liberté des forts et
des riches peut parfois avoir un effet libérateur et émancipateur<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn94" name="_ftnref94" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn94;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[94]</span></span></span></span></a>
et s’avérer essentielle afin de garantir et de protéger la liberté des faibles
et des déshérités. Henri Lacordaire affirme : </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">« </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Entre le fort et le faible, entre le riche et le
pauvre, entre le maître et le serviteur, c’est la liberté qui opprime, et la
loi qui affranchit. Le droit est l’épée des grands, le devoir est le bouclier
des petits</span></u></b><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> » [nos soulignés]<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn95" name="_ftnref95" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn95;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[95]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Selon Louise Arbour,
ancienne juge à la Cour suprême du Canada et ancienne Haute-Commissaire au
Haut-Commissariat des Nations Unies aux droits de l'homme, les personnes
désavantagées doivent pouvoir, au nom de l'égalité, participer pleinement à la
société et jouir comme toutes les autres d'une réelle liberté et d'un contrôle
sur leur destin : </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">« </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Equality
requires, among other things, that the most disadvantaged be empowered to
participate meaningfully both in political and legal processes, unshackling
them from the benevolence and whim of the powerful, and enabling them to
control their own destinies</span></u></b><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> »</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> [nos soulignés]</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn96" name="_ftnref96" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn96;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[96]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">En ce sens, une
interprétation progressive des droits doit, au nom des valeurs de dignité
humaine et de justice sociale, servir la liberté positive<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn97" name="_ftnref97" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn97;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[97]</span></span></span></span></a>
afin d’assurer à tous, et notamment aux personnes désavantagées, une réelle
autonomie<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn98" name="_ftnref98" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn98;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[98]</span></span></span></span></a> et un contrôle sur leur
destin<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn99" name="_ftnref99" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn99;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[99]</span></span></span></span></a>.
Joseph Raz résume : </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">“<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Negative freedom, freedom from coercive interferences, is valuable
inasmuch as it serves positive freedom and autonomy<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn100" name="_ftnref100" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn100;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[100]</span></u></b></span></span></span></a> (...) In judging
the value of negative freedom, one should never forget that it derives from its
contribution to autonomy<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn101" name="_ftnref101" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn101;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[101]</span></u></b></span></span></span></a> (...) </u></b></span><b><u><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">The ideal of personal autonomy is the vision of people controlling, to some
degree, their own destiny</span></u></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: FR;">,</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> fashioning it through successive decisions throughout their lives</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn102" name="_ftnref102" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn102;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[102]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> (...) Naturally the autonomous person has the
capacity to control and create his own life (...) That capacity, which involves
both the possession of certain mental and physical abilities and the
availability of an adequate range of options, is sometimes referred to as
positive freedom » </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[nos soulignés]<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn103" name="_ftnref103" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn103;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[103]</span></span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: FR;">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Par conséquent, un droit
économique et social (par exemple un droit à des soins de santé universel<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn104" name="_ftnref104" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn104;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[104]</span></span></span></span></a>)
garanti par la loi et aussi élémentaire à l'autonomie individuelle<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn105" name="_ftnref105" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn105;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[105]</span></span></span></span></a>,
à la liberté positive et à la prise en charge de sa propre destinée et
essentiel afin de permettre aux personnes défavorisées </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">de
vivre dans des conditions minimales de vie dans la dignité et dans la liberté<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn106" name="_ftnref106" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn106;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[106]</span></span></span></span></a>
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">devrait, conformément aux propos
susmentionnés du juge Dickson dans l’arrêt Edwards<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn107" name="_ftnref107" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn107;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[107]</span></span></span></span></a>
et au critère de retenue élaboré par la jurisprudence relativement aux lois
destinées à protéger un groupe vulnérable ou défavorisé<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn108" name="_ftnref108" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn108;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[108]</span></span></span></span></a>,
prévaloir<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn109" name="_ftnref109" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn109;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[109]</span></span></span></span></a> dans le cadre d'une
justification par l'État d'une restriction à un droit ou à une liberté en vertu
de l'article 1 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i>,
sur la liberté négative des personnes plus favorisées<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn110" name="_ftnref110" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn110;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[110]</span></span></span></span></a>.
Selon plusieurs juristes<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn111" name="_ftnref111" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn111;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[111]</span></span></span></span></a>,
le principe fondamental qui doit guider l’interprétation de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i> est le «
Anti-Disadvantage Principle<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>». Il consiste
à reconnaître que la Charte est d’abord destinée à venir en aide aux personnes
défavorisées<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn112" name="_ftnref112" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn112;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[112]</span></span></span></span></a>. Ce principe est
compatible avec la finalité première des droits de l’homme qui consiste à
donner du pouvoir aux personnes faibles et défavorisées<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn113" name="_ftnref113" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn113;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[113]</span></span></span></span></a>
et est conforme aux valeurs de dignité humaine, d’égalité<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn114" name="_ftnref114" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn114;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[114]</span></span></span></span></a>
et de justice sociale</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn115" name="_ftnref115" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn115;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[115]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> qui doivent guider l’interprétation de l’article 1<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn116" name="_ftnref116" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn116;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[116]</span></span></span></span></a>.
En effet, l'égalité exige selon Thomas Nagel : </span></div>
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<u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">“<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">That it counts improvements to the welfare of the worse off as more
urgent than improvements to the welfare of the better off</b></span></u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> (…) Each individual with a more urgent claim
has priority, in the simplest version of such a view, over each individual with
a less urgent claim” </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[nos soulignés]</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn117" name="_ftnref117" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn117;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[117]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Par conséquent, lorsque les droits énoncés dans la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i> sont exercés
improprement comme des boucliers contre des interventions législatives
appropriées de l'État visant à améliorer la situation des personnes
désavantagées<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn118" name="_ftnref118" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn118;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[118]</span></span></span></span></a> et d'une manière
incompatible avec la liberté positive des personnes défavorisées et avec les
valeurs de dignité humaine et de justice sociale</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">qui la sous-tendent<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn119" name="_ftnref119" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn119;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[119]</span></span></span></span></a>,
les tribunaux nous semblent justifiés, en vertu de l'article 1 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i>, de les restreindre
dans des limites raisonnables imposées par les critères énoncés dans l'arrêt
Oakes<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn120" name="_ftnref120" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn120;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[120]</span></span></span></span></a>. Selon </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Victor V.
Ramraj</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">, une société libérale ne prend le concept
d’autonomie et son exercice au sérieux que si elle reconnaît la dimension
positive de la liberté<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn121" name="_ftnref121" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn121;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[121]</span></span></span></span></a>.
</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Victor V. Ramraj</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> résume :</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">“<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>What the courts must openly acknowledge is that in order to allow
individuals to exercise fully their negative rights, there must first be a
commitment to political equality ; that is, the need to remove social and
structural barriers that impede disadvantaged individuals and groups must take
theoretical primacy over negative liberty. This is not to say that negative
rights are not important, but rather that the exercise of these rights must be
understood in the light of a commitment to social justice (...) It is with this
understanding that we must approach s. <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1
</span>and the limitation of rights in a free and democratic society</u></b>” </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[nos soulignés]</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn122" name="_ftnref122" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn122;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[122]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">La reconnaissance dans la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i> d'une dimension positive de la liberté, requise
par les valeurs d’égalité substantielle, de dignité humaine</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn123" name="_ftnref123" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn123;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[123]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> et de
justice sociale</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn124" name="_ftnref124" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn124;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[124]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> qui font
partie des valeurs d'une société libre et démocratique à l'origine des droits
et libertés, appelle à une interprétation des droits et libertés garantis par
la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i> conforme à
celle-ci et aux valeurs qui la sous-tendent. Une telle interprétation
ébranlerait le <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">statu quo</i></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn125" name="_ftnref125" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn125;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[125]</span></b></span></span></span></i></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> et
donnerait corps aux droits économiques et sociaux</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn126" name="_ftnref126" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn126;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[126]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> qui,
comme les droits civils et politiques, visent à protéger la liberté</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn127" name="_ftnref127" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn127;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[127]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> et qui
sont essentiels aux personnes défavorisées afin de leur assurer des conditions
minimales de vie dans la dignité</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn128" name="_ftnref128" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn128;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[128]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Elle
commanderait ainsi une relecture des droits et libertés garantis par la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i> afin de garantir et de
protéger non seulement des droits civils et politiques</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn129" name="_ftnref129" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn129;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[129]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, mais
également des droits économiques et sociaux tels que le droit à la santé. </span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Quatre arguments militent, selon nous, en faveur d'une telle réinterprétation. </span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> <b><u> 1. </u></b></span><b><u>Premièrement</u></b>,
le Canada s'est engagé envers la communauté internationale à protéger et à
garantir les droits économiques, sociaux et culturels en ratifiant en 1976 le <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pacte international relatif aux droits
économiques, sociaux et culturels</i></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn130" name="_ftnref130" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn130;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[130]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Cette
ratification n'est pas sans effet sur l'interprétation de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i> puisque, conformément
aux propos de la Cour suprême du Canada, « il faut présumer que la <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Charte<b> </b></span>accorde une protection
au moins aussi grande que les instruments internationaux ratifiés par le Canada
en matière de droits de la personne »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn131" name="_ftnref131" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn131;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[131]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Le
Comité des droits économiques, sociaux et culturels des Nations Unies a
d'ailleurs déploré en 1998 et en 2006 l’interprétation restrictive des droits
de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i> par les
tribunaux canadiens. Il affirme :</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">« <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Le Comité
est profondément préoccupé par les informations selon lesquelles les tribunaux
provinciaux canadiens donnent systématiquement une interprétation de la Charte
excluant la protection du droit à un niveau de vie suffisant et d'autres droits
énoncés dans le Pacte. Le Comité constate avec préoccupation que les tribunaux
ont adopté cette attitude en dépit de l'avis exprimé par la Cour suprême du
Canada et réitéré devant le Comité par le gouvernement canadien, selon lequel
la Charte pouvait s'interpréter de manière à protéger ces droits</u></b> »<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[nos soulignés]</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn132" name="_ftnref132" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn132;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[132]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.<i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span></i></span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b><u>2. Deuxièmement</u></b>,
à supposer que l'intention du pouvoir constituant n'a pas été d'inclure des
droits économiques et sociaux dans la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte
canadienne</i>, ce constat n'est pas fatal puisque la Constitution canadienne
et la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i> qui y est
greffée est un arbre vivant susceptible d'évolution et rédigée en prévision de
l'avenir</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn133" name="_ftnref133" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn133;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[133]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Elle est donc « susceptible d'évoluer avec le
temps de manière à répondre à de nouvelles réalités sociales, politiques et
historiques que souvent ses auteurs n'ont pas envisagées »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn134" name="_ftnref134" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn134;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[134]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><u><b>3. Troisièmement</b></u>,
la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i> n'a pas été
adoptée en l'absence de tout contexte et doit, par conséquent, être située dans
ses contextes linguistiques, philosophiques et historiques appropriés</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn135" name="_ftnref135" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn135;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[135]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. </span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Comme nous
l'avons démontré précédemment, l'adoption de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i> s'inscrit dans le courant de la philosophie
libérale classique du Siècle des Lumières du XVII<sup>e</sup> et XVIII<sup>e</sup>
siècle. Or la reconnaissance de droits économiques et sociaux est parfaitement
compatible avec la philosophie libérale classique. Trois commentaires
s’imposent. Premièrement, selon </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Carl
J. Friedrich,</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">il
est historiquement et philosophiquement faux de prétendre que ces droits sont
une invention communiste<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn136" name="_ftnref136" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn136;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[136]</span></span></span></span></a>.
Deuxièmement, selon James Griffin, ces droits ne datent pas, contrairement à
une fausse croyance, du 20<sup>e</sup> siècle, mais sont parmi les premiers
droits de l’homme ayant été invoqués<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn137" name="_ftnref137" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn137;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[137]</span></span></span></span></a>.
Lorsqu’au 12<sup>e</sup> et 13<sup>e</sup> siècle notre conception moderne des
droits est pour la première fois apparue, l’un des premiers exemples de droit
de l’homme fut, selon James Griffin, le droit des personnes défavorisées et
pauvres de recevoir de l’aide des personnes favorisées et riches<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn138" name="_ftnref138" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn138;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[138]</span></span></span></span></a>.
Troisièmement, les droits économiques, sociaux et culturels appartiennent au
libéralisme classique. À cet effet, James Griffin affirme :</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">“<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>One finds, very occasionally, what seem to be human rights to
welfare asserted in the Enlightenment, for example, by John Locke, Tom Paine,
and William Cobbett.</u></b><u> Following the Enlightenment, rights to welfare
have often appeared in national constitutions : for example, the French
constitutions of the 1790s, the Prussian Civil Code (1794), the constitutions
of Sweden (1809), Norway (1814), The Netherlands (1814), Denmark (1849), and,
skipping to the twentieth century, the Soviet Union (1936) (…) <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">By the end of the nineteenth century,
political theorists were beginning to make a case that welfare rights are basic
in much the sense that civil and political rights are</b></u>”</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> [nos soulignés]</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn139" name="_ftnref139" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn139;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[139]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">En
effet, ces droits ont été défendus par de nombreux philosophes libéraux du Siècle
des lumières : au 17<sup>e</sup> siècle (par John Locke), au 18<sup>e</sup>
siècle (par Montesquieu, Condorcet, Turgot, Robespierre et Thomas Paine) et au
19<sup>e</sup> siècle (par John Stuart Mill, William Beveridge et William
Cobbett)<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn140" name="_ftnref140" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn140;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[140]</span></span></span></span></a>.
Cass R. Sunstein </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ajoute que Thomas Jefferson et les
pères fondateurs de la Constitution américaine (notamment Madison) étaient
également favorables à la reconnaissance de droits économiques, sociaux et
culturels<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn141" name="_ftnref141" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn141;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[141]</span></span></span></span></a>. De plus, les </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">articles
21 et 22 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Constitution française de
1793</i>, que David D. Raphael assimile à la tradition libérale<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn142" name="_ftnref142" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn142;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[142]</span></span></span></span></a>,
garantissent respectivement </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">la subsistance aux citoyens
malheureux et l'instruction. Finalement</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">, la théorie de la justice du philosophe libéral John Rawls
est, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">selon </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">Frank
I. Michelman, compatible avec la reconnaissance de droits constitutionnels
économiques et sociaux</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn143" name="_ftnref143" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn143;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[143]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Le contexte
historique est également important. L'ancien premier ministre du Canada, Pierre
Elliot Trudeau, qui a présidé à l'adoption de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn144" name="_ftnref144" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn144;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[144]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> avait à
l'esprit sa propre conception d'une société juste qu'il espérait pouvoir
réaliser par l'adoption de cette Charte. Il affirme :</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">“Ce qui m'attira vers la
politique, ce n'était plus le désir de lutter pour la liberté, celle-ci étant
en quelque sorte devenue le combat d'hier. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dans
mon esprit, la valeur à privilégier dans la poursuite de la société juste était
plutôt l'égalité</i>. Non pas l'égalité à la Procuste bien sûr, où tous
seraient ramenés à une certaine moyenne. Mais l'égalité des chances.[...] Or le
Canada me semblait un pays béni des dieux pour poursuivre une politique de la
plus grande égalité des chances (...) <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>le
Canada avait de plus une tradition politique ni complètement libertaire ni
complètement étatiste, mais qui au contraire reposait sur la collaboration
nécessaire des gouvernements avec le secteur privé, et sur l'action directe de
l'État pour protéger les faibles contre les forts, les démunis contre les biens
nantis</u></b>” </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[nos
soulignés]<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn145" name="_ftnref145" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn145;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[145]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Il se prononça aussi directement sur l'importance des
droits économiques et sociaux et affirma :</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">“<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Yet if this society does not evolve an entirely new set <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">of </span>values (...) if it is not
determined to plan its development for the good of all rather than for the
luxury of the few, and if every citizen fails to consider himself as the
co-insurer of his fellow citizen against all socially-engineered economic
calamities, it is vain to hope that Canada will ever really reach freedom from
fear and freedom from want. Under such circumstances, any claim <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">by </span>lawyers that they have done their
bit <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">by </span>upholding civil liberties
will be dismissed as a hollow mockery</u></b>” </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[nos soulignés]<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn146" name="_ftnref146" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn146;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[146]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">L</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">'article 36 de la
Loi constitutionnelle de 1982 qui promeut l'égalité des chances et qui assure,
par le système de péréquation, que tous les Canadiens bénéficient de services
publics essentiels fait en partie écho aux préoccupations de l'ancien premier
ministre Pierre Elliot Trudeau. Selon Martha Jackman, le contexte historique
exige, par conséquent, de tenir compte de la longue tradition canadienne
d'État-providence et de protection des droits économiques et sociaux. Elle
affirme :</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">“<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>This interpretive context necessarily includes Canada's
long-standing social welfare traditions</u></b>, the importance individual
Canadians attach to social and economic security as a unifying social value,
the preeminence of health care, income support, and other social welfare
programs in our social and political landscape, and Canada's extensive
international commitments to social and economic rights” </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[nos soulignés]</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn147" name="_ftnref147" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn147;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[147]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><u><b>4. Quatrièmement</b></u>,
la Cour s'est toujours refusé d'établir dans la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i> une distinction rigide entre la liberté négative
et la liberté positive ou entre les droits négatifs et les droits positifs</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn148" name="_ftnref148" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn148;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[148]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. En
effet, comme nous l'avons mentionné précédemment plusieurs droits et libertés
garantis par la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i>
comportent non seulement des obligations négatives, mais également des
obligations positives de la part de l'État. De plus, la Cour s'est parfois
montrée ouverte à une éventuelle reconnaissance dans la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i> de droits économiques et sociaux</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn149" name="_ftnref149" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn149;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[149]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Par
exemple, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dans l'arrêt </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Gosselin <b>c</b>. Québec (2002), la</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
juge McLachlin (pour la majorité) souligne qu'il</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> « est possible
qu’on juge un jour que l’art. 7 a pour effet de créer des obligations positives</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
»<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn150" name="_ftnref150" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn150;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[150]</span></span></span></span></a>.
De plus, dans l'arrêt </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Singh c. Ministre de l’Emploi et de l’Immigration
(1985), la Cour souligne, en faisant écho aux propos de la Commission de la
réforme du droit du Canada</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn151" name="_ftnref151" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn151;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[151]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, que</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">le droit à la sécurité garanti par l'article 7 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i> aurait pu être interprété largement</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn152" name="_ftnref152" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn152;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[152]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> de
manière à inclure un droit aux choses nécessaires à la vie</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn153" name="_ftnref153" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn153;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[153]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Cette
interprétation large serait conforme avec l'objet de l'article 7 qui a été
adopté afin de protéger la dignité humaine</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn154" name="_ftnref154" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn154;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[154]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Un
droit au minimum vital pourrait être garanti par le droit à la vie ou le droit
à la sécurité prévu à l'article 7 ou par le droit à l'égalité prévu à l'article
15 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn155" name="_ftnref155" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn155;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[155]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>En somme, une société libre et
démocratique qui reconnaît les valeurs de dignité humaine et de justice sociale
doit concevoir la liberté comme comportant une dimension négative et une
dimension positive. La dimension négative de la liberté confère un droit à
l’autonomie et au plein développement de sa personnalité. Ce droit protège la
possibilité de faire des choix et de prendre des décisions personnelles fondamentales
sans contraintes légales imposées par l'État. Il permet ainsi aux citoyens de
choisir leur propre conception du bien et de la réaliser sans interférence de
l'État. En conséquence, ce droit oblige l’État à respecter et à ne pas
s'immiscer dans les décisions et dans les choix fondamentaux de ses citoyens et
à ne pas imposer par moralisme légal une conception du bien à l’ensemble de sa
population. Par ailleurs, la dimension positive de la liberté constitue
également un élément important de la dignité humaine. En effet, la liberté
positive est essentielle aux personnes défavorisées puisqu'elle permet de
sécuriser les conditions matérielles essentielles</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn156" name="_ftnref156" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn156;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[156]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> pour
qu'ils puissent exercer une réelle liberté (un véritable choix)</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn157" name="_ftnref157" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn157;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[157]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> qui a de
la valeur</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn158" name="_ftnref158" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn158;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[158]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> et pour
qu'ils puissent réaliser leur propre conception du bien et participer
pleinement comme citoyen égal dans la société</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn159" name="_ftnref159" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn159;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[159]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">.
Contrairement aux personnes favorisées qui possèdent les ressources matérielles
nécessaires pour exercer leur liberté et pour qui la liberté est «
self-preserving », c’est-à-dire une simple possession qui demande à être
préservée, les personnes défavorisées ne conçoivent pas la liberté comme une
possession ou un « un attribut « naturel » de l’individu présocial »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn160" name="_ftnref160" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn160;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[160]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, mais
comme étant « self-developing » et comme un but à atteindre</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn161" name="_ftnref161" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn161;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[161]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. La
reconnaissance d'une dimension positive de la liberté dans plusieurs
dispositions de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i>,
requise par les valeurs d’égalité substantielle, de dignité humaine et de
justice sociale, appelle à une interprétation des droits et libertés conforme à
celle-ci et aux valeurs qui la sous-tendent. Une telle interprétation donnerait
notamment corps aux droits économiques et sociaux qui, comme les droits civils
et politiques, visent à protéger la liberté et qui sont essentiels aux
personnes défavorisées afin de leur assurer des conditions minimales de vie
dans la dignité. De plus, le fait de reconnaître la dimension positive de la
liberté, c'est-à-dire reconnaître que l'oppression économique, le manque de
ressources matérielles et la pauvreté sont autant d'atteintes à la liberté que
l'interférence par l'État, fait disparaître l'opposition traditionnelle entre
liberté et égalité</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn162" name="_ftnref162" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn162;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[162]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> et
permet à l'égalité de servir la liberté réelle de tous plutôt que s'y opposer</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn163" name="_ftnref163" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn163;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[163]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> en accroissant
dans les faits et non seulement sur papier le nombre de choix, d'opportunités
ou d'options offertes aux personnes défavorisées</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn164" name="_ftnref164" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn164;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[164]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">.
L'égalité se porte ainsi garant de la liberté en assurant aux personnes
défavorisées un véritable choix essentiel à leur autonomie, au plein
développement de leur personnalité et à la pleine réalisation de leurs
capacités. R. H. Tawney résume :</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">« Social arrangements which enable some groups to do much what they
please, while others can do little of what they ought, are, to speak with
moderation, not unknown to history. They may possess their virtues ; but
freedom is not among them. <u>A society is free in so far, and only in so far,
as, within the limits set by nature, knowledge and ressources, its institutions
and policies are such as to enable all its members to grow to their full
stature</u>, to do their duty as they see it, and (...) to have their fling
when they feel like it. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>In so far as
the opportunity to lead a life worthy of human beings is needlessly confined to
a minority, not a few of the conditions applauded as freedom would more
properly be denounced as privilege. Action which causes such opportunities to
be more widely shared is, therefore, twice blessed. It not only substracts from
inequality, but adds to freedom </u></b>» </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[nos soulignés]<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn165" name="_ftnref165" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn165;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[165]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">.</span></div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<b>Éric Folot, Avocat et Bioéthicien</b><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> Par exemple : Luc Huppé, « La dignité humaine
comme fondement des droits et libertés garantis par la Charte » (1988) 48:4 R.
du B. 724 ; Daniel Proulx, « Le concept de dignité et son usage en contexte de
discrimination : deux Chartes, deux modèles » (2003) R. du B. (numéro spécial)
485 ; David M. Brown, « « Human dignity », human rights and the
end of life : the north wind blowing from Canada », <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Suffering and Hope, University of St-Thomas
(Houston), November 10-13 2005.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Par exemple :
Peter W. Hogg, « What is equality ? The winding course of judicial
interpretation » (2005) 29 S.C.L.R. (2d) 39 ; Denise G. Réaume, «
Discrimination and dignity » (2002-2003) 63 La. L. Rev. 645 ; Daniel Proulx, «
Le concept de dignité et son usage en contexte de discrimination : deux
Chartes, deux modèles » (2003) R. du B. (numéro spécial) 485 ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Daniel Proulx, « La dignité : élément essentiel de l'égalité ou cheval de
Troie » </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dans Barreau du Québec, Service de
la formation continue, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Les 25 ans de la
Charte canadienne des droits et libertés</i>, Éditions Yvon Blais, 2007 ;</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Rory O'Connell, « The role of dignity in equality law : Lessons from Canada
and South Africa » (2008) 6:2 </span><cite><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Int. J. Constitutional Law</span></cite><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> 267 ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Donna
Greschner, « Does Law advance the cause of equality ? » (2001-2002) </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">27 Queen's L.J. 299</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> ; Daphne Gilbert, « Time to regroup : rethinking section 15
of the charter » (2003) </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">48
McGill L.J. 627 ; David Robitaille, « Vous êtes victime de discrimination et
vous souhaitez en faire la preuve ? Bonne chance ! » (2002) 62 R. du B. 319 ;</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Errol P. Mendes<b>, </b>« Taking
equality into the 21st Century : Establishing the concept of equal human
dignity » (2000-2001) 12 National Journal of Constitutional Law 3 ;</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Thomas M. J. Bateman,
« Human dignity's false start in the supreme court of Canada : equality rights
and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms » (2011) </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">The International Journal of Human Rights 1. </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Par exemple : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">R. James Fyfe, « Dignity as theory : competing conceptions of human dignity
at the supreme court of Canada » (2007) 70 Sask. L. Rev. 1 ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Thomas M. J.
Bateman, « Human dignity's false start in the supreme court of Canada :
equality rights and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms » (2011) </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">The International Journal of Human Rights 1</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Par exemple, s</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">ur le droit à l'égalité : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Denise G.
Réaume, « Discrimination and dignity » (2002-2003) 63 La. L. Rev. 645. Sur la
liberté d'expression : Victor V. Ramraj, « Keegstra, Butler, and positive
liberty : a glimmer of hope for the faithful » (1993) 51:2 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">U. Toronto Fac. L. Rev. 304. Sur le préambule de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte québécoise</i> et le droit à la sauvegarde de sa dignité :
Christian Brunelle, « La dignité dans la Charte des droits et libertés de la
personne : de l'ubiquité à l'ambiguïté d'une notion fondamentale » (2006)
Hors-Série R. du B. 143.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Isabelle Martin,
« Reconnaissance, respect et sollicitude : vers une analyse intégrée des
exigences de la dignité humaine » (2010) 15:2 Lex Electronica 1.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Isabelle
Martin, « Reconnaissance, respect et sollicitude : vers une analyse intégrée
des exigences de la dignité humaine » (2010) 15:2 Lex Electronica 1 aux pp.12
et 24 ; Luc Huppé, « La dignité humaine comme fondement des droits et libertés
garantis par la Charte » (1988) 48:4 R. du B. 724 aux pp.726-727 ; <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Bartha Maria Knoppers, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dignité humaine et patrimoine génétique</i>, Ottawa, Commission de
réforme du droit du Canada, 1991 aux pp.32 et 35 ; </span>Denise G.
Réaume, « Discrimination and dignity » (2002-2003) 63 La. L. Rev. 645 à la
p.677 et 689 ; Daniel Proulx, « Le concept de dignité et son usage en
contexte de discrimination : deux Chartes, deux modèles » (2003) R. du B.
(numéro spécial) 485 aux pp.495-499 ; Thomas M. J. Bateman, « Human
dignity's false start in the supreme court of Canada : equality rights and the
Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms » (2011) </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">The International Journal of Human Rights 1 à la p.3 ;</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Canada, Groupe d’experts de la Société royale
du Canada, <i>Prise de décisions en fin de vie</i>, La Société royale du
Canada, novembre 2011 à la p.50.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Voir aussi </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Ronald Dworkin, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Is democracy possible here ? : principles
for a new political debate</i>, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2006 aux
pp.10-11, 17 , 20-21 ;<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> Oscar Schacter,
« </span>Human Dignity as a Normative Concept » (1983) 77:4 The American
Journal of International Law 848 à la p.849. Voir aussi </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">R. c. Morgentaler, [1988] 1 R.C.S. 30 au para.228, j. Wilson (pour la
majorité).</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Isabelle
Martin, « Reconnaissance, respect et sollicitude : vers une analyse intégrée
des exigences de la dignité humaine » (2010) 15:2 Lex Electronica 1 à la p.11 ;
Daniel Proulx, « Le concept de dignité et son usage en contexte de
discrimination : deux Chartes, deux modèles » (2003) R. du B. (numéro spécial)
485 aux pp.497-498 ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Christian Brunelle, « La dignité
dans la Charte des droits et libertés de la personne : de l'ubiquité à
l'ambiguïté d'une notion fondamentale » (2006) Hors-Série R. du B. 143 à la
p.152 ; Errol P. Mendes, « Taking Equality Into the 21st Century: Establishing
the Concept of Equal Human Dignity » (2000-2001) 12 Nat'l J. Const. L. 3 aux
pp.20-21 ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Sophia
R. Moreau, « The Wrongs of Unequal Treatment » (2004) 54:3 University of
Toronto Law Journal 291</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> aux pp.295 et 319 ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Denise G.
Réaume, « Discrimination and dignity » (2002-2003) 63 La. L. Rev. 645 à la
p.672.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> Voir aussi </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Ronald Dworkin, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Is democracy possible here ? : principles for a new political debate</i>,
Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2006 aux pp.9-10 et 37 ; Ronald Dworkin,
</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sovereign
Virtue : The Theory and Practice of Equality</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 2002</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> à la p.5. </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Luc Huppé, « La
dignité humaine comme fondement des droits et libertés garantis par la Charte »
(1988) 48:4 R. du B. 724 à la p.727 ; Daniel Proulx, « Le concept de dignité et
son usage en contexte de discrimination : deux Chartes, deux modèles » (2003)
R. du B. (numéro spécial) 485 aux pp.497-498 ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Christian Brunelle, « La dignité dans la Charte des droits et libertés de
la personne : de l'ubiquité à l'ambiguïté d'une notion fondamentale » (2006)
Hors-Série R. du B. 143 à la p.152 ; Jacob Weinrib, « What is the purpose of
freedom of expression ? » (2009) 67:1 U.T. Fac. L. Rev. 165 au para.14 ;
Québec, Commission de consultation sur les pratiques d'accommodement reliées aux
différences culturelles, Gérard Bouchard et Charles Taylor, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Fonder l'avenir : le temps de la
conciliation</i>, Rapport, Gouvernement du Québec, Bibliothèque et Archives
nationales du Québec, 2008 à la p.107. </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Voir aussi </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">R. c. Morgentaler, [1988] 1 R.C.S. 30 au para.250-251, j. Wilson (pour la
majorité) ; R. c. Hess; R. c. Nguyen, [1990] 2 R.C.S. 906 au para.14 et 28, j.
Wilson (pour la majorité) ; Québec (Curateur public) <b>c</b>. Syndicat
national des employés de l’hôpital St-Ferdinand, [1996] 3 R.C.S. 211 au para.101,
j. l'Heureux-Dubé (pour la Cour).</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Luc Huppé, « La
dignité humaine comme fondement des droits et libertés garantis par la Charte »
(1988) 48:4 R. du B. 724 à la p.726 ; Daniel Proulx, « Le concept de dignité et
son usage en contexte de discrimination : deux Chartes, deux modèles » (2003) R.
du B. (numéro spécial) 485 à la p.498. Voir aussi </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">R. c. Morgentaler, [1988] 1 R.C.S. 30 au para.224, j. Wilson (pour la
majorité). Voir aussi Rodriguez c. Colombie-Britannique (Procureur général), <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1993] 3 R.C.S. 519 au para.201, j. McLachlin
(dissidente).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Luc Huppé, « La
dignité humaine comme fondement des droits et libertés garantis par la Charte »
(1988) 48:4 R. du B. 724 à la p.727 ; Daniel Proulx, « Le concept de dignité et
son usage en contexte de discrimination : deux Chartes, deux modèles » (2003)
R. du B. (numéro spécial) 485 aux pp.497-498 et 500 ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Christian Brunelle, « La dignité dans la Charte des droits et libertés de
la personne : de l'ubiquité à l'ambiguïté d'une notion fondamentale » (2006)
Hors-Série R. du B. 143 à la p.152 et 173. Voir aussi </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Oscar Schacter, « </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Human Dignity as a Normative Concept » (1983)
77:4 The American Journal of International Law 848 à la p.849 ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">R. c. Morgentaler, [1988] 1 R.C.S. 30 au para.243 et 250, j. Wilson (pour
la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Luc Huppé, « La
dignité humaine comme fondement des droits et libertés garantis par la Charte »
(1988) 48:4 R. du B. 724 à la p.727 ; Denise G. Réaume, « Discrimination
and dignity » (2002-2003) 63 La. L. Rev. 645 aux pp.673, 677 et 689 ; Denise
Réaume, « Law v. Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration) » (2006)
18 :1 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Canadian Journal of Women
and the Law 143</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">
à la p.168-170. Voir aussi </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">R. c. Morgentaler,
[1988] 1 R.C.S. 30 au para.250, j. Wilson (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Renvoi relatif à l'art. 193 et à l'al. 195.1(1)(c) du code criminel (Man.),
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990] 1 R.C.S. 1123 au para.50, j.
Lamer (pour la majorité).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">La Reine c. Jones, [1986] 2 R.C.S. 284 au para.75, j. Wilson
(dissidente) ; R. c. Oakes , [1986] 1 R.C.S. 103 au para.64, j. Dickson
(pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Luc Huppé, « La
dignité humaine comme fondement des droits et libertés garantis par la Charte »
(1988) 48:4 R. du B. 724 à la p.727. Voir aussi </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">La Reine c. Jones, [1986] 2 R.C.S. 284 au para.76, j. Wilson (dissidente) ;
R. c. Morgentaler, [1988] 1 R.C.S. 30 au para.229, j. Wilson (pour la majorité)
; Renvoi relatif à l'art. 193 et à l'al. 195.1(1)(c) du code criminel (Man.), <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990] 1 R.C.S. 1123 au para.50, j. Lamer
(pour la majorité) ; </span>B. (R.) c. Children's Aid Society of Metropolitan
Toronto, [1995] 1 R.C.S. 315 au para.7, j. Lamer (pour la majorité) et au
para.74, j. La Forest (pour la majorité). Voir aussi John Stuart Mill, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">De la liberté</i>, trad. par Laurence
Lenglet, Paris, Éditions Gallimard, 1990 aux pp.78-79, 150 et 165.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Ian Johnstone, « Section 7 of the Charter and constitutionally protected
welfare » (1988) </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">46 U.
Toronto Fac. L. Rev. 1</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">à la p.31 ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Robert Yalden, « Liberalism and canadian constitutional law : tensions
in an evolving vision of liberty » (1989) </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">47 U. Toronto Fac. L. Rev. 132 à la p.151. Sur la
dimension négative de la liberté en général : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Nouvelle-Écosse (Procureur général) c. Walsh, [2002] 4 R.C.S. 325 au
para.63, j. Bastarache (pour la majorité). Sur la dimension négative de la
liberté à l’article 7 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte
canadienne</i>, voir La Reine c. Jones, [1986] 2 R.C.S. 284 au para.76, j.
Wilson (dissidente) ; R. c. Morgentaler, [1988] 1 R.C.S. 30 aux paras.227-229,
j. Wilson (pour la majorité) ; Godbout c. Longueuil (Ville), <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1997] 3 R.C.S. 844 au para.66, j. La Forest
(pour la majorité) ;</span> Blencoe c. Colombie-Britannique (Human Rights
Commission),<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>[2000] 2 R.C.S. 307 au
para.49-54, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">j. Bastarache (pour la
majorité) ; </span>Nouvelle-Écosse (Procureur général) c. Walsh, [2002] 4
R.C.S. 325 au para.63, j. Bastarache (pour la majorité) ;<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span>R. c. Malmo-Levine; R. c. Caine,
[2003] 3 R.C.S. 571 au para.85, j. Gonthier et Binnie (pour la majorité) ; R. <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">c</span>. Clay , [2003] 3 R.C.S. 735 au
para.31, j. Gonthier et Binnie (pour la majorité) ; Siemens c. Manitoba
(Procureur général), <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[2003] 1 R.C.S. 6
au para.45-46, j. Major (pour la Cour). </span>Sur la dimension négative de la
liberté à l’article 2(a) de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte
canadienne</i>, voir R. c. Big M Drug Mart Ltd., [1985] 1 R.C.S. 295 au
para.95, j. Dickson (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn15" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[15]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Luc Huppé, « La
dignité humaine comme fondement des droits et libertés garantis par la Charte »
(1988) 48:4 R. du B. 724 aux pp.726-727 ; Daniel Proulx, « Le concept de
dignité et son usage en contexte de discrimination : deux Chartes, deux modèles
» (2003) R. du B. (numéro spécial) 485 aux pp.498-499. Voir aussi </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">R. c. Morgentaler, [1988] 1 R.C.S. 30 au para.225, j. Wilson (pour la
majorité). Voir aussi John Stuart Mill, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">De
la liberté</i>, trad. par Laurence Lenglet, Paris, Éditions Gallimard, 1990 à
la p.182 ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">John
Rawls, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Théorie de la justice</i>, trad.
par Catherine Audard, Paris, Éditions du Seuil, 1997 aux pp.479-480 (ch.67).</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn16" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[16]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Luc Huppé, « La
dignité humaine comme fondement des droits et libertés garantis par la Charte »
(1988) 48:4 R. du B. 724 aux pp.726-727 ; Daniel Proulx, « Le concept de
dignité et son usage en contexte de discrimination : deux Chartes, deux modèles
» (2003) R. du B. (numéro spécial) 485 aux pp.498-499 ; Denise G. Réaume, «
Discrimination and dignity » (2002-2003) 63 La. L. Rev. 645 à la p.677 ; <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Oscar Schacter, « </span>Human Dignity as a
Normative Concept » (1983) 77:4 The American Journal of International Law 848
aux pp.849-850. Voir aussi </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">R. c. Morgentaler,
[1988] 1 R.C.S. 30 au para.225, j. Wilson (pour la majorité). Voir aussi John
Stuart Mill, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">De la liberté</i>, trad. par
Laurence Lenglet, Paris, Éditions Gallimard, 1990 aux pp.78-79, 150 et 165.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn17" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[17]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">R. c. Morgentaler, [1988] 1 R.C.S. 30 aux paras.228-229, j. Wilson (pour la
majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn18" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[18]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Comme le
souligne </span><span class="addmd"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Judith
N. Shklar, même les pauvres tiennent à la liberté négative : Judith N.
Shklar, « Conférence de Judith N. Shklar » dans </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Les
usages de la liberté : XXXII<sup>es</sup> Rencontres internationales de Genève
(1989)</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Neuchâtel,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Les Éditions de la
Baconnière, 1990 à la p.129 ; Rhoda Howard, « The full-belly thesis : should
economic rights take priority over civil and political rights ? Evidence from
Sub-Saharan Africa » (1983) 5 Hum. Rts. Q. 467 aux pp.469-470. Voir aussi </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Michael Ignatieff, « Human rights as idolatry » The Tanner lectures on
human values, Princeton University, April 4-7, 2000 à la p.346.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn19" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[19]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Carl J.
Friedrich, « Rights, liberties, freedoms : a reappraisal » (1963) 57:4 The
American political science review 841 à la p.852.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn20" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[20]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Carl J.
Friedrich, « Rights, liberties, freedoms : a reappraisal » (1963) 57:4 The
American political science review 841 à la p.852.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn21" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[21]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Ian Johnstone, « Section 7 of the Charter and constitutionally protected
welfare » (1988) </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">46 U.
Toronto Fac. L. Rev. 1</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">à la p.31 ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Robert Yalden, « Liberalism and canadian constitutional law : tensions
in an evolving vision of liberty » (1989) </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">47 U. Toronto Fac. L. Rev. 132 aux pp.151-152. Voir
aussi </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">R. c. Morgentaler, [1988] 1 R.C.S. 30 au para.224, j.
Wilson (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn22" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[22]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Carl J.
Friedrich, « Rights, liberties, freedoms : a reappraisal » (1963) 57:4 The
American political science review 841 à la p.852.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn23" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[23]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Victor V.
Ramraj, « Keegstra, Butler, and positive liberty : a glimmer of hope for the
faithful » (1993) 51:2 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">U. Toronto Fac. L. Rev. 304</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> à la p.326-327.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn24" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[24]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Victor V.
Ramraj, « Keegstra, Butler, and positive liberty : a glimmer of hope for the
faithful » (1993) 51:2 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">U. Toronto Fac. L. Rev. 304</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> à la p.326.
Charles Taylor parle de « exercice-concept of freedom » : Charles Taylor,
« </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">What's Wrong with Negative
Liberty » in </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Philosophical Papers : Volume 2, Philosophy and the Human
Sciences</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, Cambridge, Cambridge University
Press, 1985 à la p.215.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn25" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[25]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">John Stuart Mill défend avec Wilhelm von Humboldt le droit de l’individu au
développement de son individualité et de toutes ses facultés : John Stuart
Mill, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">De la liberté</i>, trad. par
Laurence Lenglet, Paris, Éditions Gallimard, 1990 aux pp.147-151 et 241 ;
Andrew Valls, « Self-development and the liberal State : the case of John Stuart
Mill and Wilhelm von Humboldt » (1999) 61:2 The Review of politics 251 aux
pp.259-260. Cette conception de la liberté de John Stuart Mill est l’une des
sources d’inspiration de la « capabilities approach » développée par Amartya
Sen et Martha C. Nussbaum et qui comporte une dimension positive de la
liberté :</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Martha C. Nussbaum </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Creating Capabilities</i>, Cambridge,
Harvard University Press, 2011</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> aux pp.23, 124 et 141.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn26" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[26]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">La Reine c. Jones, [1986] 2 R.C.S. 284 au para.76, j. Wilson
(dissidente). L’individu a « droit au plein développement et à la pleine
expression de sa personnalité » : R. c. Morgentaler, [1988] 1 R.C.S. 30 au
para.250, j. Wilson (pour la majorité). Voir aussi </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Luc Huppé, « La dignité
humaine comme fondement des droits et libertés garantis par la Charte » (1988)
48:4 R. du B. 724 à la p.727 ; Denise G. Réaume, « Discrimination and
dignity » (2002-2003) 63 La. L. Rev. 645 aux pp.673, 677 et 689 ; Denise
Réaume, « Law v. Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration) » (2006) 18 :1
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Canadian Journal of Women
and the Law 143</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">
à la p.168-170. </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn27" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[27]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Catherine Audard, « Le "nouveau" libéralisme » (2009) 4:</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">44 L'économie
politique 6 aux pp.10-11. Voir aussi Lon L. Fuller</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">, « Freedom: A Suggested Analysis », (1955) 68(8) <i>Harv.
L. Rev. </i>1305</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">
à la p.1312, n.3 ; Ralph B. Perry, « Liberty in a democratic state » in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Freedom : its meaning</i>, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Harcourt, Brace, 1940 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">à la p.269. </span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"></span></i></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn28" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[28]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> John Stuart
Mill, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The collected works of John Stuart
Mill, volume V – essays on economics and society part II</i>, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 1967</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> à la
p.244 ; Amy Gutmann, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Liberal Equality</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,
<span class="st">Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1980</span> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">à la p.66 ;
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Will Kymlicka, « Property
Rights and the Self-Ownership Argument » in </span><span class="addmd"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Peter Vallentyne et Hillel Steiner, dir., </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Left-Libertarianism
and Its Critics : The Contemporary Debate</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, Basingstoke, Palgrave, 2000</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> à la p.316. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn29" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[29]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Victor V. Ramraj, « Keegstra, Butler, and
positive liberty : a glimmer of hope for the faithful » (1993) 51:2 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">U. Toronto Fac. L. Rev. 304</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> à la p.306 et 323 ; Andrew Petter, «
Canada's Charter Flight : Soaring Backwards into the Future » (1989) 16:2
Journal of law and society 151 aux pp.153-154 ;</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Martha Jackman, « The
protection of welfare rights under the charter » (1988) 20:2 Ottawa L. Rev. 257
aux pp.264 et 297-298 ; </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">R.A. Macdonald, « <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Postscript
and Prelude - The Jurisprudence of the Charter : Eight Theses »<i> </i></span>(1982)
4 Sup. Ct. L. Rev. 321 à la p.344 ;</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> Lorne Sossin, «
Salvaging the welfare state ? : the prospects for judicial review of
the Canada health & social transfer » (1998) </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">21 Dalhousie L.J. 141</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> aux pp.175 et 179 ; Lisa Philipps, « The supreme court of Canada’s
tax jurisprudence : what’s wrong with the rule of law » (2000) 79 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Canadian Bar Review<i> </i>120<i>
</i></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">aux pp.125, 128-129 et 131 ; Robert Yalden, «
Liberalism and canadian constitutional law : tensions in an evolving
vision of liberty » (1989) </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">47 U. Toronto Fac. L. Rev. 132 aux pp.150-151, 153 ; Leon E. Trakman, «
Group rights : a canadian perspective » (1991-1992) 24 N.Y.U. J. Int'l L. &
Pol. 1579 aux pp.1586-1588 ; Lars Apland et Chris Axworthy, « Collective and
individual rights in Canada : a perspective on democratically controled
organizations » (1988) 8 Windsor Y.B. Access Just. 44 à la p.58 ; ; Robin West,
« Tradition, principle and self-sovereignty : competing conceptions of liberty
in the United States Concstitution » (2002) 6:2 Review of constitutional
studies 262 aux pp.271-273 et 286 ; Gillian Daly, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Social rights : the implications of
selective constitutionalisation</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,
Master thesis in Law, The University of British Columbia, 1999 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">à la p.34 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[unpublished].</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn30" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<pre style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref30" name="_ftn30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: Courier;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Courier; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">[30]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: Courier;"> John Stuart Mill défend non seulement une dimension négative, mais également une dimension positive de la liberté : John Stuart Mill, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">De la liberté</i>, trad. par Laurence Lenglet, Paris, Éditions Gallimard, 1990 à la p.241 ; John Stuart Mill, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Autobiography : essay on liberty</i>, New York, PF Collier & Son company, 1909 aux pp.149 et 162 ; John Stuart Mill, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: Courier; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Principles of political economy : with some of their applications to social philosophy</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: Courier; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, London, Routledge, 1891</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: Courier;"> à la p.496 (Book IV, ch.VI) ; Isaiah Berlin, « Political ideas in the twentieth century » (1950) 28:3 Foreign Aff. 351 à la p.378 ; Ernest Barker, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Political thought in England : from Herbert Spencer to the present day</i>, London, Williams and Norgate, 1915 aux pp.9-10, 20, 205-206 ; R. H. Tawney, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Equality</i>, London, Unwin books, 1964 à la p.48 ; <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">David D. Raphael, « La tradition libérale occidentale » (1966) 18:1 Revue internationale des sciences sociales 25 à la p.29</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: Courier; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ; John Gray, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Two Faces of Liberalism</i>, New York, The New Press, 2000 à la p.31 ;</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: Courier;"> Bernard Semmel, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: Courier; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">John Stuart Mill and the Pursuit of Virtue</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: Courier; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, London, Yale University Press, 1984 à la p.14 ;</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: Courier;"> </span><span class="addmd"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: Courier; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nicholas Capaldi</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: Courier;">, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: Courier; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">John Stuart Mill : A Biography</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: Courier; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2004</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: Courier;"> à la p.268 ; Catherine Audard, « Le "nouveau" libéralisme » (2009) 4:44 L'économie politique 6 aux pp.10-11 ; Robert Yalden, « Liberalism and </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">canadian constitutional law : tensions in an evolving vision of liberty » (1989) </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">47 U. Toronto Fac. L. Rev. 132 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">aux pp.145- ; Andrew Valls, « Self-development and the liberal State : the case of John Stuart Mill and Wilhelm von Humboldt » (1999) 61:2 The Review of politics 251 aux pp.259-260 ; Bruce Baum, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Rereading power and freedom in J.S. Mill</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">, Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 2000 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">aux pp.200-201.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"></span></pre>
</div>
<div id="ftn31" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref31" name="_ftn31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[31]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> La juge Wilson
défend </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">non seulement une dimension négative</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, mais également
une dimension positive de la liberté : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Ian Johnstone, « Section 7 of the Charter and constitutionally protected
welfare » (1988) </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">46 U.
Toronto Fac. L. Rev. 1</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">à la p.31 ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Robert Yalden, « Liberalism and canadian constitutional law : tensions
in an evolving vision of liberty » (1989) </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">47 U. Toronto Fac. L. Rev. 132 aux pp.151-152. Voir
aussi </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">R. c. Morgentaler, [1988] 1 R.C.S. 30 au para.224, j.
Wilson (pour la majorité). Le juge Dickson également : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Robert Yalden, «
Working with Bertha Wilson : perspectives on liberty, judicial
decision-making and a judge’s role » </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">(2008) 41 S.C.L.R. (2d) 297 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">à la p.302.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn32" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref32" name="_ftn32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[32]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Plusieurs
instruments de droit international défendent une dimension positive de la
liberté : la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Déclaration
universelle des droits de l'homme</i> reconnaît à son article 22 un droit à la
sécurité sociale afin d'assurer à tous</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> un plein
développement de leur personnalité</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> : Voir l'article 22 de la </span><i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Déclaration universelle des droits de l'homme</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, Rés. AG 217(III), Doc. Off. AG NU, 3<sup>e</sup> sess., supp. n°13, Doc.
NU A/810 (1948) 71</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">. Voir aussi </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Déclaration sur le droit au développement<em>,</em></span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Rés. AG 41/128, Doc.Off. A.G.N.U., 41<sup>e</sup> sess.,
supp. n°49, Doc. NU 41/128 (1986) 196 à la p.197.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Conformément à son
préambule, la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Déclaration universelle des
droits de l'homme</i> conçoit l'homme libre comme libéré de la terreur et de la
misère. Voir le préambule de la </span><i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Déclaration universelle
des droits de l'homme</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, Rés. AG 217(III), Doc.
Off. AG NU, 3<sup>e</sup> sess., supp. n°13, Doc. NU A/810 (1948) 71 ; </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Projet
de pacte international relatif aux droits de l'homme et mesures de mise en
œuvre : travaux futurs de la Commission de droits de l'homme<em>,</em></span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Rés. AG 421 (V), Doc.Off. A.G.N.U., 5<sup>e</sup> sess.,
supp. n°49, Doc. NU A/5/421 (1950) 47 à la p.48. Voir également le préambule et
les articles 1 et 2 de la<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> Déclaration sur
le progrès et le développement dans le domaine social<em>,</em></i> Rés. AG
2542 (XXIV), Doc.Off. A.G.N.U., 24<sup>e</sup> sess., supp. n°49, Doc. NU
A/24/2542 (1969) 51 aux pp.51-54.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn33" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref33" name="_ftn33" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[33]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Mayo Moran, «
Talking about hate speech : a rhetorical analysis of american and canadian
approaches to the regulation of hate speech » (1994) </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Wis. L. Rev. 1425</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> à la p.1508. Voir aussi
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">R.A. Macdonald, « <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Postscript and Prelude - The Jurisprudence
of the Charter : Eight Theses »<i> </i></span>(1982) 4 Sup. Ct. L. Rev. 321 à
la p.344 ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Martha Jackman, « The protection of welfare rights
under the charter » (1988) 20:2 Ottawa L. Rev. 257 aux pp.264 et 267.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn34" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref34" name="_ftn34" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[34]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Victor V.
Ramraj, « Keegstra, Butler, and positive liberty : a glimmer of hope for the
faithful » (1993) 51:2 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">U. Toronto Fac. L. Rev. 304</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> à la p.306 et
323 ; Andrew Petter, « Canada's Charter Flight : Soaring Backwards into
the Future » (1989) 16:2 Journal of law and society 151 aux pp.153-154 ;</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Martha Jackman, « The
protection of welfare rights under the charter » (1988) 20:2 Ottawa L. Rev. 257
aux pp.264 et 297-298 ; </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">R.A. Macdonald, « <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Postscript
and Prelude - The Jurisprudence of the Charter : Eight Theses »<i> </i></span>(1982)
4 Sup. Ct. L. Rev. 321 à la p.344 ;</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> Lorne Sossin, «
Salvaging the welfare state ? : the prospects for judicial review of
the Canada health & social transfer » (1998) </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">21 Dalhousie L.J. 141</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> aux pp.175 et 179 ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Lorne Sossin, « The « supremacy of
God », human dignity and the charter of rights and freedoms » (2003) 52 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">U.N.B.L.J. 227</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> à la p.230 ;</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> Lisa Philipps, « The supreme court of Canada’s tax jurisprudence :
what’s wrong with the rule of law » (2000) 79 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Canadian Bar Review<i> </i>120<i>
</i></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">aux pp.125, 128-129 et 131 ; Robert Yalden, «
Liberalism and canadian constitutional law : tensions in an evolving
vision of liberty » (1989) </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">47 U. Toronto Fac. L. Rev. 132 aux pp.150-151, 153 ; Leon E. Trakman, «
Group rights : a canadian perspective » (1991-1992) 24 N.Y.U. J. Int'l L. &
Pol. 1579 aux pp.1586-1588 ; Lars Apland et Chris Axworthy, « Collective and
individual rights in Canada : a perspective on democratically controled
organizations » (1988) 8 Windsor Y.B. Access Just. 44 à la p.58 ; Robin West, «
Tradition, principle and self-sovereignty : competing conceptions of liberty in
the United States Concstitution » (2002) 6:2 Review of constitutional studies
262 aux pp.271-273 et 286 ; Gillian Daly, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Social rights : the implications of
selective constitutionalisation</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,
Master thesis in Law, The University of British Columbia, 1999 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">à la p.34 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[unpublished] ; H.
J. McCloskey, « A critique of the ideals of liberty » (1965) 74 :296 Mind
New Series 483 à la p.500. </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Voir
aussi le préambule et les articles 1 et 2 de la<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> Déclaration sur le progrès et le développement dans le domaine social<em>,</em></i>
Rés. AG 2542 (XXIV), Doc.Off. A.G.N.U., 24<sup>e</sup> sess., supp. n°49, Doc.
NU A/24/2542 (1969) 51 aux pp.51-54 ; <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Déclaration
sur le droit au développement<em>,</em></i> Rés. AG 41/128, Doc.Off. A.G.N.U.,
41<sup>e</sup> sess., supp. n°49, Doc. NU 41/128 (1986) 196 à la p.197.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn35" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref35" name="_ftn35" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[35]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> John Rawls, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Théorie de la justice</i>, trad. par
Catherine Audard, Paris, Éditions du Seuil, 1997 à la p.240 (ch.32) ;<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> John Rawls, </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Political
Liberalism</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, 2nd ed., New York, Columbia
University Press, 2005</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> à la p.166</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> ;</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Amartya Sen, « Individual
freedom as a social commitment » </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">The New York review of books</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> (June 14, 1990) ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Amartya Sen, « Freedom
of choice : concept and content » (1988) 32 European Economic Review 269 aux
pp.275-277 ; Isaiah Berlin et Ramin Jahanbegloo, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Conversations with Isaiah Berlin</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, London, Halban, 1991. </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Voir aussi </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Amy
Gutmann, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Liberal Equality</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,
<span class="st">Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1980</span> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">à la p.11 ;
</span><span class="addmd"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Judith N. Shklar,
« Conférence de Judith N. Shklar » dans </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Les usages de la liberté : XXXII<sup>es</sup>
Rencontres internationales de Genève (1989)</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Neuchâtel,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Les Éditions de la Baconnière, 1990 aux
pp.126 et 130. </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn36" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref36" name="_ftn36" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn36;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[36]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Lisa Philipps, « The supreme court of Canada’s tax jurisprudence :
what’s wrong with the rule of law » (2000) 79 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Canadian Bar Review<i> </i>120<i>
</i>à la p.128 ; Stuart Bottomley, Neil Gunningham and Stephen Parker, <i>Law
in context</i>, Australia, Gaunt, 1994 aux pp.16-17. Voir aussi </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Amartya Sen, «
Freedom of choice : concept and content » (1988) 32 European Economic Review
269 à la p.273 ; </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Amartya
Sen, « Individual freedom as a social commitment » </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">The New York review of
books</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> (June 14, 1990) ;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">R. H. Tawney, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Equality</i>, London,
Unwin books, 1964</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">
à la p.228 ; Amy Gutmann, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Liberal Equality</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,
<span class="st">Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1980</span> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">à la p.11 ;
Isaiah Berlin, « Introduction » in Henry Hardy, dir., <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Liberty</i>, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2009 aux pp.44-45 ; John
Rawls, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Théorie de la justice</i>, trad.
par Catherine Audard, Paris, Éditions du Seuil, 1997 à la p.240 (ch.32). Selon
Amartya Sen, John Rawls incorpore la dimension positive de la liberté par son
deuxième principe de justice (principe de différence) : Amartya Sen, « Freedom
of choice : concept and content » (1988) 32 European Economic Review 269 aux
pp.276-277 ; Stein Ringen, « Liberty, freedom and real freedom » (2005) 42:3
Society 36 à la p.37.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn37" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref37" name="_ftn37" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn37;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[37]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Carl J.
Friedrich, « Rights, liberties, freedoms : a reappraisal » (1963) 57:4 The
American political science review 841 à la p.852.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn38" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref38" name="_ftn38" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn38;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[38]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Hobhouse :
</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Liberalism and Other Writings</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, 2<sup>nd</sup> ed., Cambridge, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cambridge
University Press, 1994 à la p.59 ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">John Dewey, « Renascent liberalism » in Jo Ann
Boydston, dir., </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Later Works of John Dewey, Volume 11, 1925 - 1953 :
Essays, Reviews, Trotsky Inquiry, Miscellany, and Liberalism and Social Action</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, Carbondale, Southern Illinois University Press, 2008</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> à la p.41 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">; </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Amartya Sen, « Individual freedom as a social commitment » </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">The New York
review of books</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> (June
14, 1990) ;</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Bertrand Russell et Dora Russell, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The prospects of industrial civilization</i>,
New York, The century co., 1923 à la p.279.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn39" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref39" name="_ftn39" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn39;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[39]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> Le critère juridique de dignité humaine a été élaboré dans l'arrêt Law c.
Canada (1999). Il n'est plus un critère juridique pertinent pour le droit à
l'égalité depuis l’arrêt <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">R c. Kapp</i>
(2008).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn40" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref40" name="_ftn40" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn40;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[40]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Denise </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">G.
Réaume, « Discrimination and dignity » (2002-2003) 63 La. L. Rev. 645 aux
pp.689-690.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn41" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref41" name="_ftn41" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn41;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[41]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Denise Réaume,
« Law v. Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration) » (2006) 18 :1 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Canadian Journal of Women and the Law 143</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> à la p.168 et
170 (au para.76-77, 85). Selon l’auteure, l’autonomie devrait être au cœur de
l’analyse sur la dignité (à la p.168, au para.77).</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn42" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref42" name="_ftn42" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn42;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[42]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Denise </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">G.
Réaume, « Discrimination and dignity » (2002-2003) 63 La. L. Rev. 645 aux
pp.672 et 689-690 ; Denise Réaume, « Law v. Canada (Minister of Employment
and Immigration) » (2006) 18 :1 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Canadian Journal of Women and the Law 143</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> à la p.163-164 (au
para.59). </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn43" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref43" name="_ftn43" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn43;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[43]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Denise </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">G.
Réaume, « Discrimination and dignity » (2002-2003) 63 La. L. Rev. 645 à la
p.692.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn44" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref44" name="_ftn44" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn44;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[44]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Isaiah Berlin
réfute expressément l'idée selon laquelle il défendrait une liberté négative
contre une liberté positive, car cela constituerait une défense d’un monisme
intolérant incompatible avec un pluralisme des valeurs : Isaiah Berlin, «
Introduction » in Henry Hardy, dir., <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Liberty</i>,
Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2009 aux pp.50, n.1 et 53. Voir aussi Isaiah
Berlin et Ramin Jahanbegloo, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Conversations with Isaiah Berlin</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, London, Halban, 1991 ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Isaiah Berlin, «
Introduction » in Henry Hardy, dir., <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Liberty</i>,
Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2009 à la p.38. Un compromis entre les deux
dimensions de la liberté est, selon lui, nécessaire : Isaiah Berlin, « Two
concepts of liberty » in Henry Hardy, dir., <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Liberty</i>,
Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2009 à la p.212 ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Isaiah Berlin, « On the pursuit of the ideal » The New York
Review of Books (March 17, 1988) ; Dag Einar Thorsen, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The politics of freedom : a study of the political thought of Isaiah
Berlin and Karl Popper, and the challenge of neoliberalism</i>, Doctoral thesis
in political science, University of Oslo, 2011 à la p.63 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[unpublished]</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Selon Avery Plaw, Isaiah Berlin n’établit pas une
hiérarchie de valeur privilégiant la liberté pas plus qu’il n’accorde une
priorité à la liberté négative sur la liberté positive. Au contraire, il estime
qu'un équilibre est nécessaire entre ces deux libertés : Avery Plaw, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Isaiah Berlin’s pluralist thought and
liberalism : a re-reading and contrast with John Rawls</i>, Doctoral
thesis in political science, McGill University, 2001 aux pp.171-172, 174, 178
et 190-191 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[unpublished] ;
Avery Plaw, « Re-visiting Berlin : why two liberties are better than one »
(2005) 1:2 Politics and Ethics Review 138 aux pp.139,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>146 et 155. Selon John N. Gray, Isaiah Berlin
n’a jamais affirmé que les conceptions positives et négatives de la liberté
sont mutuellement exclusives : John N. Gray, « On negative and positive
liberty » (1980) 28:4 Political studies 507 à la p.512. D’ailleurs Isaiah
Berlin ne critiquait pas toutes les conceptions de liberté positive, mais
seulement celles qui reposent sur deux conceptions du moi : un moi
transcendental et un moi empirique. Il affirme : « </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">A liberal society is not a society of negative liberty. Positive liberty
has to occur in all societies. My positive liberty is just as important, that’s
what you haven’t understood. That’s what I said. Maybe I didn’t make it clear.
The idea of self-control, the idea of determining oneself and not being pushed
about by others, the idea of initiating my own action, the idea that I do what
I do for my own motives, that I’m not ordered about, that the source of my
activity is myself and not somebody who controls me – that is positive
liberty. The perversion comes when I begin talking about two selves : one self
manipulates the other, and so on. Positive liberty is a perfectly genuine
concept. The demand that you be your own master or mistress is perfectly
genuine. Interference with my positive liberty is just as terrible as
interference with my negative liberty » : Isaiah Berlin et Beata Polanowska-Sygulska,
</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Unfinished
dialogue</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, Amherst, Prometheus Books, 2006</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> à la p.151.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn45" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref45" name="_ftn45" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn45;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[45]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Amartya Sen,
comme Isaiah Berlin, croit en la pluralité des valeurs : Amartya Sen, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Idea of Justice</i>, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cambridge, Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2009 à
la p.239. Il rejette, par conséquent, l’idée d’une « single-focus idea of
freedom » : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Amartya
Sen, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Idea of Justice</i>, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cambridge, Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2009
aux pp.306 et 308-309.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Il affirme : « </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">An adequate view of freedom would have to be both positive and negative,
since both are important (though for different reasons) » : Amartya Sen, «
Individual freedom as a social commitment » </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">The New York review of
books</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> (June 14, 1990) ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Amartya Sen, «
Freedom of choice : concept and content » (1988) 32 European Economic Review
269 aux pp.275-276 ; Amartya Sen, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The
Idea of Justice</i>, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cambridge, Belknap
Press of Harvard University Press, 2009</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> à la p.309. Selon Amartya Sen, une
atteinte à la liberté négative est également une atteinte à la liberté positive,
mais l'inverse n'est pas vrai : </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Amartya Sen, « Individual freedom as a social commitment » </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">The New York
review of books</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> (June
14, 1990). </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Amartya
Sen a une interprétation différente d'Isaiah Berlin concernant la distinction
entre la liberté négative et la liberté positive : </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Amartya Sen, « Individual freedom as a social
commitment » </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">The
New York review of books</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> (June 14, 1990) ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Amartya Sen, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The
Idea of Justice</i>, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cambridge, Belknap
Press of Harvard University Press, 2009</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> à la p.282. La liberté positive défendue
par Amartya Sen ne concerne que les obstacles externes et ne se prête donc pas
à la critique acerbe d'Isaiah Berlin concernant la liberté positive. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn46" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref46" name="_ftn46" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn46;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[46]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Joseph Raz, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
Morality of Freedom</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, Oxford, Oxford
University Press, 1986</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> aux pp.369-372 et 410 ; Richard H. Fallon Jr., « Two senses
of autonomy » (1994) 46:4 Stanford Law Review 875 à la p.886 ; John Christman,
« Liberalism and individual positive freedom » (1991) 101:2 Ethics 343 à la
p.343,n.1.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn47" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref47" name="_ftn47" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn47;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[47]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Isaiah Berlin
affirme : « </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">A liberal society is not a society
of negative liberty. Positive liberty has to occur in all societies. My
positive liberty is just as important, that’s what you haven’t understood.
That’s what I said. Maybe I didn’t make it clear (…) Positive liberty is a
perfectly genuine concept. The demand that you be your own master or mistress
is perfectly genuine. Interference with my positive liberty is just as terrible
as interference with my negative liberty » : Isaiah Berlin et Beata
Polanowska-Sygulska, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Unfinished dialogue</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, Amherst, Prometheus Books, 2006</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">
à la p.151. Voir aussi </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Jason Ferrell, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Isaiah
Berlin and the politics of pluralism</i>, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Doctoral thesis in political science, McGill University,
2002</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">
à la p.70 ; Avery Plaw, « Re-visiting Berlin : why two liberties are
better than one » (2005) 1:2 Politics and Ethics Review 138 à la p.139.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn48" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref48" name="_ftn48" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn48;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[48]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Toute conception de la liberté doit, selon
Isaiah Berlin, comporter une dimension négative : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Isaiah Berlin, « Two
concepts of liberty » in Henry Hardy, dir., <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Liberty</i>,
Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2009 à la p.207.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn49" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref49" name="_ftn49" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn49;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[49]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Selon Gerald C.
MacCallum, la liberté négative et la liberté positive sont inséparables et
indissociables : Gerald C. MacCallum, « Negative and positive freedom »
(1967) 76:3 The philosophical review 312 aux pp.314, 318 et 319 ; John
Rawls, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Théorie de la justice</i>, trad.
par Catherine Audard, Paris, Éditions du Seuil, 1997</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> aux pp.238 (ch.32) et 295, n.4. </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Voir aussi Lloyd L. Weinreb, « The
complete idea of justice » (1984) </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">51 U. Chi. L. Rev. 752</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> à la p.792 ; Catherine Audard, « Éthique
publique et démocratie » (1997) 41 Arch. Phil. Droit 65 à la p.74 ; L. J.
Macfarlane, « On two concepts of liberty » (1966) 14 :1 Political studies
77 à la p.78 ; </span><span class="addmd"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Judith
N. Shklar, « Conférence de Judith N. Shklar » dans </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Les
usages de la liberté : XXXII<sup>es</sup> Rencontres internationales de Genève
(1989)</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Neuchâtel,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Les Éditions de la
Baconnière, 1990 aux pp.126, 131, 134, 145 et 148. </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn50" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref50" name="_ftn50" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn50;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">[50]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> Isaiah Berlin, « Introduction » in Henry
Hardy, dir., <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Liberty</i>, Oxford, Oxford
University Press, 2009 à la p.42 (voir aussi à la p.39). Voir aussi Isaiah
Berlin, « Two concepts of liberty » in Henry Hardy, dir., <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Liberty</i>, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2009 à la p.212 ;
Isaiah Berlin et Steven Lukes, « </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Isaiah Berlin: In
conversation with Steven Lukes » (1998) 120 Salmagundi 52 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt;">à la p.93.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn51" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref51" name="_ftn51" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn51;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[51]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Isaiah Berlin
et Ramin Jahanbegloo, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Conversations with Isaiah Berlin</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, London, Halban, 1991. </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn52" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref52" name="_ftn52" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn52;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[52]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Isaiah Berlin
et Ramin Jahanbegloo, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Conversations with Isaiah Berlin</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, London, Halban, 1991 ; Isaiah Berlin, « On the pursuit of
the ideal » The New York Review of Books (March 17, 1988).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn53" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref53" name="_ftn53" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn53;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[53]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Isaiah Berlin,
« Introduction » in Henry Hardy, dir., <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Liberty</i>,
Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2009 aux pp.38-39. Selon Isaiah Berlin, une
justification pour l’État providence peut également reposer sur la liberté
négative : Isaiah Berlin, « Introduction » in Henry Hardy, dir., <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Liberty</i>, Oxford, Oxford University
Press, 2009 aux pp.38-39. Lon L. Fuller est du même avis : Lon L. Fuller</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">, « Freedom: A Suggested Analysis », (1955)
68(8) <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Harv. L. Rev.<i> </i></span>1305</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> à la p.1306.
Voir aussi Gerald C. MacCallum, « Negative and positive freedom » (1967) 76:3
The philosophical review 312 aux pp.317-318.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn54" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref54" name="_ftn54" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn54;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[54]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Isaiah Berlin
et Ramin Jahanbegloo, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Conversations with Isaiah Berlin</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, London, Halban, 1991 ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Isaiah Berlin, «
Introduction » in Henry Hardy, dir., <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Liberty</i>,
Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2009 à la p.38 ; Isaiah Berlin, « Two
concepts of liberty » in Henry Hardy, dir., <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Liberty</i>,
Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2009 aux pp.172-173 et 207-208. Un compromis
entre les deux dimensions de la liberté est nécessaire : Isaiah Berlin, «
Two concepts of liberty » in Henry Hardy, dir., <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Liberty</i>, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2009 à la p.212 ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Isaiah Berlin, « On the pursuit of the ideal » The New York
Review of Books (March 17, 1988). Selon Avery Plaw, Isaiah Berlin n’établit pas
une hiérarchie de valeur privilégiant la liberté pas plus qu’il n’accorde une
priorité à la liberté négative sur la liberté positive : Avery Plaw, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Isaiah Berlin’s pluralist thought and
liberalism : a re-reading and contrast with John Rawls</i>, Doctoral
thesis in political science, McGill University, 2001 aux pp.174, 178 et 190-191
</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[unpublished] ;
Avery Plaw, « Re-visiting Berlin : why two liberties are better than one »
(2005) 1:2 Politics and Ethics Review 138 aux pp.139,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>146 et 155. D'ailleurs, Isaiah Berlin réfute
expressément l'idée selon laquelle il défendrait une liberté négative contre
une liberté positive : Isaiah Berlin, « Introduction » in Henry Hardy, dir., <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Liberty</i>, Oxford, Oxford University
Press, 2009 aux pp.50, n.1 et 53. Selon Jason Ferrell, Isaiah Berlin considère
que le libéralisme nécessite à la fois la liberté négative et la liberté
positive : Jason Ferrell, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Isaiah
Berlin and the politics of pluralism</i>, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Doctoral thesis in political science, McGill University,
2002</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">
à la p.70.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn55" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref55" name="_ftn55" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn55;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[55]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Plusieurs
écrivains (d'Aristote à Karl Marx et du Mahatma Gandhi à Franklin Roosevelt)
ont reconnu l'importance de la dimension positive de la liberté : </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Amartya Sen, « Individual freedom as a social
commitment » </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">The
New York review of books</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> (June 14, 1990). Cette dimension positive de la liberté appartient à la
philosophie libérale : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Avery Plaw, « Re-visiting Berlin : why two liberties
are better than one » (2005) 1:2 Politics and Ethics Review 138 à la p.153.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> Exemple de philosophes libéraux : Thomas
Hill Green, Bernard Bosanquet, Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse, John Dewey… etc. On
peut également mentionner John Stuart Mill et Alexis de Tocqueville : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Charles Taylor,
« </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">What's Wrong with Negative
Liberty » in </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Philosophical Papers : Volume 2, Philosophy and the Human
Sciences</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, Cambridge, Cambridge University
Press, 1985 à la p.212. De même que John Locke : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Gerald C. MacCallum, «
Negative and positive freedom » (1967) 76:3 The philosophical review 312 à la
p.322, n.9 ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">John Locke, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Essai philosophique concernant l'entendement humain</i>, trad. par
Pierre Coste, Paris, Librairie générale française, 2009 à la p.401 (II, 21,
15) ; </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">John Locke, <i>Traité du
gouvernement civil</i>, trad. par David Mazel, Paris, Flammarion, 1984 à la
p.218 (para.57).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn56" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref56" name="_ftn56" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn56;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[56]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Victor V.
Ramraj, « Keegstra, Butler, and positive liberty : a glimmer of hope for the
faithful » (1993) 51:2 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">U. Toronto Fac. L. Rev. 304</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> à la
p.325 ; </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Robin West, « Tradition,
principle and self-sovereignty : competing conceptions of liberty in the United
States Concstitution » (2002) 6:2 Review of constitutional studies 262 aux
pp.288-289 ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Thomas
C. Grey, « Property and need : the welfare state and theories of
distributive justice » (1975-1976) </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">28 Stan. L. Rev. 877 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">aux pp.893-894.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> Voir aussi </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">R. H. Tawney, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Equality</i>, London, Unwin books, 1964 à la
p.167 ; Catherine Audard, « Le "nouveau" libéralisme » (2009) 4:</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">44 L'économie
politique 6 aux pp.10-11. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">La pauvreté et l'inégalité de richesse étaient considérées par John
Stuart Mill et Adam Smith comme une forme d'oppression. Sur John Stuart Mill
voir : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">John
Stuart Mill, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The collected works of John
Stuart Mill, volume V – essays on economics and society part II</i>, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 1967</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> à la
p.244 ; Amy Gutmann, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Liberal Equality</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,
<span class="st">Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1980</span> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">à la p.66. Sur
Adam Smith, voir </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Emma
Rothschild, Adam Smith and conservative economics » (1992) 45:1 The economic
history review 74 à la p.94.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn57" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref57" name="_ftn57" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn57;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[57]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Ralph B. Perry,
« Liberty in a democratic state » in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Freedom :
its meaning</i>, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Harcourt, Brace, 1940 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">à la p.269.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn58" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref58" name="_ftn58" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn58;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">[58]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> Mayo Moran, « Talking about hate speech : a
rhetorical analysis of american and canadian approaches to the regulation of
hate speech » (1994) </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Wis. L. Rev. 1425</span><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> à la p.1508 ; Yves de Montigny, « Les
rapports difficiles entre la liberté d’expression et ses limites raisonnables »
(1991) 22 R.G.D. 129 à la p.136 ; Roderick A. Macdonald, « Post-charter
legal education : does anyone teach law anymore ? » (2007) 28:2 Policy Options
à la p.79 ; Lisa Philipps, « The supreme court of Canada’s tax
jurisprudence : what’s wrong with the rule of law » (2000) 79 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Canadian Bar Review<i> </i>120<i> </i>aux pp.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt;">128-129 ; Allan C. Hutchinson et Andrew
Petter, «</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> Private Rights/Public Wrongs : The Liberal
Lie of the Charter » (1988) 38:3 The University of Toronto Law Journal 278 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt;">à la p.284. Voir aussi Leonard Trelawny
Hobhouse, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The elements of social justice</i>,
New York, Henry Holt and company, 1922 aux pp.85-86 ; Robert K. Carr, « Liberty
under government » (1950) 24:1 Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science
3 aux pp.8, 11-12 ; United States of America, President's committee on
civil rights, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">To secure these rights :
the report of the President's committee on civil rights</i>, New York, Simon
and Schuster, 1947 à la p.103. Voir aussi R. H. Tawney, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Equality</i>, London, Unwin books, 1964 à la p.229 ; Catherine
Audard, « Le "nouveau" libéralisme » (2009) 4:44 L'économie politique
6 aux pp.21-22.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn59" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref59" name="_ftn59" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn59;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[59]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Victor V.
Ramraj, « Keegstra, Butler, and positive liberty : a glimmer of hope for the
faithful » (1993) 51:2 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">U. Toronto Fac. L. Rev. 304</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> à la p.325-326</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn60" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref60" name="_ftn60" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn60;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[60]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">R.A. Macdonald, « <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Postscript and Prelude - The Jurisprudence of the Charter : Eight
Theses »<i> </i></span>(1982) 4 Sup. Ct. L. Rev. 321 à la p.344 ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Martha Jackman, « The protection of welfare rights under the charter »
(1988) 20:2 Ottawa L. Rev. 257 à la p.264. Voir aussi </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Isaiah Berlin, « Two
concepts of liberty » in Henry Hardy, dir., <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Liberty</i>,
Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2009 à la p.207.</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"></span></i></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn61" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref61" name="_ftn61" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn61;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[61]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Ontario (Procureur général) <b>c</b>. Fraser, 2011 CSC 20 au para.69, j.
McLachlin et Lebel (pour la majorité). Voir aussi </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Haig c. Canada
(Directeur général des élections), </span><span class="ssl2"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[</span></span><span class="hit"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1993]
2 R.C.S. 995 </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">au para.79, j. l'Heureux-Dubé (pour la majorité) ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Gosselin <b>c</b>. Québec (Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au
para.320 et 350, j. Arbour (dissidente) ;</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Louise
Arbour, « 'Freedom from want'- from charity to entitlement » (March 3, 2005), </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">en ligne : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><</span></span><cite><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="color: blue;">http://www.unhchr.ch/huricane/huricane.nsf/0/58E08B5CD49476BEC1256FBD006EC8B1?opendocument</span>
</span></cite><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn62" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref62" name="_ftn62" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn62;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[62]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> José Woehrling,
« La place de la religion dans les écoles publiques du Québec » (2007) 41
R.J.T. 651 au para.4. Voir aussi </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Charles A. Baylis, « Towards an international Bill of Rights » (1944)
8:2 The public opinion quarterly 244 à la p.248.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Pour la liberté
positive voir : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">R. c. Big M Drug Mart Ltd., [1985] 1 R.C.S. 295 au
para.94, j. Dickson (pour la majorité). Pour la liberté négative voir : R. c.
Big M Drug Mart Ltd., [1985] 1 R.C.S. 295 au para.95, j. Dickson (pour la
majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn63" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref63" name="_ftn63" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn63;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[63]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Ontario (Procureur général) <b>c</b>. Fraser, 2011 CSC 20 au para.67 et
69-70, j. McLachlin et Lebel (pour la majorité). Par exemple, le juge Dickson
(dissident) affirme qu'une</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> « réglementation limitant la monopolisation de la presse peut être
nécessaire pour assurer la liberté d'expression et de presse » : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Renvoi relatif à la Public Service Employee Relations Act (Alb.), [1987] 1
R.C.S. 313 au para.77, j. Dickson (dissident)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">. Voir aussi <i>Haig c. Canada</i>, [1993] 2 R.C.S.
995 au para.79, j. l'Heureux-Dubé (pour la majorité). Voir aussi Charles A.
Baylis, « Towards an international Bill of Rights » (1944) 8:2 The public
opinion quarterly 244 à la p.248.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn64" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref64" name="_ftn64" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn64;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[64]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Ontario (Procureur général) <b>c</b>. Fraser, 2011 CSC 20 au para.67-68,
70, j. McLachlin et Lebel (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn65" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref65" name="_ftn65" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn65;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[65]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Gosselin <b>c</b>. Québec (Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au
para.320 et 350, j. Arbour (dissidente).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn66" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref66" name="_ftn66" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn66;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[66]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Ontario (Procureur général) <b>c</b>. Fraser, 2011 CSC 20 au para.72, j.
McLachlin et Lebel (pour la majorité). </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dans
l'arrêt </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Gosselin <b>c</b>. Québec (2002), la</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> juge McLachlin (pour la majorité) souligne qu'il</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> « est possible qu’on juge un jour que l’art. 7 a pour effet de créer des
obligations positives</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> » : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Gosselin <b>c</b>. Québec (Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au
para.82, j. McLachlin (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn67" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref67" name="_ftn67" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn67;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[67]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Ontario (Procureur général) <b>c</b>. Fraser, 2011 CSC 20 au para.72, j.
McLachlin et Lebel (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn68" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref68" name="_ftn68" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn68;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[68]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Gosselin <b>c</b>. Québec (Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au para.320
et 350, j. Arbour (dissidente).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn69" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref69" name="_ftn69" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn69;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[69]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Gosselin <b>c</b>. Québec (Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au
para.320 et 350, j. Arbour (dissidente).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn70" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref70" name="_ftn70" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn70;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[70]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Gosselin <b>c</b>. Québec (Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au
para.320 et 350, j. Arbour (dissidente).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn71" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref71" name="_ftn71" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn71;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[71]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Gosselin <b>c</b>. Québec (Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au
para.320 et 350, j. Arbour (dissidente).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn72" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref72" name="_ftn72" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn72;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[72]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> Gosselin <b>c</b>. Québec (Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au
para.320 et 350, j. Arbour (dissidente).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn73" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref73" name="_ftn73" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn73;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[73]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Gosselin <b>c</b>. Québec (Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au
para.320 et 350, j. Arbour (dissidente).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn74" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref74" name="_ftn74" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn74;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[74]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Mayo Moran, «
Talking about hate speech : a rhetorical analysis of american and canadian
approaches to the regulation of hate speech » (1994) </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Wis. L. Rev. 1425</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> à la p.1508 ; Victor V.
Ramraj, « Keegstra, Butler, and positive liberty : a glimmer of hope for the
faithful » (1993) 51:2 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">U. Toronto Fac. L. Rev. 304</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> à la p.324.
Voir aussi </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">B. (R.) c. Children's Aid Society of Metropolitan
Toronto, [1995] 1 R.C.S. 315 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">au para.233, j. Iacobucci et Major (pour la
majorité).</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn75" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref75" name="_ftn75" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn75;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[75]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">R. c. Keegstra, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990] 3 R.C.S. 697
au para.56, j. Dickson (pour la majorité).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn76" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref76" name="_ftn76" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn76;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[76]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Slaight Communications Inc. c. Davidson, [1989] 1 R.C.S. 1038 au para.23,
j. Dickson (pour la majorité) ; R. c. Keegstra, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990] 3 R.C.S. 697 au para.44, j. Dickson (pour la majorité) ; </span>Harvey
<b>c</b>. Nouveau-Brunswick (Procureur général), [1996] 2 R.C.S. 876 au
para.37, j. La Forest (pour la majorité) ; Ross c. Conseil scolaire du district
no 15 du Nouveau-Brunswick, [1996] 1 R.C.S. 825 au para.75, j. La Forest (pour
la Cour).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn77" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref77" name="_ftn77" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn77;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[77]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">R. c. Oakes, [1986] 1 R.C.S. 103 au para.64, j. Dickson (pour la majorité)
; Slaight Communications Inc. c. Davidson, [1989] 1 R.C.S. 1038 au para.16, j.
Dickson (pour la majorité) ; R. c. Hess; R. c. Nguyen, [1990] 2 R.C.S. 906 au
para.34, j. Wilson (pour la majorité) ; Ross c. Conseil scolaire du district no
15 du Nouveau-Brunswick, [1996] 1 R.C.S. 825 au para.77, j. La Forest (pour la
Cour) ; Renvoi relatif à la sécession du Québec, [1998] 2 R.C.S. 217 au para.64
(la Cour) ; M. <b>c</b>. H., [1999] 2 R.C.S. 3 au para.107, j. Cory et
Iacobucci (pour la majorité) ; Gosselin <b>c</b>. Québec (Procureur général),
[2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au para.353, j. Arbour (dissidente) ; R c. Bryan, [2007] 1
R.C.S. 527 au para.21, j. Bastarache (pour la majorité) ; Alberta <b>c</b>.
Hutterian Brethren of Wilson Colony, [2009] 2 R.C.S. 567 au para.153, j. Abella
(dissidente).</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn78" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref78" name="_ftn78" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn78;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[78]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Dans une
conception négative de la liberté, les lois sont toujours des atteintes à la
liberté même les lois contre le meurtre ou le vol : Isaiah Berlin, « Two
concepts of liberty » in Henry Hardy, dir., <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Liberty</i>,
Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2009 aux pp.170, n.3 et 175 ; Ronald Dworkin,
« Do values conflict ? A Hedgehog's approach » (2001) 43 Ariz. L. Rev. 251 aux
pp.255-256. Par exemple, Jeremy Bentham affirmait : « No law can be made
that does not take something from liberty » : Jeremy Bentham, « An
examination of the declaration of the rights of the man and the citizen decreed
by the constituent assembly in France » in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The
works of Jeremy Bentham : Part VIII</i>, Edinburgh, William Tait, 1839 à
la p.493.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn79" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref79" name="_ftn79" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn79;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[79]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Mayo Moran, «
Talking about hate speech : a rhetorical analysis of american and canadian
approaches to the regulation of hate speech » (1994) </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Wis. L. Rev. 1425</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> à la p.1509, n.279.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn80" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref80" name="_ftn80" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn80;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[80]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Mayo Moran, «
Talking about hate speech : a rhetorical analysis of american and canadian
approaches to the regulation of hate speech » (1994) </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Wis. L. Rev. 1425</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> aux pp.1508-1509 ;
Victor V. Ramraj, « Keegstra, Butler, and positive liberty : a glimmer of hope
for the faithful » (1993) 51:2 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">U. Toronto Fac. L. Rev.
304</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">
à la p.324.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn81" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref81" name="_ftn81" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn81;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[81]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Mayo Moran, «
Talking about hate speech : a rhetorical analysis of american and canadian
approaches to the regulation of hate speech » (1994) </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Wis. L. Rev. 1425</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> aux pp.1508-1509.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn82" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref82" name="_ftn82" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn82;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[82]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Victor V.
Ramraj, « Keegstra, Butler, and positive liberty : a glimmer of hope for the
faithful » (1993) 51:2 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">U. Toronto Fac. L. Rev. 304</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> à la p.326.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn83" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref83" name="_ftn83" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn83;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[83]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">R. c. Edwards Books and Art Ltd., [1986] 2 R.C.S. 713 au para.141, j.
Dickson (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn84" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref84" name="_ftn84" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn84;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[84]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">R. c. Wholesale Travel Group Inc., [1991] 3 R.C.S. 154 au para.171, j. Cory
et l'Heureux-Dubé (pour la majorité). Ronald Dworkin est particulièrement
critique envers la Cour suprême des Etats-Unis pour avoir invalidée une partie
de la réglementation du New Deal : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Ronald Dworkin, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Justice for Hedgehogs</i>, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 2011 à
la p.397. Voir aussi <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ferguson v. Skrupa</i>,
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">372
U.S. 726 (1963)</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">
aux pp.729-730.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn85" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref85" name="_ftn85" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn85;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[85]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Slaight Communications Inc. c. Davidson, [1989] 1 R.C.S. 1038 au para.16,
j. Dickson (pour la majorité) ; R. c. Wholesale Travel Group Inc., [1991] 3
R.C.S. 154 au para.170-173, j. Cory et l'Heureux-Dubé (pour la majorité) ; Ross
c. Conseil scolaire du district no 15 du Nouveau-Brunswick, [1996] 1 R.C.S. 825
au para.86, j. La Forest (pour la Cour) ; R. c. Sharpe, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[2001] 1 R.C.S. 45 au para.133, j. l'Heureux-Dubé, Gonthier et Bastarache
(dissidents).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn86" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref86" name="_ftn86" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn86;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[86]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Beverley McLachlin, « The Charter 25 years later
: the good, the bad, and the challenges » (2007) 45:2 Osgoode Hall Law Journal
365 à la p.375. Voir aussi </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Rocket c. Collège royal des chirurgiens
dentistes d'Ontario, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1990] 2 R.C.S. 232</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> au para.33, j. McLachlin (pour la Cour). Voir
aussi Robert J. Sharpe, Kent Roach et Katherine Swinton, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
Charter of Rights and Freedoms</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,
Toronto, Irwin Law, 1998</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> à la p.50 ; Peter W. Hogg, « Interpreting the charter of
rights : generosity and justification » (1990) </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">28 Osgoode Hall L. J. 817 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: FR;">à la p.824.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn87" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref87" name="_ftn87" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn87;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[87]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">R. c. Oakes, [1986] 1 R.C.S. 103 au para.64, j. Dickson (pour la
majorité) ; R. c. Keegstra, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990]
3 R.C.S. 697 au para.45, j. Dickson (pour la majorité).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn88" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref88" name="_ftn88" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn88;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[88]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Victor V.
Ramraj, « Keegstra, Butler, and positive liberty : a glimmer of hope for the
faithful » (1993) 51:2 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">U. Toronto Fac. L. Rev. 304</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> à la p.324-325.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn89" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref89" name="_ftn89" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn89;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[89]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Peter
Leuprecht, « La liberté qui opprime et la loi qui affranchit », en ligne : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><</span></span><cite><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="color: blue;">www.unesco.chairephilo.uqam.ca/LACORDAIRELeuprecht.pdf</span></span></cite><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">></span></span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn90" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref90" name="_ftn90" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn90;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[90]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Les lois sont
plus importantes pour la liberté des pauvres que pour la liberté des riches.
John Stuart Mill affirme : « Les riches seraient beaucoup plus capables de
se protéger eux-mêmes en l’absence de loi ou de gouvernement, que les pauvres,
et, même, à la vérité, réussiraient probablement à réduire ceux-ci en esclavage
» : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">John Stuart Mill, <i>L'utilitarisme</i>, trad. par
Georges Tanesse, Paris, Garnier-Flammarion, 1968 à la p.147 (ch.V). De même,
Benjamin Franklin, cité par Arthur J. Goldberg, affirmait : « The poor man
has an equal right but the more need to have representatives in the legislature
than the rich one » : Arthur J. Goldberg</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, « Equality and governmental action » (1964) </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">39 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 205 à la p.206.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn91" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref91" name="_ftn91" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn91;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[91]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The
elements of social justice</i>, New York, Henry Holt and company, 1922 aux
pp.60, 79-80.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn92" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref92" name="_ftn92" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn92;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[92]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">R. H. Tawney, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Equality</i>, London,
Unwin books, 1964 aux pp.164, 171, 173 et 228. Voir aussi </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">A. F. Pollard, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The evolution of parliament</i>, London,
Longmans, green and co., 1920 aux pp.183-184.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn93" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref93" name="_ftn93" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn93;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[93]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Isaiah Berlin
et Ramin Jahanbegloo, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Conversations with Isaiah Berlin</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, London, Halban, 1991 ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Isaiah Berlin, «
Introduction » in Henry Hardy, dir., <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Liberty</i>,
Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2009 à la p.38.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn94" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref94" name="_ftn94" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn94;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[94]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Conformément à
la vénérable maxime selon laquelle la mère de la liberté est la loi : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">R. H. Tawney, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Equality</i>, London,
Unwin books, 1964 à la p</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.231. En effet, John Locke affirmait : « Il
est certain que la fin d’une loi n’est point d’abolir ou de diminuer la
liberté, mais de la conserver et de l’augmenter » : </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">John Locke, <i>Traité du gouvernement civil</i>,
trad. par David Mazel, Paris, Flammarion, 1984 à la p.218 (para.57). </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Selon le juriste
</span><span class="addmd"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Herbert L. Packer,
le but ultime des lois dans une société libre et démocratique est de libérer ou
d'affranchir : Herbert L. Packer</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Limits of the Criminal Sanction</i>,
Stanford, Standford University Press, 1999 à la p.66. Louise Arbour cite M.
Packer avec approbation : Louise Arbour, « Mot d'ouverture », in Josiane Boulad-Ayoub
et Peter Leuprecht, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Le Sens de la Liberté
: Actes du Colloque Tenu Dans le Cadre des Vingt et Unièmes Entretiens du
Centre Jacques Cartier</i>, Québec, Presses de l'Université Laval, 2009 aux
pp.14-15. </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Par
exemple, la libération des noirs de la servitude a été rendu possible par
l'adoption de lois par le gouvernement : Robert K. Carr, « Liberty under
government » (1950) 24:1 Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science 3 à la
p.7. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn95" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref95" name="_ftn95" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn95;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[95]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Henri-Dominique
Lacordaire, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Conférences de Notre-Dame de Paris : Années 1846-1848</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Poussielgue frères, 1872</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> à la p.473. Voir aussi
René Cassin, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">La tradition libérale des
droits de l'homme</i>, U.N.E.S.C.O., Oxford, 1965 à la p.7. </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn96" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref96" name="_ftn96" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn96;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[96]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Louise Arbour, « 'Freedom from want'- from charity to
entitlement » (March 3, 2005), </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">en ligne : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><</span></span><cite><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="color: blue;">http://www.unhchr.ch/huricane/huricane.nsf/0/58E08B5CD49476BEC1256FBD006EC8B1?opendocument</span>
</span></cite><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn97" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref97" name="_ftn97" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn97;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[97]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Victor V.
Ramraj, « Keegstra, Butler, and positive liberty : a glimmer of hope for the
faithful » (1993) 51:2 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">U. Toronto Fac. L. Rev. 304</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> à la
p.326-327 ; Peter Leuprecht, « La liberté qui opprime et la loi qui
affranchit », en ligne : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><</span></span><cite><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="color: blue;">www.unesco.chairephilo.uqam.ca/LACORDAIRELeuprecht.pdf</span></span></cite><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">></span></span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">. Voir aussi
Joseph Raz, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Morality of Freedom</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1986</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> à la p.410. Selon le
juriste et économiste Robert Lee Hale, le devoir ultime du gouvernement est de
maximiser la liberté positive : </span><span class="addmd"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Barbara Fried, </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Progressive Assault on Laissez
Faire : Robert Hale and the First Law and Economics Movement</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 2001 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">à la p.36.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn98" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref98" name="_ftn98" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn98;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[98]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Joseph Raz, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
Morality of Freedom</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, Oxford, Oxford
University Press, 1986</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> à la p.410 ; John Gray, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Moral Foundations of Market
Institutions</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, London, Institute of Economic
Affairs, Health and Welfare Unit, 1992 à la p.22 ;</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Amartya Sen, « Individual freedom as a social
commitment » </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">The
New York review of books</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> (June 14, 1990) ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Thomas May, « The concept of autonomy » (1994)
31:2 American philosophical quarterly 133 à la p.134 ; Robert Young, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Personal
Autonomy : Beyond Negative and Positive Liberty</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, London, Croom Helm, 1986 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">à la p.49. Voir aussi
Peter Leuprecht, « La liberté qui opprime et la loi qui affranchit », en ligne
: </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><</span></span><cite><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="color: blue;">www.unesco.chairephilo.uqam.ca/LACORDAIRELeuprecht.pdf</span></span></cite><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">></span></span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn99" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref99" name="_ftn99" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn99;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[99]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Joseph Raz, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
Morality of Freedom</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, Oxford, Oxford
University Press, 1986</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> à la p.410. Voir aussi </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Louise Arbour, « 'Freedom from want'- from charity to
entitlement » (March 3, 2005), </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">en ligne : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><</span></span><cite><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="color: blue;">http://www.unhchr.ch/huricane/huricane.nsf/0/58E08B5CD49476BEC1256FBD006EC8B1?opendocument</span>
</span></cite><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> ; Peter Leuprecht,
« La liberté qui opprime et la loi qui affranchit », en ligne : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><</span></span><cite><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="color: blue;">www.unesco.chairephilo.uqam.ca/LACORDAIRELeuprecht.pdf</span></span></cite><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">></span></span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> ; </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Amartya Sen, « Individual freedom as a social
commitment » </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">The
New York review of books</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> (June 14, 1990).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn100" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref100" name="_ftn100" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn100;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[100]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Joseph Raz, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
Morality of Freedom</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, Oxford, Oxford
University Press, 1986</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> à la p.410.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn101" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref101" name="_ftn101" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn101;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[101]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Joseph Raz, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
Morality of Freedom</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, Oxford, Oxford
University Press, 1986</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> à la p.410. Voir aussi Avital Simhony, « Beyond positive
and negative freedom : T.H. Green's view of freedom » (1993) 21:1 Political
theory 28 à la p.49.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn102" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref102" name="_ftn102" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn102;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[102]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Joseph Raz, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
morality of freedom</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, Oxford,
Clarendon Press, 1986 à la p.369.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn103" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref103" name="_ftn103" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn103;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[103]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Joseph Raz, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
morality of freedom</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, Oxford,
Clarendon Press, 1986 à la p.408.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn104" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref104" name="_ftn104" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn104;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[104]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Articles 22, 25
et 28 de la </span><i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Déclaration universelle des droits de l'homme</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, Rés. AG 217(III), Doc. Off. AG NU, 3<sup>e</sup> sess., supp. n°13, Doc.
NU A/810 (1948) 71. Voir aussi l’article 12(1)(d) du </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pacte
international relatif aux droits économiques, sociaux et culturels</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, 19 décembre 1966, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">993 R.T.N.U. 3.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn105" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref105" name="_ftn105" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn105;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[105]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Il n'existe pas
de hiérarchie entre les droits de la personne et, par conséquent, les droits
économiques, sociaux et culturels (qui protègent une liberté positive) ne
doivent pas, de manière générale, être considérés comme étant plus importants
que les droits civils et politiques (qui protègent une liberté négative), car
certains droits civils et politiques (par exemple la protection contre la
torture ou contre des peines cruelles et inusitées) sont plus élémentaires à
l'autonomie que certains droits économiques, sociaux et culturels (droit à la
santé) et probablement aussi élémentaires qu'un droit à la subsistance : </span><span class="addmd"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alan Gewirth, </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
Community of Rights</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, Chicago,
University of Chicago Press, 1996 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">aux pp.45 et 53. Selon Ronald Dworkin, le droit
d'être protégé de la torture est le paradigme des droits de l'homme : Ronald
Dworkin, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Is democracy possible here ? :
principles for a new political debate</i>, Princeton, Princeton University
Press, 2006 à la p.38. En revanche, certains droits économiques et sociaux
(comme un droit à la subsistance ou un droit à la santé) sont certainement plus
élémentaires que la majorité des droits civils et politiques : Joy Gordon, «
The concept of human rights : the history and meaning of its politicization »
(1997-1998) </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">23 Brook. J. Int'l L. 689</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> aux pp.722-723.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn106" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref106" name="_ftn106" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn106;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[106]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Articles 22, 25
et 28 de la </span><i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Déclaration universelle des droits de l'homme</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, Rés. AG 217(III), Doc. Off. AG NU, 3<sup>e</sup> sess., supp. n°13, Doc.
NU A/810 (1948) 71. Voir aussi les articles 2(2) et 12(1)(d) du </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pacte international
relatif aux droits économiques, sociaux et culturels</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, 19 décembre 1966, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">993 R.T.N.U. 3. Voir aussi </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Committee on economic, social and cultural rights, General
comment No.14 : Substantive issues arising in the implementation of the
international covenant on economic, social and cultural rights<em>,</em>
Doc.Off. C.E.S., 22<sup>e</sup> sess., Doc. NU (2000) au para.12(b). Voir aussi
</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Denise
G. Réaume, « Discrimination and dignity » (2002-2003) 63 La. L. Rev. 645 aux
pp.689-690.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn107" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref107" name="_ftn107" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn107;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[107]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">R. c. Edwards Books and Art Ltd., [1986] 2 R.C.S. 713 au para.141, j.
Dickson (pour la majorité). <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Les propos
du juge Dickson reflète, selon Lynn Smith, une approche qui vise l’égalité
substantielle : Lynn Smith, « The equality rights » (1991) 20 Man. L. J.
377 à la p.384.</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn108" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref108" name="_ftn108" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn108;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[108]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Adler <b>c</b>. Ontario, [1996] 3 R.C.S. 609 au para.91, j. l'Heureux-Dubé
(dissidente) ; Dickason c. Université de l'Alberta, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1992] 2 R.C.S. 1103 au para.20-21, j. Cory
(pour la majorité) ; </span>M. <b>c</b>. H., [1999] 2 R.C.S. 3 au para.78,
j. Cory et Iacobucci (pour la majorité) </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Voir aussi </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Peter W. Hogg, « Interpreting the charter of
rights : generosity and justification » (1990) </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">28 Osgoode Hall L. J. 817 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: FR;">à la p.824 ; Robert J. Sharpe, Kent Roach et
Katherine Swinton, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Charter of Rights and Freedoms</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, Toronto, Irwin Law, 1998</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> à la p.50.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn109" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref109" name="_ftn109" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn109;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[109]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Victor V.
Ramraj, « Keegstra, Butler, and positive liberty : a glimmer of hope for the
faithful » (1993) 51:2 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">U. Toronto Fac. L. Rev. 304</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> à la p.327. Il
n'est pas déraisonnable de penser que les conditions de la liberté (des
conditions minimales de vie dans la dignité) puissent demander une plus grande
priorité : Isaiah Berlin, « Introduction » in Henry Hardy, dir., <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Liberty</i>, Oxford, Oxford University
Press, 2009 à la p.50. Selon le philosophe libéral Adam Smith, il faut
privilégier l'intérêt des faibles et des pauvres en cas de conflit avec ceux
des forts et des riches : </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">« Smith places himself in all cases of conflict of interests between the
poor and the rich, between the strong and the weak, <i>without exception</i>,
on the side of the latter » : Emma Rothschild et Amartya Sen, « Adam Smith's
economics » in Knud Haakonssen, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Cambridge Companion to Adam Smith</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2006</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> à la p.364 ; Emma Rothschild, Adam Smith and
conservative economics » (1992) 45:1 The economic history review 74 aux
pp.85-86, 88-89 et 94. Voir aussi Adam Smith, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The theory of moral sentiments</i>, Cambridge, Cambridge University
Press, 2004 aux pp.72 (I, III, III) et 215-216 (IV, I, 10). Selon </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Samuel Fleischacker,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> Adam Smith aurait possiblement inspiré le principe de différence de
John Rawls : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Samuel Fleischacker, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A short history of distributive justice</i>, Cambridge, Harvard
University Press, 2005 aux pp.38-39. Le principe de différence de John Rawls
dispose que « des inégalités socio-économiques, prenons par exemple des
inégalités de richesse et d’autorité, sont justes si et seulement si elles
produisent, en compensation, des avantages pour chacun et, en particulier, pour
les membres les plus désavantagés de la société (…) Il n’y a pas d’injustice
dans le fait qu’un petit nombre obtienne des avantages supérieurs à la moyenne,
à condition que soit par là même améliorée la situation des moins favorisés
» : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">John
Rawls, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Théorie de la justice</i>, trad.
par Catherine Audard, Paris, Éditions du Seuil, 1997</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> à la p.41 (ch.3).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn110" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref110" name="_ftn110" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn110;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[110]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Victor V.
Ramraj, « Keegstra, Butler, and positive liberty : a glimmer of hope for the
faithful » (1993) 51:2 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">U. Toronto Fac. L. Rev. 304</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> à la p.327.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn111" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<h3 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref111" name="_ftn111" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn111;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS ゴシック"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[111]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Ruth Colker, « Section 1,
Contextuality, and the Anti-Disadvantage Principle » (1992) 42:1 The University
of Toronto Law Journal 77 aux pp.85-86 ;</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> Andrew Petter, « The politics of the charter » (1986) 8 S.C.L.R. 473 à
la p.483 ; Victor V. Ramraj, « Keegstra, Butler, and positive liberty : a
glimmer of hope for the faithful » (1993) 51:2 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: FR;">U. Toronto Fac. L. Rev. 304 à
la p.328 ; Pierre Blache, « La Charte canadienne : obstacle
postmoderne à l’émergence d’un Québec moderne et rassembleur ? » (1994) </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">28
R.J.T. n.s. 333</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: FR;">à la p.361 ;</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">José Woehrling, « La conformité de
certaines modifications projetées au régime linguistique de l’affichage public
et de la publicité commerciale découlant de la Charte de la langue française
avec les chartes des droits et libertés », Annexe à l’avis sur d’éventuelles
modifications à la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte de la langue
française</i> (Février 1993) à la n.49, en ligne :</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><</span></span><cite><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></cite><cite><span lang="FR" style="color: blue; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://www.cslf.gouv.qc.ca/bibliotheque-virtuelle/publication-html/?tx_iggcpplus_pi4[file]=publications/avis120/a120.htm</span></cite><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">. La Cour à l’unanimité a reconnu que les tribunaux
canadiens ont l’obligation qu’a décrite </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: FR;">le président Arthur Chaskalson de la Cour
constitutionnelle d’Afrique du Sud qui affirme que la raison d’être de l’ordre
juridique est de protéger les droits des membres des minorités et des autres
individus qui ne sont pas en mesure de protéger adéquatement leurs droits dans
le cadre du processus démocratique. Parmi ces personnes, il mentionne les
personnes faibles, rejetées et marginalisées : États-Unis </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-fareast-language: FR;">c</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Burns, [2001] 1 R.C.S. 283 au para.67 (la Cour).
Voir aussi</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> Aldous Huxley, « The rights of
man and the facts of the human situation » in United Nations educational,
scientific and cultural organization, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Human
rights : comments and interpretations</i>, Paris, UNESCO, 1948 aux
pp.205-206.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></h3>
</div>
<div id="ftn112" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref112" name="_ftn112" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn112;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[112]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">José Woehrling, « La conformité de certaines modifications
projetées au régime linguistique de l’affichage public et de la publicité
commerciale découlant de la Charte de la langue française avec les chartes des
droits et libertés », Annexe à l’avis sur d’éventuelles modifications à la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte de la langue française</i> (Février
1993) à la n.49, en ligne :</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><</span></span><cite><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="color: blue;">http://www.cslf.gouv.qc.ca/bibliotheque-virtuelle/publication-html/?tx_iggcpplus_pi4[file]=publications/avis120/a120.htm</span></span></cite><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn113" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref113" name="_ftn113" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn113;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[113]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Human rights « <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">seeks to empower the powerless » and to « </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">advanced the interests of the powerless »</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Onora
O’Neill, « Children’s rights and children’s lives » (1988) 98:3 Ethics 445<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> à la p.460 ; </span>Michael Ignatieff,
« Human rights as politics » The Tanner lectures on human values, Princeton
University, April 4-7, 2000 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">à la p.290.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> Voir aussi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> B.M. Dickens et R.J. Cook, « Ethical and
legal approaches to « the fetal patient » » (2003) 83 International journal of
gynecology and obstetrics 85 à la p.88 ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Committee
on economic, social and cultural rights, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Substantive
issues arising in the implementation of the international covenant on economic,
social and cultural rights : poverty and the international covenant on
economic, social and cultural rights<em>,</em></i> Doc.Off. C.E.S., 25<sup>e</sup>
sess., Doc. NU (2001) au para.6 ; </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">United Nations, Office of the high commissioner for
human rights, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Human rights and poverty
reduction : a conceptual framework</i>, New York and Geneva, United Nations,
2004 à la p.14 ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">États-Unis <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">c</span>.
Burns, [2001] 1 R.C.S. 283 au para.67 (la Cour) ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Aldous Huxley, « The
rights of man and the facts of the human situation » in United Nations
educational, scientific and cultural organization, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Human rights : comments and interpretations</i>, Paris, UNESCO, 1948
aux pp.205-206.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn114" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref114" name="_ftn114" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn114;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[114]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">L’égalité et les principes sous-tendant
l'article 15 (1)(2) de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte
canadienne</i> (dont la justice sociale au paragraphe 2 de l’article 15) font
partie intégrante de l'analyse en vertu de l'article premier : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">R. c. Keegstra, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990] 3 R.C.S. 697
au para.75-77, j. Dickson (pour la majorité). Dans la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i>, l’égalité est une valeur déterminante qui doit
également guider l’interprétation des autres droits de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne </i>: </span>Andrews c. Law Society of British
Columbia, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1989] 1 R.C.S. 143 au
para.52, j.McIntyre (dissident en partie) ; </span></span><span class="title1"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nouveau-Brunswick (Ministre de la
Santé et des Services communautaires) c. G. (J.)</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, <span class="reportcite">[1999] 3 R.C.S. 46 au para.112, j.
l’Heureux-Dubé (pour la majorité). Il important de rappeler que les valeurs
d’une société libre et démocratique n’ont pas toutes le même poids : </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">R. c. Keegstra, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990] 3 R.C.S. 697
au para.45, j. Dickson (pour la majorité).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn115" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref115" name="_ftn115" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn115;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[115]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> La justice
sociale est l'une des valeurs d’une société libre et démocratique.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> Et en tant que telle, elle peut justifier, en vertu de l'article 1, une
limite raisonnable à l’un des droits ou à l’une des libertés énoncés</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">R. c. Oakes, [1986] 1 R.C.S. 103 au para.64, j. Dickson (pour la majorité)
; R. c. Keegstra, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990] 3 R.C.S. 697
au para.45, j. Dickson (pour la majorité).</span> L’article 15(2) de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte caandienne</i>, vise à promouvoir
plus de justice sociale : Daniel Proulx, « L'objet des droits
constitutionnels à l'égalité » (1988) 29 C. de D. 567 à la p.597 ; <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Daniel Proulx, « Les droits à l'égalité revus
et corrigés par la Cour suprême du Canada dans l'arrêt Law : un pas en avant ou
un pas en arrière ? » (2001) 61 R. du B. 185 à la p.269 ; Mark A. Drumbl and
John D. R. Craig, « Affirmative action in question : a coherent theory for section
15(2) » (1997) 4:1 Review of Constitutional Studies 80 aux pp.80 et 115 ; </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Michel
Bastarache, « Does affirmative action have a future as an instrument of social
justice ? » (1997-1998) 29:2 Ottawa Law Review 497 à la p.502. Or les principes</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> sous-tendant l'art. 15 (1)(2) de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i> (incluant, par
conséquent, la justice sociale) font partie intégrante de l'analyse en vertu de
l'article 1</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> :
</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">R. c. Keegstra, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990] 3 R.C.S. 697 au para.75-76, j. Dickson (pour la majorité). </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn116" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref116" name="_ftn116" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn116;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">[116]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Ruth Colker, «
Section 1, Contextuality, and the Anti-Disadvantage Principle » (1992) 42:1 The
University of Toronto Law Journal 77 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt;">à la p.108.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn117" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref117" name="_ftn117" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn117;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[117]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Thomas Nagel, « The justification of equality » The Tanner lectures on
human values, Stanford University, 1977 à la p.16. Voir également Harold J.
Laski, « A grammar of politics » in </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">George L. Abernethy, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The idea of
equality : an anthology</i>, Richmond, John Knox Press, 1959 à la p.227.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn118" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref118" name="_ftn118" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn118;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[118]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Victor V.
Ramraj, « Keegstra, Butler, and positive liberty : a glimmer of hope for the
faithful » (1993) 51:2 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">U. Toronto Fac. L. Rev. 304 aux
pp.324-325.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn119" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref119" name="_ftn119" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn119;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[119]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Victor V.
Ramraj, « Keegstra, Butler, and positive liberty : a glimmer of hope for the
faithful » (1993) 51:2 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">U. Toronto Fac. L. Rev. 304</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> à la p.324.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn120" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref120" name="_ftn120" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn120;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[120]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Victor V.
Ramraj, « Keegstra, Butler, and positive liberty : a glimmer of hope for the
faithful » (1993) 51:2 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">U. Toronto Fac. L. Rev. 304</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> aux pp.324-325.
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn121" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref121" name="_ftn121" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn121;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[121]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Victor V.
Ramraj, « Keegstra, Butler, and positive liberty : a glimmer of hope for the
faithful » (1993) 51:2 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">U. Toronto Fac. L. Rev. 304</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> à la p.330.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn122" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref122" name="_ftn122" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn122;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[122]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Victor V.
Ramraj, « Keegstra, Butler, and positive liberty : a glimmer of hope for the
faithful » (1993) 51:2 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">U. Toronto Fac. L. Rev. 304</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> à la p.327.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn123" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref123" name="_ftn123" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn123;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[123]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Lorne Sossin, «
The « supremacy of God », human dignity and the charter of rights and
freedoms » (2003) 52 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">U.N.B.L.J. 227</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> à la p.230. </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Voir
aussi le préambule et les articles 1 et 2 de la<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> Déclaration sur le progrès et le développement dans le domaine social<em>,</em></i>
Rés. AG 2542 (XXIV), Doc.Off. A.G.N.U., 24<sup>e</sup> sess., supp. n°49, Doc.
NU A/24/2542 (1969) 51 aux pp.51-54 ; <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Déclaration
sur le droit au développement<em>,</em></i> Rés. AG 41/128, Doc.Off. A.G.N.U.,
41<sup>e</sup> sess., supp. n°49, Doc. NU 41/128 (1986) 196 à la p.197.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn124" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref124" name="_ftn124" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn124;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[124]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> John Rawls, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Théorie de la justice</i>, trad. par
Catherine Audard, Paris, Éditions du Seuil, 1997 à la p.240 (ch.32) ;<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> John Rawls, </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Political
Liberalism</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, 2nd ed., New York, Columbia
University Press, 2005</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> à la p.166</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> ;</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Amartya Sen, « Individual
freedom as a social commitment » </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">The New York review of books</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> (June 14, 1990) ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Amartya Sen, « Freedom
of choice : concept and content » (1988) 32 European Economic Review 269 aux
pp.275-277 ; Isaiah Berlin et Ramin Jahanbegloo, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Conversations with Isaiah Berlin</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, London, Halban, 1991. </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Voir aussi </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Amy
Gutmann, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Liberal Equality</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,
<span class="st">Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1980</span> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">à la p.11 ;
</span><span class="addmd"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Judith N. Shklar,
« Conférence de Judith N. Shklar » dans </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Les usages de la liberté : XXXII<sup>es</sup>
Rencontres internationales de Genève (1989)</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Neuchâtel,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Les Éditions de la Baconnière, 1990 aux
pp.126 et 130. </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn125" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref125" name="_ftn125" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn125;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[125]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Justice Rosalie
Silberman Abella, « A generation of human rights : looking back to the
future » (1998) </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">36
Osgoode Hall L. J. 597 a</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">ux pp.606-607.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn126" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref126" name="_ftn126" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn126;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[126]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Gillian Daly, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Social rights : the implications of
selective constitutionalisation</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,
Master thesis in Law, The University of British Columbia, 1999 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">à la p.34 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[unpublished].</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn127" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref127" name="_ftn127" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn127;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[127]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Projet
de pacte international relatif aux droits de l'homme et mesures de mise en
œuvre : travaux futurs de la Commission de droits de l'homme<em>,</em></span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Rés. AG 421 (V), Doc.Off. A.G.N.U., 5<sup>e</sup> sess.,
supp. n°49, Doc. NU A/5/421 (1950) 47 à la p.48 ; </span><i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Déclaration universelle des droits de l'homme</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, Rés. AG 217(III), Doc. Off. AG NU, 3<sup>e</sup> sess., supp. n°13, Doc.
NU A/810 (1948) 71. </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Voir aussi </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">James Griffin, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">On human rights</i>, Oxford, Oxford
University Press, 2008 aux pp.180-181 ;</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Louise Arbour, « 'Freedom from want'- from charity to
entitlement » (March 3, 2005), </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">en ligne : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><</span></span><cite><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="color: blue;">http://www.unhchr.ch/huricane/huricane.nsf/0/58E08B5CD49476BEC1256FBD006EC8B1?opendocument</span>
</span></cite><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> ;</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Catherine Audard, « Le
"nouveau" libéralisme » (2009) 4:</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">44 L'économie politique
6 à la p</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">.18 ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Carl J. Friedrich, «
Rights, liberties, freedoms : a reappraisal » (1963) 57:4 The American
political science review 841 à la p.843 ; United Nations educational,
scientific and cultural organization, « The grounds of an international
declaration of human rights » in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Human
rights : comments and interpretations</i>, Paris, UNESCO, 1948 à la p.8
(Appendix II) ;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> Gillian
Daly, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Social rights : the implications of selective
constitutionalisation</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,
Master thesis in Law, The University of British Columbia, 1999 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">à la p.33 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[unpublished].</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn128" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref128" name="_ftn128" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn128;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[128]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Louise Arbour, « 'Freedom from want'- from charity to
entitlement » (March 3, 2005), </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">en ligne : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><</span></span><cite><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="color: blue;">http://www.unhchr.ch/huricane/huricane.nsf/0/58E08B5CD49476BEC1256FBD006EC8B1?opendocument</span>
</span></cite><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">. </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Selon </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">la juge Arbour de la Cour suprême du
Canada, la protection des droits économiques et sociaux est nécessaire pour
s'assurer que les personnes défavorisées bénéficient réellement des promesses
de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i>. Les droits
économiques et sociaux « are the "next frontier" of Charter rights
protection » : Louise Arbour and Fannie Lafontaine, « Beyond
self-congratulation : the Charter at 25 in an international perspective »
(2007) </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">45 Osgoode Hall L.J. 239</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> à la p.270. </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Plusieurs juristes sont favorables à la
reconnaissance de droits constitutionnels économiques et sociaux : Frank
I. Michelman</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">, « Welfare rights in a
constitutional democracy » (1979) 3 Wash. U. L. Q. 659 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">à la p.659 ;
Lawrence H. Tribe, « Unraveling national league of cities : the new
federalism and affirmative rights to essential government services »
(1976-1977) </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">90:6 Harv. L. Rev. 1065</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> à la
p.1066 ; Thomas C. Grey, « Property and need : the welfare state and
theories of distributive justice » (1975-1976) </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">28 Stan. L. Rev. 877 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">aux pp.892-.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn129" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref129" name="_ftn129" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn129;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[129]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Jusqu'à présent, la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i>
a été interprétée de manière à ne garantir que des droits civils et politiques
: Egan c. Canada, [1995] 2 R.C.S. 513 au para.37, j. l'Heureux-Dubé
(dissidente) ; Renvoi relatif à la Public Service Employee Relations Act (Alb.),
[1987] 1 R.C.S. 313 au para.176, j. McIntyre (pour la majorité) ; Hunter c.
Southam Inc., [1984] 2 R.C.S. 145 au para.19, j. Dickson (pour la Cour) ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Claire Archbold,
« The incorporation of civic and social rights in domestic law » in Jean-Marc
Coicaud, Michael W. Doyle and Anne-Marie Gardner, dir., </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
Globalization of Human Rights</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,
Tokyo, United Nations University Press, 2003</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">aux pp.64 et 74. Selon </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Andrew Petter</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, cette interprétation de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i> repose sur la croyance
erronée que le principal ennemi de la liberté n'est pas l'écart de richesse
entre citoyens ou la concentration du pouvoir privé, mais l'État : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Andrew Petter, «</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Canada's Charter Flight</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">: Soaring Backwards into the Future</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> » (1989) 16:2
Journal of law and society 151</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> à la p.152. Voir aussi
Terence G. Ison, « The Sovereignty of the judiciary » (1986) 27:3 Les Cahiers
de droit 503 à la p.515. Selon les auteures Gwen Brodsky et Shelagh Day, cette
interprétation de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i>
comme ne protégeant que des droits civils et politiques est fausse et
incompatible avec les valeurs sous-jacentes à la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i> de dignité humaine et de justice sociale et avec
une conception substantive de l'égalité (égalité réelle) : Gwen Brodsky and
Shelagh Day, « Beyond the Social and Economic Rights Debate : Substantive
Equality Speaks to Poverty » (2002) 14 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Can.
J. Women & L.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> 185 à la p.187.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn130" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref130" name="_ftn130" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn130;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[130]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pacte
international relatif aux droits économiques, sociaux et culturels</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, 19 décembre 1966, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">993 R.T.N.U. 3 ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Health Services and Support – Facilities Subsector Bargaining Assn. <b>c</b>.
Colombie-Britannique, [2007] 2 R.C.S. 391 au para.71, j. McLachlin et Lebel
(pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn131" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref131" name="_ftn131" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn131;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[131]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Renvoi relatif à la Public Service Employee Relations Act (Alb.), [1987] 1
R.C.S. 313 au para.59, j. Dickson (dissident) ; Slaight Communications Inc. c.
Davidson, [1989] 1 R.C.S. 1038 au para.23, j. Dickson (pour la majorité) ;
Health Services and Support – Facilities Subsector Bargaining Assn. <b>c</b>.
Colombie-Britannique, [2007] 2 R.C.S. 391 au para.70 et 79, j. McLachlin et
Lebel (pour la majorité) ; R. c. Hape, [2007] 2 R.C.S. 292 au para.55, j. Lebel
(pour la majorité). Voir aussi <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Lorraine
E. Weinrib, « Human dignity as a rights-protecting principle » (2004) 17
N.J.C.L. 325 à la p.326.</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn132" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref132" name="_ftn132" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn132;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[132]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Comité des droits économiques, sociaux et culturels, <i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Observations finales du Comité des droits
économiques, sociaux et culturels : Canada</span><em>,</em></i> Doc.Off. C.E.S.,
Doc. NU (1998) au para.15 ; Government of Canada, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Responses to the Supplementary Questions Emitted by the United Nations
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights on Canada's third report on
the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights</i>,
Doc.Off. C.E.S., Doc. NU (1998) au para.53. Voir aussi Comité des droits économiques,
sociaux et culturels, <i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Observations
finales du Comité des droits économiques, sociaux et culturels : Canada</span><em>,</em></i>
Doc.Off. C.E.S., Doc. NU (2006) au para.11b) ; Louise Arbour, « 'Freedom from
want'- from charity to entitlement » (March 3, 2005), </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">en ligne : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><</span></span><cite><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="color: blue;">http://www.unhchr.ch/huricane/huricane.nsf/0/58E08B5CD49476BEC1256FBD006EC8B1?opendocument</span>
</span></cite><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> ;</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Government of Canada, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Responses
to the Supplementary Questions Emitted by the United Nations Committee on
Economic, Social and Cultural Rights on Canada's third report on the
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights</i>, Doc.Off.
C.E.S., Doc. NU (1998) au para.53.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn133" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref133" name="_ftn133" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn133;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[133]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Hunter c. Southam Inc., [1984] 2 R.C.S. 145 au para.16-17, j. Dickson (pour
la Cour) ; Law Society of Upper Canada c. Skapinker, [1984] 1 R.C.S. 357 au
para.10-11, j. Estey (pour la Cour) ; Renvoi sur la Motor Vehicle Act (C.-B.),
[1985] 2 R.C.S. 486 au para.54, j. Lamer (pour la majorité) ; Renvoi relatif à
la sécession du Québec, [1998] 2 R.C.S. 217 au para.52 (la Cour) ; Gosselin <b>c</b>.
Québec (Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au para.82, j. McLachlin (pour
la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn134" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref134" name="_ftn134" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn134;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[134]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Hunter c. Southam Inc., [1984] 2 R.C.S. 145 au para.16, j. Dickson (pour la
Cour).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn135" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref135" name="_ftn135" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn135;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[135]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Law Society of Upper Canada c. Skapinker, [1984] 1 R.C.S. 357 ; R. c. Big M
Drug Mart Ltd., [1985] 1 R.C.S. 295 au para.117, j. Dickson (pour la majorité)
; Renvoi relatif à la Public Service Employee Relations Act (Alb.), [1987] 1
R.C.S. 313 au para.149, j. McIntyre (pour la majorité) ; Andrews c. Law Society
of British Columbia, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1989] 1 R.C.S.
143 au para.32, j.McIntyre (dissident en partie) ; R c. Blais, </span>[2003] 2
R.C.S. 236 au para.17, 40-41<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> (la Cour).
Voir aussi Christian Brunelle, « </span>L'interprétation des droits
constitutionnels par le recours aux philosophes » (1990) 50 R. du B. 353<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> à la p.357 ; </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Donna Greschner, « The purpose of canadian equality rights »
(2001-2002) </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">6 Rev. Const. Stud. 291 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">à la p.307 ; Martha Jackman, « Poor rights : using the
charter to support social welfare claims » (1993-1994) </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">19 Queen's L.J. 65 à la p.66.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn136" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref136" name="_ftn136" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn136;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[136]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Carl J.
Friedrich, « Rights, liberties, freedoms : a reappraisal » (1963) 57:4 The
American political science review 841 à la p.844.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn137" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref137" name="_ftn137" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn137;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[137]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> James Griffin, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">On human rights</i>, Oxford, Oxford
University Press, 2008 à la p.176. Voir aussi </span><span class="addmd"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alan Gewirth, </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Community of Rights</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1996 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">à la p.38.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn138" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref138" name="_ftn138" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn138;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[138]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> James Griffin, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">On human rights</i>, Oxford, Oxford
University Press, 2008 à la p.176 (voir aussi à la p.31).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn139" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref139" name="_ftn139" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn139;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[139]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> James Griffin, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">On human rights</i>, Oxford, Oxford
University Press, 2008 à la p.176. </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn140" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref140" name="_ftn140" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn140;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[140]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Voir tous ces
auteurs : James Griffin, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">On human
rights</i>, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2008 à la p.176 ; </span><span class="addmd"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alan Gewirth, </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
Community of Rights</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, Chicago,
University of Chicago Press, 1996 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">à la p.38 ; Carl J. Friedrich, « Rights,
liberties, freedoms : a reappraisal » (1963) 57:4 The American political
science review 841 aux pp.843-844 ; <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">David
D. Raphael, « La tradition libérale occidentale » (1966) 18:1 Revue
internationale des sciences sociales 25 aux pp.28-30</span> ; René Cassin,
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">La tradition libérale des droits de
l'homme</i>, U.N.E.S.C.O., Oxford, 1965 à la p.6 ; Cass R. Sunstein, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
Second Bill of Rights : FDR's Unfinished Revolution and Why We Need It More
Than Ever</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, New York, Basic Books, 2004 à la
p.117 ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">United
Nations educational, scientific and cultural organization, « The grounds of an
international declaration of human rights » in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Human rights : comments and interpretations</i>, Paris, UNESCO,
1948 à la p.8 (Appendix II). </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Par exemple, pour Thomas
Paine, philosophe libéral et l'un des pères fondateurs des États-Unis, « le
droit naturel à la vie impliquait non seulement l'existence de lois contre
l'homicide, mais aussi celle de lois visant à assurer aux individus le minimum
vital » : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">David D. Raphael, « La tradition libérale
occidentale » (1966) 18:1 Revue internationale des sciences sociales 25 à la
p.30. D’autres philosophes libéraux reconnaissaient également un droit moral à
un minimum vital : </span><span class="addmd"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jean-Antoine-Nicolas
de Caritat de Condorcet, « Réflexions sur le commerce des blés » in </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Oeuvres
de Condorcet</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, v.11, Firmin Didot frères, 1847<span class="addmd"> à la p.111 ;</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> John Stuart Mill, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Principles
of political economy : with some of their applications to social philosophy</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, London, Routledge, 1891</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> à la p.622 (Book V, XI para.13) ;<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">F.A. Hayek, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Road to Serfdom : Text and Documents</i>, Chicago, University of
Chicago Press, 2007 aux pp.147-148. Adam Smith et David Hume auraient également
reconnu le droit moral à un minimum vital : </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Emma Rothschild, « The debate on economic and
social security in the late eighteenth century : lessons of a road not taken »
United Nations Research Institute for Social Development, 1995 à la p.15.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn141" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref141" name="_ftn141" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn141;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[141]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Cass R.
Sunstein, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Second Bill of Rights : FDR's Unfinished Revolution and
Why We Need It More Than Ever</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, New
York, Basic Books, 2004 aux pp.115-117.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn142" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref142" name="_ftn142" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn142;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[142]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">David D. Raphael, « La tradition libérale
occidentale » (1966) 18:1 Revue internationale des sciences sociales 25 à la
p.29</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn143" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref143" name="_ftn143" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn143;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[143]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Frank I.
Michelman, « In pursuit of constitutional welfare rights : one view of
Rawl’s theory of justice » (1972-1973) </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">121 U. Pa. L. Rev. 962 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">aux pp.997-1001 et 1015.
Voir aussi Thomas C. Grey, « Property and need : the welfare state and
theories of distributive justice » (1975-1976) </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">28 Stan. L. Rev. 877 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">aux pp.892-.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn144" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref144" name="_ftn144" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn144;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[144]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Sur la notion
de dignité humaine, le juge Binnie (pour la Cour) a cité l’ancien premier
ministre Trudeau : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Granovsky <b>c</b>.
Canada (Ministre de l’Emploi et de l’Immigration), [2000] 1 R.C.S. 703 aux
paras.56-57, j. Binnie (pour la Cour).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn145" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref145" name="_ftn145" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn145;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[145]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Pierre Elliott Trudeau « Des valeurs d'une société juste » dans Thomas S.
Axworthy et Pierre Elliot Trudeau, dir., <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Les
années Trudeau. La recherche d'une société juste</i>, Montréal, Le Jour, 1990 à
la p. 382 ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Claude
Couture, « Canada : modèle d'État multiculturel pour le monde ? » </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: FR;">(2005) 13:3 & 14:1 Constitutional Forum 48</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> aux pp.49-50.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn146" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref146" name="_ftn146" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn146;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[146]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Pierre Elliot
Trudeau, « Economic rights » (1961-1962) 8 McGill L. J. 121 aux pp.121 et 125.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn147" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref147" name="_ftn147" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn147;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[147]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Martha Jackman, « Poor rights : using the charter to support
social welfare claims » (1993-1994) </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">19 Queen's L.J. 65 à la p.66.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn148" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref148" name="_ftn148" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn148;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[148]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Ontario (Procureur général) <b>c</b>. Fraser, 2011 CSC 20 au para.69, j.
McLachlin et Lebel (pour la majorité). Voir aussi </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Haig c. Canada
(Directeur général des élections), </span><span class="ssl2"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[</span></span><span class="hit"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1993]
2 R.C.S. 995 </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">au para.79, j. l'Heureux-Dubé (pour la majorité) ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Gosselin <b>c</b>. Québec (Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au
para.320 et 350, j. Arbour (dissidente) ;</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Louise
Arbour, « 'Freedom from want'- from charity to entitlement » (March 3, 2005), </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">en ligne : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><</span></span><cite><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="color: blue;">http://www.unhchr.ch/huricane/huricane.nsf/0/58E08B5CD49476BEC1256FBD006EC8B1?opendocument</span>
</span></cite><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn149" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref149" name="_ftn149" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn149;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[149]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Irwin Toy Ltd. c. Québec (Procureur général), [1989] 1 R.C.S. 927 au
para.95, j. Dickson, Lamer et Wilson (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn150" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref150" name="_ftn150" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn150;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[150]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Gosselin <b>c</b>. Québec (Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au
para.82, j. McLachlin (pour la majorité), au para.218, j. Bastarache
(dissident), au para.350, j. Arbour (dissidente) ; Vriend <b>c</b>. Alberta,
[1998] 1 R.C.S. 493 au para.63-64, j. Cory (pour la majorité) ; Renvoi
relatif à la Public Service Employee Relations Act (Alb.), [1987] 1 R.C.S. 313
au para.77, j. Dickson (dissident).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn151" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref151" name="_ftn151" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn151;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[151]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Canada, Law Reform Commission. Working
Paper No. 26, <i>Medical Treatment and Criminal Law</i>, Ottawa, Minister of
Supply and Services Canada, 1980 à la p.6 ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Singh c. Ministre de l’Emploi et de l’Immigration, [1985] 1 R.C.S. 177 au
para.46, j. Wilson (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn152" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref152" name="_ftn152" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn152;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[152]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> On aurait pu en
dire autant du droit à la vie. En effet, selon le Comité des droits de l’homme,
le droit à la vie garanti à l’article 6 du <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pacte
international relatif aux droits civils et politiques</i> ne doit pas être
interprété étroitement et impose, par conséquent, aux États des obligations
positives comme celles de prendre des mesures pour réduire la mortalité
infantile et accroître l’espérance de vie en adoptant des mesures pour éliminer
la malnutrition et les épidémies :</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
Human rights committee, General comment No.6 : The right to life<em>,</em>
Doc.Off. H.R.C., 16<sup>e</sup> sess., Doc. NU (1982)</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> aux paras.1 et 5. Voir
également United Nations educational, scientific and cultural organization, «
The grounds of an international declaration of human rights » in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Human rights : comments and
interpretations</i>, Paris, UNESCO, 1948 à la p.11 (Appendix II) ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Gosselin <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">c</span>. Québec
(Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au para.308 et 346, j. Arbour
(dissidente).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn153" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref153" name="_ftn153" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn153;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[153]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Singh c. Ministre de l’Emploi et de l’Immigration, [1985] 1 R.C.S. 177 au
para.46, j. Wilson (pour la majorité) ; Gosselin <b>c</b>. Québec (Procureur
général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au para.345-348 et 357-358, j. Arbour
(dissidente). Voir aussi</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Louise
Arbour, « 'Freedom from want'- from charity to entitlement » (March 3, 2005), </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">en ligne : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><</span></span><cite><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="color: blue;">http://www.unhchr.ch/huricane/huricane.nsf/0/58E08B5CD49476BEC1256FBD006EC8B1?opendocument</span>
</span></cite><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> ;</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> Martha Jackman, « The protection of welfare rights under the charter »
(1988) 20:2 Ottawa L. Rev. 257 aux pp.258, 287-290, 337-338 ; Ian Johnstone, «
Section 7 of the Charter and constitutionally protected welfare » (1988) </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">46 U. Toronto Fac. L. Rev. 1</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> à la p.4 ; François Rocher et Daniel Salé, « Charte et société : vers
un nouvel ordre politique canadien ? » (1991) 20 Politique 35 à la p.53. Voir
aussi Victoria (city) v. Adams, </span><span class="ssl2"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[2009] B.C.J. No. 1538</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> au para.2.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn154" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref154" name="_ftn154" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn154;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[154]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Rodriguez c. Colombie-Britannique (Procureur général), <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1993] 3 R.C.S. 519 au para.200, j. McLachlin
(dissidente) ; </span>A.C. c. Manitoba (Directeur des services à l’enfant et à
la famille, [2009] 2 R.C.S. 181 au para.100, j. Abella (pour la majorité) ; Ian
Johnstone, « Section 7 of the Charter and constitutionally protected welfare »
(1988) </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">46 U. Toronto Fac. L. Rev.
1</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">à la p.4.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn155" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref155" name="_ftn155" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn155;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[155]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Sophia R.
Moreau, « The Wrongs of Unequal Treatment » (2004) 54:3 University of Toronto
Law Journal 291</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> aux pp.309-312.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn156" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref156" name="_ftn156" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn156;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[156]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Considérées par le philosophe libéral John Rawls comme des biens sociaux
premiers que tout homme rationnel est supposé désiré et qui sont essentiels à
la valeur de la liberté : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">John Rawls, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Théorie
de la justice</i>, trad. par Catherine Audard, Paris, Éditions du Seuil, 1997
aux pp.93 (ch.11), 123 (ch.15) et 240 (ch.32).</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn157" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref157" name="_ftn157" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn157;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[157]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Amartya Sen, «
Freedom of choice : concept and content » (1988) 32 European Economic Review
269 à la p.273 ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">R. H. Tawney, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Equality</i>,
London, Unwin books, 1964</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> à la p.228 ; Amy Gutmann, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Liberal
Equality</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, <span class="st">Cambridge,
Cambridge University Press, 1980</span> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">à la p.11 ; Isaiah Berlin, « Introduction
» in Henry Hardy, dir., <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Liberty</i>,
Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2009 aux pp.44-45 ; John Rawls, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Théorie de la justice</i>, trad. par
Catherine Audard, Paris, Éditions du Seuil, 1997 à la p.240 (ch.32). Selon Lon
L. Fuller, « moneys confer both freedom from choice and freedom to choose
» : Lon L. Fuller, « Some reflections on legal and economic
freedoms : a review of Robert L. Hale’s « Freedom through law » »
(1954) </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">54 Colum. L. Rev. 70</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> à la p.75.
Selon Amartya Sen et Stein Ringen, John Rawls incorpore la dimension positive
de la liberté par son deuxième principe de justice (principe de différence) :
Amartya Sen, « Freedom of choice : concept and content » (1988) 32 European
Economic Review 269 aux pp.276-277 ; Amartya Sen, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Idea of Justice</i>, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cambridge,
Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2009 à la p.260 ;</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Stein Ringen, «
Liberty, freedom and real freedom » (2005) 42:3 Society 36 à la p.37.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn158" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref158" name="_ftn158" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn158;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[158]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Isaiah Berlin
et John Rawls distinguent la liberté de la valeur de la liberté : Isaiah
Berlin, « Introduction » in Henry Hardy, dir., <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Liberty</i>, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2009 à la p.45 ; John
Rawls, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Théorie de la justice</i>, trad.
par Catherine Audard, Paris, Éditions du Seuil, 1997 à la p.240 (ch.32).
D’autres, au contraire, ne croient pas que l’on puisse distinguer la liberté
des moyens de l’exercer : Jean-Fabien Spitz, « L’État social et le dilemme
de l’égalité et de la liberté » (2012) 37 Le philosophoire 39 à la p.45. Selon
Amartya Sen et Stein Ringen, John Rawls incorpore la dimension positive de la
liberté par son deuxième principe de justice (principe de différence) : Amartya
Sen, « Freedom of choice : concept and content » (1988) 32 European Economic
Review 269 aux pp.276-277 ; Stein Ringen, « Liberty, freedom and real freedom »
(2005) 42:3 Society 36 à la p.37.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn159" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref159" name="_ftn159" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn159;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[159]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">John Rawls, </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Political
Liberalism</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, 2nd ed., New York, Columbia
University Press, 2005</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> à la p.166.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn160" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref160" name="_ftn160" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn160;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[160]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Catherine Audard, « Le "nouveau" libéralisme » (2009) 4:</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">44 L'économie
politique 6 à la p.11.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn161" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref161" name="_ftn161" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn161;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[161]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">R. H. Tawney, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Equality</i>, London,
Unwin books, 1964 à la p.232. Sur les termes « self-preserving » et «
self-developing », voir </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Carl J. Friedrich, « Rights, liberties, freedoms
: a reappraisal » (1963) 57:4 The American political science review 841 à la
p.852.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn162" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref162" name="_ftn162" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn162;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[162]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Sur
l'opposition traditionnelle entre liberté et égalité, voir : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">R. H. Tawney, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Equality</i>, London,
Unwin books, 1964 aux pp.164, 167-168. </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Par exemple, William Graham Sumner
affirmait : « </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">We cannot go outside of
this alternative : liberty, inequality, survival of the fittest ; not-liberty,
equality, survival of the unfittest » : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">William Graham Sumner, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
challenge of facts and other essays</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,
New Haven, Yale University Press, 1914</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> à la p.25. Voir aussi Jonathan Marshall, « William Graham Sumner :
critic of progressive liberalism » (1979) 3:3 Journal of libertarian studies
261.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn163" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref163" name="_ftn163" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn163;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[163]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Peter
Leuprecht, « La liberté qui opprime et la loi qui affranchit », en ligne : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><</span></span><cite><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="color: blue;">www.unesco.chairephilo.uqam.ca/LACORDAIRELeuprecht.pdf</span></span></cite><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">></span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Daniel Proulx, «
L'objet des droits constitutionnels à l'égalité » (1988) 29 C. de D. 567 aux pp</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.579-580 ;
Susanne Baer, « Lecture : dignity, liberty, equality : a fundamental rights
triangle of constitutionalism » (2009) 59 University of Toronto Law Journal 417
aux pp.449-450 ; Richard B. Wilson, « The merging concepts of liberty and
equality » (1955) 12:2 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Wash. & Lee L. Rev. 182</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> à la p.194.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Selon
plusieurs philosophes, concevoir la liberté sous sa dimension positive permet
de faire disparaître la tension ou l’opposition traditionnelle entre liberté et
égalité : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">R. H. Tawney, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Equality</i>,
London, Unwin books, 1964 aux pp.167-168 et 228-229 ; Leonard Trelawny
Hobhouse, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Hobhouse : </i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Liberalism
and Other Writings</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, 2<sup>nd</sup> ed., Cambridge, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cambridge University Press, 1994 à la p.15 ;</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">John
Dewey, « Liberalism and equality » in </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Later Works of John Dewey</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, vol.11, Carbondale, Southern Illinois Univ. Press, 1987</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> à la p.370.
Voir aussi John Rawls, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Théorie de la
justice</i>, trad. par Catherine Audard, Paris, Éditions du Seuil, 1997 à la
p.240 (ch.32) ; Ronald Dworkin, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Justice
for Hedgehogs</i>, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 2011 aux pp.4 et 331 ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">T. M. Scanlon, « When does equality matter ? », Conference on equality at
the John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, April 2004 aux
pp.41-42. John Stuart Mill croyait que la liberté et l’égalité peuvent
coexister : </span><span class="addmd"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Barbara
Fried, </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Progressive Assault on Laissez Faire : Robert Hale and
the First Law and Economics Movement</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,
Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 2001 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">à la p.34. Selon Ronald Dworkin, l'idée selon laquelle la liberté et
l'égalité entrent en conflit ou non dépend de la manière dont on les définit,
car il s'agit de concepts qui demandent à être interprétés : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Ronald Dworkin,
« Do values conflict ? A Hedgehog's approach » (2001) 43 Ariz. L. Rev. 251 aux
pp.254-255</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn164" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref164" name="_ftn164" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn164;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[164]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">R. H. Tawney, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Equality</i>, London,
Unwin books, 1964 aux pp.228-229. Par conséquent, un État-providence peut se
justifier autant par la liberté que par l'égalité : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Stein Ringen, « Liberty,
freedom and real freedom » (2005) 42:3 Society 36 à la p.39.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn165" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref165" name="_ftn165" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn165;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[165]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">R. H. Tawney, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Equality</i>, London,
Unwin books, 1964 à la p.235.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7671274545402013868.post-22980802328558025822016-02-14T13:13:00.000-05:002016-02-14T13:13:04.903-05:00La dignité humaine : les fondements juridiques (2.1. La jurisprudence canadienne jusqu'en 2013 : deux conceptions de la dignité humaine)
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<span class="verdana"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Conclusion</span></b></span></div>
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<span class="verdana"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"></span>En somme, la Cour suprême du Canada
emploie deux conceptions de la dignité humaine. </span></span></div>
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<span class="verdana"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dans la première conception de la
dignité humaine, la Cour associe la dignité humaine à la liberté. Selon cette
conception, les êtres humains doivent bénéficier d’une intégrité physique et
psychologique et d'une autonomie personnelle</span></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="verdana"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Ils doivent pouvoir être autonomes sur le plan moral et
religieux et sur le plan politique. Pour cette raison, ils doivent bénéficier
d'une liberté de conscience et de religion et d'une liberté d'expression. Cette
autonomie personnelle consiste également à pouvoir prendre des décisions
personnelles fondamentales sans intervention de l'État, à avoir un contrôle sur
sa propre intégrité physique et mentale et à bénéficier d'une zone d'autonomie
personnelle, d'une</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> « attente raisonnable » de vie privée</span><span class="verdana"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> et d'un droit de ne pas être importuné par l'État. Pour ces
raisons, les êtres humains doivent bénéficier d’un droit à la liberté, d’un
droit à la sécurité et d’un droit </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">à la protection contre les fouilles, les perquisitions ou
les saisies abusives.</span><span class="verdana"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Finalement, l’autonomie
ne peut être préservée dans nos relations avec des entités plus importantes et
plus puissantes (comme le gouvernement ou un employeur) qu’en formant des associations
destinées à rétablir une égalité et à protéger nos intérêts. Pour cette raison,
les êtres humains doivent bénéficier d'une liberté d'association.</span></span></div>
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<span class="verdana"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Les êtres humains doivent bénéficier
d'une autonomie sur le plan moral et religieux. En effet, la Cour soutient que
la protection de la liberté de conscience et de religion est motivée par le
respect pour la dignité humaine. Selon cette première conception de la dignité humaine,
un être humain doit être libre de croire ou de ne pas croire </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">en une
divinité et doit être libre d'adhérer ou non à une religion particulière. Cette
liberté comporte le droit de professer et de manifester ses croyances
religieuses, mais également celui de ne pas croire et de ne pas être contraint
par l'État dans ses croyances profondes ou dans son incroyance. Le respect de
cette liberté de religion impose à l'État une neutralité religieuse. Cette
liberté de conscience et de religion vise également à favoriser l'autonomie
individuelle en conférant à chaque citoyen une liberté morale de choisir et de
suivre sa propre conception du bien. Cette liberté morale impose à l’État une
neutralité morale qui interdit à l'État de restreindre, par une règle de droit
et au nom d'une conception du bien particulière qu'il se croirait justifié
d'imposer par moralisme légal, les droits et libertés garantis par la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i>. </span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span class="verdana"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Les êtres humains doivent également bénéficier d'une
autonomie politique. En effet, comme </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">la participation
au processus politique et démocratique relève, selon la Cour, de la dignité
humaine alors</span><span class="verdana"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ils doivent pouvoir participer au
processus politique et démocratique et à l'élaboration des lois qui les régissent</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Or la
liberté d'expression est, selon la Cour, le moyen </span><span class="verdana"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">de
participer pleinement au processus politique et démocratique et de pouvoir </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">plaider
en faveur d'un changement social, économique ou politique. En effet, l'une des
valeurs qui sous-tendent la liberté d'expression et qui justifient sa
protection est la participation au processus politique et démocratique. </span><span class="verdana"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">La liberté d'expression est également un moyen de
s'épanouir.</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> Or, la Cour soutient que l'épanouissement personnel,
qui est l'une des valeurs qui sous-tendent la liberté d'expression et qui
justifient sa protection, relève de la dignité humaine. Par conséquent, </span><span class="verdana"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">un être humain doit également bénéficier d'une liberté
d'expression</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> afin de pouvoir </span><span class="verdana"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">s'exprimer
pour le seul plaisir de s'exprimer et afin </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">de pouvoir
réaliser son épanouissement personnel.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span class="verdana"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">L'autonomie personnelle comporte également d’autres dimensions</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. </span><span class="verdana"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">La première dimension consiste à pouvoir prendre des
décisions personnelles fondamentales, </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">qui relèvent de
choix de conscience et non de simples préférences, sans intervention de l'État.
En effet, la Cour soutient que cette liberté, qui est garantie par le droit à
la liberté et par le droit à la sécurité, constitue un aspect de la dignité
humaine. </span><span class="verdana"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">La seconde dimension consiste à
avoir un contrôle sur sa propre intégrité physique et mentale. </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Cette
liberté, essentielle à la dignité humaine, est garantie par le droit à la
sécurité. </span><span class="verdana"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">La troisième dimension consiste à
bénéficier d'une zone d'autonomie personnelle, d'une</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> «
attente raisonnable » de vie privée</span><span class="verdana"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
et d'un droit de ne pas être importuné par l'État. </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Cette liberté,
essentielle à la dignité humaine, est garantie par le </span><span class="verdana"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">droit </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">à
la protection contre les fouilles, les perquisitions ou les saisies abusives.</span><span class="verdana"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"></span></span></div>
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<span class="verdana"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Tous les êtres humains doivent
également pouvoir bénéficier d'une liberté d'association afin de pouvoir
s'associer et ainsi protéger leur autonomie personnelle dans leurs relations
avec des entités plus importantes et plus puissantes </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">comme le
gouvernement ou un employeur</span><span class="verdana"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.
</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Elle permet aux personnes plus faibles et vulnérables de faire face, à
armes plus égales, à la puissance et à la force</span><span class="verdana"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
de ces entités. </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Le lien qui unit la liberté d'association et la
dignité humaine est particulièrement manifeste dans le contexte des relations
de travail où il existe entre l'employeur et l'employé particulièrement
vulnérable une inégalité de force, un déséquilibre de pouvoir manifeste en
faveur de l'employeur. L'existence des syndicats permet d'assurer aux salariés
une liberté réelle et non seulement formelle dans la négociation des conditions
de travail en rétablissant une égalité de force et de pouvoir de négociation
avec l'employeur. En protégeant le droit à la négociation collective dans le
contexte des relations de travail, le droit à la liberté d'association permet
aux salariés d'accéder concrètement à des droits économiques et sociaux
essentiels à la dignité humaine.</span></div>
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<span class="verdana"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dans la deuxième conception de la
dignité humaine, les êtres humains sont moralement égaux et doivent, pour cette
raison, être traités en égal</span></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="verdana"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Dans la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte
canadienne</i>, l'égalité a été définie en lien avec la dignité humaine dans le
cadre du droit à l'égalité garanti à l’article 15 dont l’objet est la dignité
humaine. L'égalité garantie par le droit à l'égalité est une égalité réelle ou
substantielle et non simplement formelle. En effet, cette égalité interprétée à
l’aulne de la dignité humaine commande un égal respect, une égale déférence et
une égale considération de tous les êtres humains et le droit de tous de
participer pleinement à la société. Par ailleurs, la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte québécoise</i> garantit un droit à la sauvegarde de sa dignité
qui commande « une appréciation objective de la dignité ». Toutes personnes
incluant celles qui n'ont plus conscience d'elles-mêmes et de leur propre
dignité, notamment les personnes gravement handicapées mentales et les
personnes âgées en perte d'autonomie, demeurent protégées par ce droit. La
dignité définie dans ce sens universaliste est, par conséquent, profondément
égalitaire. </span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><span class="verdana"></span></span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">D'un arrêt à l'autre, un même juge
peut adopter des conceptions différentes de la dignité humaine</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Par
exemple, dans l'arrêt <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">R c. Morgentaler</i>
(1988) portant sur l'avortement la juge Wilson (pour la majorité) a adopté une
conception de la dignité humaine étroitement liée à la liberté et à
l'autonomie. Elle affirme : « La Charte et le droit à la liberté individuelle
qu'elle garantit sont inextricablement liés à la notion de dignité humaine
(...) Un aspect du respect de la dignité humaine sur lequel la Charte est
fondée est le droit de prendre des décisions personnelles fondamentales sans
intervention de l'État »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. En
revanche, dans le <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Renvoi relatif à
l'article 193 et 195.1(1)(c) du Code criminel</i> (1990) portant sur
l'interdiction de tenir une maison de débauche (article 193 du Code criminel)
et sur l'interdiction de faire de la sollicitation en public en vue de la
prostitution (article 195.1 (1)(c) du Code criminel), la juge Wilson
(dissidente) adhère à la conception de la dignité humaine des juges de la
majorité</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> qui
défendent une conception de la dignité humaine axée sur l'égalité et justifiant
une limite raisonnable à la liberté</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. En
effet, ils sont d'avis que la prostitution, en tant qu'elle exploite la
position désavantagée et inégale de la femme dans notre société</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">,
constitue une forme d'esclavage</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> et
avilit, de ce fait, la dignité personnelle des prostituées</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Ainsi
bien qu'elle ne partage pas l'opinion des juges de la majorité quant à la
constitutionnalité de l'article 195.1 (1)(c) du <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Code criminel</i> interdisant la sollicitation en public en vue de la
prostitution</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, elle
est du même avis quant au caractère dégradant et indigne de la prostitution</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> qui a
lieu en privé entre deux adultes consentants</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. </span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
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<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
</div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<b>Éric Folot, Avocat et Bioéthicien</b><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Law <b>c</b>. Canada (Ministre de l’Emploi et de l’Immigration), [1999] 1
R.C.S. 497 au para.53, j. Iacobucci (pour la Cour). Dans cet arrêt, la cour
affirme expressément que la dignité humaine est concernée par l'intégrité
physique et psychologique et l'autonomie (« empowerment » dans la version anglaise).
Voir aussi Gosselin <b>c</b>. Québec (Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429
au para.65, j. McLachlin (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Law <b>c</b>. Canada (Ministre de l’Emploi et de l’Immigration), [1999] 1
R.C.S. 497 au para.53, j. Iacobucci (pour la Cour).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Thomas M. J.
Bateman, « Human dignity's false start in the supreme court of Canada :
equality rights and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms » (2011) </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">The International Journal of Human Rights 1</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> aux pp.6-7.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">R. c. Morgentaler, [1988] 1 R.C.S. 30 au para.225 et 228, j. Wilson (pour
la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Renvoi relatif à l'art. 193 et à l'al. 195.1(1)(c) du code criminel (Man.),
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990] 1 R.C.S. 1123 au para.126, j.
Wilson (dissidente).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Renvoi relatif à l'art. 193 et à l'al. 195.1(1)(c) du code criminel (Man.),
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990] 1 R.C.S. 1123 au para.96-97, 98
et 107, j. Lamer (pour la majorité).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Renvoi relatif à l'art. 193 et à l'al. 195.1(1)(c) du code criminel (Man.),
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990] 1 R.C.S. 1123 au para.96, j.
Lamer (pour la majorité) et au para.125, j. Wilson (dissidente).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Renvoi relatif à l'art. 193 et à l'al. 195.1(1)(c) du code criminel (Man.),
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990] 1 R.C.S. 1123 au para.95, j.
Lamer (pour la majorité).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Renvoi relatif à l'art. 193 et à l'al. 195.1(1)(c) du code criminel (Man.),
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990] 1 R.C.S. 1123 au para.96, j.
Lamer (pour la majorité) et au para.125, j. Wilson (dissidente).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
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<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Renvoi relatif à l'art. 193 et à l'al. 195.1(1)(c) du code criminel (Man.),
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990] 1 R.C.S. 1123 au para.137 et
158, j. Wilson (dissidente).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
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<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Renvoi relatif à l'art. 193 et à l'al. 195.1(1)(c) du code criminel (Man.),
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990] 1 R.C.S. 1123 au para.126, j.
Wilson (dissidente).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
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<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Renvoi relatif à l'art. 193 et à l'al. 195.1(1)(c) du code criminel (Man.),
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990] 1 R.C.S. 1123 au para.141-142,
j. Wilson (dissidente).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7671274545402013868.post-61916513207827666452016-02-14T13:02:00.001-05:002016-02-14T13:02:21.766-05:00La dignité humaine : les fondements juridiques (2.1. La jurisprudence canadienne jusqu'en 2013 : La dignité et l'égalité)<style>@font-face {
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">2.1.3. La dignité et l'égalité</span></b><br />
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dans
les arrêts <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">R c. Keegstra</i> (1990), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Renvoi relatif à l'article 193 et
195.1(1)(c) du Code criminel</i> (1990), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">R
c. Butler</i> (1992), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">R. c. Sharpe</i>
(2001) et <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Chaoulli c. Québec</i> (2005),
la dignité humaine et l'égalité ont servi à justifier une limite raisonnable à
la liberté et la Cour a insisté sur le lien étroit qui unit ces deux valeurs.
Dans la présente section, nous tenterons de démontrer comment la dignité
humaine éclaire le concept d'égalité garanti à l'article 15 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne.</i> Nous retraçerons
également le sens conféré à la dignité humaine dans le cadre du droit à
l'égalité. Et finalement, nous étudierons trois arrêts de la Cour suprême du
Canada postérieurs à l’arrêt Law et portant sur le droit à l’égalité où
l’application du concept juridique de dignité humaine par la Cour a engendré
des critiques acerbes par la doctrine (2.1.3.1). Ensuite, nous traiterons du
droit à la dignité garanti par l'article 4 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte québécoise</i> et du lien qu'il entretient avec l'égalité
(2.1.3.2).</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">2.1.3.1 Le droit
à l'égalité</span></b></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>L'histoire
du droit à l'égalité comporte trois arrêts clés : l'arrêt <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Andrews c. Law Society of British Columbia</i> (1989), l'arrêt <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Law <b>c</b>. Canada</i> (1999) et l'arrêt <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">R. c. Kapp</i> (2008)</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. L'arrêt
Andrews fut la première décision portant sur le droit à l'égalité</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Dans
cet arrêt, le juge McIntyre souligne que le droit à l'égalité n'est pas une
garantie générale d'égalité et de justice sociale</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Il ne
porte que sur l'application de la loi</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> et ne
garantit, par conséquent, qu'une protection limitée contre certaines formes de
distinctions législatives discriminatoires fondées sur un motif énuméré à
l'article 15 ou sur un motif analogue</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Le juge
McIntyre insiste également sur le fait que l'égalité garantie par cette
disposition n'est pas que formelle</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Une
égalité formelle signifie que des personnes se trouvant dans une situation
analogue doivent être traitées de façon analogue et que des personnes se
trouvant dans des situations différentes doivent être traitées différemment</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. En
d'autres termes, il y a égalité formelle lorsque les individus reçoivent un
traitement identique et inégalité lorsqu'ils reçoivent un traitement différent.
Ce critère d'égalité est, selon le juge McIntyre</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">,
assimilable au principe d'égalité formelle formulé par le philosophe de
l'Antiquité, Aristote, qui affirmait : </span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« <u>Si les personnes ne sont pas égales, elles
n'obtiendront pas dans la façon dont elles seront traitées l'égalité</u>. De là
viennent les disputes et les contestations, quand des personnes sur le pied
d'égalité n'obtiennent pas des parts égales, ou quand des personnes, sur le
pied d'inégalité, ont et obtiennent un traitement égal »</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> [nos soulignés]<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">. </span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Selon le juge McIntyre, ce critère de traitement
identique pour tous, appliqué au pied de la lettre, peut, en ne tenant pas
compte des différences individuelles, conduire à l'exclusion et engendrer de
graves inégalités</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Il
pourrait également servir, selon le juge McIntyre, à justifier les lois de
Nuremberg d'Adolf Hitler qui prévoyaient un traitement identique pour tous les
Juifs</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. En
effet, en considérant les Juifs comme des êtres humains inférieurs, Hitler
était justifié, selon le critère d'égalité formelle, de traiter les Juifs
différemment des autres êtres humains. Or le droit à l'égalité garanti par
l'article 15 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i>,
qui a pour objet de garantir l'égalité dans la formulation et l'application de
la loi (dans l'objet et l'effet de la loi)</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, ne vise
pas une identité de traitement (une égalité formelle), mais une égalité de
traitement (une égalité réelle)</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>qui respecte les différences</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> et qui
garanti, dans l'application de la loi, qu'aucun être humain n'est, malgré ses
différences, considéré comme inférieur</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[15]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> , comme
une personne de moindre valeur</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[16]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, comme
un citoyen de deuxième classe</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[17]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> ou comme
moins méritant</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[18]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> qu'un
autre. Par exemple, dans l'arrêt Granovsky <b>c</b>. Canada (2000), le juge
Binnie (pour la Cour) fait un vibrant témoignage en faveur du droit à l'égalité
des personnes handicapées :</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>La
reconnaissance de l’humanité que les personnes ayant une déficience ont en
commun avec toutes les autres personnes</u></b>, et la croyance que les
qualités et les aspirations que nous partageons importent davantage que nos
différences, sont deux forces qui animent les droits à l’égalité » </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[nos soulignés]<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[19]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Bien qu'une différence de traitement et des
distinctions fondées sur des motifs interdits puissent souvent être source de
discrimination</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[20]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">,
l'égalité réelle que garantit le droit à l'égalité</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[21]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> exige
parfois, selon le contexte</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[22]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, que des
distinctions soient faites</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[23]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> afin de
tenir compte des différences réelles dans les caractéristiques de certaines
personnes</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[24]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> et des
conditions sociales, politiques et économiques différentes</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[25]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Le
paragraphe 15(2) de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i>
étaye d'ailleurs cette conclusion puisqu'il autorise le gouvernement à faire de
la discrimination positive</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[26]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">,
c'est-à-dire des distinctions respectueuses du droit à l'égalité en adoptant
des lois visant à améliorer la situation d'individus ou de groupes défavorisés
dans la société</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[27]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Si la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i> visait à éliminer
toutes les distinctions entre individus des dispositions comme l'article 2(a),
l'article 25 et l'article 27 n'auraient alors, selon le juge McIntyre, plus
leur place</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[28]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. En
d'autres termes, le respect des différences, et la nécessité qui en découle
parfois de faire des distinctions, est « l'essence d'une véritable égalité »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[29]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Cette
égalité réelle que garanti le droit à l'égalité vise à promouvoir la dignité
humaine</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn30" name="_ftnref30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[30]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">,
c'est-à-dire l'idée que « favoriser l'égalité emporte favoriser l'existence
d'une société où tous ont la certitude que la loi les reconnaît comme des êtres
humains qui méritent le même respect, la même déférence et la même
considération »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn31" name="_ftnref31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[31]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Le
droit à l'égalité garanti à tous ce même respect, cette même déférence et cette
même considération que requiert la dignité humaine en assurant à tous la même
protection et le même bénéfice de la loi</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn32" name="_ftnref32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[32]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> et en
interdisant toute loi qui, par son objet ou son effet, impose plus de
restrictions, de sanctions ou de fardeaux à un individu ou à un groupe qu'à un
autre</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn33" name="_ftnref33" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[33]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Le
droit à l'égalité vise donc à interdire toute discrimination, c'est-à-dire
toute distinction législative intentionnelle ou non (par son objet ou son
effet)</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn34" name="_ftnref34" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[34]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> fondée
sur un motif énuméré ou analogue qui a pour effet d'imposer à un individu ou à
un groupe « des fardeaux, des obligations ou des désavantages non imposés à
d'autres ou d'empêcher ou de restreindre l'accès aux possibilités, aux
bénéfices et aux avantages offerts à d'autres membres de la société »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn35" name="_ftnref35" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[35]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Dans
les arrêts <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">McKinney c. Université de
Guelph</i> (1990)</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn36" name="_ftnref36" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn36;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[36]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Miron c. Trudel</i> (1995)</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn37" name="_ftnref37" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn37;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[37]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Egan c. Canada</i> (1995)</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn38" name="_ftnref38" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn38;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[38]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> et <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Vriend <b>c</b>. Alberta</i> (1998)</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn39" name="_ftnref39" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn39;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[39]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, la Cour
suprême du Canada a réaffirmé l'idée que le droit à l'égalité vise à promouvoir
la dignité humaine.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dans
l'arrêt <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Law c. Canada</i> (1999), le juge
Iacobucci (pour la Cour) réitère par souci de synthèse cette idée déjà
solidement ancrée que la dignité humaine est l'objet du droit à l'égalité :</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« <u>On pourrait affirmer que le par. 15(1) a
pour objet d’empêcher toute atteinte à la dignité et à la liberté humaines
essentielles</u> par l’imposition de désavantages, de stéréotypes et de
préjugés politiques ou sociaux, <u>et de favoriser l’existence d’une société où
tous sont reconnus par la loi comme des êtres humains égaux ou comme des
membres égaux de la société canadienne, tous aussi capables, et méritant le
même intérêt, le même respect, et la même considération</u> » </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[nos soulignés]<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn40" name="_ftnref40" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn40;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[40]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Le juge Iacobucci souligne que la dignité humaine ne
constitue pas seulement l'objet de l'article 15 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i>, comme l'avaient souligné les arrêts précédents,
mais également un nouveau « critère juridique »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn41" name="_ftnref41" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn41;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[41]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> à
satisfaire par le demandeur pour démontrer une atteinte au droit à l'égalité.
En vertu de ce nouveau critère juridique préfiguré dans la trilogie d'arrêts
prononcés en 1995, les arrêts <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Miron c.
Trudel</i>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Egan c. Canada</i> et <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Thibaudeau c. Canada</i></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn42" name="_ftnref42" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn42;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[42]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, le demandeur
qui invoque le droit à l'égalité doit, pour prouver qu'il est victime de
discrimination, non seulement satisfaire aux critères de l'arrêt Andrews</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn43" name="_ftnref43" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn43;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[43]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, mais
également démontrer que cette distinction législative préjudiciable (qui
perpétue un désavantage ou un préjugé ou qui impose un désavantage fondé sur
l'application d'un stéréotype) fondée sur un motif énuméré ou analogue est,
suite à un examen contextuel, en conflit avec l'objet de l'article 15</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn44" name="_ftnref44" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn44;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[44]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> et sape,
par conséquent, la dignité humaine</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn45" name="_ftnref45" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn45;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[45]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Une distinction
législative préjudiciable sape la dignité humaine si elle véhicule ou transmet
l'idée que certaines personnes sont moins capables ou moins dignes d'être
reconnues ou valorisées en tant qu'être humain ou en tant que membre de la
société canadienne</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn46" name="_ftnref46" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn46;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[46]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Selon
la Cour, ce nouveau critère juridique de dignité humaine est essentiel pour
écarter les plaintes futiles</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn47" name="_ftnref47" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn47;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[47]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> et pour
garantir l'égalité réelle en s'assurant qu'une distinction législative
préjudiciable fondée sur un motif énuméré ou analogue constitue
vraisemblablement une inégalité réelle, c'est-à-dire une discrimination réelle
proscrite par l'article 15</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn48" name="_ftnref48" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn48;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[48]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Quatre
facteurs contextuels ont été élaborés pour aider à déterminer s'il existe
effectivement dans les faits une atteinte à la dignité humaine : la
préexistence d'un désavantage (facteur qui sera probablement le plus concluant
pour démontrer qu'une distinction législative est discriminatoire)</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn49" name="_ftnref49" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn49;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[49]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, la
nature et l'importance du droit touché par la mesure contestée, la
correspondance entre la mesure contestée et les besoins, les capacités et les
caractéristiques personnelles du demandeur et finalement l'effet améliorateur
de la mesure contestée sur une personne ou un groupe plus défavorisé dans la
société</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn50" name="_ftnref50" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn50;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[50]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Les
premier et deuxième facteurs sont des facteurs aggravants qui indiquent une
atteinte à la dignité humaine alors que les troisième et quatrième facteurs
sont des facteurs disculpants qui indiquent l’absence d’atteinte à la dignité
humaine</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn51" name="_ftnref51" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn51;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[51]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. La Cour
souligne qu’il peut exister d’autres facteurs et que les quatre facteurs
énumérés ne sont pas tous pertinents dans chaque cas</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn52" name="_ftnref52" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn52;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[52]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. L'usage
de la dignité humaine comme nouveau critère juridique fut cependant critiqué à
la fois par la jurisprudence</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn53" name="_ftnref53" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn53;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[53]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> et la
doctrine</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn54" name="_ftnref54" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn54;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[54]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Deux
critiques ont été formulées. La principale critique est à l'effet que ce
nouveau critère accroît considérablement le fardeau de preuve du demandeur qui
se prétend victime de discrimination</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn55" name="_ftnref55" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn55;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[55]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. De
plus, en incorporant dans l'article 15 des éléments de justification relevant
davantage de l'article 1 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte
canadienne</i>, ce nouveau critère introduit également une confusion entre les
articles 15 et 1</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn56" name="_ftnref56" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn56;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[56]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> qui
doivent, selon la Cour, être maintenus analytiquement distincts</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn57" name="_ftnref57" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn57;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[57]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. </span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dans
l'arrêt <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">R c. Kapp</i>, qui est désormais
l'arrêt de principe pour le droit à l'égalité</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn58" name="_ftnref58" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn58;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[58]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, les
juges McLachlin et Abella (pour la majorité) reconnaissent que la dignité
humaine est l'objet du droit à l'égalité</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn59" name="_ftnref59" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn59;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[59]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, mais
rejettent pour les deux raisons évoquées précédemment le « critère juridique »
de dignité humaine issu de l'arrêt Law</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn60" name="_ftnref60" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn60;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[60]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Elles
réhabilitent le modèle et les critères de l'arrêt Andrews</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn61" name="_ftnref61" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn61;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[61]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> qui
prévoyait deux fondements possibles à la discrimination (la perpétuation d'un
préjugé ou d'un désavantage ou l'application de stéréotypes)</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn62" name="_ftnref62" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn62;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[62]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> et
retiennent les quatre facteurs contextuels élaborés dans l'arrêt Law qu'elles
associent non pas à la dignité humaine, mais aux éléments constitutifs des
paragraphes 15(1) et 15(2)</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn63" name="_ftnref63" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn63;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[63]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Elles
réitèrent l'importance de l'égalité réelle</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn64" name="_ftnref64" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn64;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[64]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> et
insistent sur l'idée que l'égalité réelle ne peut être assurée que par l'effet
combiné des paragraphes 15(1) et 15(2) de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn65" name="_ftnref65" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn65;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[65]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Il n'y
aura, par conséquent, d'inégalité réelle et de discrimination au sens du
paragraphe 15(1) qu'en l'absence d'application du paragraphe 15(2)</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn66" name="_ftnref66" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn66;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[66]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Alors
que le paragraphe 15(1) vise à éviter une atteinte à l'égalité réelle en
interdisant la discrimination</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn67" name="_ftnref67" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn67;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[67]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> qui «
incarne les pires effets de la dénégation de l'égalité »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn68" name="_ftnref68" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn68;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[68]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, le
paragraphe 15(2) vise à promouvoir l'accès à une égalité réelle et à combattre
de manière proactive la discrimination en améliorant la situation d'individus
ou de groupes défavorisés ou vulnérables</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn69" name="_ftnref69" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn69;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[69]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> qui
souffrent dans leur dignité</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn70" name="_ftnref70" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn70;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[70]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> et qui
ont, dans le passé, souffert de discrimination</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn71" name="_ftnref71" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn71;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[71]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> ou ont
subi un désavantage en étant exclus de l'ensemble de la société ordinaire comme
ce fut le cas pour les personnes handicapées</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn72" name="_ftnref72" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn72;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[72]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">.
L'article 15 est donc notamment « conçu pour protéger les groupes défavorisés
sur les plans social, politique et juridique dans notre société »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn73" name="_ftnref73" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn73;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[73]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">.
L'égalité réelle, qui découle de l'effet combiné de ces deux paragraphes, est
essentielle à la dignité humaine</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn74" name="_ftnref74" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn74;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[74]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, car «
ce n’est que dans un contexte d’égalité réelle que la fraternité et l’harmonie
peuvent exister » et « que chacun peut véritablement vivre dans la dignité »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn75" name="_ftnref75" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn75;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[75]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. </span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dans
la jurisprudence portant sur le droit à l'égalité, la dignité humaine a reçu
plusieurs significations. La Cour a employé pour une première fois le terme de
dignité en relation avec le droit à l'égalité dans l'arrêt <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">McKinney c. Université de Guelph</i> (1990)</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn76" name="_ftnref76" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn76;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[76]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Dans
cet arrêt, la juge Wilson (dissidente) mentionne expressément que la garantie
d'égalité vise à promouvoir la dignité humaine en interdisant la discrimination
résultant de stéréotypes et de préjugés</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn77" name="_ftnref77" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn77;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[77]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Dans un
même ordre d'idée, la juge McLachlin (pour la majorité), dans l'arrêt <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Miron c. Trudel</i> (1995), soutient que la
reconnaissance de la dignité humaine emporte avec elle la reconnaissance du mal
que représente la discrimination. Elle affirme :</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« <u>Le corollaire de la reconnaissance de la
dignité de chacun est la reconnaissance qu'il est mauvais d'empêcher ou de
restreindre l'accès aux possibilités, aux bénéfices et aux avantages offerts à
d'autres membres de la société, pour le seul motif que la personne est membre
d'un groupe particulier réputé moins capable ou méritant que d'autres. C'est le
mal que l'on appelle discrimination</u> »</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> [nos soulignés]<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn78" name="_ftnref78" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn78;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[78]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Mais ce n'est que dans les arrêts <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Egan c. Canada</i> (1995) et </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";">Thibaudeau c. Canada</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"> (1995)</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, que les juges
Cory et Iacobucci définissent pour la première fois le terme de dignité
humaine. Ils soutiennent qu'en interdisant toute discrimination, le droit à
l'égalité renforce le concept de dignité humaine « suivant lequel <u>tous</u>
les êtres humains, aussi différents puissent-ils paraître aux yeux de la
majorité, méritent <u>tous</u> le même intérêt, le même respect et la même
considération »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn79" name="_ftnref79" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn79;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[79]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Cette
première définition de la dignité humaine fut reprise dans l'arrêt unanime <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Law c. Canada</i> (1999) où le juge Iacobucci
(pour la cour) définit clairement le concept de dignité humaine dans le
contexte du droit à l'égalité. Bien qu'il reconnaît qu'il puisse exister
différentes conceptions de la dignité, il précise d'entrée de jeu que la
dignité humaine n'a rien à voir avec le statut social ou la position d'une
personne dans la société</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn80" name="_ftnref80" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn80;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[80]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Elle
relève davantage de la reconnaissance de l'égale valeur intrinsèque de tous les
êtres humains</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn81" name="_ftnref81" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn81;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[81]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> et de
l'égal respect et de l'égale considération qu'appelle la reconnaissance de
cette valeur</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn82" name="_ftnref82" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn82;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[82]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. En
conséquence, la dignité humaine signifie, selon la cour, que tous les êtres
humains ressentent du respect et de l'estime de soi</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn83" name="_ftnref83" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn83;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[83]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, que «
tous sont reconnus par la loi comme des êtres humains égaux ou comme des
membres égaux de la société canadienne, tous aussi capables, et méritant le
même intérêt, le même respect, et la même considération »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn84" name="_ftnref84" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn84;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[84]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> et que
tous ont le droit « de participer pleinement à la société »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn85" name="_ftnref85" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn85;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[85]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. La
dignité humaine est bafouée par des lois qui ne tiennent pas compte des différences
réelles entre les individus en n'étant pas sensibles aux besoins, aux capacités
et aux mérites des différentes personnes ou par des lois qui marginalisent ou
dévalorisent certaines personnes</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn86" name="_ftnref86" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn86;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[86]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, jettent
un doute sur leur valeur en tant qu'êtres humains</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn87" name="_ftnref87" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn87;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[87]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, minent
leur estime de soi</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn88" name="_ftnref88" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn88;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[88]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> et
véhicule ainsi le message que certaines personnes sont moins capables ou moins
dignes d'être reconnues ou valorisées en tant qu'être humain ou en tant que
membre de la société canadienne</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn89" name="_ftnref89" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn89;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[89]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. En
s'inspirant des propos du juge Lamer (dissident) dans l'arrêt <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Rodriguez c. Colombie-Britannique (Procureur
général)</i></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn90" name="_ftnref90" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn90;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[90]</span></b></span></span></span></i></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> (1993),
le juge Iacobucci mentionne également une deuxième définition de la dignité
humaine. Il insiste, en effet, sur le fait que la dignité humaine relève de
l'intégrité physique et psychologique et de la prise en main personnelle (de
l'autonomie individuelle)</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn91" name="_ftnref91" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn91;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[91]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Par
conséquent, le paragraphe 15(1) « vise la réalisation de l’autonomie
personnelle et de l’autodétermination »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn92" name="_ftnref92" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn92;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[92]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> et
exige, pour reprendre les propos du juge Lamer, que les restrictions apportées
à l'autonomie individuelle « soient réparties avec une certaine égalité »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn93" name="_ftnref93" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn93;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[93]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. En
d'autres termes, le droit à l'égalité interprétée à l'aulne de la valeur de
dignité humaine vise à garantir une égalité réelle, c'est-à-dire un égal
respect et une égale autonomie</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn94" name="_ftnref94" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn94;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[94]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> pour
tous</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn95" name="_ftnref95" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn95;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[95]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> où tous
peuvent avoir le sentiment d'être traités en égal avec un égal respect et une
égale considération de la part de l'État, incluant bien entendu les personnes
handicapées</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn96" name="_ftnref96" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn96;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[96]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> qui ont
dans le passé été exclues de l'ensemble de la société ordinaire</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn97" name="_ftnref97" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn97;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[97]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Dans
l'arrêt <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Granovsky <b>c</b>. Canada</i>
(2000), le juge Binnie (pour la Cour) affirme :</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« <u>La Charte n’est pas une baguette magique qui
permet de supprimer toute affection physique ou mentale, et on ne s’attend pas
non plus à ce qu’elle donne l’illusion de le faire. Elle ne permet pas non plus
d’atténuer ou de supprimer les limitations fonctionnelles qui découlent
véritablement de l’affection. Toutefois, l’art. 15 de la Charte peut jouer un
rôle très important en permettant d’aborder la manière dont l’État réagit aux
gens ayant une déficience. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Le paragraphe
15(1) garantit que les gouvernements ne puissent pas, intentionnellement ou en
omettant de prendre les mesures d’accommodement appropriées</b>, stigmatiser
l’affection physique ou mentale sous-jacente ou attribuer à une personne des
limitations fonctionnelles que cette affection physique ou mentale sous-jacente
n’entraîne pas, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ou encore omettre de
reconnaître les difficultés supplémentaires que les personnes ayant une
déficience peuvent éprouver à s’épanouir dans une société implacablement conçue
pour répondre aux besoins des personnes physiquement aptes </b></u>» </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[nos soulignés]<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn98" name="_ftnref98" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn98;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[98]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>En
somme, l'égalité et la dignité humaine sont des valeurs inextricablement liées.
Selon la Cour, c'est le droit à l'égalité qui reconnaît et défend plus que tout
autre droit la dignité humaine</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn99" name="_ftnref99" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn99;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[99]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. La
dignité humaine telle que définie par la Cour suprême du Canada est intrinsèque</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn100" name="_ftnref100" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn100;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[100]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> et
inhérente</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn101" name="_ftnref101" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn101;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[101]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> à tout
être humain</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn102" name="_ftnref102" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn102;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[102]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Elle
confère à tout être humain une égale valeur intrinsèque</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn103" name="_ftnref103" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn103;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[103]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> qui
commande, indépendamment de son comportement, un égal respect et une égale
considération de la part de l'État</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"> <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn104" name="_ftnref104" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn104;" title=""><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[104]</span></span></span></a></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Cette
reconnaissance de l'égale valeur de chaque être humain commande un égal respect
et assure la dignité de chacun</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn105" name="_ftnref105" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn105;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[105]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Elle
impose à l'État l'obligation de traiter chaque citoyen en égal en garantissant
une réelle égalité juridique. Cette obligation de l'État a comme corollaire le
droit de tout individu d'être traité en égal dans l'application de la loi. Ce
droit à l'égalité a pour objet de préserver la dignité humaine en interdisant
toute discrimination et en favorisant « l’existence d’une société où tous sont
reconnus par la loi comme des êtres humains égaux ou comme des membres égaux de
la société canadienne, tous aussi capables, et méritant le même intérêt, le
même respect, et la même considération »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn106" name="_ftnref106" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn106;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[106]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. En
validant, en vertu du paragraphe 15(2), les lois qui visent à combattre de
manière proactive la discrimination en améliorant la situation d'individus ou
de groupes défavorisés ou vulnérables et en interdisant, en vertu du paragraphe
15(1), les lois qui ne tiennent pas compte des différences réelles entre les
individus et les lois qui marginalisent ou dévalorisent certaines personnes, le
droit à l'égalité interprétée à l'aulne de la valeur de dignité humaine vise à
garantir une égalité réelle, c'est-à-dire un égal respect et une égale liberté
pour tous</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn107" name="_ftnref107" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn107;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[107]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">.</span><br />
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Les
arrêts <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Nouvelle-Écosse (Procureur
général) c. Walsh</i> (2002)</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn108" name="_ftnref108" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn108;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[108]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Gosselin
<b>c</b>. Québec</i> (2002)</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn109" name="_ftnref109" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn109;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[109]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> et </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Canadian Foundation for Children,
Youth and the Law <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">c.</span> Canada</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
(2004)</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn110" name="_ftnref110" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn110;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[110]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> sont,
parmi les arrêts postérieurs à l’arrêt <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Law
c. Canada</i>, ceux où l’application du concept juridique de dignité humaine
dans le cadre du droit à l’égalité a été la plus fortement critiquée par la
doctrine</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn111" name="_ftnref111" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn111;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[111]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Nous
présentons ici notre propre analyse de ces arrêts. D’une manière générale, ces
trois arrêts démontrent la difficulté d’application du facteur contextuel de
correspondance qui exige de prendre en compte les besoins, les capacités ou la
situation véritable du demandeur. De manière plus spécifique, les arrêts Walsh
et Gosselin démontrent la difficulté, dans le cadre du facteur de
correspondance, d’assimiler sans d’autre qualification la dignité humaine au
respect de l’autonomie. En effet, dans ces arrêts, certains juges ont opté pour
une conception de la dignité humaine qui met l'emphase sur l’autonomie en tant
que liberté négative</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn112" name="_ftnref112" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn112;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[112]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> alors
que d'autres ont opté sans le mentionner expressément pour une conception de la
dignité humaine qui met plutôt l'emphase sur l’autonomie en tant que liberté
positive</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn113" name="_ftnref113" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn113;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[113]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Par
ailleurs, l’arrêt </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Canadian Foundation for Children<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>a démontré le danger de fonder une
décision sur les facteurs contextuels pour déterminer une atteinte à la dignité
humaine. En effet, tous les juges ont conclu que trois des quatre facteurs
contextuels menaient à une conclusion d’atteinte à la dignité humaine et de
discrimination. Pourtant, les juges de la majorité ont fondé leur conclusion
d’absence d’atteinte à la dignité humaine et de discrimination sur le seul
facteur de correspondance en soutenant que le retrait aux enfants de </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">la
protection du droit criminel contre les voies de fait (destiné à protéger
l'intégrité physique)</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> était conforme à la dignité humaine
puiqu’il répondait à leurs besoins. </span><br />
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dans
l'arrêt Walsh, la Cour s'est penchée sur la constitutionnalité de la définition
de « conjoint » à l'article 2g) de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Matrimonial
Property Act de la Nouvelle-Écosse</i> (« MPA ») qui exclut de son champ
d'application les conjoints de fait (non mariés). Les intimés, qui sont
conjoints de fait, prétendent que l'exclusion des conjoints non mariés de la
définition de « conjoint » à l'article 2g) de la loi est contraire au droit à
l'égalité garantit à l'article 15 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte
canadienne</i> puisqu'elle les prive du bénéfice accordé par cette loi aux
conjoints mariés quant à la présomption de partage égal des biens matrimoniaux.
Le juge Bastarache (pour la majorité) reconnaît que la loi crée une différence
de traitement fondée sur l'état matrimonial (reconnu comme un motif analogue)
entre les conjoints mariés et les conjoints de fait</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn114" name="_ftnref114" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn114;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[114]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">.
Néanmoins, il estime que cette distinction, du point de vue de la norme
subjective-objective</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn115" name="_ftnref115" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn115;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[115]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, n'est
pas discriminatoire, car elle respecte la dignité humaine des conjoints de fait</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn116" name="_ftnref116" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn116;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[116]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">En
l'espèce, le juge Bastarache applique la conception de la dignité humaine,
énoncée dans l'arrêt <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Law c. Canada</i>,
selon laquelle </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">tous les canadiens sont d'égale valeur et des membres
égaux de la société canadienne et méritent, par conséquent, « le même intérêt,
le même respect et la même considération »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn117" name="_ftnref117" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn117;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[117]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Suite à
l'analyse des quatre facteurs contextuels énoncés dans l'arrêt <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Law c. Canada</i>, il est d'avis que la loi
n'a pas porté atteinte à la dignité humaine des conjoints de fait</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn118" name="_ftnref118" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn118;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[118]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Au
soutien de sa conclusion, il met l'emphase sur le facteur de correspondance
selon lequel une « disposition législative qui prend en compte les besoins, les
capacités ou la situation véritable du demandeur (...) d’une façon qui respecte
leur valeur en tant qu’êtres humains et que membres de la société canadienne,
sera moins susceptible d’avoir un effet négatif sur la dignité humaine »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn119" name="_ftnref119" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn119;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[119]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Selon
le juge Bastarache, la différence entre le mariage et l'union libre est
centrale pour déterminer si la loi tient compte de la situation véritable des
intimés</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn120" name="_ftnref120" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn120;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[120]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Le
principe général veut que les couples en union libre (les conjoints de fait)
qui refusent de se marier ou qui ne prennent pas de mesure consensuelle non
équivoque pour être assujettis à un régime de partage égal des biens
matrimoniaux, conservent le droit de disposer de leurs biens comme bon leur
semble</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn121" name="_ftnref121" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn121;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[121]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Dits
autrement, les couples en union libre ont, par défaut, le droit de disposer de
leurs biens à leur guise</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn122" name="_ftnref122" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn122;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[122]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Par
conséquent, la loi qui réserve un régime de partage égal des biens matrimoniaux
aux conjoints mariés qui y ont consensuellement consentis par le fait du
mariage</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn123" name="_ftnref123" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn123;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[123]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> tient
compte de la situation véritable des intimés en respectant leur liberté et leur
choix d'être en union libre et de ne pas être assujettis, faute de mesure
consensuelle non équivoque, à un tel régime</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn124" name="_ftnref124" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn124;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[124]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Il
affirme :</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« On peut donc dire que la MPA crée un régime de
partage des biens conçu pour les personnes qui ont pris, mutuellement, une
mesure concrète pour s’en prévaloir. À l’inverse, la loi exclut de son champ
d’application les personnes qui n’ont pris aucune mesure en ce sens. <u>En
exigeant qu’il existe un consensus, exprimé par le mariage ou par
l’enregistrement d’une union civile, on ne respecte pas moins, mais davantage
l’autonomie et l’autodétermination des couples vivant en union libre, de même
que leur faculté de vivre dans une forme d’union qu’ils ont eux-mêmes façonnée</u> »<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[nos soulignés]<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn125" name="_ftnref125" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn125;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[125]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">. </span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Selon le juge Bastarache, on ne peut
présumer que les couples en union libre </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">ont accepté toutes les obligations
découlant du mariage</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn126" name="_ftnref126" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn126;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[126]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Ainsi,</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
le choix de certaines personnes de ne pas se marier et de ne pas être
assujetties à des droits et obligations commande le même respect que le choix
de certaines personnes de se marier et d'être assujetties à des droits et
obligations réciproques<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn127" name="_ftnref127" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn127;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[127]</span></span></span></span></a>.
Le juge Bastarache reconnaît que la liberté de se marier, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">qui requiert
obligatoirement le consentement de chaque époux,</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
peut parfois être illusoire lorsqu'un seul des deux conjoints le désire. Par
conséquent, le choix de ne pas être assujetti à un régime </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">de partage égal
des biens matrimoniaux peut en réalité ne pas en être un</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn128" name="_ftnref128" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn128;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[128]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Mais
considérant que le principe est le droit de disposer de ses propres biens comme
bon nous semble</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn129" name="_ftnref129" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn129;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[129]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> et que
la loi ne prévoit qu'un partage égal des biens matrimoniaux qu'en cas de
mariage (qui requiert obligatoirement le consentement de chaque époux) alors il
serait contraire à la liberté individuelle d'imposer un régime de partage égal
des biens matrimoniaux, destiné aux personnes qui se sont engagées de façon non
équivoque, à des couples en union libre qui n'y ont pas consenti</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn130" name="_ftnref130" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn130;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[130]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. De
plus, les couples en union libre bénéficient des mêmes avantages que les
couples mariés puisqu'ils peuvent eux aussi choisir consensuellement d'être
assujettis au même régime d’association économique que les couples mariés</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn131" name="_ftnref131" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn131;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[131]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Par
conséquent, la différence de traitement entre les couples mariés et les couples
en union libre ne prive pas les couples en union libre d'un avantage reconnu
aux couples mariés</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn132" name="_ftnref132" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn132;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[132]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. La loi
ne perpétue pas non plus l’idée que les couples non mariés sont moins dignes
d’être respectés et valorisés en tant que membres de la société canadienne, car
tous les conjoints sont réputés libres de faire des choix fondamentaux dans
leur vie</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn133" name="_ftnref133" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn133;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[133]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">.
Considérant que l'objet de l'article 15 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i> est « d’empêcher toute atteinte à la dignité et à
la liberté humaines essentielles »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn134" name="_ftnref134" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn134;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[134]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> alors la
loi est conforme à cet objet et n'est donc pas discriminatoire et ne porte pas
atteinte à la dignité humaine</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn135" name="_ftnref135" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn135;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[135]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Comme
l'affirme le juge Bastarache : « S’il est nécessaire d’instaurer un régime de
protection uniforme et universel sans égard à l’état matrimonial choisi, cette
question ne relève pas du par. 15(1). La MPA ne protège que les personnes qui
ont manifesté leur volonté d’y être assujetties et qui ont exercé leur droit de
choisir »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn136" name="_ftnref136" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn136;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[136]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. En d'autres
termes, à supposer qu'il soit légitime d’instaurer au nom de l'égalité un
régime de protection uniforme et universel sans égard à l’état matrimonial
choisi, ce changement ne peut se faire par le truchement de l'article 15 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i> qui vise à assurer une
égale liberté à tous</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn137" name="_ftnref137" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn137;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[137]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. En
l'espèce, le juge Bastarache (pour la majorité) assimile cette liberté à la
liberté de choix (à la liberté négative)</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn138" name="_ftnref138" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn138;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[138]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>La
juge l'Heureux-Dubé (dissidente) soutient, au contraire, que la loi est
discriminatoire<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn139" name="_ftnref139" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn139;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[139]</span></span></span></span></a>
et qu'elle ne peut être justifiée par l'article 1 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn140" name="_ftnref140" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn140;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[140]</span></span></span></span></a>.
Dans l'analyse des facteurs contextuels, elle met surtout l'emphase sur
l'existence chez les couples en union libre d'un désavantage préexistant<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn141" name="_ftnref141" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn141;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[141]</span></span></span></span></a>
et sur la nature fondamentale du droit touché à savoir le </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">droit présumé à
la répartition égale des biens et des actifs</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn142" name="_ftnref142" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn142;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[142]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Elle
invoque également le facteur de correspondance selon lequel « la dignité
humaine est bafouée par le traitement injuste fondé sur des caractéristiques ou
la situation personnelle qui n’ont rien à voir avec les besoins, les capacités
ou les mérites de la personne »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn143" name="_ftnref143" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn143;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[143]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Selon
la magistrate, les besoins des couples en union libre et les besoins des
couples mariés à la rupture de l'union sont les mêmes</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn144" name="_ftnref144" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn144;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[144]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Puisque
la loi vise à reconnaître ces besoins et y répondre, le fait qu’elle ne protège
que les conjoints mariés implique que les besoins des conjoints de fait
hétérosexuels ne méritent pas la même reconnaissance. Or cette
non-reconnaissance, affirme la juge l'Heureux-Dubé, « diminue leur statut à
leurs propres yeux et aux yeux de l’ensemble de la société parce qu’elle
suggère qu’ils sont moins dignes de respect et de considération. Ils sont
touchés dans leur dignité : ils sont victimes de discrimination »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn145" name="_ftnref145" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn145;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[145]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Selon
la magistrate, le coeur du problème n'est pas la liberté de choix (la liberté
négative) et le consensus requis pour être assujetti au régime de partage égal
des biens matrimoniaux, mais la reconnaissance des besoins des conjoints mariés
ou non</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn146" name="_ftnref146" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn146;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[146]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Selon
elle, le choix de se marier et d'être assujetti au régime de partage égal des
biens matrimoniaux, qui requiert obligatoirement le consentement de chaque
partenaire, n'est pas un véritable choix individuel, car la capacité de se
marier est entravée lorsque l'un des partenaires désire se marier et que
l'autre ne le veut pas</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn147" name="_ftnref147" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn147;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[147]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. En ne
tenant pas compte du fait que la décision de ne pas être assujetti au régime de
partage égal des biens matrimoniaux ne résulte pas d'un choix individuel, la
loi porte atteinte à la dignité humaine des conjoints de fait</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn148" name="_ftnref148" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn148;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[148]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. La juge
accepte néanmoins que la non-reconnaissance des conjoints de fait par la loi
puisse ne pas porter atteinte à leur dignité s’ils disposent d'autres moyens
appropriés de faire valoir leurs droits</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn149" name="_ftnref149" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn149;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[149]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Or les
moyens à leur disposition (enrichissement sans cause et droit des fiducies)
sont, selon la juge, insuffisants et sans commune mesure avec le régime légal
des biens prévu par la loi</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn150" name="_ftnref150" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn150;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[150]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Par
conséquent, les conjoints de fait ne reçoivent pas un traitement égal aux
conjoints mariés</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn151" name="_ftnref151" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn151;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[151]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. La juge
résume :</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« De nombreux conjoints de fait hétérosexuels
cohabitent non par choix, mais par nécessité. <u>Pour beaucoup, les désirs de
leur conjoint les privent de ce choix. Refuser à ces personnes une réparation
parce que l’autre conjoint a choisi d’éviter certaines conséquences crée une
situation d’exploitation, et n’a certainement pas pour effet de promouvoir la
dignité des personnes qui ne pouvaient « choisir » de cohabiter </u>»<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[nos soulignés]<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn152" name="_ftnref152" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn152;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[152]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dans cet arrêt, les juges Bastarache
(pour la majorité) et l'Heureux-Dubé (dissidente) insistent donc toutes deux
sur le fait que la dignité humaine, dans le cadre du droit à l’égalité, relève
de l’autonomie<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn153" name="_ftnref153" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn153;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[153]</span></span></span></span></a>,
conformément à l'arrêt <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Law c. Canada</i>,
mais divergent quant au « type » de liberté que l’autonomie doit
prioritairement préserver. Le juge Bastarache estime que l'article 15 doit
préserver la liberté négative (la liberté de choix) des conjoints de fait
d'être ou de ne pas être assujetti au régime </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">de partage égal
des biens matrimoniaux</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Au contraire, la juge
l'Heureux-Dubé estime que la liberté négative (la liberté de choix) du conjoint
ou de la conjointe qui désire être assujetti au régime </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">de partage égal
des biens matrimoniaux</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> est, en l'espèce, illusoire</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Par
conséquent, elle estime</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> que la seule manière de préserver
l’autonomie de ces derniers et la seule véritable autonomie que le droit à
l'égalité doit préserver est la liberté positive de ces conjoints de fait qui
désirent un </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">partage égal des biens matrimoniaux sans lequel ils </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">risquent
d’être exploités</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. </span><br />
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dans
l'arrêt Gosselin, la Cour s'est penchée sur la constitutionnalité du </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Règlement sur l'aide sociale</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> de 1984 qui
fixait le montant des prestations de base payables aux personnes de moins de 30
ans au tiers de celui des prestations de base versées aux 30 ans et plus. En
participant à un programme de formation et de stage en milieu de travail, les
bénéficiaires de moins de 30 ans étaient en mesure de hausser leurs prestations
à une somme égale ou inférieure de 100$ aux prestations de base versées aux
personnes de plus de 30 ans</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn154" name="_ftnref154" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn154;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[154]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>En fondant son analyse sur le droit à
l'égalité garanti par l'article 15 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte
canadienne</i>, la juge en chef McLachlin (pour la majorité) est d'avis que ce
règlement qui établit une distinction législative fondée sur l'âge</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn155" name="_ftnref155" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn155;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[155]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> et qui
force les prestataires de moins de 30 ans à vivre avec une prestation de 170$
par mois, un montant en deçà du niveau de subsistance minimal fixé par le
gouvernement du Québec</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn156" name="_ftnref156" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn156;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[156]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, n'est
pas discriminatoire du point de vue de la norme subjective-objective</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn157" name="_ftnref157" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn157;" title=""><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[157]</span></span></span></a></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">
puisqu'il a pour objet et pour effet non pas de miner</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn158" name="_ftnref158" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn158;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[158]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, mais de
renforcer la dignité humaine</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn159" name="_ftnref159" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn159;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[159]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
En l'espèce, la juge en chef applique la conception de la dignité humaine,
énoncée dans l'arrêt <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Law c. Canada<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn160" name="_ftnref160" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn160;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[160]</span></b></span></span></span></a></i>, selon laquelle </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">tous les
Canadiens sont d'égales valeurs et des membres égaux de la société canadienne
qui méritent, par conséquent, « le même intérêt, le même respect et la même
considération »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn161" name="_ftnref161" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn161;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[161]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Suite à
l'analyse des quatre facteurs contextuels énoncés dans l'arrêt <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Law c. Canada</i>, elle est d'avis que le
régime d'aide sociale, par son objet ou son effet, n'a pas porté atteinte à la
dignité humaine des personnes de moins de 30 ans</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn162" name="_ftnref162" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn162;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[162]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. En
effet, elle rappelle que l'on ne doit pas assimiler traitement égal à
traitement identique et que l'égalité réelle peut parfois exiger de faire des
distinctions</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn163" name="_ftnref163" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn163;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[163]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Selon
la juge, les bénéficiaires de moins de 30 ans n'ont pas été traitées comme des
personnes de moindre valeur que les bénéficiaires de plus de 30 ans du seul
fait que le gouvernement a introduit une distinction formelle dans le régime</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn164" name="_ftnref164" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn164;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[164]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> et
assujetti le versement de prestations accrues à leurs participation à des
programmes conçus expressément pour les intégrer dans la population active et
promouvoir leur autonomie à long terme</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn165" name="_ftnref165" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn165;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[165]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Dans
l'analyse du critère de dignité humaine, la juge en chef insiste sur
l'importance d'examiner l'objet du régime autant que son effet</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn166" name="_ftnref166" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn166;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[166]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Elle </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">rappelle
donc l'importance « </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">d’examiner l’intention du législateur pour déterminer
si le régime porte atteinte à la dignité humaine »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn167" name="_ftnref167" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn167;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[167]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
et affirme que « </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">logiquement, si un texte législatif est conçu pour
promouvoir l’autonomie et l’indépendance à long terme de la demanderesse, une
personne raisonnable placée dans la situation de la demanderesse aura moins
tendance à le considérer attentatoire à sa dignité humaine inhérente »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn168" name="_ftnref168" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn168;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[168]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">En
effet, selon la conception de la dignité humaine élaborée dans l'arrêt <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Law c. Canada</i>, la dignité humaine relève
notamment de la prise en main personnelle<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn169" name="_ftnref169" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn169;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[169]</span></span></span></span></a>.
La juge en chef rappelle ainsi le lien étroit qui unit la dignité humaine et
l'autonomie<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn170" name="_ftnref170" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn170;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[170]</span></span></span></span></a>. Elle soutient que
l'objet du régime est de répondre au besoin d'autonomie financière à long terme
des personnes de moins de 30 ans en leur permettant</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> d’acquérir une
formation et une expérience de travail dont ils auront besoin pour devenir
autonomes et pour réussir à s’intégrer dans la population active</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn171" name="_ftnref171" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn171;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[171]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. La
dépendance à l'aide sociale constitue selon elle un mal en ce qu'il accroît la
difficulté à s’intégrer dans la population active et peut contribuer à créer le
cercle vicieux de l’incapacité à trouver du travail</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn172" name="_ftnref172" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn172;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[172]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Quant à
l'effet du régime, la juge est d'avis que le régime a répondu au besoin à court
terme des personnes de moins de 30 ans d'être protégées de l'extrême pauvreté</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn173" name="_ftnref173" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn173;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[173]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> puisque
rien, dans le dossier, n'indique qu'un bénéficiaire de moins 30 ans désirant
participer à un programme de formation et de stage en milieu de travail afin
d'accroître le montant de sa prestation de base n'y était empêché</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn174" name="_ftnref174" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn174;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[174]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Elle
conclut, par conséquent, qu'il n’a pas été établi que le régime ne
correspondait pas aux besoins et à la situation des bénéficiaires d’aide
sociale de moins de 30 ans, que ce soit à court ou à long terme, ni qu’une
personne raisonnable placée dans la même situation aurait eu le sentiment que
les efforts déployés par le gouvernement pour lui offrir une formation au lieu
d’une simple allocation mensuelle portaient atteinte à sa dignité humaine ou la
traitaient avec moins de respect</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn175" name="_ftnref175" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn175;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[175]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">.
Conformément au facteur de correspondance élaboré dans l'arrêt <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Law c. Canada</i>, une « disposition
législative qui prend en compte les besoins, les capacités ou la situation
véritable du demandeur (...) d’une façon qui respecte leur valeur en tant
qu’êtres humains et que membres de la société canadienne, sera moins
susceptible d’avoir un effet négatif sur la dignité humaine »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn176" name="_ftnref176" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn176;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[176]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tout en insistant sur l'absence de preuve
concrète à l'effet que le régime aurait confiné l’appelante et ses semblables à
la pauvreté extrême</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn177" name="_ftnref177" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn177;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[177]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, la juge
en chef admet néanmoins qu'il est possible que certains bénéficiaires de moins
de 30 ans aient été victimes des lacunes du système et aient souffert de
pauvreté</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn178" name="_ftnref178" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn178;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[178]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, mais
soutient que cela ne suffit pas à en déduire que le régime ne correspondait pas
aux besoins réels des moins de 30 ans</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn179" name="_ftnref179" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn179;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[179]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Elle
insiste sur le fait que le but du régime est d’améliorer à long terme la
situation des personnes de moins de 30 ans en leur donnant l’occasion
d’acquérir une formation et une expérience de travail dont ils auront besoin
pour réussir à s’intégrer dans la population active et à devenir autonomes</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn180" name="_ftnref180" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn180;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[180]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. À long
terme, le régime vise donc à renforcer leur besoin d'autonomie financière et la
dignité humaine</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn181" name="_ftnref181" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn181;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[181]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">,
c'est-à-dire leur capacité de se prendre en main, de subvenir eux-mêmes à leurs
propres besoins à long terme et de prendre en charge leur propre destinée</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn182" name="_ftnref182" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn182;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[182]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Dans
son raisonnement sur la dignité humaine et sur le droit à un égal respect et à
une égale considération, la McLachlin (pour la majorité) reconnaît qu'il est
possible que le régime d'aide sociale ait, à court terme, exposé certains
bénéficiaires de moins de 30 ans à la pauvreté</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn183" name="_ftnref183" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn183;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[183]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, mais
insiste sur l'objet ou le but du régime à long terme et sur l'importance de
promouvoir la liberté négative </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">de ces personnes qui auront
éventuellement à subvenir à leurs propres besoins et à devenir autonome
financièrement<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn184" name="_ftnref184" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn184;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[184]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">La
juge l'Heureux-Dubé (dissidente) soutient, au contraire, que la distinction
législative faite entre les personnes de moins de 30 ans et de plus de 30 ans
relativement aux montants de prestation d'aide sociale est discriminatoire et
contraire à la dignité humaine selon la </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">norme subjective-objective</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn185" name="_ftnref185" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn185;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[185]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.
Elle reproche aux juges de la majorité d'avoir accordé trop d'importance à
l'intention du législateur et à l'objet du Règlement et pas suffisamment à ses
effets concrets<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn186" name="_ftnref186" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn186;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[186]</span></span></span></span></a>.
Étant donné </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">que les personnes de moins de 30 ans admissibles à
participer aux programmes n’ont pas pu, dans une proportion de 88,8%, hausser
le montant de leurs prestations au niveau de celles des 30 ans et plus,</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
le régime a eu pour effet de forcer une majorité de personnes de moins de 30
ans à vivre dans la pauvreté<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn187" name="_ftnref187" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn187;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[187]</span></span></span></span></a>
avec </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">une prestation dont le montant se situe en deçà du niveau de subsistance
minimal fixé par le gouvernement du Québec</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn188" name="_ftnref188" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn188;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[188]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Il
existait également un délai, entre la fin d'un programme et le début d'un
autre, pendant lequel les bénéficiaires de moins de 30 ans ne pouvaient
recevoir que la prestation de base réduite de l’aide sociale et étaient, par
conséquent, exposés à une extrême pauvreté</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn189" name="_ftnref189" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn189;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[189]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. En
menaçant sérieusement leur intégrité physique et psychologique et en les
exposant à une grande pauvreté, cette</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> distinction
législative ne tient pas compte de leurs besoins à court terme<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn190" name="_ftnref190" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn190;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[190]</span></span></span></span></a>
et a pour effet d'exclure ces personnes d'une pleine participation à la société
canadienne<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn191" name="_ftnref191" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn191;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[191]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> Or, selon </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">la
conception de la dignité humaine énoncée dans l'arrêt <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Law c. Canada</i>, tous les Canadiens sont des membres égaux de la
société canadienne<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn192" name="_ftnref192" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn192;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[192]</span></span></span></span></a>,
ont droit à une pleine participation à la société canadienne<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn193" name="_ftnref193" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn193;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[193]</span></span></span></span></a>
et méritent le même intérêt, le même respect et la même considération<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn194" name="_ftnref194" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn194;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[194]</span></span></span></span></a>.
La dignité humaine est donc </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">bafouée par des lois qui ne tiennent pas compte des
besoins à court ou à long terme des personnes</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn195" name="_ftnref195" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn195;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[195]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> ou qui
les empêchent de participer pleinement à la société</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn196" name="_ftnref196" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn196;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[196]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. De
plus, la dignité humaine ne </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">relève pas seulement de la prise en
main personnelle, mais également de l'intégrité physique et psychologique<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn197" name="_ftnref197" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn197;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[197]</span></span></span></span></a>.
Or cette distinction législative qui force une majorité de personnes de moins
de 30 ans à vivre dans la pauvreté porte atteinte à leur intégrité physique et
psychologique et, par conséquent, à leur dignité humaine<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn198" name="_ftnref198" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn198;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[198]</span></span></span></span></a>
en minant le respect de soi et en </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">transmettant l’idée que ces personnes ne sont pas des
membres à part entière de la société canadienne</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn199" name="_ftnref199" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn199;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[199]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.
</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Dans son raisonnement portant sur la dignité humaine et sur le droit à un
égal respect et à une égale considération</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, la juge
l'Heureux-Dubé (dissidente) </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">insiste sur les effets préjudiciables à court terme de
la distinction législative et sur l'importance de promouvoir à court terme </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">la
liberté positive des bénéficiaires de moins de 30 ans qui vivent dans une
grande pauvreté et dont l'intégrité physique et psychologique est menacée<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn200" name="_ftnref200" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn200;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[200]</span></span></span></span></a>. </span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dans
cet arrêt, les juges McLachlin (pour la majorité) et l'Heureux-Dubé
(dissidente) insistent donc toutes deux sur le fait que la dignité humaine
relève de l’autonomie<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn201" name="_ftnref201" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn201;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[201]</span></span></span></span></a>,
conformément à l'arrêt <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Law c. Canada</i>,
mais divergent quant au « type » de liberté que l’autonomie doit
prioritairement préserver. Selon les juges majoritaires, la dignité humaine
doit prioritairement viser à restaurer l'autonomie financière à long terme et
la liberté négative des bénéficiaires de moins de 30 ans<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn202" name="_ftnref202" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn202;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[202]</span></span></span></span></a>
alors que selon les juges minoritaires, la dignité humaine doit prioritairement
viser à préserver l'intégrité physique et à assurer la liberté positive à court
terme en garantissant un minimum vital conformément à l'objectif principal du
programme d'aide sociale<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn203" name="_ftnref203" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn203;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[203]</span></span></span></span></a>.
Selon Denise Réaume, l’exclusion d’un groupe de personne à des bénéfices
importants et essentiels à une condition minimale de vie dans la dignité
constitue l’une des trois formes d’atteinte à la dignité humaine (trois formes
d’indignités)<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn204" name="_ftnref204" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn204;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[204]</span></span></span></span></a> compromettant
l’autonomie individuelle<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn205" name="_ftnref205" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn205;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[205]</span></span></span></span></a>.
Le risque sérieux pour les personnes de moins de 30 ans de se retrouver dans la
pauvreté démontrait, selon l’auteure, un manque suffisant de respect pour leur
bien-être pour constituer une atteinte à la dignité humaine<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn206" name="_ftnref206" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn206;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[206]</span></span></span></span></a>. </span><br />
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dans
l'arrêt <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Canadian Foundation for Children</i>,
la Cour s'est penchée sur la constitutionnalité de l'article 43 du <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Code criminel</i> qui prévoit que tout père,
mère ou instituteur est fondé à employer la force pour corriger un élève ou un
enfant confié à ses soins pourvu que la force ne dépasse pas la mesure
raisonnable dans les circonstances<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn207" name="_ftnref207" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn207;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[207]</span></span></span></span></a>.
</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">En fondant son analyse sur le droit à l'égalité garanti par l'article 15 de
la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i>, la juge en chef
McLachlin (pour la majorité) est d'avis que cette disposition qui établit une
distinction législative préjudiciable</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn208" name="_ftnref208" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn208;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[208]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> fondée
sur l'âge</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn209" name="_ftnref209" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn209;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[209]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> n'est
pas discriminatoire et ne porte pas atteinte à la dignité humaine du point de
vue de la norme subjective-objective</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"> <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn210" name="_ftnref210" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn210;" title=""><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[210]</span></span></span></a></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. En
reprenant à son compte les facteurs contextuels énoncés dans l'arrêt <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Law c. Canada</i>, elle reconnaît que les
enfants forment un groupe très vulnérable</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn211" name="_ftnref211" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn211;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[211]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, que le
droit touché, à savoir l'intégrité physique, a une grande importance</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn212" name="_ftnref212" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn212;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[212]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> et que
l’article 43 du <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Code criminel</i> n’a
aucun objet, ni effet d’amélioration eu égard à un groupe plus défavorisé</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn213" name="_ftnref213" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn213;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[213]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">.
Néanmoins, elle rappelle que l'on ne doit pas assimiler traitement égal à
traitement identique et que l'égalité réelle peut parfois exiger de faire des
distinctions</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn214" name="_ftnref214" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn214;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[214]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Elle
est d'avis que dans les cas d'usage de force raisonnable, l’intervention du
droit criminel dans le milieu familial et scolaire des enfants pourrait leur
causer plus de tort que de bien</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn215" name="_ftnref215" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn215;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[215]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Elle
estime donc que l'article 43 du <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Code
criminel</i> permet un moindre mal</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn216" name="_ftnref216" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn216;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[216]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. De
plus, elle soutient que cette disposition répond aux besoins et à la situation
véritable des enfants</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn217" name="_ftnref217" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn217;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[217]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. En
effet, ceux-ci ont besoin d'un milieu familial et scolaire stable et sûr et ont
besoin d'être guidés et disciplinés par leurs parents et leurs instituteurs</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn218" name="_ftnref218" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn218;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[218]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">.
L'article 43 du <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Code criminel</i> répond
à chacun de ces besoins en donnant aux parents et aux instituteurs la capacité
d’éduquer raisonnablement l’enfant sans encourir des sanctions pénales</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn219" name="_ftnref219" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn219;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[219]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Or
conformément au facteur contextuel de correspondance élaboré dans l'arrêt <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Law c. Canada</i>, une « disposition
législative qui prend en compte les besoins, les capacités ou la situation
véritable du demandeur (...) d’une façon qui respecte leur valeur en tant
qu’êtres humains et que membres de la société canadienne, sera moins
susceptible d’avoir un effet négatif sur la dignité humaine »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn220" name="_ftnref220" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn220;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[220]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Par son
objet et par son effet, l'article 43 du <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Code
criminel</i> reconnaît donc, selon les juges de la majorité, les enfants comme
des êtres humains et des membres égaux de la société canadienne méritant le
même intérêt, le même respect et la même considération</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn221" name="_ftnref221" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn221;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[221]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. </span><br />
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Les
juges Binnie et Deschamps (dissidents), en revanche, sont d'avis que l'article
43 du <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Code criminel</i> qui prive les
enfants de la protection du droit criminel contre les voies de fait traite les
enfants comme des êtres humains inférieurs</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn222" name="_ftnref222" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn222;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[222]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, comme
des citoyens de deuxième classe</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn223" name="_ftnref223" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn223;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[223]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> et porte,
par conséquent, atteinte à leur dignité</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn224" name="_ftnref224" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn224;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[224]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. En
effet, si la protection du droit criminel contre les voies de fait est destinée
à protéger l'intégrité physique</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn225" name="_ftnref225" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn225;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[225]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> et que
la dignité humaine relève notamment de l'intégrité physique</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn226" name="_ftnref226" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn226;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[226]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> alors le
retrait de cette protection à une catégorie d'individus en raison de leur âge</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn227" name="_ftnref227" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn227;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[227]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> les
prive d’un avantage (la protection qu’offre le <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Code criminel</i>)</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn228" name="_ftnref228" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn228;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[228]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, met en
cause leur intégrité physique</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn229" name="_ftnref229" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn229;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[229]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> et du
même souffle la dignité humaine</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn230" name="_ftnref230" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn230;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[230]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Comme
le souligne également la juge Deschamps, la Cour n'a pas à se demander si le
châtiment corporel porte ou non atteinte à la dignité des enfants, mais plutôt
si la distinction législative en cause, à savoir le choix du gouvernement de ne
pas criminaliser certaines voies de fait commises contre les enfants, porte
atteinte à leur dignité</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn231" name="_ftnref231" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn231;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[231]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Selon
la juge Deschamps, notre droit d'être protégé contre les voies de fait procède
de notre statut d'êtres humains</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn232" name="_ftnref232" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn232;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[232]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Par
conséquent, les enfants en tant qu'être humain sont dignes de la même
reconnaissance et de la même protection</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn233" name="_ftnref233" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn233;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[233]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Or en
privant les enfants de la protection contre les voies de fait, l'article 43 du <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Code criminel</i> perpétue l'idée que les
enfants sont des possessions plutôt que des êtres humains</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn234" name="_ftnref234" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn234;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[234]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, qu'ils
sont d'un statut inférieur</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn235" name="_ftnref235" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn235;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[235]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> et
qu'ils ne méritent pas la même protection et le même respect de leur intégrité
physique que les autres personnes</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn236" name="_ftnref236" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn236;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[236]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Quant
au juge Binnie (dissident), il estime, comme les juges de la majorité, que
trois des quatre facteurs contextuels mènent à une conclusion de discrimination</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn237" name="_ftnref237" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn237;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[237]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. De plus,
il estime que le facteur de correspondance, sur lequel repose la décision des
juges de la majorité, pose problème parce qu’il peut empiéter sur l’article
premier</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn238" name="_ftnref238" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn238;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[238]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Il
soutient, en effet, que les juges de la majorité ont erré en introduisant dans
l’analyse de l’article 15 des considérations (comme l’objectif légitime)
relevant plutôt de la justification en vertu de l’article premier</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn239" name="_ftnref239" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn239;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[239]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Selon
lui, le facteur de correspondance milite en faveur d’une conclusion de
discrimination, car un enfant a autant « besoin » qu’un adulte que le <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Code criminel</i> protège son intégrité
physique</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn240" name="_ftnref240" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn240;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[240]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Il affirme :</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">“<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Peu de choses portent davantage atteinte à la dignité et bafouent
davantage les valeurs fondamentales que de priver une personne de la protection
complète que lui accorde le <i>Code criminel </i>contre toute atteinte
délibérée, impliquant l’emploi de la force et non désirée à son intégrité
physique</u></b>”</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[nos soulignés]</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn241" name="_ftnref241" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn241;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[241]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Bien que la juge McLachlin (pour la majorité) soutient
que l'article 43 du <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Code criminel</i>
répond aux besoins des enfants et non aux besoins des parents, l'effet de
l'article 43 est de protéger les parents et non l'enfant</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn242" name="_ftnref242" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn242;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[242]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Par
conséquent, la juge McLachlin met, en réalité, davantage l'emphase sur la
dignité humaine des parents que sur celle des enfants qui font l'objet de la
distinction législative. Finalement, il souligne que l'exigence de la dignité,
dans le cadre de l'analyse du droit à l'égalité, « ne doit pas devenir un
facteur indirect imprévisible assez puissant pour écarter à lui seul la
protection que le <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Code criminel</i>
offrirait autrement »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn243" name="_ftnref243" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn243;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[243]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">.</span><br />
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dans
cet arrêt, tous les juges sont d’opinion que trois des quatre facteurs
contextuels mènent à une conclusion de discrimination. Cependant, ils divergent
d’opinion quant au facteur de correspondance. La juge </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">McLachlin (pour
la majorité) estime que l’article 43 du <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Code
criminel</i> répond aux besoins des enfants. Ceux-ci ont besoin d'un milieu
familial et scolaire stable et sûr et ont besoin d'être guidés et disciplinés
par leurs parents et leurs instituteurs. Or l'article 43 du <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Code criminel</i> répond à chacun de ces
besoins en donnant aux parents et aux instituteurs la capacité d’éduquer
raisonnablement l’enfant sans encourir des sanctions pénales. En revanche, les
juges dissidents estiment, au contraire, que les enfants ont besoin de la même
protection de leur intégrité physique par le <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Code criminel</i> que les adultes. Ils soulignent, conformément à
l’arrêt <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Law c. Canada</i>, que la dignité
humaine relève notamment de l’intégrité physique.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">2.1.3.2 Le droit
à la dignité</span></b></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Contrairement à la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i> qui n'érige pas la
dignité au rang de droit individuel</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn244" name="_ftnref244" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn244;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[244]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">,
la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte québécoise</i> garantit, à son
article 4, un « droit à la sauvegarde de sa dignité ». La notion de dignité
employée à l'article 4 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte
québécoise</i> est identique à celle employée dans son préambule à la
différence que le droit à la sauvegarde de sa dignité consacré à l'article 4
est susceptible de judiciarisation en vertu de l'art.49</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn245" name="_ftnref245" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn245;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[245]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">.
Le sens et le contenu du droit à la sauvegarde de sa dignité ont été précisés
pour la première fois en 1996 par la Cour suprême du Canada dans l'arrêt <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Québec (Curateur public) c. Syndicat des
employés de l’Hôpital St-Ferdinand</i> (1996). Selon la Cour, la dignité
signifie que « chaque être humain possède une valeur intrinsèque qui le rend
digne de respect »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn246" name="_ftnref246" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn246;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[246]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">.
Elle commande à la fois un respect des autres et un respect de soi</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn247" name="_ftnref247" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn247;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[247]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">.
Le droit à la sauvegarde de sa dignité, qualifié par le tribunal des droits de
la personne du Québec comme </span><span class="verdana"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">« l'assise des relations humaines sans lesquelles le chaos s'installe »</span></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn248" name="_ftnref248" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn248;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[248]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="verdana"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">, vise donc</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">
« les atteintes aux attributs fondamentaux de l'être humain qui contreviennent
au respect auquel toute personne a droit du seul fait qu'elle est un être
humain et au respect qu’elle se doit à elle-même »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn249" name="_ftnref249" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn249;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[249]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">.
Étant entendu que ce droit vise les atteintes aux attributs fondamentaux de
l'être humain, il apparaît particulièrement clair que ce droit est réservé aux
seules personnes physiques à l'exclusion des personnes morales</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn250" name="_ftnref250" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn250;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[250]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">.
Ce droit commande </span><span class="verdana"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">le
respect de l'intégrité physique et psychologique</span></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn251" name="_ftnref251" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn251;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[251]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="verdana"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> et exige que chacun soit traité « </span></span><span class="italic"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">avec pudeur, avec égards, avec déférence</span></span><span class="verdana"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> »</span></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn252" name="_ftnref252" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn252;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[252]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="verdana"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">.</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> Une atteinte à la dignité
même temporaire suffit à engager l'article 4</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn253" name="_ftnref253" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn253;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[253]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">.
De plus, comme l'article 4 commande « une appréciation objective de la dignité
», la perception subjective ou la conception qu'une personne se fait de sa
propre dignité n'est pas pertinente aux fins de l'analyse</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn254" name="_ftnref254" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn254;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[254]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">.
Par conséquent, toutes personnes incluant celles qui n'ont plus conscience
d'elles-mêmes et de leur propre dignité, notamment les personnes gravement
handicapées mentales et les personnes âgées en perte d'autonomie, demeurent
protégées par l'article 4</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn255" name="_ftnref255" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn255;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[255]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">.
La dignité définie dans ce sens universaliste</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn256" name="_ftnref256" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn256;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[256]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">
est donc étroitement liée à la valeur d'égalité</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn257" name="_ftnref257" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn257;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[257]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">.
Selon Denise Réaume, cette forme de respect élémentaire de la dignité humaine
qui vise à protéger l’intégrité et les besoins essentiels de toutes les
personnes humaines, quelles que soient leurs capacités, est essentielle à toute
conception de la dignité humaine</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn258" name="_ftnref258" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn258;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[258]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">.
Ont été considérés comme des atteintes au droit à la sauvegarde de sa dignité
par les tribunaux : une atteinte au droit de ne pas subir de harcèlement</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn259" name="_ftnref259" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn259;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[259]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">,
l'abus de confiance</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn260" name="_ftnref260" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn260;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[260]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">,
l'humiliation causée par une détention injustifiée</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn261" name="_ftnref261" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn261;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[261]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">,
la privation de soins ou de services médicaux normalement dispensés</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn262" name="_ftnref262" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn262;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[262]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">,
des soins médicaux inappropriés</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn263" name="_ftnref263" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn263;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[263]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">,
le manque de respect, le mépris et le traitement dégradant</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn264" name="_ftnref264" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn264;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[264]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">,
des attouchements sexuels</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn265" name="_ftnref265" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn265;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[265]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">,
le </span><span class="verdana"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">profilage racial, et
l'investigation abusives par un policier</span></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn266" name="_ftnref266" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn266;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[266]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="verdana"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">, le refus d'une ville d'intégrer un enfant
handicapé dans un camp de jour régulier</span></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn267" name="_ftnref267" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn267;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[267]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="verdana"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> et l'exploitation (économique, financière ou
matérielle, physique, psychologique, sociale ou morale) d'une personne âgée</span></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn268" name="_ftnref268" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn268;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[268]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="verdana"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">.</span></span>
</div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<b><br clear="all" /></b>
<b>Éric Folot, Avocat et Bioéthicien</b><br />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Sandra Fredman,
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Comparative study of anti-discrimination
and equality laws of the US, Canada, South Africa and India</i>, </span><span lang="FR" style="color: #1a181c; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Luxembourg, Office for Official Publications of the
European Communities, 2012</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> à la p.51.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Kapp, [2008] 2 R.C.S. 483 au para.14, j. McLachlin et Abella (pour la
majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Andrews c. Law Society of British Columbia, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1989] 1 R.C.S. 143 au para.25, j.McIntyre (dissident en partie). Bien
que l'article 15 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i>
ne soit pas une garantie générale de justice sociale, le paragraphe 15(2)
cherche à promouvoir plus de justice sociale indispensable à la dignité humaine
: Mark A. Drumbl and John D. R. Craig, « Affirmative action in question : a
coherent theory for section 15(2) » (1997) 4:1 Review of Constitutional Studies
80 aux pp.80, 115 et 11 ; </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Michel Bastarache, « Does affirmative action
have a future as an instrument of social justice ? » (1997-1998) 29:2 Ottawa
Law Review 497 à la p.502 ;</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Daniel Proulx, « Les droits à l'égalité revus et corrigés par la Cour
suprême du Canada dans l'arrêt Law : un pas en avant ou un pas en arrière ? »
(2001) 61 R. du B. 185 à la p.269. De plus, l'article 36 de la partie III de la
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Loi constitutionnelle de 1982</i>
promouvoit l'égalité des chances et garantit par des paiements de péréquation
un accès à tous à des services publics de qualité.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Andrews c. Law Society of British Columbia, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1989] 1 R.C.S. 143 au para.25, j.McIntyre (dissident en partie).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Andrews c. Law Society of British Columbia, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1989] 1 R.C.S. 143 au para.38, j.McIntyre (dissident en partie) ; </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Turpin,
[1989] 1 R.C.S. 1296 au para.46, j. Wilson (pour la Cour).</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Andrews c. Law Society of British Columbia, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1989] 1 R.C.S. 143 au para.27-34, j.McIntyre (dissident en partie). </span>Voir
aussi Rodriguez c. Colombie-Britannique (Procureur général), <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1993] 3 R.C.S. 519 au para.38, j. Lamer
(dissident).</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Andrews c. Law Society of British Columbia, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1989] 1 R.C.S. 143 au para.27, j.McIntyre (dissident en partie) ; </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Denise G.
Réaume, « Discrimination and dignity » (2002-2003) 63 La. L. Rev. 645 à la
p.648 ;</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Errol P. Mendes, « Taking
equality into the 21st Century : Establishing the concept of equal human
dignity » (2000-2001) 12 National Journal of Constitutional Law 3 aux pp.5-6 ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Gary Moon et
Robin Allen, « Dignity discourse in discrimination law : a better route to
equality ? » (2006) </span><span class="st"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">6
European Human Rights L. Rev. 610 aux pp.634-635.</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Ce critère a été rejeté dans l'arrêt Andrews : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Turpin,
[1989] 1 R.C.S. 1296 au para.46, j. Wilson (pour la Cour).</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Andrews c. Law Society of British Columbia, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1989] 1 R.C.S. 143 au para.27, j.McIntyre (dissident en partie).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Andrews c. Law Society of British Columbia, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1989] 1 R.C.S. 143 au para.27, j.McIntyre (dissident en partie) ; </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Aristote, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Éthique de Nicomaque</i>, trad. par Jean
Volquin, Paris, Flammarion, 1992 à la p.142 (V, III) </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Orlando Patterson, «
Beyond Compassion : Selfish reasons for being unselfish » (2002) 131:1
Daedalus<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>26 à la p.27.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Andrews c. Law Society of British Columbia, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1989] 1 R.C.S. 143 au para.34, j.McIntyre (dissident en partie). Voir
aussi </span>Eldridge <b>c</b>. Colombie-Britannique (Procureur général),
[1997] 3 R.C.S. 624 au para.61, j. La Forest (pour la Cour) ; R. c. Kapp,
[2008] 2 R.C.S. 483 au para.15 et 27, j. McLachlin et Abella (pour la
majorité). Voir aussi </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">The Honourable Claire l’Heureux-Dubé, « The search for equality : a
human rights issue » (1999-2000) 25 Queen's L.J. 401 à la p.403-404 ; Catharine
A. Mackinnon, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sex equality</i>, 2<sup>nd</sup>
ed., </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">New York, Foundation Press, 2007 aux
pp.4-12 ;</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Ronald Dworkin, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">A Matter of Principle</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1985</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> à la p.190.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Andrews c. Law Society of British Columbia, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1989] 1 R.C.S. 143 au para.28, j.McIntyre (dissident en partie) ; Errol
P. Mendes, « Taking equality into the 21st Century : Establishing the concept
of equal human dignity » (2000-2001) 12 National Journal of Constitutional Law
3 aux pp.5-6. Voir aussi </span>John Rawls, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Théorie
de la justice</i>, trad. par Catherine Audard, Paris, Éditions du Seuil, 1997 à
la p.546 (ch.77).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Andrews c. Law Society of British Columbia, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1989] 1 R.C.S. 143 au para.26 et 34, j.McIntyre (dissident en partie).
Voir aussi </span>Eldridge <b>c</b>. Colombie-Britannique (Procureur général),
[1997] 3 R.C.S. 624 au para.62, j. La Forest (pour la Cour).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Andrews c. Law Society of British Columbia, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1989] 1 R.C.S. 143 au para.26, j.McIntyre (dissident en partie</span>) ;
Vriend <b>c</b>. Alberta, [1998] 1 R.C.S. 493 au para.76, j. Cory (pour la
majorité) ; Canadian Foundation for Children, Youth and the Law c. Canada
(Procureur général), [2004] 1 R.C.S. 76 au para.51, j. McLachlin (pour la
majorité) ; R. c. Kapp, [2008] 2 R.C.S. 483 au para.15, 27-28, j. McLachlin et
Abella (pour la majorité) ; Withler c. Canada (Procureur général), 2011 CSC 12,
[2011] 1 R.C.S. 396 au para.31, j. McLachlin et Abella (pour la majorité). Voir
aussi <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Catharine A. Mackinnon, «
Substantive equality : a perspective » (2011-2012) </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">96 Minn. L. Rev. 1 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">à la p.10.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Pour une
définition de l’égalité réelle, voir Withler c. Canada (Procureur général),
2011 CSC 12, [2011] 1 R.C.S. 396 au para.39, j. McLachlin et Abella (pour la
majorité).</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Andrews c. Law Society of British Columbia, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1989] 1 R.C.S. 143 au para.31, j.McIntyre (dissident en partie)</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn15" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[15]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Corbiere <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">c</span>. Canada (Ministre
des Affaires indiennes et du Nord canadien), [1999] 2 R.C.S. 203 au para.19, j.
McLachlin et Bastarache (pour la majorité) ; Canadian Foundation for Children,
Youth and the Law c. Canada (Procureur général), [2004] 1 R.C.S. 76 au para.232
j. Deschamps (dissidente).</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn16" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[16]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Gosselin <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">c</span>. Québec
(Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au para.20 et 22, j. McLachlin (pour
la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn17" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[17]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Ogg-Moss, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1984] 2 R.C.S. 173
au para.23 et 33, j. Dickson (pour la Cour) ; </span>Auton (Tutrice à
l’instance de) <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">c</span>.
Colombie-Britannique (Procureur général), [2004] 3 R.C.S. 657 au para.63, j.
McLachlin (pour la Cour) ; Canadian Foundation for Children, Youth and the Law
c. Canada (Procureur général), [2004] 1 R.C.S. 76 au para.71-72, 106-107, 109
j. Binnie (dissident) ; Canadian Foundation for Children, Youth and the Law c.
Canada (Procureur général), [2004] 1 R.C.S. 76 au para.226 et 231, j. Deschamps
(dissidente).</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn18" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[18]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Corbiere <b>c</b>. Canada (Ministre des Affaires indiennes et du Nord
canadien), [1999] 2 R.C.S. 203 au para.18, j. McLachlin et Bastarache (pour la
majorité).</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn19" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[19]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Granovsky <b>c</b>. Canada (Ministre de l’ Emploi et de l’Immigration),
[2000] 1 R.C.S. 703 au para.29, j. Binnie (pour la Cour). </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn20" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[20]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Lovelace <b>c</b>. Ontario, [2000] 1 R.C.S. 950 au para.60, j. Iacobucci
(pour la Cour).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn21" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[21]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Andrews c. Law Society of British Columbia, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1989] 1 R.C.S. 143 au para.27-34, j.McIntyre (dissident en partie) ; </span>Eldridge
<b>c</b>. Colombie-Britannique (Procureur général), [1997] 3 R.C.S. 624 au
para.61, j. La Forest (pour la Cour) ; <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>Vriend <b>c</b>. Alberta, [1998] 1
R.C.S. 493 au para.83, j. Cory (pour la majorité) ; Winko <b>c</b>.
Colombie-Britannique (Forensic Psychiatric Institute), [1999] 2 R.C.S. 625 au
para.83, j. McLachlin (pour la majorité) ; Law <b>c</b>. Canada (Ministre de
l’Emploi et de l’Immigration), [1999] 1 R.C.S. 497 au para.25, j. Iacobucci
(pour la Cour) ; Gosselin <b>c</b>. Québec (Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S.
429 au para.22, j. McLachlin (pour la majorité) ; Lavoie <b>c</b>. Canada,
[2002] 1 R.C.S. 769 au para.43, j. Bastarache (pour la majorité) ; Hodge c.
Canada (Ministre du Développement des ressources humaines), [2004] 3 R.C.S. 357
au para.25, j. Binnie (pour la Cour) ; R. c. Kapp, [2008] 2 R.C.S. 483 au
para.16, 20 et 24, j. McLachlin et Abella (pour la majorité) ; Alberta
(Affaires autochtones et développement du Nord) c. Cunningham, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[2011] 2 R.C.S. 670 au para.38, j. McLachlin
(pour la Cour).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn22" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[22]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> R. c. Turpin,
[1989] 1 R.C.S. 1296 au para.45-46, j. Wilson (pour la Cour). Voir aussi </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Catharine A. Mackinnon, « Substantive
equality : a perspective » (2011-2012) </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">96 Minn. L. Rev. 1 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">à la p.11.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn23" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[23]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Andrews c. Law Society of British Columbia, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1989] 1 R.C.S. 143 au para.31, j.McIntyre (dissident en partie) ; </span>Weatherall
c . Canada (Procureur général), <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1993]
2 R.C.S. 872 au para.6, j. La Forest (pour la Cour) ; </span>Eaton c. Conseil
scolaire du comté de Brant, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1997] 1
R.C.S. 241 au para.66, j. Sopinka (pour la majorité) ; </span>Eldridge <b>c</b>.
Colombie-Britannique (Procureur général), [1997] 3 R.C.S. 624 au para.77-79, j.
La Forest (pour la Cour) ; Winko <b>c</b>. Colombie-Britannique (Forensic
Psychiatric Institute), [1999] 2 R.C.S. 625 au para.83, j. McLachlin (pour la
majorité) ; Lovelace <b>c</b>. Ontario, [2000] 1 R.C.S. 950 au para.60, j.
Iacobucci (pour la Cour) ; Gosselin <b>c</b>. Québec (Procureur général),
[2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au para.21, j. McLachlin (pour la majorité) ;<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span>R. c. Kapp, [2008] 2 R.C.S. 483 au
para.15, j. McLachlin et Abella (pour la majorité). Voir aussi Ronald Dworkin, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">A
Matter of Principle</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, Cambridge,
Harvard University Press, 1985</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> à la p.190.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn24" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[24]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Law <b>c</b>. Canada (Ministre de l’Emploi et de l’Immigration), [1999] 1
R.C.S. 497 aux paras.28, j. Iacobucci (pour la Cour).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn25" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[25]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Lovelace <b>c</b>. Ontario, [2000] 1 R.C.S. 950 au para.60, j. Iacobucci
(pour la Cour).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn26" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[26]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Michel
Bastarache, « Does affirmative action have a future as an instrument of social
justice ? » (1997-1998) 29:2 Ottawa Law Review 497 à la p.499 ; Claire
Archbold, « The incorporation of civic and social rights in domestic law » in
Jean-Marc Coicaud, Michael W. Doyle and Anne-Marie Gardner, dir., </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">The
Globalization of Human Rights</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">,
Tokyo, United Nations University Press, 2003 à la p.75.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn27" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[27]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Andrews c. Law Society of British Columbia, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1989] 1 R.C.S. 143 au para.34, j.McIntyre (dissident en partie) ; </span>Andrews
c. Law Society of British Columbia, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1989]
1 R.C.S. 143 au para.8, j.Wilson (pour la majorité) ; </span>Law <b>c</b>.
Canada (Ministre de l’Emploi et de l’Immigration), [1999] 1 R.C.S. 497 aux
paras.28 et 51, j. Iacobucci (pour la Cour) ; Lovelace <b>c</b>. Ontario,
[2000] 1 R.C.S. 950 au para.60, j. Iacobucci (pour la Cour) ;<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span>Gosselin <b>c</b>. Québec (Procureur
général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au para.21, j. McLachlin (pour la majorité). </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn28" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[28]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Andrews c. Law Society of British Columbia, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1989] 1 R.C.S. 143 au para.34, j.McIntyre (dissident en partie).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn29" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[29]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Andrews c. Law Society of British Columbia, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1989] 1 R.C.S. 143 au para.31, j.McIntyre (dissident en partie) ; </span>Granovsky
<b>c</b>. Canada (Ministre de l’ Emploi et de l’Immigration), [2000] 1 R.C.S.
703 au para.74, j. Binnie (pour la Cour).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn30" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref30" name="_ftn30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[30]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Egan c. Canada, [1995] 2 R.C.S. 513 au para.39-40, j. l'Heureux-Dubé
(dissidente) ; Eldridge <b>c</b>. Colombie-Britannique (Procureur général),
[1997] 3 R.C.S. 624 au para.54, j. La Forest (pour la Cour).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn31" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref31" name="_ftn31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[31]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Andrews c. Law Society of British Columbia, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1989] 1 R.C.S. 143 au para.34, j.McIntyre (dissident en partie) ; </span>Eldridge
<b>c</b>. Colombie-Britannique (Procureur général), [1997] 3 R.C.S. 624 au
para.54, j. La Forest (pour la Cour) ; Law <b>c</b>. Canada (Ministre de
l’Emploi et de l’Immigration), [1999] 1 R.C.S. 497 au para.51, j. Iacobucci
(pour la Cour) ; R. c. Kapp, [2008] 2 R.C.S. 483 au para.15, j. McLachlin et
Abella (pour la majorité).</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn32" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref32" name="_ftn32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[32]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Andrews c. Law Society of British Columbia, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1989] 1 R.C.S. 143 au para.26 et 37, j.McIntyre (dissident en partie) </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">;</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> R. c. Kapp, [2008] 2 R.C.S. 483 au para.15, j. McLachlin et Abella (pour
la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn33" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref33" name="_ftn33" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[33]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Andrews c. Law Society of British Columbia, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1989] 1 R.C.S. 143 au para.26 et 37, j.McIntyre (dissident en partie) </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">;</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Kapp, [2008] 2
R.C.S. 483 au para.15, j. McLachlin et Abella (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn34" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref34" name="_ftn34" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[34]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Eldridge <b>c</b>. Colombie-Britannique (Procureur général), [1997] 3
R.C.S. 624 au para.62, j. La Forest (pour la Cour)</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn35" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref35" name="_ftn35" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[35]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Sur la
définition de discrimination, voir </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Andrews c. Law Society
of British Columbia, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1989] 1 R.C.S.
143 au para.37, j.McIntyre (dissident en partie) ; </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Turpin, [1989] 1
R.C.S. 1296 au para.44, j. Wilson (pour la Cour) ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Québec (Commission des droits de la personne et des droits de la jeunesse) <b>c</b>.
Montréal (Ville); Québec (Commission des droits de la personne et des droits de
la jeunesse) <b>c.</b> Boisbriand (Ville), [2000] 1 R.C.S. 665 au para.35, j.
l'Heureux-Dubé (pour la Cour) ; R. c. Kapp, [2008] 2 R.C.S. 483 au para.18, j.
McLachlin et Abella (pour la majorité) ; Withler c. Canada (Procureur général),
2011 CSC 12, [2011] 1 R.C.S. 396 au para.29, j. McLachlin et Abella (pour la
majorité). Sur l'analyse en deux étapes de l'arrêt Andrews, voir Law <b>c</b>.
Canada (Ministre de l’Emploi et de l’Immigration), [1999] 1 R.C.S. 497 au
para.32-33, j. Iacobucci (pour la Cour).</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn36" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref36" name="_ftn36" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn36;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[36]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">McKinney c. Université de Guelph, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990]
3 R.C.S. 229 au para.293, j. Wilson (dissidente). Voir aussi au para.88, j. La
Forest (pour la majorité).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn37" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref37" name="_ftn37" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn37;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[37]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Miron c. Trudel, [1995] 2 R.C.S. 418 au para.131, j. McLachlin (pour la
majorité). Voir aussi Benner <b>c</b>. Canada (Secrétaire d’État), [1997] 1
R.C.S. 358 au para.84, j. Iacobucci (pour la Cour).</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn38" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref38" name="_ftn38" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn38;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[38]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Egan c. Canada, [1995] 2 R.C.S. 513 au para.128 et 179, j. Iacobucci et
Cory (dissidents), au para.39, j. l'Heureux-Dubé (dissidente).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn39" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref39" name="_ftn39" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn39;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[39]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Vriend <b>c</b>. Alberta, [1998] 1 R.C.S. 493 au para.67, j. Cory (pour la
majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn40" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref40" name="_ftn40" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn40;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[40]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Law <b>c</b>. Canada (Ministre de l’Emploi et de l’Immigration), [1999] 1
R.C.S. 497 au para.51, j. Iacobucci (pour la Cour). Voir aussi Granovsky <b>c</b>.
Canada (Ministre de l’ Emploi et de l’Immigration), [2000] 1 R.C.S. 703 au
para.56-57, j. Binnie (pour la Cour) ; Lavoie <b>c</b>. Canada, [2002] 1 R.C.S.
769 au para.46, j. Bastarache (pour la majorité) ; Nouvelle-Écosse (Procureur
général) c. Walsh, [2002] 4 R.C.S. 325 au para.62, j. Bastarache (pour la
majorité) ; Gosselin <b>c</b>. Québec (Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429
au para.18, j. McLachlin (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn41" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref41" name="_ftn41" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn41;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[41]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Kapp, [2008] 2 R.C.S. 483 au para.21, j. McLachlin et Abella (pour la
majorité). </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Voir
aussi </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Daniel Proulx, « Le concept de dignité et son usage en
contexte de discrimination : deux Chartes, deux modèles » (2003) R. du B.
(numéro spécial) 485 à la p.505-506.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn42" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref42" name="_ftn42" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn42;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[42]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Pour un compte rendu de ces trois arrêts, voir Benner <b>c</b>. Canada
(Secrétaire d’État), [1997] 1 R.C.S. 358 au para.60-63 et 84, j. Iacobucci
(pour la Cour). Voir aussi Daniel Proulx, « Le concept de dignité et son usage
en contexte de discrimination : deux Chartes, deux modèles » (2003) R. du B.
(numéro spécial) 485 à la p.505. Voir par exemple Miron c. Trudel, [1995] 2
R.C.S. 418 au para.131 et 156, j. McLachlin (pour la majorité). </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn43" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref43" name="_ftn43" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn43;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[43]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Dans l'arrêt Andrews, le demandeur devait démontrer que la loi opère par
son objet ou par son effet une distinction réelle (intentionnelle ou non),
fondée sur un motif énuméré ou analogue et préjudiable (par le fait qu'elle
impose des obligations ou des désavantages non imposés à d'autres ou par le
fait qu'elle prive des bénéfices ou des avantages offerts à d'autres). Voir
Andrews c. Law Society of British Columbia, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1989] 1 R.C.S. 143 au para.37, j.McIntyre (dissident en partie) ;</span>
Law <b>c</b>. Canada (Ministre de l’Emploi et de l’Immigration), [1999] 1
R.C.S. 497 au para.32-33, j. Iacobucci (pour la Cour) ; R. c. Kapp, [2008] 2
R.C.S. 483 au para.18, j. McLachlin et Abella (pour la majorité). </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Voir aussi </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Daniel Proulx, « Le concept de dignité et son usage en contexte de
discrimination : deux Chartes, deux modèles » (2003) R. du B. (numéro spécial)
485 à la p.505.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn44" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref44" name="_ftn44" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn44;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[44]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Law <b>c</b>. Canada (Ministre de l’Emploi et de l’Immigration), [1999] 1
R.C.S. 497 au para.54, 84 et 88 (5), j. Iacobucci (pour la Cour) ; Lovelace <b>c</b>.
Ontario, [2000] 1 R.C.S. 950 au para.54, j. Iacobucci (pour la Cour) ; Lavoie <b>c</b>.
Canada, [2002] 1 R.C.S. 769 au para.38, j. Bastarache (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn45" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref45" name="_ftn45" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn45;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[45]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Law <b>c</b>. Canada (Ministre de l’Emploi et de l’Immigration), [1999] 1
R.C.S. 497 au para.51, 84 et 86, j. Iacobucci (pour la Cour) ; Lovelace <b>c</b>.
Ontario, [2000] 1 R.C.S. 950 au para.54, j. Iacobucci (pour la Cour) ; Granovsky
<b>c</b>. Canada (Ministre de l’ Emploi et de l’Immigration), [2000] 1 R.C.S.
703 au para.57, j. Binnie (pour la Cour).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn46" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref46" name="_ftn46" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn46;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[46]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Law <b>c</b>. Canada (Ministre de l’Emploi et de l’Immigration), [1999] 1
R.C.S. 497 au para.99, j. Iacobucci (pour la Cour) ; Lavoie <b>c</b>. Canada,
[2002] 1 R.C.S. 769 au para.46, j. Bastarache (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn47" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref47" name="_ftn47" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn47;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[47]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Little Sisters Book and Art Emporium c. Canada (Ministre de la Justice),
[2000] 2 R.C.S. 1120 au para.110, j. Binnie (pour la majorité).</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn48" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref48" name="_ftn48" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn48;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[48]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Law <b>c</b>. Canada (Ministre de l’Emploi et de l’Immigration), [1999] 1
R.C.S. 497 au para.84, j. Iacobucci (pour la Cour) ; Gosselin <b>c</b>. Québec
(Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au para.28, j. McLachlin (pour la
majorité). </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Voir
aussi </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Daniel Proulx, « Le concept de dignité et son usage en
contexte de discrimination : deux Chartes, deux modèles » (2003) R. du B.
(numéro spécial) 485 à la p.505.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn49" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref49" name="_ftn49" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn49;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[49]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Law <b>c</b>. Canada (Ministre de l’Emploi et de l’Immigration), [1999] 1
R.C.S. 497 au para.63, j. Iacobucci (pour la Cour). Dans l'arrêt Trociuk c. Colombie-Britannique
(2003), la juge Deschamps (pour la Cour) précise cependant qu'il « n’en résulte
pas que l’absence de désavantage historique ne permet pas de conclure que des
dispositions sont discriminatoires » : Trociuk c. Colombie-Britannique (Procureur
général), [2003] 1 R.C.S. 835 au para.20, j. Deschamps (pour la Cour).</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn50" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref50" name="_ftn50" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn50;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[50]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Law <b>c</b>. Canada (Ministre de l’Emploi et de l’Immigration), [1999] 1
R.C.S. 497 au para.55, 62-75 et 88(9), j. Iacobucci (pour la Cour) ; Gosselin <b>c</b>.
Québec (Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au para.25, j. McLachlin (pour
la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn51" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref51" name="_ftn51" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn51;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[51]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Daniel Proulx, « Les droits à l'égalité revus et
corrigés par la Cour suprême du Canada dans l'arrêt Law : un pas en avant ou un
pas en arrière ? » (2001) 61 R. du B. 185 aux pp.240-255.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn52" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref52" name="_ftn52" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn52;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[52]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Law <b>c</b>. Canada (Ministre de l’Emploi et de l’Immigration), [1999] 1
R.C.S. 497 au para.62, j. Iacobucci (pour la Cour) ; Gosselin <b>c</b>.
Québec (Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au para.29, j. McLachlin (pour
la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn53" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref53" name="_ftn53" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn53;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[53]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Voir par
exemple : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Canadian Foundation for Children, Youth and the Law c.
Canada (Procureur général), [2004] 1 R.C.S. 76 au para.72, j. Binnie
(dissident) ; Gosselin <b>c</b>. Québec (Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S.
429 au para.244, j. Bastarache (dissident).</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn54" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref54" name="_ftn54" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn54;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[54]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Voir la liste
d'auteurs dressée par la Cour : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Kapp, [2008] 2
R.C.S. 483 au para.22, n.1-2, j. McLachlin et Abella (pour la majorité). Voir
notamment Christian Brunelle, « La dignité dans la Charte des droits et
libertés de la personne : de l'ubiquité à l'ambiguïté d'une notion fondamentale
» (2006) Hors-Série R. du B. 143 aux pp.155-158.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn55" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref55" name="_ftn55" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn55;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[55]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Voir la liste
d'auteurs dressée par la Cour : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Kapp, [2008] 2
R.C.S. 483 au para.22, n.1, j. McLachlin et Abella (pour la majorité). La
preuve d'une atteinte à la dignité humaine a été un obstacle fatal dans l'arrêt
Gosselin <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">c</span>. Québec (2002) :
Gosselin <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">c</span>. Québec (Procureur
général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au para.61, 65-66, 68, j. McLachlin (pour la
majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn56" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref56" name="_ftn56" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn56;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[56]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Gosselin <b>c</b>. Québec (Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au
para.244, j. Bastarache (dissident). Voir aussi Daniel Proulx, « La dignité :
élément essentiel de l'égalité ou cheval de Troie » </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">dans Barreau du Québec, Service de la formation continue, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Les 25 ans de la Charte canadienne des
droits et libertés</i>, Éditions Yvon Blais, 2007.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn57" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref57" name="_ftn57" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn57;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[57]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Andrews c. Law Society of British Columbia, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1989] 1 R.C.S. 143 au para.40, j.McIntyre (dissident en partie) ; </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Turpin,
[1989] 1 R.C.S. 1296 au para.40, j. Wilson (pour la Cour) ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Gosselin <b>c</b>. Québec (Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au
para.244, j. Bastarache (dissident). Voir aussi Sauvé c. Canada (Directeur
général des élections), [2002] 3 R.C.S. 519 au para.10, j. McLachlin (pour la
majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn58" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref58" name="_ftn58" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn58;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[58]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Alberta (Affaires autochtones et développement du Nord) c. Cunningham, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[2011] 2 R.C.S. 670 au para.38-48, j.
McLachlin (pour la Cour)</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn59" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref59" name="_ftn59" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn59;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[59]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Kapp, [2008] 2 R.C.S. 483 au para.21, j. McLachlin et Abella (pour la
majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn60" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref60" name="_ftn60" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn60;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[60]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Kapp, [2008] 2 R.C.S. 483 au para.21-22, 24, j. McLachlin et Abella
(pour la majorité)</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn61" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref61" name="_ftn61" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn61;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[61]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Kapp, [2008] 2 R.C.S. 483 au para.17-18, j. McLachlin et Abella (pour
la majorité)</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn62" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref62" name="_ftn62" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn62;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[62]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Kapp, [2008] 2 R.C.S. 483 au para.18, j. McLachlin et Abella (pour la
majorité)</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn63" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref63" name="_ftn63" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn63;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[63]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Kapp, [2008] 2 R.C.S. 483 au para.23, j. McLachlin et Abella (pour la
majorité). Le lien entre les quatre facteurs contextuels et la dignité humaine
n’est pas clair : Denise </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">G. Réaume, « Discrimination and dignity »
(2002-2003) 63 La. L. Rev. 645 à la p.672.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn64" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref64" name="_ftn64" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn64;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[64]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Kapp, [2008] 2 R.C.S. 483 au para.14-16, j. McLachlin et Abella (pour
la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn65" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref65" name="_ftn65" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn65;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[65]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Kapp, [2008] 2 R.C.S. 483 au para.16 et 37, j. McLachlin et Abella
(pour la majorité). Sur le lien entre les paragraphes 15(1) et 15(2), voir
aussi Corbiere <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">c</span>. Canada
(Ministre des Affaires indiennes et du Nord canadien), [1999] 2 R.C.S. 203 au
para.5, j. McLachlin et Bastarache (pour la majorité) ; Lovelace <b>c</b>.
Ontario, [2000] 1 R.C.S. 950 au para.93-104, j. Iacobucci (pour la Cour) ;
Alberta (Affaires autochtones et développement du Nord) c. Cunningham, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[2011] 2 R.C.S. 670 au para.38-40, j.
McLachlin (pour la Cour).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn66" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref66" name="_ftn66" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn66;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[66]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Kapp, [2008] 2 R.C.S. 483 au para.37-41, 61, j. McLachlin et Abella
(pour la majorité) ; Alberta (Affaires autochtones et développement du Nord) c.
Cunningham, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[2011] 2 R.C.S. 670 au
para.41-47, j. McLachlin (pour la Cour)</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn67" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref67" name="_ftn67" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn67;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[67]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Kapp, [2008] 2 R.C.S. 483 au para.16 et 37, j. McLachlin et Abella
(pour la majorité) ; Alberta (Affaires autochtones et développement du Nord) c.
Cunningham, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[2011] 2 R.C.S. 670 au
para.39, j. McLachlin (pour la Cour).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn68" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref68" name="_ftn68" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn68;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[68]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Andrews c. Law Society of British Columbia, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1989] 1 R.C.S. 143 au para.35, j.McIntyre (dissident en partie) ; </span>Québec
(Commission des droits de la personne et des droits de la jeunesse) <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">c</span>. Montréal (Ville); Québec
(Commission des droits de la personne et des droits de la jeunesse) <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">c.</span> Boisbriand (Ville), [2000] 1 R.C.S.
665 au para.34, j. l'Heureux-Dubé (pour la Cour)</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn69" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref69" name="_ftn69" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn69;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[69]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Kapp, [2008] 2 R.C.S. 483 au para.55, j. McLachlin et Abella (pour la
majorité). Améliorer la situation des personnes défavorisées est l'un des
objets du droit à l'égalité : Lovelace <b>c</b>. Ontario, [2000] 1 R.C.S. 950
au para.60, j. Iacobucci (pour la Cour). Voir aussi Gosselin <b>c</b>. Québec
(Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au para.21, j. McLachlin (pour la
majorité).</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn70" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref70" name="_ftn70" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn70;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[70]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Corbiere <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">c</span>. Canada (Ministre
des Affaires indiennes et du Nord canadien), [1999] 2 R.C.S. 203 au para.70, j.
l'Heureux-Dubé (dissidente).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn71" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref71" name="_ftn71" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn71;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[71]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Kapp, [2008] 2 R.C.S. 483 au para.16 et 37, j. McLachlin et Abella
(pour la majorité) ; Alberta (Affaires autochtones et développement du Nord) c.
Cunningham, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[2011] 2 R.C.S. 670 au
para.40, j. McLachlin (pour la Cour).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn72" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref72" name="_ftn72" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn72;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[72]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Eaton c. Conseil scolaire du comté de Brant, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1997] 1 R.C.S. 241 au para.66-67, j. Sopinka (pour la majorité) ; </span>Eldridge
<b>c</b>. Colombie-Britannique (Procureur général), [1997] 3 R.C.S. 624 au
para.56-, j. La Forest (pour la Cour) ; Granovsky <b>c</b>. Canada (Ministre de
l’ Emploi et de l’Immigration), [2000] 1 R.C.S. 703 au para.79, j. Binnie (pour
la Cour).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn73" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref73" name="_ftn73" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn73;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[73]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Andrews c. Law Society of British Columbia, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1989] 1 R.C.S. 143 au para.8, j.Wilson (pour la majorité) ; </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Turpin,
[1989] 1 R.C.S. 1296 au para.47, j. Wilson (pour la Cour) ;</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Adler <b>c</b>. Ontario,
[1996] 3 R.C.S. 609 au para.86, j. l'Heureux-Dubé (dissidente) ;<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span>Eldridge <b>c</b>.
Colombie-Britannique (Procureur général), [1997] 3 R.C.S. 624 au para.54, j. La
Forest (pour la Cour) ;<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span>Law <b>c</b>.
Canada (Ministre de l’Emploi et de l’Immigration), [1999] 1 R.C.S. 497 au
para.42 et 68, j. Iacobucci (pour la Cour) ; Lovelace <b>c</b>. Ontario, [2000]
1 R.C.S. 950 au para.60, j. Iacobucci (pour la Cour) ; R. c. Kapp, [2008] 2
R.C.S. 483 au para.3 et 15-16, j. McLachlin et Abella (pour la majorité).</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn74" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref74" name="_ftn74" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn74;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[74]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Kapp, [2008] 2 R.C.S. 483 au para.21, j. McLachlin et Abella (pour la
majorité). Voir aussi Benner <b>c</b>. Canada (Secrétaire d’État), [1997] 1
R.C.S. 358 au para.84, j. Iacobucci (pour la Cour) ; Eldridge <b>c</b>.
Colombie-Britannique (Procureur général), [1997] 3 R.C.S. 624 au para.54, j. La
Forest (pour la Cour) ; Vriend <b>c</b>. Alberta, [1998] 1 R.C.S. 493 au
para.67-69, j. Cory (pour la majorité) ; Law <b>c</b>. Canada (Ministre de
l’Emploi et de l’Immigration), [1999] 1 R.C.S. 497 aux paras.51, j. Iacobucci
(pour la Cour) ; Granovsky <b>c</b>. Canada (Ministre de l’ Emploi et de
l’Immigration), [2000] 1 R.C.S. 703 au para.56, j. Binnie (pour la Cour) ;
Gosselin <b>c</b>. Québec (Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au para.20,
j. McLachlin (pour la majorité) ; Terre-Neuve (Conseil du Trésor) <b>c</b>.
N.A.P.E., [2004] 3 R.C.S. 381 au para.41, j. Binnie (pour la Cour) ; <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Errol P. Mendes, « Taking equality into the
21st Century : Establishing the concept of equal human dignity » (2000-2001) 12
National Journal of Constitutional Law 3 aux pp.9-10.</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn75" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref75" name="_ftn75" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn75;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[75]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Vriend <b>c</b>. Alberta, [1998] 1 R.C.S. 493 au para.69, j. Cory (pour la
majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn76" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref76" name="_ftn76" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn76;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[76]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Denise Réaume,
« Law v. Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration) » (2006) 18 :1 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Canadian Journal of Women and the Law 143</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> à la p.158 (au
para.35).</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn77" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref77" name="_ftn77" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn77;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[77]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">McKinney c. Université de Guelph, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990]
3 R.C.S. 229 au para.293, j. Wilson (dissidente) et au para.88, j. La Forest
(pour la majorité).</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn78" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref78" name="_ftn78" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn78;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[78]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Miron c. Trudel, [1995] 2 R.C.S. 418 au para.145-146, j. McLachlin (pour la
majorité). Voir également </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Thibaudeau c. Canada, [1995] 2 R.C.S. 627 au
para.207, j. McLachlin (dissidente).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn79" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref79" name="_ftn79" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn79;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[79]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Egan c. Canada, [1995] 2 R.C.S. 513 au para.128, 158 et 162, j. Cory et
Iacobucci (dissident) et aux paras.39-40, j. l'Heureux-Dubé (dissidente) ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Thibaudeau c.
Canada, [1995] 2 R.C.S. 627 au para.155, j. Cory et Iacobucci (pour la
majorité). Voir aussi </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Eldridge <b>c</b>.
Colombie-Britannique (Procureur général), [1997] 3 R.C.S. 624 au para.54 et 56,
j. La Forest (pour la Cour)</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn80" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref80" name="_ftn80" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn80;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[80]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Law <b>c</b>. Canada (Ministre de l’Emploi et de l’Immigration), [1999] 1
R.C.S. 497 au para.53, j. Iacobucci (pour la Cour).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn81" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref81" name="_ftn81" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn81;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[81]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. <b>c</b>. Swain, [1991] 1 R.C.S. 933 au para.34, j. Lamer (pour la
majorité) ; R. c. Salituro, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1991] 3
R.C.S. 654 au para.52, j. Iacobucci (pour la Cour) ;</span> Rodriguez c.
Colombie-Britannique (Procureur général), <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1993] 3 R.C.S. 519 au para.129, j. Sopinka (pour la majorité) ;</span>
Vriend <b>c</b>. Alberta, [1998] 1 R.C.S. 493 au para.67, j. Cory (pour la
majorité) ; Granovsky <b>c</b>. Canada (Ministre de l’ Emploi et de
l’Immigration), [2000] 1 R.C.S. 703 au para.56-57, j. Binnie (pour la Cour) ;
Université Trinity Western c. British Columbia College of Teachers, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[2001] 1 R.C.S. 772 au para.26, j. Iacobucci
et Bastarache (pour la majorité) ; </span>Sauvé c. Canada (Directeur général
des élections), [2002] 3 R.C.S. 519 au para.35, j. McLachlin (pour la majorité)
; Gosselin <b>c</b>. Québec (Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au
para.37, j. McLachlin (pour la majorité). </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Au Québec, le préambule
de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte québécoise</i> dispose que «
les êtres humains sont égaux en valeur et en dignité ». Voir aussi</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Québec (curateur public)
c. Syndicat national des employés de l'hôpital St-Ferdinand,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>[1996] 3 R.C.S. 211 au para.104, j.
l'Heureux-Dubé (pour la Cour).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn82" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref82" name="_ftn82" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn82;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[82]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Law <b>c</b>. Canada (Ministre de l’Emploi et de l’Immigration), [1999] 1
R.C.S. 497 au para.42, 49, 51 et 88(3)(C), j. Iacobucci (pour la Cour) ;
Granovsky <b>c</b>. Canada (Ministre de l’ Emploi et de l’Immigration), [2000]
1 R.C.S. 703 au para.56-58, j. Binnie (pour la Cour). Le juge Iacobucci (pour
la Cour) s'inspire des arrêts Andrews et Egan : Andrews c. Law Society of
British Columbia, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1989] 1 R.C.S. 143
au para.34, j.McIntyre (dissident en partie) ; </span>Egan c. Canada, [1995] 2
R.C.S. 513 au para.128, 158 et 162, j. Cory et Iacobucci (dissident) et aux
paras.39-40, j. l'Heureux-Dubé (dissidente). </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn83" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref83" name="_ftn83" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn83;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[83]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Law <b>c</b>. Canada (Ministre de l’Emploi et de l’Immigration), [1999] 1
R.C.S. 497 au para.53, j. Iacobucci (pour la Cour) ; Lovelace <b>c</b>.
Ontario, [2000] 1 R.C.S. 950 au para.54, j. Iacobucci (pour la Cour). Dans
l'arrêt Egan c. Canada, les juges Cory et Iacobucci réfèrent au « sentiment de
valeur personnelle », voir Egan c. Canada, [1995] 2 R.C.S. 513 au para.161, j.
Cory et Iacobucci (dissident). Dans l'arrêt Stoffman c. Vancouver General
Hospital (1990), la juge Wilson (dissidente) réfère au sens de l'estime de soi
et de sa propre valeur : Stoffman c. Vancouver General Hospital, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990] 3 R.C.S. 483 au para.102, j. Wilson
(dissidente).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn84" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref84" name="_ftn84" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn84;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[84]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Law <b>c</b>. Canada (Ministre de l’Emploi et de l’Immigration), [1999] 1
R.C.S. 497 au para.51 et 99, j. Iacobucci (pour la Cour) ; Gosselin <b>c</b>.
Québec (Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au para.20, j. McLachlin (pour
la majorité). Voir aussi </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Denise G. Réaume, « Discrimination and dignity »
(2002-2003) 63 La. L. Rev. 645 à la p.688.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn85" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref85" name="_ftn85" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn85;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[85]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Law <b>c</b>. Canada (Ministre de l’Emploi et de l’Immigration), [1999] 1
R.C.S. 497 au para.53, j. Iacobucci (pour la Cour) ; Gosselin <b>c</b>.
Québec (Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au para.20-23, j. McLachlin
(pour la majorité).</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn86" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref86" name="_ftn86" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn86;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[86]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Law <b>c</b>. Canada (Ministre de l’Emploi et de l’Immigration), [1999] 1
R.C.S. 497 au para.53, j. Iacobucci (pour la Cour).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn87" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref87" name="_ftn87" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn87;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[87]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Granovsky <b>c</b>. Canada (Ministre de l’ Emploi et de l’Immigration),
[2000] 1 R.C.S. 703 au para.70, j. Binnie (pour la Cour).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn88" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref88" name="_ftn88" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn88;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[88]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Granovsky <b>c</b>. Canada (Ministre de l’ Emploi et de l’Immigration),
[2000] 1 R.C.S. 703 au para.81, j. Binnie (pour la Cour).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn89" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref89" name="_ftn89" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn89;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[89]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Law <b>c</b>. Canada (Ministre de l’Emploi et de l’Immigration), [1999] 1
R.C.S. 497 au para.99, j. Iacobucci (pour la Cour).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn90" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref90" name="_ftn90" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn90;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[90]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Rodriguez c. Colombie-Britannique (Procureur général), <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1993] 3 R.C.S. 519 au para.61, j. Lamer
(dissident).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn91" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref91" name="_ftn91" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn91;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[91]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Law <b>c</b>. Canada (Ministre de l’Emploi et de l’Immigration), [1999] 1
R.C.S. 497 au para.53, j. Iacobucci (pour la Cour). La version anglaise emploie
le terme « empowerment » ce qui signifie autonomie en français. Voir aussi
Gosselin <b>c</b>. Québec (Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au para.65,
j. McLachlin (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn92" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref92" name="_ftn92" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn92;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[92]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Law <b>c</b>. Canada (Ministre de l’Emploi et de l’Immigration), [1999] 1
R.C.S. 497 au para.53, j. Iacobucci (pour la Cour). </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn93" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref93" name="_ftn93" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn93;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[93]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Rodriguez c. Colombie-Britannique (Procureur général), <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1993] 3 R.C.S. 519 au para.61, j. Lamer
(dissident). Voir aussi </span>Denise </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">G. Réaume, « Discrimination and dignity »
(2002-2003) 63 La. L. Rev. 645 à la p.689.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn94" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref94" name="_ftn94" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn94;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[94]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">En effet, dans l'arrêt Miron c. Trudel (1995), la juge McLachlin (pour la
majorité) affirmait que le principe de l'égalité qui sous-tend les
constitutions des pays libres et démocratiques « reconnaît la dignité de chaque
être humain et la liberté que chaque personne a de développer son corps et son
esprit comme elle le désire, sous réserve de restrictions justifiées par les
intérêts de l'ensemble de la collectivité » : Miron c. Trudel, [1995] 2 R.C.S.
418 au para.145-146, j. McLachlin (pour la majorité). Voir également </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Thibaudeau c.
Canada, [1995] 2 R.C.S. 627 au para.207, j. McLachlin (dissidente). Dans
l'arrêt </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Law <b>c</b>. Canada (1999),</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> le juge Iacobucci (pour
la Cour) affirme que « </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">le par. 15(1) a pour objet
d’empêcher toute atteinte à la dignité et à la liberté humaines essentielles »
et « vise la réalisation de l’autonomie personnelle et de l’autodétermination »
: Law <b>c</b>. Canada (Ministre de l’Emploi et de l’Immigration), [1999] 1
R.C.S. 497 au para.51 et 53, j. Iacobucci (pour la Cour) ; Lavoie <b>c</b>.
Canada, [2002] 1 R.C.S. 769 au para.40, j. Bastarache (pour la majorité) ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Canadian Foundation for Children, Youth and the Law <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">c.</span> Canada (Procureur général)</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, [2004] 1 R.C.S. 76 au para.50, j. McLachlin (pour la majorité). </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Dans l'arrêt </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Gosselin <b>c</b>. Québec (2002)</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, la juge McLachlin (pour la majorité) énumère
les objectifs qui sont au coeur de la garantie d'égalité et qui sont l'essence
de la dignité humaine à savoir l'autodétermination, l'autonomie personnelle, le
respect de soi, la confiance en soi et la prise en charge de sa destinée : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Gosselin <b>c</b>. Québec (Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au
para.20, 27 et 65, j. McLachlin (pour la majorité). Dans l'arrêt Gosselin c.
Québec, la juge Arbour (dissidente) souligne néanmoins qu'il « est difficle
d'accepter que la négation des moyens élémentaires de subsistance puisse avoir
un lien rationnel avec les valeurs qu’on tend à favoriser, à savoir la liberté
et la dignité inhérente des jeunes adultes à long terme » : Gosselin <b>c</b>.
Québec (Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au para.392, j. Arbour
(dissidente). Voir aussi R. c. Big M Drug Mart Ltd., [1985] 1 R.C.S. 295 au
para.94, j. Dickson (pour la majorité) ; R. c. Keegstra, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990] 3 R.C.S. 697 au para.75, j. Dickson
(pour la majorité).</span> Finalement, voir aussi Denise </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">G. Réaume, «
Discrimination and dignity » (2002-2003) 63 La. L. Rev. 645 aux pp.673, 677 et
689 ; Denise Réaume, « Law v. Canada (Minister of Employment and
Immigration) » (2006) 18 :1 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Canadian Journal of Women and the Law 143</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> aux pp.168-170 (dont le
para.77) ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. James Fyfe, « Dignity as theory : competing
conceptions of human dignity at the supreme court of Canada » (2007) 70 Sask.
L. Rev. 1 aux pp.13 et 15, n.81. </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>L’égale
liberté que doit viser le droit à l’égalité est la liberté positive :
Donna Greschner, « Praise and promises » (2005) 29 S.C.L.R. (2d) 63 à la
p.75 ; Leon E. Trakman, « The demise of positive liberty ? Native
women’s association of Canada v. Canada » (1994-1995) </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">6 Const. F. 71 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">aux pp.71 et 76.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn95" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref95" name="_ftn95" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn95;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[95]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">L'article 15 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i>
parle de « tous » : Andrews c. Law Society of British Columbia, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1989] 1 R.C.S. 143 au para.80, j.McIntyre
(dissident en partie).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn96" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref96" name="_ftn96" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn96;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[96]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">La <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Convention relative
aux droits des personnes handicapées</i>, qui a été ratifiée par le
Gouvernement du Canada le 11 mars 2010, <span class="verdana">souligne dans son
préambule (au para n)) et à son article 1 « l'importance particulière que
prend, pour les personnes handicapées, leur autonomie et leur indépendance
individuelles, y compris la liberté de faire leurs propres choix » </span>: <span class="bold">Commission des droits de la personne</span> <span class="bold">et des
droits de la jeunesse c.</span> <span class="bold">Stoneham-et-Tewkesbury
(Municipalité de cantons-unis), </span><span class="ssl2">[2011] J.T.D.P.Q. no 15
</span>au para.143-144.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn97" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref97" name="_ftn97" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn97;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[97]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Eldridge <b>c</b>. Colombie-Britannique (Procureur général), [1997] 3
R.C.S. 624 au para.56, j. La Forest (pour la Cour) ; Eaton c. Conseil scolaire
du comté de Brant, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1997] 1 R.C.S. 241
au para.66-67, j. Sopinka (pour la majorité) ;</span> Granovsky <b>c</b>.
Canada (Ministre de l’ Emploi et de l’Immigration), [2000] 1 R.C.S. 703 au
para.79, j. Binnie (pour la Cour). </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn98" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref98" name="_ftn98" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn98;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[98]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Granovsky <b>c</b>. Canada (Ministre de l’ Emploi et de l’Immigration),
[2000] 1 R.C.S. 703 au para.33, j. Binnie (pour la Cour).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn99" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref99" name="_ftn99" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn99;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[99]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Egan c. Canada, [1995] 2 R.C.S. 513 au para.36, j. l'Heureux-Dubé
(dissidente) ; Egan c. Canada, [1995] 2 R.C.S. 513 au para.128, j. Cory et Iacobucci
(dissident). Voir aussi R. c. Ewanchuk, [1999] 1 R.C.S. 330 au para.73, j.
l'Heureux-Dubé (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn100" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref100" name="_ftn100" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn100;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[100]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Keegstra, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990] 3 R.C.S. 697
au para.73, j. Dickson (pour la majorité) </span>;<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span>Sauvé c. Canada (Directeur général des élections), [2002] 3
R.C.S. 519 au para.35, j. McLachlin (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn101" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref101" name="_ftn101" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn101;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[101]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Oakes , [1986] 1 R.C.S. 103 au para.64, j. Dickson (pour la majorité)
; Rodriguez c. Colombie-Britannique (Procureur général), <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1993] 3 R.C.S. 519 au para.129, j. Sopinka
(pour la majorité) ; </span>Hill c. Église de scientologie de Toronto, [1995] 2
R.C.S. 1130 au para.120, j. Cory (pour la majorité) ; R. <b>c</b>. Van der
Peet, [1996] 2 R.C.S. 507 au para.18, j. Lamer (pour la majorité) ; Vriend <b>c</b>.
Alberta, [1998] 1 R.C.S. 493 au para.67, j. Cory (pour la majorité) ;
Colombie-Britannique (Public Service Employee Relations Commission) c. British
Columbia Government and Service Employees' Union (B.C.G.S.E.U.) (Grief de
Meiorin), <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1999] 3 R.C.S. 3 au para.62,
j. McLachlin (pour la Cour) ; </span>Université Trinity Western c. British
Columbia College of Teachers, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[2001] 1
R.C.S. 772 au para.26, j. Iacobucci et Bastarache (pour la majorité) ; </span>Gosselin
<b>c</b>. Québec (Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au para.20 et 27, j.
McLachlin (pour la majorité).</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn102" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref102" name="_ftn102" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn102;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[102]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Oakes , [1986] 1 R.C.S. 103 au para.64, j. Dickson (pour la majorité)
; Rodriguez c. Colombie-Britannique (Procureur général), <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1993] 3 R.C.S. 519 au para.129, j. Sopinka
(pour la majorité) ; </span>Adler <b>c</b>. Ontario, [1996] 3 R.C.S. 609 au
para.72, j. l'Heureux-Dubé (dissidente) ; Delisle c. Canada (Sous-procureur
général), [1999] 2 R.C.S. 989 au para.8, j. l'Heureux-Dubé (pour la majorité).
Au Québec, voir aussi le préambule de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte
québécoise</i>.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn103" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref103" name="_ftn103" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn103;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[103]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. <b>c</b>. Swain, [1991] 1 R.C.S. 933 au para.34, j. Lamer (pour la
majorité) ; R. c. Salituro, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1991] 3
R.C.S. 654 au para.52, j. Iacobucci (pour la Cour) ;</span> Rodriguez c.
Colombie-Britannique (Procureur général), <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1993] 3 R.C.S. 519 au para.129, j. Sopinka (pour la majorité) ;</span>
Vriend <b>c</b>. Alberta, [1998] 1 R.C.S. 493 au para.67, j. Cory (pour la
majorité) ; Granovsky <b>c</b>. Canada (Ministre de l’ Emploi et de
l’Immigration), [2000] 1 R.C.S. 703 au para.56-57, j. Binnie (pour la Cour) ;
Université Trinity Western c. British Columbia College of Teachers, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[2001] 1 R.C.S. 772 au para.26, j. Iacobucci
et Bastarache (pour la majorité) ; </span>Sauvé c. Canada (Directeur général
des élections), [2002] 3 R.C.S. 519 au para.35, j. McLachlin (pour la
majorité). </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Au
Québec, le préambule de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte
québécoise</i> dispose que « les êtres humains sont égaux en valeur et en
dignité ». Voir aussi</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Québec (curateur public) c. Syndicat national des employés de l'hôpital
St-Ferdinand,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>[1996] 3 R.C.S. 211 au
para.100 et 104, j. l'Heureux-Dubé (pour la Cour).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn104" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref104" name="_ftn104" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn104;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[104]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Chamberlain <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">c. </span>Surrey School District No. 36</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, [2002] 4 R.C.S. 710 au para.77, j. Gonthier (dissident). Voir aussi Law <b>c</b>.
Canada (Ministre de l’Emploi et de l’Immigration), [1999] 1 R.C.S. 497 au
para.51, j. Iacobucci (pour la Cour).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn105" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref105" name="_ftn105" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn105;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[105]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Vriend <b>c</b>. Alberta, [1998] 1 R.C.S. 493 au para.69, j. Cory (pour la
majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn106" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref106" name="_ftn106" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn106;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[106]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Kapp, [2008] 2 R.C.S. 483 au para.15 et 21, j. McLachlin et Abella
(pour la majorité). Voir aussi McKinney c. Université de Guelph, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990] 3 R.C.S. 229 au para.293, j. Wilson
(dissidente) et au para.88, j. La Forest (pour la majorité) ; </span>Stoffman
c. Vancouver General Hospital, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990] 3
R.C.S. 483 au para.102, j. Wilson (dissidente) ;</span> Egan c. Canada, [1995]
2 R.C.S. 513 au para.128, 158 et 162, j. Cory et Iacobucci (dissident) et aux
paras.39-40, j. l'Heureux-Dubé (dissidente) ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Thibaudeau c. Canada,
[1995] 2 R.C.S. 627 au para.155, j. Cory et Iacobucci (pour la majorité) ;</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Miron c. Trudel, [1995] 2 R.C.S. 418 au para.131 et 140, j. McLachlin
(pour la majorité) ; Adler <b>c</b>. Ontario, [1996] 3 R.C.S. 609 au para.73,
j. l'Heureux-Dubé (dissidente) ; Eldridge <b>c</b>. Colombie-Britannique
(Procureur général), [1997] 3 R.C.S. 624 au para.54, j. La Forest (pour la
Cour) ; Benner <b>c</b>. Canada (Secrétaire d’État), [1997] 1 R.C.S. 358 au
para.84, j. Iacobucci (pour la Cour) ; Vriend <b>c</b>. Alberta, [1998] 1
R.C.S. 493 au para.104, j. Cory (pour la majorité) ; Corbiere <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">c</span>. Canada (Ministre des Affaires
indiennes et du Nord canadien), [1999] 2 R.C.S. 203 au para.5, j. McLachlin et
Bastarache (pour la majorité) ; Winko <b>c</b>. Colombie-Britannique (Forensic
Psychiatric Institute), [1999] 2 R.C.S. 625 au para.75, j. McLachlin (pour la
majorité) ; Law <b>c</b>. Canada (Ministre de l’Emploi et de l’Immigration),
[1999] 1 R.C.S. 497 aux paras.51 et 99, j. Iacobucci (pour la Cour) ; </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn107" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref107" name="_ftn107" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn107;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[107]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Law <b>c</b>. Canada (Ministre de l’Emploi et de l’Immigration), [1999] 1
R.C.S. 497 au para.53, j. Iacobucci (pour la Cour). Dans cet arrêt, la cour
affirme expressément que la dignité humaine est concernée par l'intégrité
physique et psychologique et l'autonomie (« empowerment » dans la version
anglaise). Voir aussi Gosselin <b>c</b>. Québec (Procureur général), [2002] 4
R.C.S. 429 au para.65, j. McLachlin (pour la majorité) ; Denise </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">G. Réaume, «
Discrimination and dignity » (2002-2003) 63 La. L. Rev. 645 aux pp.673, 677 et
689 ; Denise Réaume, « Law v. Canada (Minister of Employment and
Immigration) » (2006) 18 :1 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Canadian Journal of Women and the Law 143</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> aux pp.168-170 (dont le
para.77) ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. James Fyfe, « Dignity as theory : competing
conceptions of human dignity at the supreme court of Canada » (2007) 70 Sask.
L. Rev. 1 aux pp.13 et 15, n.81.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn108" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref108" name="_ftn108" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn108;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[108]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Nouvelle-Écosse (Procureur général) c. Walsh, [2002] 4 R.C.S. 325.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn109" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref109" name="_ftn109" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn109;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[109]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Gosselin <b>c</b>. Québec (Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429. </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn110" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref110" name="_ftn110" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn110;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[110]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Canadian Foundation for Children, Youth and the Law <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">c.</span> Canada (Procureur général)</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, [2004] 1 R.C.S. 76.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn111" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref111" name="_ftn111" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn111;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[111]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Peter W. Hogg,
« What is equality ? The winding course of judicial interpretation »
(2005) 29 S.C.L.R. (2d) 39 aux pp.56-59 ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Rory O'Connell, « The role of dignity in equality law : Lessons from Canada
and South Africa » (2008) 6:2 </span><cite><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Int. J. Constitutional Law</span></cite><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> 267 aux pp.276- ; Denise </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">G. Réaume, « Discrimination and dignity »
(2002-2003) 63 La. L. Rev. 645 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">à la p.670, n.93 ;
Daniel Proulx, « La dignité : élément essentiel de l'égalité ou cheval de Troie
» </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">dans Barreau du Québec, Service de
la formation continue, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Les 25 ans de la
Charte canadienne des droits et libertés</i>, Éditions Yvon Blais, 2007.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn112" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref112" name="_ftn112" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn112;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[112]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> L’autonomie est
parfois utilisée comme un synonyme de la liberté négative : </span><span class="addmd"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Gerald Dworkin</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">The
Theory and Practice of Autonomy</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Cambridge,
Cambridge University Press, 1988</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> à la p.6.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn113" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref113" name="_ftn113" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn113;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[113]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> L’autonomie est
parfois utilisée comme un synonyme de liberté</span><span class="addmd"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> positive : Gerald Dworkin</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">The
Theory and Practice of Autonomy</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Cambridge,
Cambridge University Press, 1988</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> à la p.6.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn114" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref114" name="_ftn114" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn114;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[114]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Nouvelle-Écosse (Procureur général) c. Walsh, [2002] 4 R.C.S. 325 au
para.32, j. Bastarache (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn115" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref115" name="_ftn115" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn115;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[115]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Nouvelle-Écosse (Procureur général) c. Walsh, [2002] 4 R.C.S. 325 au
para.37, j. Bastarache (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn116" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref116" name="_ftn116" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn116;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[116]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Nouvelle-Écosse (Procureur général) c. Walsh, [2002] 4 R.C.S. 325 au
para.62, j. Bastarache (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn117" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref117" name="_ftn117" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn117;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[117]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Law <b>c</b>. Canada (Ministre de l’Emploi et de l’Immigration), [1999] 1
R.C.S. 497 au para.51 et 99, j. Iacobucci (pour la Cour).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn118" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref118" name="_ftn118" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn118;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[118]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Nouvelle-Écosse (Procureur général) c. Walsh, [2002] 4 R.C.S. 325 au
para.33 et 62, j. Bastarache (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn119" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref119" name="_ftn119" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn119;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[119]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Law <b>c</b>. Canada (Ministre de l’Emploi et de l’Immigration), [1999] 1
R.C.S. 497 au para.53 et 70, j. Iacobucci (pour la Cour) ; Nouvelle-Écosse
(Procureur général) c. Walsh, [2002] 4 R.C.S. 325 au para.44, j. Bastarache
(pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn120" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref120" name="_ftn120" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn120;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[120]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Nouvelle-Écosse (Procureur général) c. Walsh, [2002] 4 R.C.S. 325 au
para.45 et 62, j. Bastarache (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn121" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref121" name="_ftn121" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn121;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[121]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Nouvelle-Écosse (Procureur général) c. Walsh, [2002] 4 R.C.S. 325 au
para.49, j. Bastarache (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn122" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref122" name="_ftn122" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn122;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[122]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Nouvelle-Écosse (Procureur général) c. Walsh, [2002] 4 R.C.S. 325 au
para.49 et 54, j. Bastarache (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn123" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref123" name="_ftn123" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn123;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[123]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Nouvelle-Écosse (Procureur général) c. Walsh, [2002] 4 R.C.S. 325 au
para.48, 54 et 55, j. Bastarache (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn124" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref124" name="_ftn124" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn124;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[124]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Nouvelle-Écosse (Procureur général) c. Walsh, [2002] 4 R.C.S. 325 au
para.49-50, j. Bastarache (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn125" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref125" name="_ftn125" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn125;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[125]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Nouvelle-Écosse (Procureur général) c. Walsh, [2002] 4 R.C.S. 325 au
para.50, j. Bastarache (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn126" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref126" name="_ftn126" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn126;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[126]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Nouvelle-Écosse (Procureur général) c. Walsh, [2002] 4 R.C.S. 325 au
para.35 et 54, j. Bastarache (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn127" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref127" name="_ftn127" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn127;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[127]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Nouvelle-Écosse (Procureur général) c. Walsh, [2002] 4 R.C.S. 325 au
para.55, j. Bastarache (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn128" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref128" name="_ftn128" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn128;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[128]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Nouvelle-Écosse (Procureur général) c. Walsh, [2002] 4 R.C.S. 325 au
para.57, j. Bastarache (pour la majorité) au para.152, j. l'Heureux-Dubé
(dissidente).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn129" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref129" name="_ftn129" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn129;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[129]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Nouvelle-Écosse (Procureur général) c. Walsh, [2002] 4 R.C.S. 325 au
para.49, j. Bastarache (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn130" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref130" name="_ftn130" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn130;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[130]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Nouvelle-Écosse (Procureur général) c. Walsh, [2002] 4 R.C.S. 325 au
para.57, j. Bastarache (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn131" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref131" name="_ftn131" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn131;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[131]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Nouvelle-Écosse (Procureur général) c. Walsh, [2002] 4 R.C.S. 325 au
para.49, 58-61, j. Bastarache (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn132" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref132" name="_ftn132" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn132;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[132]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Nouvelle-Écosse (Procureur général) c. Walsh, [2002] 4 R.C.S. 325 au
para.62, j. Bastarache (pour la majorité) ; Law <b>c</b>. Canada (Ministre de
l’Emploi et de l’Immigration), [1999] 1 R.C.S. 497 au para.88 (3)(c), j.
Iacobucci (pour la Cour).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn133" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref133" name="_ftn133" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn133;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[133]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Nouvelle-Écosse (Procureur général) c. Walsh, [2002] 4 R.C.S. 325 au
para.62, j. Bastarache (pour la majorité)</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn134" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref134" name="_ftn134" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn134;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[134]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Law <b>c</b>. Canada (Ministre de l’Emploi et de l’Immigration), [1999] 1
R.C.S. 497 au para.51 et 53, j. Iacobucci (pour la Cour).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn135" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref135" name="_ftn135" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn135;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[135]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Nouvelle-Écosse (Procureur général) c. Walsh, [2002] 4 R.C.S. 325 au
para.62, j. Bastarache (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn136" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref136" name="_ftn136" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn136;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[136]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Nouvelle-Écosse (Procureur général) c. Walsh, [2002] 4 R.C.S. 325 au
para.55, j. Bastarache (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn137" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref137" name="_ftn137" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn137;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[137]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Law <b>c</b>. Canada (Ministre de l’Emploi et de l’Immigration), [1999] 1 R.C.S.
497 au para.51 et 53, j. Iacobucci (pour la Cour).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn138" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref138" name="_ftn138" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn138;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[138]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Nouvelle-Écosse (Procureur général) c. Walsh, [2002] 4 R.C.S. 325 au
para.63, j. l'Heureux-Dubé (dissidente).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn139" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref139" name="_ftn139" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn139;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[139]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Nouvelle-Écosse (Procureur général) c. Walsh, [2002] 4 R.C.S. 325 au
para.67, j. l'Heureux-Dubé (dissidente).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn140" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref140" name="_ftn140" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn140;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[140]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Nouvelle-Écosse (Procureur général) c. Walsh, [2002] 4 R.C.S. 325 au
para.174, j. l'Heureux-Dubé (dissidente).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn141" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref141" name="_ftn141" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn141;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[141]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Nouvelle-Écosse (Procureur général) c. Walsh, [2002] 4 R.C.S. 325 au
para.94, j. l'Heureux-Dubé (dissidente).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn142" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref142" name="_ftn142" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn142;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[142]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Nouvelle-Écosse (Procureur général) c. Walsh, [2002] 4 R.C.S. 325 au
para.104, j. l'Heureux-Dubé (dissidente).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn143" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref143" name="_ftn143" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn143;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[143]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Law <b>c</b>. Canada (Ministre de l’Emploi et de l’Immigration), [1999] 1
R.C.S. 497 au para.53 et 70, j. Iacobucci (pour la Cour) ; Nouvelle-Écosse (Procureur
général) c. Walsh, [2002] 4 R.C.S. 325 au para.81, 99, j. l'Heureux-Dubé
(dissidente).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn144" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref144" name="_ftn144" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn144;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[144]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Nouvelle-Écosse (Procureur général) c. Walsh, [2002] 4 R.C.S. 325 au
para.118, j. l'Heureux-Dubé (dissidente).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn145" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref145" name="_ftn145" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn145;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[145]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Nouvelle-Écosse (Procureur général) c. Walsh, [2002] 4 R.C.S. 325 au
para.118 et 140, j. l'Heureux-Dubé (dissidente).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn146" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref146" name="_ftn146" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn146;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[146]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Nouvelle-Écosse (Procureur général) c. Walsh, [2002] 4 R.C.S. 325 au
para.142, j. l'Heureux-Dubé (dissidente).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn147" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref147" name="_ftn147" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn147;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[147]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Nouvelle-Écosse (Procureur général) c. Walsh, [2002] 4 R.C.S. 325 au para.152
et 157, j. l'Heureux-Dubé (dissidente).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn148" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref148" name="_ftn148" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn148;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[148]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Nouvelle-Écosse (Procureur général) c. Walsh, [2002] 4 R.C.S. 325 au
para.157, j. l'Heureux-Dubé (dissidente).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn149" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref149" name="_ftn149" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn149;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[149]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Nouvelle-Écosse (Procureur général) c. Walsh, [2002] 4 R.C.S. 325 au
para.164, j. l'Heureux-Dubé (dissidente).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn150" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref150" name="_ftn150" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn150;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[150]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Nouvelle-Écosse (Procureur général) c. Walsh, [2002] 4 R.C.S. 325 au
para.169, j. l'Heureux-Dubé (dissidente).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn151" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref151" name="_ftn151" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn151;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[151]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Nouvelle-Écosse (Procureur général) c. Walsh, [2002] 4 R.C.S. 325 au
para.169, j. l'Heureux-Dubé (dissidente).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn152" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref152" name="_ftn152" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn152;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[152]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Nouvelle-Écosse (Procureur général) c. Walsh, [2002] 4 R.C.S. 325 au
para.171, j. l'Heureux-Dubé (dissidente).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn153" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref153" name="_ftn153" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn153;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[153]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Law <b>c</b>. Canada (Ministre de l’Emploi et de l’Immigration), [1999] 1
R.C.S. 497 au para.53, j. Iacobucci (pour la Cour) ; Gosselin <b>c</b>.
Québec (Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au para.20, j. McLachlin (pour
la majorité). Voir aussi Denise </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">G. Réaume, « Discrimination and dignity »
(2002-2003) 63 La. L. Rev. 645 aux pp.673, 677 et 689 ; Denise Réaume, «
Law v. Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration) » (2006) 18 :1 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Canadian Journal of Women and the Law 143</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> aux pp.168-170
(dont le para.77) ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. James Fyfe, « Dignity as theory :
competing conceptions of human dignity at the supreme court of Canada » (2007)
70 Sask. L. Rev. 1 aux pp.13 et 15, n.81.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> L’égale liberté que doit viser le droit
à l’égalité est la liberté positive : Donna Greschner, « Praise and
promises » (2005) 29 S.C.L.R. (2d) 63 à la p.75 ; Leon E. Trakman, « The
demise of positive liberty ? Native women’s association of Canada v. Canada
» (1994-1995) </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">6 Const. F. 71 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">aux pp.71 et 76.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn154" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref154" name="_ftn154" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn154;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[154]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Gosselin <b>c</b>. Québec (Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au
para.41, j. McLachlin (pour la majorité). </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn155" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref155" name="_ftn155" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn155;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[155]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Gosselin <b>c</b>. Québec (Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au
para.28 et 35, j. McLachlin (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn156" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref156" name="_ftn156" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn156;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[156]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Gosselin <b>c</b>. Québec (Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au
para.130, j. l'Heureux-Dubé (dissidente) ; Gosselin <b>c</b>. Québec (Procureur
général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au para.252, j. Bastarache (dissident).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn157" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref157" name="_ftn157" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn157;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[157]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Gosselin <b>c</b>. Québec (Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au
para.25 et 28, j. McLachlin (pour la majorité) ; Law <b>c</b>. Canada (Ministre
de l’Emploi et de l’Immigration), [1999] 1 R.C.S. 497 au para.60, j. Iacobucci
(pour la Cour) ; Egan c. Canada, [1995] 2 R.C.S. 513 au para.56, j.
l'Heureux-Dubé (dissidente).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn158" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref158" name="_ftn158" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn158;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[158]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Gosselin <b>c</b>. Québec (Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au
para.42, j. McLachlin (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn159" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref159" name="_ftn159" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn159;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[159]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Gosselin <b>c</b>. Québec (Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au
para.65-66, 68, 73-74, j. McLachlin (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn160" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref160" name="_ftn160" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn160;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[160]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Law <b>c</b>. Canada (Ministre de l’Emploi et de l’Immigration), [1999] 1
R.C.S. 497 au para.53, j. Iacobucci (pour la Cour) ; Gosselin <b>c</b>. Québec
(Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au para.65, j. McLachlin (pour la
majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn161" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref161" name="_ftn161" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn161;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[161]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Law <b>c</b>. Canada (Ministre de l’Emploi et de l’Immigration), [1999] 1
R.C.S. 497 au para.51 et 99, j. Iacobucci (pour la Cour) ; Gosselin <b>c</b>.
Québec (Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au para.18,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>20 et 28, j. McLachlin (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn162" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref162" name="_ftn162" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn162;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[162]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Gosselin <b>c</b>. Québec (Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au
para.28-29 et 72 et 74, j. McLachlin (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn163" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref163" name="_ftn163" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn163;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[163]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Gosselin <b>c</b>. Québec (Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au
para.21-22, j. McLachlin (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn164" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref164" name="_ftn164" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn164;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[164]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Gosselin <b>c</b>. Québec (Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au
para.22, j. McLachlin (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn165" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref165" name="_ftn165" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn165;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[165]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Gosselin <b>c</b>. Québec (Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au
para.19, j. McLachlin (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn166" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref166" name="_ftn166" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn166;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[166]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Gosselin <b>c</b>. Québec (Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au
para.26, j. McLachlin (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn167" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref167" name="_ftn167" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn167;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[167]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Gosselin <b>c</b>. Québec (Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au
para.26, j. McLachlin (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn168" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref168" name="_ftn168" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn168;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[168]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Gosselin <b>c</b>. Québec (Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au
para.27, j. McLachlin (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn169" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref169" name="_ftn169" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn169;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[169]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Law <b>c</b>. Canada (Ministre de l’Emploi et de l’Immigration), [1999] 1
R.C.S. 497 au para.53, j. Iacobucci (pour la Cour) ; Gosselin <b>c</b>. Québec
(Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au para.65, j. McLachlin (pour la
majorité). </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn170" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref170" name="_ftn170" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn170;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[170]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Gosselin <b>c</b>. Québec (Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au
para.27, 65 et 73, j. McLachlin (pour la majorité). Voir aussi Neomi Rao, «
Three concepts of dignity in constitutional law » (2011) 86:1 Notre Dame L.
Rev. 183 à la p.218.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn171" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref171" name="_ftn171" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn171;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[171]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Gosselin <b>c</b>. Québec (Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au
para.38, 41-42, 44, j. McLachlin (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn172" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref172" name="_ftn172" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn172;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[172]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Gosselin <b>c</b>. Québec (Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au
para.43, j. McLachlin (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn173" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref173" name="_ftn173" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn173;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[173]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Gosselin <b>c</b>. Québec (Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au
para.52, 54 et 64, j. McLachlin (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn174" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref174" name="_ftn174" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn174;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[174]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Gosselin <b>c</b>. Québec (Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au
para.47 et 50, j. McLachlin (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn175" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref175" name="_ftn175" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn175;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[175]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Gosselin <b>c</b>. Québec (Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au
para.53, j. McLachlin (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn176" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref176" name="_ftn176" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn176;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[176]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Law <b>c</b>. Canada (Ministre de l’Emploi et de l’Immigration), [1999] 1
R.C.S. 497 au para.53 et 70, j. Iacobucci (pour la Cour) ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Canadian Foundation for Children, Youth and the Law <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">c.</span> Canada (Procureur général)</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, [2004] 1 R.C.S. 76 au para.57, j. McLachlin (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn177" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref177" name="_ftn177" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn177;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[177]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Gosselin <b>c</b>. Québec (Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au
para.52, 54, 64 et 71-72, j. McLachlin (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn178" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref178" name="_ftn178" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn178;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[178]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Gosselin <b>c</b>. Québec (Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au
para.54, 64 et 66, j. McLachlin (pour la majorité). </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn179" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref179" name="_ftn179" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn179;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[179]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Gosselin <b>c</b>. Québec (Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au
para.54-55, j. McLachlin (pour la majorité). </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn180" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref180" name="_ftn180" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn180;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[180]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Gosselin <b>c</b>. Québec (Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au
para.42, j. McLachlin (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn181" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref181" name="_ftn181" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn181;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[181]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Gosselin <b>c</b>. Québec (Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au
para.27, 42-43 et 65, j. McLachlin (pour la majorité). Voir aussi Gosselin <b>c</b>.
Québec (Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au para.131, j. l'Heureux-Dubé
(dissidente).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn182" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref182" name="_ftn182" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn182;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[182]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Gosselin <b>c</b>. Québec (Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au
para.65-66 et 73-74, j. McLachlin (pour la majorité). </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn183" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref183" name="_ftn183" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn183;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[183]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Gosselin <b>c</b>. Québec (Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au
para.54, 66 et 69, j. McLachlin (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn184" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref184" name="_ftn184" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn184;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[184]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Gosselin <b>c</b>. Québec (Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au
para.66, j. McLachlin (pour la majorité). Voir aussi les paras para.27, 42-43
et 65.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn185" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref185" name="_ftn185" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn185;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[185]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Gosselin <b>c</b>. Québec (Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au
para.123, 132-134, j. l'Heureux-Dubé (dissidente) ; Law <b>c</b>. Canada
(Ministre de l’Emploi et de l’Immigration), [1999] 1 R.C.S. 497 au para.60, j.
Iacobucci (pour la Cour) ; Egan c. Canada, [1995] 2 R.C.S. 513 au para.56, j.
l'Heureux-Dubé (dissidente).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn186" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref186" name="_ftn186" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn186;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[186]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Gosselin <b>c</b>. Québec (Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au
para.111-112, j. l'Heureux-Dubé (dissidente).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn187" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref187" name="_ftn187" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn187;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[187]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Gosselin <b>c</b>. Québec (Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au
para.130, j. l'Heureux-Dubé (dissidente). </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Dans les faits, «</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> il n’y avait pas suffisamment de places pour permettre à tous les
prestataires de moins de 30 ans de participer aux programmes ».</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Seulement 11% des prestataires de moins de 30 ans avaient reçu le montant
de base accordé aux 30 ans et plus : Gosselin <b>c</b>. Québec (Procureur
général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au para.180 et 276, j. Bastarache (dissident).
Voir aussi Gosselin <b>c</b>. Québec (Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429
au para.371, j. Arbour (dissidente). </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn188" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref188" name="_ftn188" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn188;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[188]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Gosselin <b>c</b>. Québec (Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au
para.130, j. l'Heureux-Dubé (dissidente) ; Gosselin <b>c</b>. Québec (Procureur
général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au para.252, j. Bastarache (dissident).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn189" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref189" name="_ftn189" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn189;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[189]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Gosselin <b>c</b>. Québec (Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au
para.132, j. l'Heureux-Dubé (dissidente) ; Gosselin <b>c</b>. Québec (Procureur
général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au para.254-255, j. Bastarache (dissident).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn190" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref190" name="_ftn190" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn190;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[190]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Gosselin <b>c</b>. Québec (Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au
para.135, j. l'Heureux-Dubé (dissidente). </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn191" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref191" name="_ftn191" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn191;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[191]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Gosselin <b>c</b>. Québec (Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au
para.132, j. l'Heureux-Dubé (dissidente). </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn192" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref192" name="_ftn192" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn192;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[192]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Law <b>c</b>. Canada (Ministre de l’Emploi et de l’Immigration), [1999] 1
R.C.S. 497 au para.99, j. Iacobucci (pour la Cour).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn193" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref193" name="_ftn193" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn193;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[193]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Law <b>c</b>. Canada (Ministre de l’Emploi et de l’Immigration), [1999] 1
R.C.S. 497 au para.53, j. Iacobucci (pour la Cour) ; Gosselin <b>c</b>. Québec
(Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au para.20-23, j. McLachlin (pour la
majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn194" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref194" name="_ftn194" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn194;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[194]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Law <b>c</b>. Canada (Ministre de l’Emploi et de l’Immigration), [1999] 1
R.C.S. 497 au para.51 et 99, j. Iacobucci (pour la Cour).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn195" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref195" name="_ftn195" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn195;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[195]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Law <b>c</b>. Canada (Ministre de l’Emploi et de l’Immigration), [1999] 1
R.C.S. 497 au para.53, j. Iacobucci (pour la Cour).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn196" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref196" name="_ftn196" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn196;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[196]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Law <b>c</b>. Canada (Ministre de l’Emploi et de l’Immigration), [1999] 1
R.C.S. 497 au para.53, j. Iacobucci (pour la Cour).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn197" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref197" name="_ftn197" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn197;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[197]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Law <b>c</b>. Canada (Ministre de l’Emploi et de l’Immigration), [1999] 1
R.C.S. 497 au para.53, j. Iacobucci (pour la Cour) ; Gosselin <b>c</b>. Québec
(Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au para.123, j. l'Heureux-Dubé
(dissidente).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn198" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref198" name="_ftn198" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn198;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[198]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Gosselin <b>c</b>. Québec (Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au
para.130, j. l'Heureux-Dubé (dissidente).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn199" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref199" name="_ftn199" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn199;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[199]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Gosselin <b>c</b>. Québec (Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au
para.123, j. l'Heureux-Dubé (dissidente) ; Gosselin <b>c</b>. Québec (Procureur
général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au para.254, j. Bastarache (dissident).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn200" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref200" name="_ftn200" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn200;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[200]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Gosselin <b>c</b>. Québec (Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au
para.123, 130-133, j. l'Heureux-Dubé (dissidente). </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn201" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref201" name="_ftn201" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn201;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[201]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Law <b>c</b>. Canada (Ministre de l’Emploi et de l’Immigration), [1999] 1
R.C.S. 497 au para.53, j. Iacobucci (pour la Cour) ; Gosselin <b>c</b>.
Québec (Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au para.20, j. McLachlin (pour
la majorité).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Voir aussi Denise </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">G. Réaume, «
Discrimination and dignity » (2002-2003) 63 La. L. Rev. 645 aux pp.673, 677 et
689 ; Denise Réaume, « Law v. Canada (Minister of Employment and
Immigration) » (2006) 18 :1 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Canadian Journal of Women and the Law 143</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> aux pp.168-170 (dont le
para.77) ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. James Fyfe, « Dignity as theory : competing
conceptions of human dignity at the supreme court of Canada » (2007) 70 Sask.
L. Rev. 1 aux pp.13 et 15, n.81.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> L’égale liberté que doit viser le droit à
l’égalité est la liberté positive : Donna Greschner, « Praise and promises
» (2005) 29 S.C.L.R. (2d) 63 à la p.75 ; Leon E. Trakman, « The demise of
positive liberty ? Native women’s association of Canada v. Canada »
(1994-1995) </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">6 Const. F. 71 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">aux pp.71 et 76.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn202" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref202" name="_ftn202" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn202;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[202]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Gosselin <b>c</b>. Québec (Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au
para.42, j. McLachlin (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn203" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref203" name="_ftn203" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn203;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[203]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Selon le juge Bastarache (dissident), le programme d'aide sociale avait
pour objectif principal et explicite « de pourvoir aux besoins fondamentaux des
personnes nécessiteuses ». Aider les gens à s’intégrer dans la population
active n'est qu'un objectif secondaire du programme : Gosselin <b>c</b>. Québec
(Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au para.251, j. Bastarache
(dissident). Voir aussi </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Sophia R. Moreau, « The Wrongs of Unequal
Treatment » (2004) 54:3 University of Toronto Law Journal 291</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> à la p.312. </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn204" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref204" name="_ftn204" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn204;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[204]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Denise </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">G.
Réaume, « Discrimination and dignity » (2002-2003) 63 La. L. Rev. 645 aux
pp.672 et 686-687 ; Denise Réaume, « Law v. Canada (Minister of Employment
and Immigration) » (2006) 18 :1 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Canadian Journal of Women and the Law 143</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> à la p.163-164 (au
para.59).</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn205" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref205" name="_ftn205" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn205;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[205]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Denise Réaume,
« Law v. Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration) » (2006) 18 :1 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Canadian Journal of Women and the Law 143</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> à la p.168 et
170 (au para.76-77, 85).</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn206" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref206" name="_ftn206" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn206;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[206]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Denise </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">G.
Réaume, « Discrimination and dignity » (2002-2003) 63 La. L. Rev. 645 aux
pp.692-693.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn207" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref207" name="_ftn207" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn207;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[207]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Canadian Foundation for Children, Youth and the Law <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">c.</span> Canada (Procureur général)</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, [2004] 1 R.C.S. 76 au para.1, j. McLachlin (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn208" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref208" name="_ftn208" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn208;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[208]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Canadian Foundation for Children, Youth and the Law <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">c.</span> Canada (Procureur général)</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, [2004] 1 R.C.S. 76 au para.50, j. McLachlin (pour la majorité). Voir
aussi </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Canadian Foundation for Children,
Youth and the Law <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">c.</span> Canada
(Procureur général)</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, [2004] 1 R.C.S. 76 au para.71, j.
Binnie (dissident).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn209" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref209" name="_ftn209" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn209;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[209]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Canadian Foundation for Children, Youth and the Law <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">c.</span> Canada (Procureur général)</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, [2004] 1 R.C.S. 76 au para.52, j. McLachlin (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn210" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref210" name="_ftn210" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn210;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[210]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Canadian Foundation for Children, Youth and the Law <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">c.</span> Canada (Procureur général)</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, [2004] 1 R.C.S. 76 au para.68, j. McLachlin (pour la majorité) ; Law <b>c</b>.
Canada (Ministre de l’Emploi et de l’Immigration), [1999] 1 R.C.S. 497 au
para.60, j. Iacobucci (pour la Cour) ; Egan c. Canada, [1995] 2 R.C.S. 513 au
para.56, j. l'Heureux-Dubé (dissidente).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn211" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref211" name="_ftn211" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn211;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[211]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Canadian Foundation for Children, Youth and the Law <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">c.</span> Canada (Procureur général)</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, [2004] 1 R.C.S. 76 au para.56 et 68, j. McLachlin (pour la majorité) et
au para.91, j. Binnie (dissident). </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Selon l'arrêt Law, ce critère « </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">sera probablement le plus concluant pour démontrer qu’une différence de
traitement imposée par une disposition législative est vraiment discriminatoire
» : Law <b>c</b>. Canada (Ministre de l’Emploi et de l’Immigration), [1999] 1
R.C.S. 497 au para.63, j. Iacobucci (pour la Cour).</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn212" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref212" name="_ftn212" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn212;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[212]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Canadian Foundation for Children, Youth and the Law <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">c.</span> Canada (Procureur général)</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, [2004] 1 R.C.S. 76 au para.56, j. McLachlin (pour la majorité) et au
para.91, j. Binnie (dissident).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn213" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref213" name="_ftn213" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn213;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[213]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Canadian Foundation for Children, Youth and the Law <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">c.</span> Canada (Procureur général)</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, [2004] 1 R.C.S. 76 au para.56, j. McLachlin (pour la majorité) et au
para.91, j. Binnie (dissident).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn214" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref214" name="_ftn214" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn214;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[214]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Canadian Foundation for Children, Youth and the Law <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">c.</span> Canada (Procureur général)</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, [2004] 1 R.C.S. 76 au para.51, j. McLachlin (pour la majorité) et au
para.91, j. Binnie (dissident).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn215" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref215" name="_ftn215" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn215;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[215]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Canadian Foundation for Children, Youth and the Law <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">c.</span> Canada (Procureur général)</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, [2004] 1 R.C.S. 76 au para.56, j. McLachlin (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn216" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref216" name="_ftn216" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn216;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[216]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Canadian Foundation for Children, Youth and the Law <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">c.</span> Canada (Procureur général)</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, [2004] 1 R.C.S. 76 au para.59, j. McLachlin (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn217" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref217" name="_ftn217" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn217;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[217]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Canadian Foundation for Children, Youth and the Law <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">c.</span> Canada (Procureur général)</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, [2004] 1 R.C.S. 76 au para.59-60, 68, j. McLachlin (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn218" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref218" name="_ftn218" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn218;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[218]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Canadian Foundation for Children, Youth and the Law <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">c.</span> Canada (Procureur général)</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, [2004] 1 R.C.S. 76 au para.58, j. McLachlin (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn219" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref219" name="_ftn219" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn219;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[219]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Canadian Foundation for Children, Youth and the Law <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">c.</span> Canada (Procureur général)</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, [2004] 1 R.C.S. 76 au para.59, j. McLachlin (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn220" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref220" name="_ftn220" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn220;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[220]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Law <b>c</b>. Canada (Ministre de l’Emploi et de l’Immigration), [1999] 1
R.C.S. 497 au para.53 et 70, j. Iacobucci (pour la Cour) ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Canadian Foundation for Children, Youth and the Law <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">c.</span> Canada (Procureur général)</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, [2004] 1 R.C.S. 76 au para.57, j. McLachlin (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn221" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref221" name="_ftn221" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn221;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[221]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Canadian Foundation for Children, Youth and the Law <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">c.</span> Canada (Procureur général)</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, [2004] 1 R.C.S. 76 au para.54, j. McLachlin (pour la majorité). Voir
aussi Law <b>c</b>. Canada (Ministre de l’Emploi et de l’Immigration), [1999] 1
R.C.S. 497 au para.51 et 99, j. Iacobucci (pour la Cour) ; Gosselin <b>c</b>.
Québec (Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au para.18, j. McLachlin (pour
la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn222" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref222" name="_ftn222" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn222;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[222]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Canadian Foundation for Children, Youth and the Law <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">c.</span> Canada (Procureur général)</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, [2004] 1 R.C.S. 76 au para.71, j. Binnie (dissident), au para.226, j.
Deschamps (dissidente).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn223" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref223" name="_ftn223" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn223;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[223]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Canadian Foundation for Children, Youth and the Law <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">c.</span> Canada (Procureur général)</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, [2004] 1 R.C.S. 76 au para.72 et 109, j. Binnie (dissident).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn224" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref224" name="_ftn224" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn224;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[224]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Canadian Foundation for Children, Youth and the Law <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">c.</span> Canada (Procureur général)</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, [2004] 1 R.C.S. 76 au para.72 et 106, j. Binnie (dissident). Assimiler
certains êtres humains à des citoyens de deuxième classe est contraire à la
dignité humaine : R. c. Ogg-Moss, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1984]
2 R.C.S. 173 au para.23 et 33, j. Dickson (pour la Cour) ; </span>Auton
(Tutrice à l’instance de) <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">c</span>.
Colombie-Britannique (Procureur général), [2004] 3 R.C.S. 657 au para.63, j.
McLachlin (pour la Cour).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn225" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref225" name="_ftn225" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn225;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[225]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Canadian Foundation for Children, Youth and the Law <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">c.</span> Canada (Procureur général)</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, [2004] 1 R.C.S. 76 au para.56, j. McLachlin (pour la majorité), au
para.72 et 80, j. Binnie (dissident) au para.221 et 224, j. Deschamps
(dissidente) ; R. <b>c</b>. Cuerrier, [1998] 2 R.C.S. 371 au para.11, j.
l'Heureux-Dubé (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn226" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref226" name="_ftn226" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn226;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[226]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Canadian Foundation for Children, Youth and the Law <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">c.</span> Canada (Procureur général)</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, [2004] 1 R.C.S. 76 au para.106 et 109, j. Binnie (dissident), au
para.224, j. Deschamps (dissidente). Voir aussi Law <b>c</b>. Canada (Ministre
de l’Emploi et de l’Immigration), [1999] 1 R.C.S. 497 au para.53, j. Iacobucci
(pour la Cour) ; Gosselin <b>c</b>. Québec (Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S.
429 au para.123, j. l'Heureux-Dubé (dissidente) ; R. c. Ogg-Moss, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1984] 2 R.C.S. 173 au para.23, j. Dickson
(pour la Cour).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn227" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref227" name="_ftn227" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn227;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[227]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Canadian Foundation for Children, Youth and the Law <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">c.</span> Canada (Procureur général)</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, [2004] 1 R.C.S. 76 au para.71, 82 et 87, j. Binnie (dissident).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn228" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref228" name="_ftn228" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn228;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[228]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Canadian Foundation for Children, Youth and the Law <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">c.</span> Canada (Procureur général)</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, [2004] 1 R.C.S. 76 au para.89, j. Binnie (dissident).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn229" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref229" name="_ftn229" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn229;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[229]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Canadian Foundation for Children, Youth and the Law <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">c.</span> Canada (Procureur général)</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, [2004] 1 R.C.S. 76 au para.82, 88 et 106, j. Binnie (dissident).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn230" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref230" name="_ftn230" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn230;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[230]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Canadian Foundation for Children, Youth and the Law <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">c.</span> Canada (Procureur général)</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, [2004] 1 R.C.S. 76 au para.72 et 106, j. Binnie (dissident).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn231" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref231" name="_ftn231" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn231;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[231]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Canadian Foundation for Children, Youth and the Law <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">c.</span> Canada (Procureur général)</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, [2004] 1 R.C.S. 76 au para.223, j. Deschamps (dissident).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn232" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref232" name="_ftn232" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn232;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[232]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Canadian Foundation for Children, Youth and the Law <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">c.</span> Canada (Procureur général)</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, [2004] 1 R.C.S. 76 au para.226, j. Deschamps (dissident).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn233" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref233" name="_ftn233" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn233;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[233]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Canadian Foundation for Children, Youth and the Law <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">c.</span> Canada (Procureur général)</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, [2004] 1 R.C.S. 76 au para.226, j. Deschamps (dissident).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn234" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref234" name="_ftn234" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn234;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[234]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Canadian Foundation for Children, Youth and the Law <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">c.</span> Canada (Procureur général)</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, [2004] 1 R.C.S. 76 au para.231, j. Deschamps (dissident).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn235" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref235" name="_ftn235" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn235;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[235]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Canadian Foundation for Children, Youth and the Law <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">c.</span> Canada (Procureur général)</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, [2004] 1 R.C.S. 76 au para.232, j. Deschamps (dissident).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn236" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref236" name="_ftn236" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn236;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[236]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Canadian Foundation for Children, Youth and the Law <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">c.</span> Canada (Procureur général)</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, [2004] 1 R.C.S. 76 au para.232, j. Deschamps (dissident).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn237" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref237" name="_ftn237" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn237;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[237]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Canadian Foundation for Children, Youth and the Law <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">c.</span> Canada (Procureur général)</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, [2004] 1 R.C.S. 76 au para.91-92, j. Binnie (dissident).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn238" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref238" name="_ftn238" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn238;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[238]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Canadian Foundation for Children, Youth and the Law <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">c.</span> Canada (Procureur général)</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, [2004] 1 R.C.S. 76 au para.93, j. Binnie (dissident).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn239" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref239" name="_ftn239" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn239;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[239]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Canadian Foundation for Children, Youth and the Law <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">c.</span> Canada (Procureur général)</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, [2004] 1 R.C.S. 76 au para.74 et 101, j. Binnie (dissident).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn240" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref240" name="_ftn240" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn240;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[240]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Canadian Foundation for Children, Youth and the Law <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">c.</span> Canada (Procureur général)</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, [2004] 1 R.C.S. 76 au para.100, j. Binnie (dissident).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn241" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref241" name="_ftn241" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn241;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[241]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Canadian Foundation for Children, Youth and the Law <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">c.</span> Canada (Procureur général)</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, [2004] 1 R.C.S. 76 au para.106, j. Binnie (dissident). La dignité humaine
relève de l’intégrité physique et psychologique et de l’autonomie : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Canadian Foundation for Children, Youth and the Law <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">c.</span> Canada (Procureur général)</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, [2004] 1 R.C.S. 76 au para.106 et 109, j. Binnie (dissident), au
para.224, j. Deschamps (dissidente). Voir aussi Law <b>c</b>. Canada (Ministre
de l’Emploi et de l’Immigration), [1999] 1 R.C.S. 497 au para.53, j. Iacobucci
(pour la Cour) ; Gosselin <b>c</b>. Québec (Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S.
429 au para.123, j. l'Heureux-Dubé (dissidente) ; R. c. Ogg-Moss, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1984] 2 R.C.S. 173 au para.23, j. Dickson
(pour la Cour).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn242" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref242" name="_ftn242" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn242;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[242]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Canadian Foundation for Children, Youth and the Law <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">c.</span> Canada (Procureur général)</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, [2004] 1 R.C.S. 76 au para.100, j. Binnie (dissident) et au para.235, j.
Deschamps (dissidente). Voir aussi R. c. Ogg-Moss, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1984] 2 R.C.S. 173 au para.22, j. Dickson (pour la Cour).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn243" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref243" name="_ftn243" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn243;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[243]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Canadian Foundation for Children, Youth and the Law <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">c.</span> Canada (Procureur général)</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, [2004] 1 R.C.S. 76 au para.72, j. Binnie (dissident).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn244" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref244" name="_ftn244" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn244;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[244]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Blencoe c. Colombie-Britannique (Human Rights Commission), <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[2000] 2 R.C.S. 307 au para.77,</span> <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">j. Bastarache (pour la majorité).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn245" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref245" name="_ftn245" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn245;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[245]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Christian Brunelle, « La dignité dans la Charte des droits et libertés de
la personne : de l'ubiquité à l'ambiguïté d'une notion fondamentale » (2006)
Hors-Série R. du B. 143 aux pp.168-169.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn246" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref246" name="_ftn246" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn246;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[246]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Québec (curateur public) c. Syndicat national des employés de l'hôpital
St-Ferdinand,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>[1996] 3 R.C.S. 211 au
para.104, j. l'Heureux-Dubé (pour la Cour) ; </span><span class="bold"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Commission des droits de la personne et des droits de la</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span class="bold">jeunesse c. Bombardier inc. (Bombardier
Aerospace Training</span> <span class="bold">Center)</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, </span><span class="ssl2"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[2010] J.T.D.P.Q.
no 16</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> au para.245 ; </span><span class="bold"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Gallardo c. Bergeron, </span></span><span class="ssl2"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[2010] J.T.D.P.Q. no 5 au para.76 ; </span></span><span class="bold"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Roy et Québec (Commission des droits
de la personne et des</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span class="bold">droits de la jeunesse) c. Poulin, </span><span class="ssl2">[2001]
J.T.D.P.Q. no 2 au para.32 ; </span><span class="bold">Chiasson et Commission des
droits de la personne du Québec c.</span> <span class="bold">Centre d'accueil
Villa Plaisance, </span><span class="ssl2">[1995] J.T.D.P.Q. no 35</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> au para.48 ; </span><span class="bold"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Bénéficiaires du Centre d'accueil</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br />
<span class="bold">Pavillon Saint-Théophile et</span> <span class="bold">Commission
des droits de la personne du Québec c. Coutu, </span><span class="ssl2">[1995]
J.T.D.P.Q. no 12 </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">au para.175.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn247" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref247" name="_ftn247" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn247;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[247]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Québec (curateur public) c. Syndicat national des employés de l'hôpital
St-Ferdinand,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>[1996] 3 R.C.S. 211 au
para.101, j. l'Heureux-Dubé (pour la Cour) ; </span><span class="bold"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Commission des droits de la personne et des droits de la</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span class="bold">jeunesse c. Remorquage Sud-Ouest
(9148-7314 Québec inc.), </span><span class="ssl2">[2010] J.T.D.P.Q. no 12 </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">au para.64 et 81 ; </span><span class="bold"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">O'Connor
et Québec (Commission des droits de la personne et</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span class="bold">des droits de la jeunesse) c. Sfiridis, </span><span class="ssl2">[2002] J.T.D.P.Q. no 3</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">
au para.146.</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn248" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref248" name="_ftn248" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn248;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[248]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span class="bold"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Commission des droits de la personne
et des droits de la</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span class="bold">jeunesse c. Chalifoux</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, </span><span class="ssl2"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[2011] J.T.D.P.Q. no 7</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> au para.80.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn249" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref249" name="_ftn249" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn249;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[249]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Québec (curateur public) c. Syndicat national des employés de l'hôpital
St-Ferdinand,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>[1996] 3 R.C.S. 211 au
para.105, j. l'Heureux-Dubé (pour la Cour).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn250" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref250" name="_ftn250" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn250;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[250]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Christian Brunelle, « La dignité dans la Charte des droits et libertés de
la personne : de l'ubiquité à l'ambiguïté d'une notion fondamentale » (2006)
Hors-Série R. du B. 143 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">à la p.169.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn251" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref251" name="_ftn251" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn251;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[251]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span class="bold"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Commission des droits de la personne
et des droits de la</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span class="bold">jeunesse c. Normandin</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, </span><span class="ssl2"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[2011] J.T.D.P.Q. no 6</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> au para.118 ; </span><span class="bold"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Mastropaolo c. St-Jean-de-Matha
(Municipalité de), </span></span><span class="ssl2"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[2010] J.T.D.P.Q. no 7 </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">au para.141.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn252" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref252" name="_ftn252" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn252;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[252]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span class="bold"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Commission des droits de la personne
et</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span class="bold">des droits de la
jeunesse c. Giannias, </span><span class="ssl2">[2011] J.T.D.P.Q. no 20 </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">au para.25 ; </span><span class="bold"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Commission des droits de la personne
et des droits de la</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span class="bold">jeunesse c. Chalifoux</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, </span><span class="ssl2"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[2011] J.T.D.P.Q. no 7</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> au para.80 ; </span><span class="bold"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Commission des droits de la personne
et des droits de la</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span class="bold">jeunesse c. Normandin</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, </span><span class="ssl2"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[2011] J.T.D.P.Q. no 6</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> au para.118 ; </span><span class="bold"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Commission des droits de la personne
et des droits de la</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span class="bold">jeunesse c. Calego international inc., </span><span class="ssl2">[2011]
J.T.D.P.Q. no 4 </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">au para.467 ; </span><span class="bold"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Commission des droits de la personne et des droits de la</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span class="bold">jeunesse c. Bombardier inc. (Bombardier
Aerospace Training</span> <span class="bold">Center)</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, </span><span class="ssl2"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[2010] J.T.D.P.Q.
no 16</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> au para.245 ; </span><span class="bold"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Commission des droits de la personne et des droits de la</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span class="bold">jeunesse c. Immeuble Shirval inc.</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, </span><span class="ssl2"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[2010] J.T.D.P.Q.
no 14</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> au para.33 ; </span><span class="bold"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Mastropaolo c. St-Jean-de-Matha (Municipalité de), </span></span><span class="ssl2"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[2010] J.T.D.P.Q. no 7 </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">au para.142 ; </span><span class="bold"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Gallardo c. Bergeron, </span></span><span class="ssl2"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[2010] J.T.D.P.Q. no 5 au para.76 ; </span></span><span class="bold"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Roy et Québec (Commission des droits
de la personne et des</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span class="bold">droits de la jeunesse) c. Poulin, </span><span class="ssl2">[2001]
J.T.D.P.Q. no 2 au para.45 ; </span><span class="bold">Chiasson et Commission des
droits de la personne du Québec c.</span> <span class="bold">Centre d'accueil
Villa Plaisance, </span><span class="ssl2">[1995] J.T.D.P.Q. no 35</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> au para.48.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn253" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref253" name="_ftn253" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn253;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[253]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Québec (curateur public) c. Syndicat national des employés de l'hôpital
St-Ferdinand,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>[1996] 3 R.C.S. 211 au
para.106, j. l'Heureux-Dubé (pour la Cour).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn254" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref254" name="_ftn254" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn254;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[254]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Québec (curateur public) c. Syndicat national des employés de l'hôpital
St-Ferdinand,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>[1996] 3 R.C.S. 211 au
para.108, j. l'Heureux-Dubé (pour la Cour) ; </span><span class="bold"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Syndicat québécois des employés/ées de service, section</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br />
<span class="bold">locale 298 c. Groupe Champlain inc.</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> , </span><span class="ssl2"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[2001]
J.Q. no 1771</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> (C.S.) au para.28 ; </span><span class="bold"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Commission des droits de la personne
et des droits de la</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span class="bold">jeunesse c. Hôpital général juif Sir Mortimer B. Davis, </span><span class="ssl2">[2007] J.T.D.P.Q. no 29 </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">au para.152 ; </span><span class="bold"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Commission
des droits de la personne et des droits de la</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span class="bold">jeunesse, agissant en faveur de F.R. c.
Caisse populaire</span> <span class="bold">Desjardins d'Amqui</span><span class="ssl2">, [2003] J.T.D.P.Q. no 27 au para.67.</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn255" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref255" name="_ftn255" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn255;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[255]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Québec (curateur public) c. Syndicat national des employés de l'hôpital
St-Ferdinand,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>[1996] 3 R.C.S. 211 au
para.108, j. l'Heureux-Dubé (pour la Cour) ; </span><span class="bold"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Bénéficiaires du Centre d'accueil</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span class="bold">Pavillon Saint-Théophile et</span> <span class="bold">Commission des droits de la personne du Québec c. Coutu, </span><span class="ssl2">[1995] J.T.D.P.Q. no 12 </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">au para.44 et 175-176.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn256" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref256" name="_ftn256" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn256;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[256]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Christian Brunelle, « La dignité dans la Charte des droits et libertés de
la personne : de l'ubiquité à l'ambiguïté d'une notion fondamentale » (2006)
Hors-Série R. du B. 143 aux pp.149, 166, 168-169.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn257" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref257" name="_ftn257" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn257;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[257]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Christian Brunelle, « La dignité dans la Charte des droits et libertés de
la personne : de l'ubiquité à l'ambiguïté d'une notion fondamentale » (2006)
Hors-Série R. du B. 143 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">aux pp.150 et 166. Voir aussi </span><span class="bold"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Commission des droits de la personne
et</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span class="bold">des droits de la
jeunesse c. 142006</span> <span class="bold">Canada inc. (Caverne grecque)</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, </span><span class="ssl2"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[2012] J.T.D.P.Q. no 14</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> au para.50.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn258" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref258" name="_ftn258" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn258;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[258]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Denise G.
Réaume, « Discrimination and dignity » (2002-2003) 63 La. L. Rev. 645 à la
p.677, n.105.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn259" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref259" name="_ftn259" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn259;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[259]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span class="bold"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Commission des droits de la personne
et</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span class="bold">des droits de la
jeunesse c. Giannias, </span><span class="ssl2">[2011] J.T.D.P.Q. no 20 </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">au para.26,
30-31 ; </span><span class="bold"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Commission
des droits de la personne et des droits de la</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span class="bold">jeunesse c. Chalifoux</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, </span><span class="ssl2"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[2011] J.T.D.P.Q. no 7</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> au para.110-111
; </span><span class="bold"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Commission des droits
de la personne et des droits de la</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">
<span class="bold">jeunesse c. Laverdière, </span><span class="ssl2">[2008]
J.T.D.P.Q. no 15</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> au para.40, 57, 60 ; </span><span class="bold"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Commission des droits de la personne
et des droits de la</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span class="bold">jeunesse c. Québec (Procureur général), </span><span class="ssl2">[2008]
J.T.D.P.Q. no 8 au para.126 ; </span><span class="bold">Commission des droits de
la personne et des droits de la</span> <span class="bold">jeunesse, agissant en
faveur de F.R. c. Caisse populaire</span> <span class="bold">Desjardins d'Amqui</span><span class="ssl2">, [2003] J.T.D.P.Q. no 27 au para.67 ; </span><span class="bold">O'Connor
et Québec (Commission des droits de la personne et</span> <span class="bold">des
droits de la jeunesse) c. Sfiridis, </span><span class="ssl2">[2002] J.T.D.P.Q.
no 3</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> au para.148-149.</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn260" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref260" name="_ftn260" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn260;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[260]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Droit de la
famille-121600, </span><span class="ssl2"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[2012]
J.Q. no 6509 (C.S.) </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">au para.43.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn261" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref261" name="_ftn261" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn261;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[261]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Kavanaght c.
Montréal (Ville de), </span><span class="ssl2"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[2011]
J.Q. no 12648 (C.S.) </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">aux paras.159 et 168.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn262" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref262" name="_ftn262" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn262;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[262]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Québec (curateur public) c. Syndicat national des employés de l'hôpital
St-Ferdinand,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>[1996] 3 R.C.S. 211 au
para.6, j. l'Heureux-Dubé (pour la Cour).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn263" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref263" name="_ftn263" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn263;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[263]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span class="bold"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">M.C. c. Service d'aide à domicile
Bélanger inc., </span></span><span class="ssl2"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[2011]
J.Q. no 11347 (C.S.) </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">au para.51 ; </span><span class="bold"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Conseil pour la protection des malades c. Fédération des</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span class="bold">médecins spécialistes du Québec, </span><span class="ssl2">[2010] J.Q. no 13334 (C.S.) </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">aux paras.128-130.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn264" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref264" name="_ftn264" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn264;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[264]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span class="bold"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Markarian c. Marchés mondiaux CIBC
inc.</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">,
</span><span class="ssl2"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[2006] R.J.Q. 2851</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> (C.S.) aux
paras.589-590 ; </span><span class="bold"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Jobin
c. Taxi Coop Val-Bélair, </span></span><span class="ssl2"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[2003] J.Q. no 11327 (C.S.)</span></span><span class="bold"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> au para.62 ; Commission des droits de la personne et</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span class="bold">des droits de la jeunesse c. 142006</span>
<span class="bold">Canada inc. (Caverne grecque)</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, </span><span class="ssl2"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[2012] J.T.D.P.Q. no 14</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> au para.54 ; </span><span class="bold"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Commission des droits de la personne</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span class="bold">et des droits de la jeunesse c.</span> <span class="bold">Dimopoulos, </span><span class="ssl2">[2012] J.T.D.P.Q. No. 9 </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">au para.31 ; </span><span class="bold"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Commission des droits de la personne
et des droits de la</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span class="bold">jeunesse c. Calego international inc., </span><span class="ssl2">[2011]
J.T.D.P.Q. no 4 </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">au para.396 ; </span><span class="bold"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Commission des droits de la personne et des droits de la</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span class="bold">jeunesse c. Bombardier inc. (Bombardier
Aerospace Training</span> <span class="bold">Center)</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, </span><span class="ssl2"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[2010] J.T.D.P.Q.
no 16</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> au para.247 ; </span><span class="bold"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Gallardo c. Bergeron, </span></span><span class="ssl2"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[2010] J.T.D.P.Q. no 5 au para.76, 126-127 ; </span></span><span class="bold"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">O'Connor et Québec (Commission des
droits de la personne et</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span class="bold">des droits de la jeunesse) c. Sfiridis, </span><span class="ssl2">[2002]
J.T.D.P.Q. no 3</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> au para.93 ; </span><span class="bold">Roy et Québec (Commission des droits de la personne et des</span> <span class="bold">droits de la jeunesse) c. Poulin, </span><span class="ssl2">[2001]
J.T.D.P.Q. no 2 au para.45.</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Des propos racistes : </span><span class="bold"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Commission des droits de la personne et des droits de la</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span class="bold">jeunesse c. Remorquage Sud-Ouest (9148-7314
Québec inc.), </span><span class="ssl2">[2010] J.T.D.P.Q. no 12 </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">au para.81-83 ; </span><span class="bold"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Commission
des droits de la personne et des droits de la</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span class="bold">jeunesse c. Dion, </span><span class="ssl2">[2008]
J.T.D.P.Q. no 9 </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">au para.83-84 ; </span><span class="bold"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Commission des droits de la personne
et des droits de la</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span class="bold">jeunesse c. 9113-0831 Québec inc. (Bronzage Évasion au soleil</span>
<span class="bold">du monde), </span><span class="ssl2">[2007] J.T.D.P.Q. no 18 au
para.42 ; </span><span class="bold">Commission des droits de la personne et des
droits de la</span> <span class="bold">jeunesse c. Contant, </span><span class="ssl2">[2006] J.T.D.P.Q. no 7 au para.15. </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Des propos homophobes : </span><span class="bold"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Commission des droits de la personne et des droits de la</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span class="bold">jeunesse c. Immeuble Shirval inc.</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, </span><span class="ssl2"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[2010] J.T.D.P.Q.
no 14</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> au para.39 ; </span><span class="bold"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Mastropaolo c. St-Jean-de-Matha (Municipalité de), </span></span><span class="ssl2"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[2010] J.T.D.P.Q. no 7 </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">au para.142 ; </span><span class="bold"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Commission des droits de la personne
et des droits de la</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span class="bold">jeunesse c. 9113-0831 Québec inc. (Bronzage Évasion au soleil</span>
<span class="bold">du monde), </span><span class="ssl2">[2007] J.T.D.P.Q. no 18 au
para.32 ; </span><span class="bold">Commission des droits de la personne et des
droits de la</span> <span class="bold">jeunesse c. Roger Poirier Automobile inc.</span><span class="ssl2">, [2004] J.T.D.P.Q. no 17 au para.29-32 ; </span><span class="bold">Roy
et Québec (Commission des droits de la personne et des</span> <span class="bold">droits
de la jeunesse) c. Poulin, </span><span class="ssl2">[2001] J.T.D.P.Q. no 2 au
para.51 et 60.</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn265" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref265" name="_ftn265" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn265;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[265]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span class="bold"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Commission des droits de la personne
et</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span class="bold">des droits de la
jeunesse c. Parent, </span><span class="ssl2">[2012] J.T.D.P.Q. no 12</span><span class="bold"> </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">au para.83 et 94.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn266" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref266" name="_ftn266" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn266;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[266]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span class="bold"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Commission des droits de la personne</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span class="bold">et des droits de la jeunesse c.</span> <span class="bold">Montréal (Service de police de la ville de) (SPVM), </span><span class="ssl2">[2012] J.T.D.P.Q. no 5 </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">au para.279 et 282.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn267" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref267" name="_ftn267" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn267;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[267]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span class="bold"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Commission des droits de la personne</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span class="bold">et des droits de la jeunesse c.</span> <span class="bold">Stoneham-et-Tewkesbury (Municipalité de cantons-unis), </span><span class="ssl2">[2011] J.T.D.P.Q. no 15 </span>au para.158-159.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn268" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref268" name="_ftn268" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn268;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[268]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span class="bold"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Commission des droits de la personne
et des droits de la</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span class="bold">jeunesse c. Venne, </span><span class="ssl2">[2010] J.T.D.P.Q. no 9 </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">au para.148-149
; </span><span class="bold"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Commission des
droits de la personne c. Bradette Gauthier, </span></span><span class="ssl2"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[2010] J.T.D.P.Q. no 10 </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">au para.105-110 ; </span><span class="bold"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Bénéficiaires du Centre d'accueil</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span class="bold">Pavillon Saint-Théophile et</span> <span class="bold">Commission des droits de la personne du Québec c. Coutu, </span><span class="ssl2">[1995] J.T.D.P.Q. no 12 </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">au para.172-174, 182 et
188.</span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7671274545402013868.post-3289640494699391702016-02-14T12:38:00.002-05:002016-02-14T12:38:48.749-05:00La dignité humaine : les fondements juridiques (2.1. La jurisprudence canadienne jusqu'en 2013 : La dignité comme limite raisonnable à la liberté)<style>@font-face {
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">2.1.2. La dignité comme limite raisonnable à la
liberté</span></b><br />
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Le
respect de la liberté individuelle, qui repose sur le respect de la dignité
humaine, est, selon la Cour, le « précepte central de l'ordre juridique et
moral » de notre pays depuis l'adoption de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Mais
cette liberté n'est pas absolue. En effet, il est généralement reconnu que la
liberté et les droits de chacun se terminent là où commencent ceux des autres</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";">Comme l'affirme Peter Leuprecht,
«</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> les droits de I'homme<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ne doivent
jamais devenir un instrument de domination ou d'écrasement d'autrui. La liberté
à laquelle nous aspirons n'est pas celle du libre renard dans un poulailler »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>
Pour cette raison, la Commission de réforme du droit du Canada, citée par la
juge l'Heureux-Dubé (pour la Cour) dans l'arrêt <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Cloutier c. Langlois</i>, insiste sur l'idée que « pour sauvegarder la
liberté, il est parfois nécessaire de la restreindre par le moyen
d'interdictions »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. De
plus, comme le souligne le juge Gonthier (pour la majorité) dans l'arrêt <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">R c. Jobidon</i> (1991), l'autonomie (la
liberté) « n'est pas la seule valeur que notre droit cherche à protéger »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Par
conséquent, la liberté ne peut se concevoir sans référence aux autres valeurs
essentielles d'une société libre et démocratique. Dans l'arrêt <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">R c. Oakes</i> (1986), le juge Dickson (pour
la majorité) énumérait d'une manière non exhaustive</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, les
principales valeurs d'une société libre et démocratique lesquelles comprennent outre
« les garanties énumérées dans la Charte »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, « le
respect de la dignité inhérente de l'être humain, la promotion de la justice et
de l'égalité sociales, l'acceptation d'une grande diversité de croyances, le
respect de chaque culture et de chaque groupe et la foi dans les institutions
sociales et politiques qui favorisent la participation des particuliers et des
groupes dans la société »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Ces
valeurs essentielles à une société libre et démocratique, parmi lesquelles
figure au premier plan la dignité humaine</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, ne
méritent pas toutes le même poids et varieront en importance selon les
circonstances</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Elles «
sont à l'origine des droits et libertés garantis par la Charte et constituent
la norme fondamentale en fonction de laquelle on doit établir qu'une
restriction d'un droit ou d'une liberté constitue, malgré son effet, une limite
raisonnable dont la justification peut se démontrer »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Elles
servent donc à la fois à garantir les droits énoncés dans la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i> et, lorsque cela est
indiqué, à justifier une restriction à ces droits</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Les
droits et libertés garantis par la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte
canadienne</i> n'étant pas absolus</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, l'article
1 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i> prévoit que
les droits et libertés peuvent </span><span class="verdana"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">être
restreints par une règle de droit, « dans des limites qui soient raisonnables
et dont la justification puisse se démontrer dans le cadre d'une société libre
et démocratique »</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Il est, en effet, parfois nécessaire de restreindre
des droits pour atteindre des objectifs sociaux importants</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> ou pour
protéger d'autres droits</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[15]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Comme
le souligne la juge Wilson (pour la majorité) dans l'arrêt <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">R c. Morgentaler </i>(1988) :</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">« <u>La <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Charte</span> est fondée sur une conception
particulière de la place de l'individu dans la société. Un individu ne
constitue pas une entité totalement coupée de la société dans laquelle il vit.
Cependant l'individu n'est pas non plus un simple rouage impersonnel d'une machine
subordonnant ses valeurs, ses buts et ses aspirations à celles de la
collectivité. L'individu est un peu les deux. La <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Charte</span> exprime cette réalité en laissant un vaste champ
d'activités et de décisions au contrôle légitime du gouvernement, tout en fixant
des bornes à l'étendue appropriée de ce contrôle </u>» </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[nos soulignés]<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[16]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">La valeur de dignité humaine fut parfois invoquée
comme objectif valide, urgent et réel afin de justifier, en vertu de l'article
1 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i>, une limite
raisonnable à la restriction d'un droit ou d'une liberté fondamental. </span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>La
valeur de dignité humaine fut invoquée dans l'arrêt <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">R c. Keegstra</i> (1990) afin de justifier, en vertu de l'article 1 de
la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i>, une limite
raisonnable à la liberté d'expression garantie par l'article 2b) de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[17]</span></b></span></span></span></i></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Dans
cet arrêt, le juge Dickson (pour la majorité) s'est penché sur la
constitutionnalité de l'article 319(2) du <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Code
criminel</i> interdisant la propagande haineuse. Il a d'abord vérifié la
compatibilité de la propagande haineuse avec les valeurs fondamentales de la
liberté d'expression et a jugé que la propagande haineuse ne faisait pas partie
de ces valeurs</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[18]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> et
qu'elle ne devait donc pas bénéficier d'une grande protection lors de l'analyse
en vertu de l'article 1 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte
canadienne</i></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[19]</span></b></span></span></span></i></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Bien
que la liberté d'expression qui touche au domaine politique et qui permet une
pleine participation au processus démocratique soit étroitement liée à la
dignité humaine</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[20]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, le juge
Dickson a insisté sur le fait que la liberté d'expression ne peut prétendre
servir la dignité humaine lorsqu'elle est exercée, comme dans le cas de la
propagande haineuse, de manière à subvertir le processus démocratique et à
affaiblir notre engagement envers la démocratie</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[21]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> en
véhiculant et en répandant des idées contraires aux valeurs démocratiques</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[22]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Le juge
Dickson a donc conclu que l'interdiction de propagande haineuse portait
atteinte à la liberté d'expression, mais qu'elle constituait une limite
raisonnable qui se justifie dans une société libre et démocratique</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[23]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. En
effet, l'objectif visé par l'article 319(2) du <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Code criminel</i> de prévenir un préjudice réel découlant de la
propagande haineuse était suffisamment important, urgent et réel pour justifier
une atteinte à la liberté d'expression</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[24]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Comme
préjudice, l'interdiction visait notamment à prévenir une atteinte à la dignité
humaine que le juge Dickson (pour la majorité) définit comme un sentiment
d'exclusion, d'humiliation et d'avilissement que ressent l'individu visé par la
propagande haineuse et qui s'accompagne d'un profond effet négatif sur l'estime
de soi</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[25]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Le juge
Dickson précise :</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« À mon avis, il est normal qu'un individu visé
par une propagande haineuse se sente humilié et avili. En effet, le sentiment
de dignité humaine et d'appartenance à l'ensemble de la collectivité est
étroitement lié à l'intérêt et au respect témoignés à l'égard des groupes
auxquels appartient l'individu (voir I. Berlin, "Deux conceptions de la
liberté", dans Éloge de la liberté (1988), 167, aux pp. 202 et 203). La
dérision, l'hostilité et les injures encouragées par la propagande haineuse ont
en conséquence un profond effet négatif sur l'estime de soi et sur le sentiment
d'être accepté. Cet effet peut amener les membres du groupe cible à des
réactions extrêmes (...) Ces conséquences sont graves dans une nation dont la
fierté est d'être tolérante et de favoriser la dignité humaine, notamment en
respectant les nombreux groupes raciaux, religieux et culturels de notre
société »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[26]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Selon le juge Dickson, l'interdiction de la propagande
haineuse vise également à préserver une valeur étroitement liée à la dignité
humaine et fondamentale dans une société libre et démocratique à savoir
l'égalité de tous</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[27]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Il
affirme :</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« <u>Le message véhiculé par l'activité
expressive visée au par. 319(2) est que les membres de groupes identifiables ne
doivent pas avoir un statut d'égalité dans la société, et ne sont pas des êtres
humains qui méritent le même respect, la même déférence et la même
considération que les autres. Le tort causé par un tel message est en conflit
direct avec les valeurs essentielles à une société libre et démocratique et, en
restreignant la fomentation de la haine, le Parlement cherche donc à renforcer
la notion de respect mutuel, indispensable dans une nation qui vénère le
principe de l'égalité de tous </u>» </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[nos soulignés]<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[28]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>En
somme, la liberté d'expression peut, selon qu'elle favorise ou défavorise une
pleine participation au processus démocratique, à la fois servir ou desservir
la dignité humaine en renforçant ou en minant le sentiment d'appartenance à
l'ensemble de la collectivité. C'est pourquoi la dignité humaine, comme valeur
d'une société libre et démocratique, peut parfois servir à justifier en vertu
de l'article 1 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i>
une limite raisonnable à la liberté d'expression lorsque celle-ci est exercée
de manière à miner les valeurs démocratiques et à défavoriser une pleine
participation au processus démocratique. Le juge Dickson (pour la majorité) a,
dans cet arrêt, reconnu à la dignité humaine deux sens différents. D'une part,
il parle du « sentiment de dignité humaine » qui se traduit par un sentiment
d'appartenance à l'ensemble de la collectivité et un besoin inhérent et
universel de reconnaissance</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[29]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Dans
cette première acception du terme, la dignité insiste sur le droit de tout
citoyen de participer au processus démocratique et sur le sentiment légitime
que tout être humain a d'être reconnu à part entière et d'être respecté pour ce
qu'il est par une collectivité qui cultive la tolérance et qui respecte les
différences</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn30" name="_ftnref30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[30]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Cette
première acception du terme dignité qui insiste sur la capacité de tout citoyen
de participer pleinement à la société et au processus démocratique est
étroitement liée à la liberté positive</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn31" name="_ftnref31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[31]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. La
propagande haineuse brime la liberté positive d’une catégorie de citoyens en
les empêchant de participer au processus démocratique et aux décisions de
société qui affectent leur liberté</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn32" name="_ftnref32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[32]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. D'autre
part, le juge Dickson soutient implicitement que la dignité humaine sous-tend
la valeur d'égalité. En effet, en reprenant à son compte la définition du droit
à l'égalité de l'arrêt <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Andrews c. Law
Society of British Columbia</i> (1989), il définit l'égalité comme signifiant
que tous les êtres humains méritent le même respect, la même déférence et la
même considération</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn33" name="_ftnref33" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[33]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Or
cette définition du droit à l'égalité, comme nous le verrons au point 2.1.3.1,
découle de la dignité humaine, c'est-à-dire de la reconnaissance préalable de
l'égale valeur intrinsèque de tous les êtres humains</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn34" name="_ftnref34" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[34]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Si tous
les êtres humains ont une égale valeur intrinsèque et que tous ont, pour cette
raison, droit au même respect et à la même considération alors l'égalité ne
peut demeurer formelle au sens d'un traitement identique pour tous. Conséquemment,
seule une égalité réelle est conforme à la dignité humaine. Dans cette deuxième
acception du terme, la dignité humaine insiste donc sur le principe d'égalité
réelle que nous développerons davantage au point 2.1.3.1.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>La
valeur de dignité humaine fut également invoquée dans le<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> Renvoi relatif à l'article 193 et 195.1(1)(c) du Code criminel</i>
(1990), afin de justifier, en vertu de l'article 1 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i>, une limite raisonnable à la liberté d'expression
garantie par l'article 2b) de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte
canadienne</i>. Dans ce renvoi, la Cour s'est penchée sur le problème de la
prostitution. D'emblée, la Cour précise qu'au Canada la prostitution n'est pas
en soi interdite</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn35" name="_ftnref35" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[35]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> et que
seule la sollicitation en public l'est</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn36" name="_ftnref36" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn36;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[36]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Elle
poursuit en se prononçant sur la constitutionnalité des articles 193 et
195.1(1)(c) du <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Code criminel</i>
interdisant respectivement la tenue d'une maison de débauche et la
sollicitation en public à des fins de prostitution. Elle jugea que
l'interdiction de sollicitation à des fins de prostitution portait atteinte à
la liberté d'expression garantie par l'article 2b) de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i>, mais qu'elle constituait, en vertu de l'article
1 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i>, une limite
raisonnable qui se justifie dans une société libre et démocratique</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn37" name="_ftnref37" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn37;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[37]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Selon
le juge Lamer (pour la majorité), l'objectif de l'article 195.1(1)(c) du <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Code criminel</i> est de contrôler la
prostitution "de rue"</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn38" name="_ftnref38" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn38;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[38]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> afin de mettre
un frein à la nuisance qu'entraîne la sollicitation dans un endroit public</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn39" name="_ftnref39" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn39;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[39]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Cette
disposition vise également, selon lui</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn40" name="_ftnref40" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn40;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[40]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, à
empêcher « que des jeunes personnes vraisemblablement vulnérables et
impressionnables soient exposées à <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">une
activité qui constitue à plusieurs égards une exploitation dégradante et, dans
certains cas, dangereuse</i> » </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";">[nos
italiques]<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn41" name="_ftnref41" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn41;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[41]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Au
soutien de ses propos, il cite le Conseil consultatif de l'Ontario sur le
statut de la femme qui soutient également que la prostitution est une forme de
violence, d'exploitation, de domination et d'abus de pouvoir contre les femmes</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn42" name="_ftnref42" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn42;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[42]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Selon
le juge Lamer, cet objectif législatif qui vise à protéger les jeunes personnes
vulnérables et impressionnables contre l'exposition à une activité qui
constitue une exploitation dégradante et dangereuse est donc manifestement
urgent et réel</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn43" name="_ftnref43" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn43;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[43]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> d'autant
que la prostitution, en tant qu'elle exploite la position désavantagée et
inégale de la femme dans notre société</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn44" name="_ftnref44" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn44;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[44]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">,
constitue selon lui une forme d'esclavage</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn45" name="_ftnref45" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn45;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[45]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> qui avilit
la dignité personnelle des prostituées</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn46" name="_ftnref46" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn46;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[46]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Ce
jugement de valeur concernant le caractère avilissant, néfaste et attentatoire
à la dignité humaine de la prostitution est partagé par la juge Wilson
(dissidente)</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn47" name="_ftnref47" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn47;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[47]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Il
convient également de noter que le caractère attentatoire à la dignité humaine
de la prostitution est également partagé par la juge McLachlin (dissidente)
dans l'arrêt <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">R. c. Hess</i> (1990)</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn48" name="_ftnref48" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn48;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[48]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, qui
considère la prostitution comme néfaste et comme une forme d'esclavage pour les
jeunes filles, et par les juges Bastarache et Lebel (dissidents) dans l'arrêt <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">R c. Labaye</i> (2005)</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn49" name="_ftnref49" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn49;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[49]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> qui
affirment que l'exploitation commerciale d'activités sexuelles va à l'encontre
des valeurs canadiennes d'égalité, de liberté et de dignité humaine. Ils
affirment :</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« (...) <u>Les actes sexuels associés à un
échange commercial ont une incidence sur la tolérance de la société, notamment
parce que ce type d’échange dénote une exploitation et une perte de dignité ou
d’autonomie des personnes impliquées</u></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn50" name="_ftnref50" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn50;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[50]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> (...) <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Les Canadiens ne sont pas
portés à tolérer l’exploitation commerciale d’activités sexuelles, puisque cela
va à l’encontre de plusieurs valeurs de la société canadienne telles l’égalité,
la liberté, et la dignité de la personne</u></b><u> </u>» </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[nos soulignés]<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn51" name="_ftnref51" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn51;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[51]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>En
somme, l'interdiction de sollicitation à des fins de prostitution porte
atteinte à la liberté d'expression garantie par l'article 2b) de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i>, mais se justifie en
vertu de l'article 1 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte
canadienne</i> afin d'empêcher que des personnes vraisemblablement vulnérables
et impressionnables soient exposées à une activité qui constitue une
exploitation dégradante, dangereuse qui avilit la dignité humaine. Selon les
juges Lamer (pour la majorité) et Wilson (dissidente) la dignité humaine est
étroitement liée à l'égalité. En effet, ils soutiennent qu'en tant qu'activité
qui exploite la position désavantagée et inégale de la femme dans notre
société, la prostitution avilit la dignité personnelle des prostituées</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn52" name="_ftnref52" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn52;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[52]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Le juge
Lamer ajoute que la prostitution constitue une forme d'esclavage</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn53" name="_ftnref53" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn53;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[53]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">,
d'exploitation dégradante et dangereuse</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn54" name="_ftnref54" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn54;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[54]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> où règne
la violence, l'oppression, la domination et l'abus de pouvoir</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn55" name="_ftnref55" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn55;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[55]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. </span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Les
valeurs d'égalité et de dignité humaine furent également invoquées dans l'arrêt
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">R c. Butler</i> (1992) afin de justifier,
en vertu de l'article 1 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte
canadienne</i>, une limite raisonnable à la liberté d'expression garantie par
l'article 2b) de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn56" name="_ftnref56" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn56;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[56]</span></b></span></span></span></i></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Dans
cet arrêt, la Cour s'est penchée sur la constitutionnalité de l'article 163 du <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Code criminel</i> portant sur la corruption
des moeurs. L'appelant, propriétaire d'une boutique faisant la vente de
matériel pornographique, fut accusé sous divers chefs d'accusation, dont ceux
de vente et de possession de matériel obscène. L'article 163(8) du <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Code criminel</i> disposait qu'une
publication est réputée obscène lorsque l'une des caractéristiques dominantes
est l'exploitation indue des choses sexuelles. Une exploitation sexuelle est
indue si elle ne respecte pas « le critère de la "norme sociale de
tolérance" »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn57" name="_ftnref57" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn57;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[57]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Selon
la Cour, du matériel dégradant ou déshumanisant qui<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>place des femmes en état de subordination, de
soumission ou d'humiliation est nocif pour la société</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn58" name="_ftnref58" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn58;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[58]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> et ne
respecte donc pas ce critère de tolérance</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn59" name="_ftnref59" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn59;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[59]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Pour
déterminer si du matériel est dégradant ou déshumanisant, l'apparence de
consentement des participants n'est pas nécessairement déterminante</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn60" name="_ftnref60" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn60;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[60]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, car la
norme sociale de tolérance est fonction du risque de préjudice causé à la
société et non aux participants</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn61" name="_ftnref61" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn61;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[61]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Ainsi,
plus le matériel risque de prédisposer une personne à agir de façon antisociale</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn62" name="_ftnref62" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn62;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[62]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, plus il
y a de chance, si ce risque est suffisamment important</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn63" name="_ftnref63" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn63;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[63]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, qu'il
soit incompatible avec le bon fonctionnement de la société et de constituer une
exploitation indue qui outrepasse la norme sociale de tolérance</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn64" name="_ftnref64" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn64;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[64]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. En
restreignant la communication de certains types de matériel en fonction de leur
contenu et en interdisant certains types d'activités expressives, l'article
163(8) du <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Code criminel</i> viole
indubitablement la liberté d'expression garantie à l'article 2b) de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn65" name="_ftnref65" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn65;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[65]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">.
Néanmoins, la Cour reconnaît que l'objectif visé par l'article 163(8) du <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Code criminel</i>, de prévenir que des
préjudices ne soient causés à la société tel que des actes antisociaux ou une
atteinte sérieuse aux valeurs fondamentales de la société telles que la dignité
humaine et l'égalité</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn66" name="_ftnref66" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn66;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[66]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, est
suffisamment urgent et réel pour justifier une atteinte à la liberté
d'expression</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn67" name="_ftnref67" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn67;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[67]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. En
effet, le Parlement a le droit « de légiférer en se fondant sur une certaine
conception fondamentale de la moralité aux fins de protéger les valeurs qui
font partie intégrante d'une société libre et démocratique »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn68" name="_ftnref68" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn68;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[68]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Le juge
Sopinka (pour la majorité) souligne non seulement que le matériel dégradant ou
déshumanisant qui place les femmes dans un état de subordination et de
soumission et qui les représente comme une catégorie d'objets d'exploitation
est contraire aux principes d'égalité et de dignité humaine, mais également que
le consentement des participants n'est pas déterminant et ne peut sauvegarder
du matériel dégradant ou déshumanisant. Il laisse ainsi sous-entendre qu'un
consentement libre et éclairé ne peut justifier un renoncement à la dignité
humaine :</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« <u>(...) Le matériel dégradant ou déshumanisant
place des femmes (et parfois des hommes) en état de subordination, de
soumission avilissante ou d'humiliation. Il est contraire aux principes
d'égalité et de dignité de tous les êtres humains. Pour déterminer si du
matériel est dégradant ou déshumanisant, l'apparence de consentement n'est pas
nécessairement déterminante. Le consentement ne saurait permettre de
sauvegarder du matériel qui, par ailleurs, renferme des scènes dégradantes ou
déshumanisantes. Parfois, l'apparence même de consentement rend les actes
représentés encore plus dégradants ou déshumanisants</u></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn69" name="_ftnref69" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn69;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[69]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> (...) Comme l'indique aussi le juge Anderson dans la même affaire, si l'on
veut parvenir à une véritable égalité entre les hommes et les femmes, on ne
peut ignorer la menace que présente pour l'égalité le fait d'exposer le public
à certains types de matériel violent et dégradant. <u>Le matériel qui
représente les femmes comme une catégorie d'objets d'exploitation </u>et d'abus
sexuels a une incidence négative sur [TRADUCTION] "la valorisation
personnelle et l'acceptation de soi" » </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[nos soulignés]<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn70" name="_ftnref70" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn70;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[70]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Cette idée selon laquelle le consentement des
participants ne peut sauvegarder du matériel dégradant ou déshumanisant a été
réitérée à nouveau dans les arrêts <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">R c.
Mara</i> (par le juge Sopinka pour la Cour)</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn71" name="_ftnref71" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn71;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[71]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> et <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">R c. Labaye</i> (par les juges dissidents)</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn72" name="_ftnref72" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn72;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[72]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>En
somme, l'interdiction frappant la vente de matériel obscène porte atteinte à la
liberté d'expression garantie par l'article 2b) de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i>, mais se justifie en vertu de l'article 1 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i> afin de prévenir que
des préjudices ne soient causés à la société tel que des actes antisociaux ou
une atteinte aux valeurs fondamentales de dignité humaine et d'égalité. Le juge
Sopinka (pour la majorité) soutient dans cet arrêt que la dignité humaine est étroitement
liée à la valeur d'égalité. Il affirme, en effet, que le matériel dégradant ou
déshumanisant qui place les femmes dans un état de subordination et de
soumission et qui les représente comme une catégorie d'objets d'exploitation
porte atteinte, de manière analogue à la propagande haineuse</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn73" name="_ftnref73" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn73;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[73]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, aux
valeurs fondamentales d’égalité et de dignité humaine sur lesquelles reposent
notre vision de la société canadienne</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn74" name="_ftnref74" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn74;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[74]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Il
insiste également sur l'idée que le consentement des participants ne peut
sauvegarder du matériel dégradant, déshumanisant et contraire aux valeurs
d'égalité et de dignité humaine. En d'autres termes, une personne ne peut
librement consentir à renoncer à la dignité humaine, car bien que la liberté
soit une valeur étroitement liée à la dignité humaine, elle n'est pas la seule
valeur que la dignité humaine cherche à protéger. La valeur d'égalité qui
découle également de la dignité humaine constitue en quelque sorte une limite
infranchissable à la liberté. En ce sens, tous les êtres humains sont égaux et
nul ne peut consentir librement à se laisser dominer et exploiter sans porter
atteinte à la dignité humaine. </span><br />
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>L'arrêt
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Rodriguez c. Colombie-Britannique</i>
(1993) portant sur l'aide médicale au suicide est également important pour
comprendre le sens du concept juridique de dignité humaine. Bien que dans cet
arrêt la dignité humaine n'ait pas été invoquée directement pour justifier une
restriction au droit à la sécurité et à la liberté de mettre fin à ses jours
dans le contexte des décisions en fin de vie, elle se profile derrière le
raisonnement de la Cour. La décision d'une personne de mettre fin à ses jours
dans un contexte de fin de vie est sans aucun doute essentielle à l'autonomie
et à la « dignité individuelle »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn75" name="_ftnref75" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn75;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[75]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> et est,
pour cette raison, protégée par le droit à la sécurité</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn76" name="_ftnref76" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn76;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[76]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> garanti
par l'article 7 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i>.
Cependant, le juge Sopinka (pour la majorité) jugea que l'interdiction de
l'aide au suicide qui portait atteinte au droit à la sécurité était néanmoins
conforme aux principes de justice fondamentale</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn77" name="_ftnref77" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn77;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[77]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Selon
le juge Sopinka, une restriction à un droit qui sert une fin valable et qui
promeut l'intérêt de l'État (quel qu'il puisse être) n'est pas arbitraire et ne
constitue donc pas une violation des principes de justice fondamentale</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn78" name="_ftnref78" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn78;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[78]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Selon
le juge Sopinka, l'interdiction de l'aide au suicide sert une fin valable et
promeut l'intérêt légitime qu'a l'État de protéger la vie humaine et les
personnes vulnérables</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn79" name="_ftnref79" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn79;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[79]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> et n'est
donc pas arbitraire. En filigrane de cette décision se profilent deux
conceptions opposées de la dignité humaine. D'une part, le juge Sopinka affirme
que l'interdiction de l'aide au suicide porte atteinte au droit à la sécurité</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn80" name="_ftnref80" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn80;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[80]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> et incidemment
aux valeurs qui le sous-tend à savoir l'autonomie personnelle et la « dignité
de la personne »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn81" name="_ftnref81" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn81;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[81]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Dans
cette première conception, la dignité humaine protège la liberté ou l'autonomie
individuelle</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn82" name="_ftnref82" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn82;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[82]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. D'autre
part, il soutient que cette atteinte au droit à la sécurité et à la « dignité
de la personne » est conforme aux principes de justice fondamentale en ce
qu'elle sert une fin valable et l'intérêt légitime qu'à l'État de protéger les
personnes vulnérables et la valeur intrinsèque de la vie humaine que sous-tend
la « dignité inhérente de tout être humain »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn83" name="_ftnref83" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn83;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[83]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Dans
cette deuxième conception, la dignité humaine protège la vie humaine et les
personnes vulnérables</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn84" name="_ftnref84" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn84;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[84]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. À ce
propos, il dit :</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« <u>En tant que membres d'une société fondée sur
le respect de la valeur intrinsèque de la vie humaine et sur la dignité
inhérente de tout être humain, pouvons-nous insérer dans la Constitution, qui
consacre nos valeurs les plus fondamentales, le droit de mettre fin à sa propre
vie dans toutes circonstances</u> ? Cette question soulève à son tour d'autres
interrogations qui sont d'importance fondamentale, telle la mesure dans
laquelle notre conception du caractère sacré de la vie comprend également des
notions de qualité de la vie » </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[nos soulignés]<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn85" name="_ftnref85" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn85;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[85]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Il résout le conflit entre ces deux conceptions
différentes de la dignité humaine en accordant préséance à la « dignité
inhérente de tout être humain ». Il souligne en effet que le Canada et les
démocraties occidentales considèrent le caractère sacré de la vie et incidemment
la « dignité inhérente de tout être humain » comme le principe et les notions
d'autonomie personnelle et de « dignité de la personne » comme l'exception. Il
affirme :</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« <u>L'examen qui précède démontre que le Canada
et d'autres démocraties occidentales reconnaissent et appliquent le principe du
caractère sacré de la vie à titre de principe général soumis à des exceptions
circonscrites et restreintes dans les cas où les notions d'autonomie
personnelle et de dignité doivent prévaloir.</u> Toutefois, ces mêmes sociétés persistent
(...) à interdire l'aide au suicide dans des cas qui s'apparentent à celui de
l'appelante</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn86" name="_ftnref86" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn86;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[86]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> (...) <u>S'il se dégage un consensus, c'est celui que la vie humaine doit
être respectée et nous devons nous garder de miner les institutions qui la
protège </u>» </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[nos soulignés]<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn87" name="_ftnref87" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn87;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[87]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Cet arrêt démontre que le droit à la liberté et à la
sécurité (et les notions d'autonomie et de « dignité de la personne » qu'il
sous-tend) n'est pas absolu même pour les adultes</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn88" name="_ftnref88" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn88;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[88]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> et qu'il
peut être restreint si cette restriction sert une fin valable (promeut un
intérêt véritable de l'État tel que la protection des personnes vulnérables et
de la valeur intrinsèque de la vie humaine que sous-tend la « dignité inhérente
de tout être humain ») et repose sur des motifs rationnels et non arbitraires.
À ce propos, la juge en chef McLachlin (pour la majorité) affirme dans l'arrêt <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A.C. c. Manitoba</i> (2009) :</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« Dans Rodriguez c.
Colombie-Britannique (Procureur général), [1993] 3 R.C.S. 519, les juges
s’accordaient globalement pour dire que le droit conféré par l’art. 7 de
prendre des décisions concernant son corps et sa vie peut être restreint par la
loi compte tenu d’autres intérêts opposés de la société. Dans cette affaire,
l’intérêt opposé de la société était la protection des personnes vulnérables
susceptibles d’être amenées par la coercition à mettre un terme à leur vie
prématurément (...) <u>tous les juges de la Cour qui ont abordé cette question
ont accepté que les limites à l’autonomie personnelle qui font progresser un
intérêt véritable de l’État ne contreviennent pas à l’art. 7 s’il est démontré
qu’elles reposent sur des motifs rationnels et non arbitraires </u>»</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> [nos soulignés]<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn89" name="_ftnref89" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn89;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[89]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>En
somme, l'interdiction de l'aide au suicide porte atteinte au droit à la
sécurité garanti par l'article 7 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte
canadienne</i>, mais est conforme aux principes de justice fondamentale. En
effet, une restriction à un droit qui sert une fin valable (promeut un intérêt
véritable de l'État tel que la protection des personnes vulnérables et de la
valeur intrinsèque de la vie humaine que sous-tend la « dignité inhérente de
tout être humain ») et repose sur des motifs rationnels et non arbitraires
n'est pas arbitraire et ne constitue donc pas une violation des principes de
justice fondamentale. Or cette restriction au droit à la sécurité sert une fin
valable et promeut un intérêt véritable de l'État de protéger les personnes
vulnérables et la vie humaine. En filigrane de cette décision se profilent deux
conceptions opposées de la dignité humaine. D'une part, le juge Sopinka affirme
que l'interdiction de l'aide au suicide porte atteinte au droit à la sécurité</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn90" name="_ftnref90" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn90;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[90]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> et
incidemment aux valeurs qui le sous-tend à savoir l'autonomie personnelle et la
« dignité de la personne »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn91" name="_ftnref91" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn91;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[91]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Dans
cette première conception, la dignité humaine protège la liberté ou l'autonomie
individuelle</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn92" name="_ftnref92" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn92;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[92]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. D'autre
part, il soutient que cette atteinte au droit à la sécurité et à la « dignité
de la personne » est conforme aux principes de justice fondamentale en ce
qu'elle sert l'intérêt légitime qu'à l'État de protéger les personnes
vulnérables et la valeur intrinsèque de la vie humaine que sous-tend la «
dignité inhérente de tout être humain »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn93" name="_ftnref93" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn93;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[93]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Dans
cette deuxième conception, la dignité humaine protège la valeur intrinsèque de
la vie humaine et les personnes vulnérables</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn94" name="_ftnref94" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn94;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[94]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Ces
deux conceptions de la dignité conduisent à des résolutions différentes du
litige. La première conception milite en faveur de la levée de l'interdiction
de l'aide au suicide alors que la deuxième conception milite en faveur du
maintien de l'interdiction de l'aide au suicide. Le juge Sopinka résout ce
conflit en accordant préséance à la deuxième conception de la dignité humaine
en soulignant que le Canada et les autres démocraties occidentales considèrent
la valeur intrinsèque de la vie humaine et la dignité inhérente de tout être
humain comme le principe et l'autonomie personnelle et la dignité de la
personne comme l'exception</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn95" name="_ftnref95" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn95;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[95]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Il
ajoute que « s'il se dégage un consensus, c'est celui que la vie humaine doit
être respectée » et que « nous devons nous garder de miner les institutions qui
la protège »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn96" name="_ftnref96" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn96;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[96]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">.</span><br />
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dans
l'arrêt <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">R. c. Sharpe</i> (2001), la Cour
s'est penchée sur la constitutionnalité de l'article 163.1(4) du <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Code criminel</i> interdisant la possession
de pornographie juvénile. Elle jugea que cette interdiction portait atteinte à
la liberté d'expression garantie par l'article 2b) de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i>, mais qu'elle constituait, en vertu de l'article
1 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i>, une limite
raisonnable</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn97" name="_ftnref97" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn97;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[97]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> qui se
justifie dans une société libre et démocratique</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn98" name="_ftnref98" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn98;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[98]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">.
L'objectif visé par l'article 163.1(4) du <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Code
criminel</i> de prévenir le préjudice causé aux enfants</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn99" name="_ftnref99" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn99;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[99]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> était
suffisamment important, urgent et réel pour justifier une atteinte à la liberté
d'expression</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn100" name="_ftnref100" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn100;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[100]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. En
effet, la criminalisation de la possession de pornographie juvénile renforce
les dispositions du <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Code criminel</i> qui
criminalisent la production et la distribution de cette forme de pornographie
et fournit donc, selon la Cour, une protection supplémentaire contre l'atteinte
à la dignité humaine des enfants qui, lors de la production de pornographie
juvénile, sont souvent sexuellement exploités, avilis et réduits à de simples
objets sexuels</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn101" name="_ftnref101" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn101;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[101]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. La juge
McLachlin (pour la majorité) affirme :</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« La criminalisation de la possession peut
réduire le marché de la pornographie juvénile et l'exploitation des enfants qui
y est souvent associée. Le lien entre la production de pornographie juvénile et
le préjudice causé aux enfants est très fort. <u>L'exploitation a une portée
très étendue et des effets dévastateurs. L'enfant est traumatisé par le fait
qu'il sert d'objet sexuel lors de la production du matériel pornographique. Il
peut être sexuellement exploité et avili. Le traumatisme et l'atteinte à la
dignité peuvent marquer l'enfant pour la vie</u>. Il n'est pas rare que
l'enfant tombe dans la déchéance et se retrouve dans le commerce du sexe »
</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[nos
soulignés]<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn102" name="_ftnref102" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn102;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[102]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Les juges l'Heureux-Dubé, Gonthier et Bastarache
(dissidents) sont également d'avis que cet article vise à protéger et à assurer
le respect de la dignité humaine. Ils affirment :</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« La Cour ne doit pas non plus perdre de vue les
autres droits et valeurs démocratiques que le législateur a voulu protéger en
adoptant le par. 163.1(4) du Code criminel. L'interdiction de la possession de
pornographie juvénile est conforme aux valeurs démocratiques essentielles à
notre collectivité, ainsi qu'aux droits garantis aux enfants par la Charte. <u>C'est
une mesure législative qui favorise le respect de la dignité inhérente des
enfants en enrayant le matériel qui les avilit, d'où son utilité pour protéger
les droits des enfants à l'égalité et à la sécurité (...) L'interdiction de la
possession de matériel de ce genre est donc compatible avec les valeurs
consacrées par notre Charte. Elle favorise le respect de la dignité des enfants
et indique qu'ils ont droit à la même considération que tous les autres membres
de la société</u>. À notre avis, le législateur a adopté une mesure législative
raisonnable et justifiée dans une société libre et démocratique </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[nos soulignés]<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn103" name="_ftnref103" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn103;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[103]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>En
somme, l'interdiction de possession de pornographie juvénile porte atteinte à
la liberté d'expression garantie par l'article 2b) de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i>, mais se justifie en vertu de l'article 1 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i> afin de prévenir que
des préjudices ne soient causés aux enfants. En effet, la criminalisation de la
possession de pornographie juvénile renforce les dispositions du <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Code criminel</i> qui criminalisent la
production et la distribution de cette forme de pornographie et fournit donc,
selon la Cour, une protection supplémentaire contre l'atteinte à la dignité
humaine des enfants qui, lors de la production de pornographie juvénile, sont
souvent sexuellement exploités, avilis et réduits à de simples objets sexuels.
Tous les juges de la Cour reconnaissent dans cet arrêt que la dignité humaine
est étroitement liée à l'égalité</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn104" name="_ftnref104" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn104;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[104]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Selon
la juge McLachlin (pour la majorité), l'exploitation sexuelle et l'avilissement
des enfants de même que le fait de les traiter comme de simples objets sexuels,
compromettent et minent les valeurs fondamentales d'égalité et de dignité
humaine</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn105" name="_ftnref105" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn105;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[105]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. De
même, les juges dissidents insistent sur le fait que tous les êtres humains
(incluant les enfants) sont égaux et ont droit au même respect et à la même
considération</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn106" name="_ftnref106" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn106;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[106]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Selon
eux, la pornographie juvénile exploite l'infériorité des enfants et se nourrit
d'inégalités préexistantes</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn107" name="_ftnref107" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn107;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[107]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Pour
cette raison, la pornographie juvénile porte atteinte, selon eux, aux valeurs
d'égalité et de dignité humaine</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn108" name="_ftnref108" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn108;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[108]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. </span><br />
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dans
l'arrêt <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Chaoulli c. Québec</i> (2005), la
Cour s'est penchée sur la constitutionnalité des articles 15 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Loi sur l'assurance maladie</i> et 11 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Loi sur l'assurance-hospitalisation</i> qui
interdisent de souscrire à une assurance privée pour des soins de santé
couverts par le régime public. Les juges McLachlin et Major (pour la majorité)
soutiennent que, dans un contexte de délais d'attente où l’omission du
gouvernement d’assurer un accès raisonnable à des soins de santé entraîne un
accroissement des risques de complications et de mortalité, cette interdiction
porte atteinte au droit à la vie et à la sécurité garanties par l'article 7 de
la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn109" name="_ftnref109" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn109;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[109]</span></b></span></span></span></i></span></a><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">d'une manière arbitraire qui n'est, par conséquent,
pas conforme aux principes de justice fondamentale</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn110" name="_ftnref110" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn110;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[110]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Selon
les juges majoritaires, est arbitraire une règle de droit </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";">qui « n’a aucun lien ou est incompatible
avec l’objectif » qu’elle vise<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn111" name="_ftnref111" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn111;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[111]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Or
selon les juges majoritaires, l'interdiction de souscrire à des assurances
privées en santé est arbitraire, car elle n'a aucun lien avec son objectif de
préserver le système de santé publique</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn112" name="_ftnref112" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn112;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[112]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">.
Finalement, ils soutiennent que cette atteinte n'est pas minimale et qu'elle ne
peut, par conséquent, être justifiée en vertu de l'article 1 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn113" name="_ftnref113" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn113;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[113]</span></b></span></span></span></i></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Dans un
même ordre d'idée, la juge Deschamps (pour la majorité) soutient que cette
interdiction porte atteinte aux droits à la vie et à la sécurité garantis par
l'article 1 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte québécoise</i></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn114" name="_ftnref114" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn114;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[114]</span></b></span></span></span></i></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Selon
elle, cette atteinte n'est pas minimale et ne peut donc pas être justifiée par
l'article 9.1 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte québécoise</i></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn115" name="_ftnref115" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn115;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[115]</span></b></span></span></span></i></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. En
revanche, dans leur analyse de l'article 7 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i>, les juges dissidents (Binnie, Fish et Lebel)
concluent, sur la base de l'ensemble de la preuve recueillie par la juge de
première instance, que cette interdiction n'est pas arbitraire, puisqu'elle
permet de préserver l'intégrité du système public de santé</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn116" name="_ftnref116" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn116;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[116]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. De
plus, dans leur analyse des articles 1 et 9.1 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte québécoise</i>, les juges dissidents sont d'avis que les droits
garantis par l'article 1 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte
québécoise</i>, et revendiqués par les appelants à l'appui de leur prétention
d'inconstitutionnalité, ne s'exercent pas dans le respect des « valeurs
démocratiques », de « l'ordre public » et du « bien-être général des citoyens
du Québec » (en particulier des moins favorisés) tel que prescrit par l'article
9.1 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte québécoise</i></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn117" name="_ftnref117" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn117;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[117]</span></b></span></span></span></i></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Selon
les juges dissidents, les dispositions législatives contestées, qui interdisent
de souscrire à une assurance privée, concernent les droits à la vie et à la
sécurité de tous les citoyens. Bien que ces dispositions puissent porter
atteinte aux droits à la vie et à la sécurité des personnes économiquement plus
favorisées (une minorité de la population) qui disposent des moyens financiers
pour souscrire à une assurance privée, elles sont nécessaires afin de préserver
l'intégrité d'un système de santé publique</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn118" name="_ftnref118" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn118;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[118]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> garant
de la dignité humaine, de l'égalité</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn119" name="_ftnref119" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn119;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[119]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> et du
droit à la vie et à la sécurité de tous les citoyens en particulier des
personnes économiquement moins favorisées qui ne disposent pas des ressources
financières suffisantes pour souscrire à une assurance privée (une majorité de
la population). Étant entendu que « <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tous
les êtres humains sont égaux en valeur et en dignité</i> et ont droit à une
égale protection de la loi » </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";">[nos
italiques]<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn120" name="_ftnref120" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn120;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[120]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> alors la
solution que le législateur a tenté d'apporter au problème d'accès aux soins de
santé, en interdisant la souscription à des assurances privées en santé afin de
garantir un système public universel de santé accessible à tous, est, selon les
juges dissidents, conforme à l'esprit du préambule</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn121" name="_ftnref121" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn121;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[121]</span></b></span></span></span></i></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> et à
l'objectif général de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte
québécoise</i> qui vise « la protection du droit à la dignité et à l'égalité de
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tout être humain</i> »</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"> [nos italiques]<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn122" name="_ftnref122" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn122;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[122]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Les
juges dissidents justifient ainsi la restriction des droits à la sécurité des
appelants (qui représente une minorité favorisée) au nom de la dignité humaine
et du bien-être général de TOUS les citoyens du Québec</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn123" name="_ftnref123" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn123;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[123]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Cette
justification repose sur une interprétation téléologique</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn124" name="_ftnref124" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn124;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[124]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> qui veut
que les Chartes (canadienne et québécoise) n'aient pas pour but et ne doivent
pas servir à invalider des lois qui visent à améliorer le sort des personnes
moins favorisées en protégeant des droits économiques et sociaux essentiels à
la dignité humaine et garants d'une réelle liberté pour tous :</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« Les personnes qui sollicitent une assurance
maladie privée sont celles qui en ont les moyens et qui y sont admissibles. Ce
sont les membres de la société qui sont plus favorisés. Ils se distinguent de
la population générale non pas par leurs problèmes de santé, qui sont communs à
toutes les couches sociales, mais plutôt par leur revenu. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Nous partageons l’avis du juge en chef Dickson selon lequel la
Charte canadienne ne doit pas devenir un instrument utilisé par les riches pour
« écarter » les avantages d’un régime législatif qui vient en aide aux membres
plus pauvres de la société (...) Les observations du juge en chef Dickson
deviennent encore plus pertinentes dans le cas de la Charte québécoise en
raison de sa portée générale et de son applicabilité à une vaste gamme de
rapports privés (...) À cet égard, il faut se rappeler que les dispositions
législatives contestées en vertu de l’art. 1 concernent tous les citoyens du
Québec. Elles visent des préoccupations partagées par tous les citoyens ainsi
que des droits appartenant à chacun d’eux</u></b>. La solution législative
touche non seulement les individus, mais encore la société dont ils font
partie. Il s’agit d’un problème auquel le législateur a tenté d’apporter une
solution acceptable pour tous, conformément à l’esprit du préambule de la
Charte québécoise (...) <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>La preuve que
nous avons examinée plus haut établit que les dispositions contestées faisaient
partie d’un système soucieux de protéger les intérêts de tous, et non de certains
seulement </u></b>»</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> [nos soulignés]<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn125" name="_ftnref125" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn125;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[125]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>En
somme, l'interdiction de souscrire à une assurance privée pour des soins de
santé couverts par le régime public porte atteinte, selon les juges
majoritaires, au droit à la vie et à la sécurité garantis par les articles 7 de
la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i> d'une manière
arbitraire qui n'est, par conséquent, pas conforme aux principes de justice
fondamentale et qui ne peut également être justifiée en vertu de l'article 1 de
la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i>. Ils soutiennent
également que cette interdiction porte une atteinte qui n'est pas minimale aux
droits à la vie et à la sécurité garantis par l'article 1 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte québécoise</i> et qu'elle ne peut
donc pas être justifiée par l'article 9.1 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte québécoise</i>. En revanche, les juges dissidents concluent dans
leur analyse de l'article 7 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte
canadienne</i> que cette interdiction n'est pas arbitraire, puisqu'elle permet
de préserver l'intégrité du système public de santé. De plus, dans leur analyse
des articles 1 et 9.1 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte
québécoise</i>, les juges dissidents sont d'avis que les droits garantis par
l'article 1 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte québécoise</i>, et
revendiqués par les appelants à l'appui de leur prétention
d'inconstitutionnalité, ne s'exercent pas dans le respect des « valeurs démocratiques
», de « l'ordre public » et du « bien-être général des citoyens du Québec » (en
particulier des moins favorisés) tel que prescrit par l'article 9.1 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte québécoise</i>. Par conséquent, selon
les juges dissidents, cette atteinte au droit à la vie et à la sécurité se
justifie au nom des valeurs d'égalité et de dignité humaine et du bien-être
général de TOUS les citoyens du Québec. Étant entendu que « <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tous les êtres humains sont égaux en valeur
et en dignité</i> et ont droit à une égale protection de la loi » </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";">[nos italiques]</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, alors
TOUS ont droit à ce que leurs intérêts et leurs droits reçoivent une égale
protection</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn126" name="_ftnref126" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn126;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[126]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. La
solution législative d'interdire la souscription d'assurance privée en santé,
nécessaire selon la preuve pour garantir un système public universel de santé
accessible à tous, respecte et protège les intérêts et les droits de TOUS les
citoyens et pas seulement ceux d'une minorité économiquement favorisée</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn127" name="_ftnref127" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn127;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[127]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Par le
recours à une interprétation téléologique, les juges dissidents soulignent que
les Chartes (canadienne et québécoise) n'ont pas pour but et ne doivent pas
servir à invalider des lois qui visent à améliorer le sort des personnes moins
favorisées en protégeant des droits économiques et sociaux essentiels à la
dignité humaine et garants d'une réelle liberté pour tous. Dans cet arrêt, les
juges dissidents insistent donc sur le lien étroit qui unit la dignité humaine
et l'égalité et sur l'importance qui en découle de protéger les personnes
pauvres et défavorisées de la société. Ils soulignent, en effet, que les
tribunaux doivent veiller à ce que les Chartes, qui protègent la liberté
négative essentielle aux personnes favorisées, ne deviennent pas un instrument
pour écarter des lois visant à protéger, par des droits économiques et sociaux,
la liberté positive essentielle aux personnes moins favorisées</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn128" name="_ftnref128" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn128;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[128]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.
Leurs propos font échos à ceux prononcés par le juge Dickson dans des arrêts
antérieurs : « Lorsque les tribunaux interprètent et appliquent la Charte, ils
doivent veiller à ce qu’elle ne devienne pas simplement l’instrument dont se
serviront les plus favorisés pour écarter des lois dont l’objet est d’améliorer
le sort des moins favorisés »</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"> <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn129" name="_ftnref129" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn129;" title=""><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[129]</span></span></span></a></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.
En réaction à ces propos du juge Dickson, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";">Victor V. Ramraj</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
affirme :</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>To
the extent that rights militate against the Charter's underlying vision of
society, they should be limited (...) Dickson C.J.C., in this brief
passage, captures an important truth about the Charter and about the
nature of rights in general : when stripped of their purpose, rights
can be as debilitating as they can be progressive. A right can be used
improperly as a shield from appropriate state intervention or as a sword
against others, or both</u></b>. An appreciation of the social and
historical context is necessary to determine when to limit the
right. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>What links rights and
limitations is the notion of positive liberty </u></b>»</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> [nos soulignés]<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn130" name="_ftnref130" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn130;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[130]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ainsi, selon </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";">Victor V. Ramraj ce qui lie les droits
garanti par les Chartes et la limite raisonnable qui peut leur être apportée en
vertu de l'article 1 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte
canadienne</i> ou de l'article 9.1 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte
québécoise</i> est la préoccupation commune pour la liberté positive<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn131" name="_ftnref131" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn131;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[131]</span></span></span></span></a>
et pour la valeur d'égalité (liée aux droits économique, sociaux et culturels)<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn132" name="_ftnref132" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn132;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[132]</span></span></span></span></a>
que cette liberté positive permet de réaliser<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn133" name="_ftnref133" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn133;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[133]</span></span></span></span></a>.
</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Malheureusement, la décision majoritaire de l'arrêt Chaoulli
adopte une position libertarienne<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn134" name="_ftnref134" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn134;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[134]</span></span></span></span></a>
et vient confirmer les propos tenus en 1989 par Andrew Petter à l'effet que la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne </i>a été et sera sans
doute interprété comme un instrument régressif nuisible aux personnes
vulnérables et désavantagées :</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« <b><u>The Charter is a regressive instrument
more likely to undermine than to advance the cause of ordinary and
disadvantaged Canadians</u></b>. Seven years of litigation have shown that,
except in criminal cases, the major beneficiaries of Charter rights are
corporations, professionals, and other privileged interest (...)</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><b><u><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">the Charter will tend to serve the interests of
the economically privileged over those of ordinary and disadvantaged Canadians</span></u></b><u><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">. At best, the Charter will divert progressive energies, inhibit market
regulation, and legitimize prevailing inequalities in wealth and power. At
worst, it will undermine existing programmes and block future reform </span></u><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">» </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[nos
soulignés]<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn135" name="_ftnref135" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn135;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[135]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<br clear="all" />
<b>Éric Folot, Avocat et Bioéthicien</b><br />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Salituro, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1991] 3 R.C.S. 654
au para.44, j. Iacobucci (pour la Cour).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">P. (D.) c. S. (C.), [1993] 4 R.C.S. 141 au para.107, j. l'Heureux-Dubé
(pour la majorité) ; Ross c. Conseil scolaire du district no 15 du
Nouveau-Brunswick, [1996] 1 R.C.S. 825 au para.72, j. La Forest (pour la Cour)
; Université Trinity Western c. British Columbia College of Teachers, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[2001] 1 R.C.S. 772 au para.29, j. Iacobucci
et Bastarache (pour la majorité) ; </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lavoie
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">c</span>. Canada</i></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[2002] 1 R.C.S. 769 au para.89, j. Arbour (pour la majorité) ; Syndicat
Northcrest c. Amselem, [2004] 2 R.C.S. 551 au para.61, j. Iacobucci (pour la majorité).<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Peter
Leuprecht, « Tous pour les droits de l'homme ? discours et réalité » (</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">1986) Can. Hum. Rts. Y.B. 87 à la p.97.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Cloutier c. Langlois, [1990] 1 R.C.S. 158 au para.57, j. l'Heureux-Dubé
(pour la Cour). La liberté « est limitée de façon inhérente par les droits et
libertés des autres » : P. (D.) c. S. (C.), [1993] 4 R.C.S. 141 au para.107, j.
l'Heureux-Dubé (pour la majorité).</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R c. Jobidon, <b>[</b>1991<b>] </b>2 R.C.S. 714 au para.120, j. Gonthier
(pour la majorité) ; Rodriguez c. Colombie-Britannique (Procureur général), <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1993] 3 R.C.S. 519 au para.77, j. Lamer
(dissident). Voir aussi </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Isaiah Berlin, « Two concepts of liberty » in
Henry Hardy, dir., <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Liberty</i>, Oxford,
Oxford University Press, 2009 aux pp.172, 207 et 215 ; Isaiah Berlin, «
Introduction » in Henry Hardy, dir., <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Liberty</i>,
Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2009 à la p.48.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Keegstra, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990] 3 R.C.S. 697
au para.45, j. Dickson (pour la majorité) ; R c. Mills, [1999] 3 R.C.S. 668 au
para.67, j. McLachlin et Iacobucci (pour la majorité).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Keegstra, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990] 3 R.C.S. 697
au para.45, j. Dickson (pour la majorité) ; R c. Mills, [1999] 3 R.C.S. 668 au
para.67, j. McLachlin et Iacobucci (pour la majorité).</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Oakes , [1986] 1 R.C.S. 103 au para.64, j. Dickson (pour la majorité)
; Renvoi relatif à la sécession du Québec, [1998] 2 R.C.S. 217 au para.64 (la
Cour).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Oakes , [1986] 1 R.C.S. 103 au para.64, j. Dickson (pour la majorité)
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">; </span>R. c. Keegstra, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990] 3 R.C.S. 697 au para.45 et 61, j.
Dickson (pour la majorité) ; </span>McKinney c. Université de Guelph, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990] 3 R.C.S. 229 au para.97, j. La Forest
(pour la majorité) ; </span>Ross c. Conseil scolaire du district no 15 du
Nouveau-Brunswick, [1996] 1 R.C.S. 825 au para.77, j. La Forest (pour la Cour)
; Blencoe c. Colombie-Britannique (Human Rights Commission),<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>[2000] 2 R.C.S. 307 au para.76, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">j. Bastarache (pour la majorité).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Keegstra, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990] 3 R.C.S. 697
au para.45, j. Dickson (pour la majorité).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Oakes , [1986] 1 R.C.S. 103 au para.64, j. Dickson (pour la majorité)
; Slaight Communications Inc. c. Davidson, [1989] 1 R.C.S. 1038 au para.16 et
23, j. Dickson (pour la majorité) ; R. c. Keegstra, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990] 3 R.C.S. 697 au para.45, j. Dickson (pour la majorité) ; </span>Ross
c. Conseil scolaire du district no 15 du Nouveau-Brunswick, [1996] 1 R.C.S. 825
au para.77, j. La Forest (pour la Cour).<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Slaight Communications Inc. c. Davidson, [1989] 1 R.C.S. 1038 au para.23,
j. Dickson (pour la majorité) ; R. c. Keegstra, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990] 3 R.C.S. 697 au para.44, j. Dickson (pour la majorité) ; </span>Harvey
<b>c</b>. Nouveau-Brunswick (Procureur général), [1996] 2 R.C.S. 876 au
para.37, j. La Forest (pour la majorité) ; Ross c. Conseil scolaire du district
no 15 du Nouveau-Brunswick, [1996] 1 R.C.S. 825 au para.75, j. La Forest (pour
la Cour).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> Comm. Ont. des Droits de la Personne c.
Simpsons-Sears, [1985] 2 R.C.S. 536 au para.22, j. McIntyre (pour la Cour) ; R.
c. Oakes , [1986] 1 R.C.S. 103 au para.65, j. Dickson (pour la majorité) ;
Cloutier c. Langlois, [1990] 1 R.C.S. 158 au para.57, j. l'Heureux-Dubé (pour
la Cour) ; R. c. Sharpe, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[2001] 1
R.C.S. 45 au para.80, j. McLachlin (pour la majorité) ; </span>Terre-Neuve
(Conseil du Trésor) <b>c</b>. N.A.P.E., [2004] 3 R.C.S. 381 au para.53, j.
Binnie (pour la Cour) ; S.L. c. Commission scolaire des Chênes, 2012 CSC 7 au
para.25 et 31, j. Deschamps (pour la majorité). Voir aussi Thomas Nagel, «
Libertarianism without Foundations » (1975) 85:1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Yale Law Journal 136 aux pp.144-145.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Oakes , [1986] 1 R.C.S. 103 au para.65, j. Dickson (pour la
majorité). Voir aussi Thomas Nagel, «</span><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Libertarianism without Foundations »
(1975) 85:1 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">The Yale Law
Journal</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">
136 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">aux pp.142, 144-145, 146.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn15" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[15]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Gosselin <b>c</b>. Québec (Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au
para.355, j. Arbour (dissidente).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn16" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[16]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Morgentaler, [1988] 1 R.C.S. 30 au para.224, j. Wilson (pour la
majorité) ; Rodriguez c. Colombie-Britannique (Procureur général), <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1993] 3 R.C.S. 519 au para.201, j. McLachlin
(dissidente).</span> Voir aussi </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Oscar Schacter, « </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Human Dignity as
a Normative Concept » (1983) 77:4 The American Journal of International Law 848
à la p.851.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn17" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[17]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Keegstra, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990] 3 R.C.S. 697
au para.61, 90, 92 et 137, j. Dickson (pour la majorité) ; </span>Thomson
Newspapers Co. <b>c</b>. Canada (Procureur général), [1998] 1 R.C.S. 877 au
para.92, j. Bastarache (pour la majorité). </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Sur la propagande
haineuse voir aussi : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Canada (Commission des droits de la
personne) c. Taylor, [1990] 3 R.C.S. 892 aux paras.41 et 45, j. Dickson (pour
la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn18" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[18]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Keegstra, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990] 3 R.C.S. 697
au para.92, j. Dickson (pour la majorité) ; </span>Ross c. Conseil scolaire du
district no 15 du Nouveau-Brunswick, [1996] 1 R.C.S. 825 au para.90, j. La
Forest (pour la Cour).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn19" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[19]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Keegstra, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990] 3 R.C.S. 697
au para.92, j. Dickson (pour la majorité) ; </span>Ross c. Conseil scolaire du
district no 15 du Nouveau-Brunswick, [1996] 1 R.C.S. 825 au para.89, j. La
Forest (pour la Cour).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn20" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[20]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Keegstra, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990] 3 R.C.S. 697
au para.89, j. Dickson (pour la majorité).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn21" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[21]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Ross c. Conseil scolaire du district no 15 du Nouveau-Brunswick, [1996] 1
R.C.S. 825 au para.90, j. La Forest (pour la Cour).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn22" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[22]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Keegstra, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990] 3 R.C.S. 697
au para.90 et 92, j. Dickson (pour la majorité)</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn23" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[23]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Keegstra, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990] 3 R.C.S. 697
au para.137, j. Dickson (pour la majorité).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn24" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[24]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Keegstra, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990] 3 R.C.S. 697
au para.80 et 137, j. Dickson (pour la majorité).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn25" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[25]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Keegstra, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990] 3 R.C.S. 697
au para.60, j. Dickson (pour la majorité).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn26" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[26]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Keegstra, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990] 3 R.C.S. 697
au para.61, j. Dickson (pour la majorité).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn27" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[27]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Keegstra, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990] 3 R.C.S. 697
au para.76, j. Dickson (pour la majorité).</span></span><span lang="FR"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn28" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[28]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Keegstra, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990] 3 R.C.S. 697
au para.76, j. Dickson (pour la majorité).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn29" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[29]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Keegstra, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990] 3 R.C.S. 697
au para.61, j. Dickson (pour la majorité).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn30" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref30" name="_ftn30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[30]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Keegstra, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990] 3 R.C.S. 697
au para.61 et 89-94, j. Dickson (pour la majorité).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn31" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref31" name="_ftn31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[31]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Victor V.
Ramraj, « Keegstra, Butler, and positive liberty : a glimmer of hope for the
faithful » (1993) 51:2 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">U. Toronto Fac. L. Rev. 304 à la
p.323-325 (voir aussi p.310).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn32" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref32" name="_ftn32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[32]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Victor V.
Ramraj, « Keegstra, Butler, and positive liberty : a glimmer of hope for the
faithful » (1993) 51:2 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">U. Toronto Fac. L. Rev. 304</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> à la p.324.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn33" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref33" name="_ftn33" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[33]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Keegstra, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990] 3 R.C.S. 697
au para.76, j. Dickson (pour la majorité).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn34" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref34" name="_ftn34" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[34]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Québec (curateur public) c. Syndicat national des employés de l'hôpital
St-Ferdinand,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>[1996] 3 R.C.S. 211 au
para.104, j. l'Heureux-Dubé (pour la Cour).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn35" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref35" name="_ftn35" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[35]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Renvoi relatif à l'art. 193 et à l'al. 195.1(1)(c) du code criminel (Man.),
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990] 1 R.C.S. 1123 au para.49, 93 et
105, j. Lamer (pour la majorité) et au para.126, j. Wilson (dissidente).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn36" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref36" name="_ftn36" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn36;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[36]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Renvoi relatif à l'art. 193 et à l'al. 195.1(1)(c) du code criminel (Man.),
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990] 1 R.C.S. 1123 au para.126, j.
Wilson (dissidente).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn37" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref37" name="_ftn37" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn37;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[37]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Renvoi relatif à l'art. 193 et à l'al. 195.1(1)(c) du code criminel (Man.),
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990] 1 R.C.S. 1123 au para.13, j.
Dickson (pour la majorité) et au para.89, 98 et 107, j. Lamer (pour la
majorité).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn38" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref38" name="_ftn38" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn38;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[38]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Renvoi relatif à l'art. 193 et à l'al. 195.1(1)(c) du code criminel (Man.),
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990] 1 R.C.S. 1123 au para.96, j.
Lamer (pour la majorité).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn39" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref39" name="_ftn39" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn39;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[39]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Renvoi relatif à l'art. 193 et à l'al. 195.1(1)(c) du code criminel (Man.),
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990] 1 R.C.S. 1123 au para.95, j.
Lamer (pour la majorité).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn40" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref40" name="_ftn40" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn40;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[40]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> En revanche, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">selon le juge Dickson, l'objectif d'empêcher que
des jeunes personnes vulnérables ne soient exposées à la prostitution ne fait
pas partie de l'objectif législatif : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Renvoi relatif à
l'art. 193 et à l'al. 195.1(1)(c) du code criminel (Man.), <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990] 1 R.C.S. 1123 au para.2, j. Dickson
(pour la majorité).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn41" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref41" name="_ftn41" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn41;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[41]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Renvoi relatif à l'art. 193 et à l'al. 195.1(1)(c) du code criminel (Man.),
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990] 1 R.C.S. 1123 au para.98, j.
Lamer (pour la majorité) et au para.125, j. Wilson (dissidente). Selon la juge
Wilson, la prostitution est effectivement une façon dégradante pour les femmes
de gagner leur vie : </span>Renvoi relatif à l'art. 193 et à l'al. 195.1(1)(c)
du code criminel (Man.), <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990] 1
R.C.S. 1123 au para.126, j. Wilson (dissidente).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn42" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref42" name="_ftn42" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn42;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[42]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Renvoi relatif à l'art. 193 et à l'al. 195.1(1)(c) du code criminel (Man.),
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990] 1 R.C.S. 1123 au para.95, j.
Lamer (pour la majorité).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn43" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref43" name="_ftn43" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn43;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[43]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Renvoi relatif à l'art. 193 et à l'al. 195.1(1)(c) du code criminel (Man.),
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990] 1 R.C.S. 1123 au para.96-97, 98
et 107, j. Lamer (pour la majorité).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn44" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref44" name="_ftn44" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn44;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[44]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Renvoi relatif à l'art. 193 et à l'al. 195.1(1)(c) du code criminel (Man.),
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990] 1 R.C.S. 1123 au para.96, j.
Lamer (pour la majorité) et au para.125, j. Wilson (dissidente).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn45" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref45" name="_ftn45" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn45;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[45]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Renvoi relatif à l'art. 193 et à l'al. 195.1(1)(c) du code criminel (Man.),
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990] 1 R.C.S. 1123 au para.95, j.
Lamer (pour la majorité).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn46" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref46" name="_ftn46" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn46;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[46]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Renvoi relatif à l'art. 193 et à l'al. 195.1(1)(c) du code criminel (Man.),
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990] 1 R.C.S. 1123 au para.96, j.
Lamer (pour la majorité) et au para.125, j. Wilson (dissidente).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn47" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref47" name="_ftn47" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn47;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[47]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Renvoi relatif à l'art. 193 et à l'al. 195.1(1)(c) du code criminel (Man.),
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990] 1 R.C.S. 1123 au para.126, j.
Wilson (dissidente).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn48" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref48" name="_ftn48" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn48;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[48]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Hess; R. c. Nguyen, [1990] 2 R.C.S. 906 au para.93-94, j. McLachlin
(dissidente).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn49" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref49" name="_ftn49" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn49;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[49]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. <b>c</b>. Labaye, [2005] 3 R.C.S. 728 au para.129 et 149, j. Bastarache
et Lebel (dissidents).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn50" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref50" name="_ftn50" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn50;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[50]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. <b>c</b>. Labaye, [2005] 3 R.C.S. 728 au para.129, j. Bastarache et
Lebel (dissidents).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn51" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref51" name="_ftn51" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn51;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[51]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. <b>c</b>. Labaye, [2005] 3 R.C.S. 728 au para.149, j. Bastarache et
Lebel (dissidents).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn52" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref52" name="_ftn52" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn52;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[52]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Renvoi relatif à l'art. 193 et à l'al. 195.1(1)(c) du code criminel (Man.),
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990] 1 R.C.S. 1123 au para.96, j.
Lamer (pour la majorité) et au para.125, j. Wilson (dissidente).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn53" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref53" name="_ftn53" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn53;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[53]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Renvoi relatif à l'art. 193 et à l'al. 195.1(1)(c) du code criminel (Man.),
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990] 1 R.C.S. 1123 au para.95, j.
Lamer (pour la majorité).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn54" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref54" name="_ftn54" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn54;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[54]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Renvoi relatif à l'art. 193 et à l'al. 195.1(1)(c) du code criminel (Man.),
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990] 1 R.C.S. 1123 au para.98 et 105,
j. Lamer (pour la majorité).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn55" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref55" name="_ftn55" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn55;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[55]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Renvoi relatif à l'art. 193 et à l'al. 195.1(1)(c) du code criminel (Man.),
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990] 1 R.C.S. 1123 au para.95, j.
Lamer (pour la majorité). Voir aussi </span>Renvoi relatif à l'art. 193 et à
l'al. 195.1(1)(c) du code criminel (Man.), <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990] 1 R.C.S. 1123 au para.2, j. Dickson (pour la majorité).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn56" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref56" name="_ftn56" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn56;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[56]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Butler, [1992] 1 R.C.S. 452 au para.49, 82, 88 et 92, j.Sopinka (pour
la majorité) ; Thomson Newspapers Co. <b>c</b>. Canada (Procureur général),
[1998] 1 R.C.S. 877 au para.92, j. Bastarache (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn57" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref57" name="_ftn57" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn57;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[57]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Butler, [1992] 1 R.C.S. 452 au para.42, j.Sopinka (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn58" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref58" name="_ftn58" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn58;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[58]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Butler, [1992] 1 R.C.S. 452 au para.50, j.Sopinka (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn59" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref59" name="_ftn59" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn59;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[59]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Butler, [1992] 1 R.C.S. 452 au para.47, j.Sopinka (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn60" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref60" name="_ftn60" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn60;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[60]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Butler, [1992] 1 R.C.S. 452 au para.49, j.Sopinka (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn61" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref61" name="_ftn61" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn61;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[61]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Butler, [1992] 1 R.C.S. 452 au para.59, j.Sopinka (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn62" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref62" name="_ftn62" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn62;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[62]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Butler, [1992] 1 R.C.S. 452 au para.59, j.Sopinka (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn63" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref63" name="_ftn63" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn63;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[63]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Butler, [1992] 1 R.C.S. 452 au para.60, j.Sopinka (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn64" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref64" name="_ftn64" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn64;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[64]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Butler, [1992] 1 R.C.S. 452 au para.59, j.Sopinka (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn65" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref65" name="_ftn65" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn65;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[65]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Butler, [1992] 1 R.C.S. 452 au para.70, j.Sopinka (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn66" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref66" name="_ftn66" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn66;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[66]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Butler, [1992] 1 R.C.S. 452 au para.49, 82, 88 et 121, j.Sopinka (pour
la majorité) et au para.158, j. Gonthier (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn67" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref67" name="_ftn67" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn67;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[67]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Butler, [1992] 1 R.C.S. 452 au para.92, j.Sopinka (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn68" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref68" name="_ftn68" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn68;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[68]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Butler, [1992] 1 R.C.S. 452 au para.80, j.Sopinka (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn69" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref69" name="_ftn69" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn69;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[69]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Butler, [1992] 1 R.C.S. 452 au para.49, j.Sopinka (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn70" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref70" name="_ftn70" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn70;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[70]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Butler, [1992] 1 R.C.S. 452 au para.88, j.Sopinka (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn71" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref71" name="_ftn71" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn71;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[71]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. <b>c</b>. Mara, [1997] 2 R.C.S. 630 au para.35, j. Sopinka (pour la
Cour).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn72" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref72" name="_ftn72" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn72;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[72]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. <b>c</b>. Labaye, [2005] 3 R.C.S. 728 au para.132, j. Bastarache et
Lebel (dissidents).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn73" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref73" name="_ftn73" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn73;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[73]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Butler, [1992] 1 R.C.S. 452 au para.100, j.Sopinka (pour la
majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn74" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref74" name="_ftn74" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn74;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[74]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Butler, [1992] 1 R.C.S. 452 au para.49, 82, 88 et 121, j.Sopinka
(pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn75" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref75" name="_ftn75" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn75;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[75]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Blencoe c. Colombie-Britannique (Human Rights Commission),<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>[2000] 2 R.C.S. 307 au para.86, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">j. Bastarache (pour la majorité).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn76" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref76" name="_ftn76" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn76;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[76]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Rodriguez c. Colombie-Britannique (Procureur général), <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1993] 3 R.C.S. 519 au para.136-137, j.
Sopinka (pour la majorité) ; </span>Rodriguez c. Colombie-Britannique
(Procureur général), <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1993] 3 R.C.S.
519 au para.200, j. McLachlin (dissidente).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn77" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref77" name="_ftn77" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn77;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[77]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Rodriguez c. Colombie-Britannique (Procureur général), <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1993] 3 R.C.S. 519 au para.137 et 175, j.
Sopinka (pour la majorité).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn78" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref78" name="_ftn78" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn78;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[78]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Rodriguez c. Colombie-Britannique (Procureur général), <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1993] 3 R.C.S. 519 au para.147, j. Sopinka
(pour la majorité).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn79" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref79" name="_ftn79" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn79;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[79]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Rodriguez c. Colombie-Britannique (Procureur général), <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1993] 3 R.C.S. 519 au para.140, 148-149 et
174, j. Sopinka (pour la majorité). Voir aussi </span>Rodriguez c.
Colombie-Britannique (Procureur général), <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1993] 3 R.C.S. 519 au para.186, j. Sopinka (pour la majorité) ; </span>R.
c. Keegstra, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990] 3 R.C.S. 697 au
para.45, j. Dickson (pour la majorité).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn80" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref80" name="_ftn80" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn80;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[80]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Rodriguez c. Colombie-Britannique (Procureur général), <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1993] 3 R.C.S. 519 au para.137, j. Sopinka
(pour la majorité).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn81" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref81" name="_ftn81" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn81;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[81]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Rodriguez c. Colombie-Britannique (Procureur général), <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1993] 3 R.C.S. 519 au para.150, j. Sopinka
(pour la majorité).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn82" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref82" name="_ftn82" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn82;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[82]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Rodriguez c. Colombie-Britannique (Procureur général), <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1993] 3 R.C.S. 519 au para.150, j. Sopinka
(pour la majorité) au para.197 et 200, j. McLachlin (dissidente) au para.231,
j. Cory (dissident).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn83" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref83" name="_ftn83" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn83;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[83]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Rodriguez c. Colombie-Britannique (Procureur général), <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1993] 3 R.C.S. 519 au para.129, 140, 148-149
et 174, j. Sopinka (pour la majorité).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn84" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref84" name="_ftn84" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn84;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[84]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Rodriguez c. Colombie-Britannique (Procureur général), <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1993] 3 R.C.S. 519 au para.129, 140, 148-149
et 174, j. Sopinka (pour la majorité).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn85" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref85" name="_ftn85" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn85;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[85]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Rodriguez c. Colombie-Britannique (Procureur général), <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1993] 3 R.C.S. 519 au para.129, j. Sopinka
(pour la majorité).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn86" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref86" name="_ftn86" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn86;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[86]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Rodriguez c. Colombie-Britannique (Procureur général), <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1993] 3 R.C.S. 519 au para.168, j. Sopinka
(pour la majorité).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn87" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref87" name="_ftn87" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn87;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[87]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Rodriguez c. Colombie-Britannique (Procureur général), <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1993] 3 R.C.S. 519 au para.173, j. Sopinka
(pour la majorité).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn88" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref88" name="_ftn88" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn88;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[88]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">A.C. c. Manitoba (Directeur des services à l’enfant et à la famille, [2009]
2 R.C.S. 181 au para.137, j. McLachlin (motifs concordants).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn89" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref89" name="_ftn89" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn89;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[89]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">A.C. c. Manitoba (Directeur des services à l’enfant et à la famille, [2009]
2 R.C.S. 181 au para.137, j. McLachlin (motifs concordants).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn90" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref90" name="_ftn90" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn90;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[90]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Rodriguez c. Colombie-Britannique (Procureur général), <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1993] 3 R.C.S. 519 au para.137, j. Sopinka
(pour la majorité).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn91" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref91" name="_ftn91" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn91;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[91]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Rodriguez c. Colombie-Britannique (Procureur général), <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1993] 3 R.C.S. 519 au para.150, j. Sopinka
(pour la majorité).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn92" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref92" name="_ftn92" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn92;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[92]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Rodriguez c. Colombie-Britannique (Procureur général), <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1993] 3 R.C.S. 519 au para.150, j. Sopinka
(pour la majorité).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn93" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref93" name="_ftn93" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn93;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[93]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Rodriguez c. Colombie-Britannique (Procureur général), <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1993] 3 R.C.S. 519 au para.129, 140, 148-149
et 174, j. Sopinka (pour la majorité).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn94" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref94" name="_ftn94" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn94;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[94]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Rodriguez c. Colombie-Britannique (Procureur général), <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1993] 3 R.C.S. 519 au para.129, 140, 148-149
et 174, j. Sopinka (pour la majorité).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn95" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref95" name="_ftn95" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn95;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[95]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Rodriguez c. Colombie-Britannique (Procureur général), <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1993] 3 R.C.S. 519 au para.168, j. Sopinka
(pour la majorité).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn96" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref96" name="_ftn96" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn96;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[96]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Rodriguez c. Colombie-Britannique (Procureur général), <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1993] 3 R.C.S. 519 au para.173, j. Sopinka
(pour la majorité).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn97" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref97" name="_ftn97" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn97;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[97]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> À</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> l'exception de deux catégories problématiques de matériel : R. c. Sharpe, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[2001] 1 R.C.S. 45 au para.110, j. McLachlin
(pour la majorité).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn98" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref98" name="_ftn98" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn98;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[98]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Sharpe, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[2001] 1 R.C.S. 45 au
para.110, j. McLachlin (pour la majorité). </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn99" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref99" name="_ftn99" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn99;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[99]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Sharpe, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[2001] 1 R.C.S. 45 au
para.34 et 74, j. McLachlin (pour la majorité).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn100" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref100" name="_ftn100" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn100;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[100]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Sharpe, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[2001] 1 R.C.S. 45 au
para.82, j. McLachlin (pour la majorité).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn101" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref101" name="_ftn101" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn101;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[101]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Sharpe, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[2001] 1 R.C.S. 45 au
para.93, j. McLachlin (pour la majorité).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn102" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref102" name="_ftn102" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn102;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[102]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Sharpe, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[2001] 1 R.C.S. 45 au
para.92, j. McLachlin (pour la majorité).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn103" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref103" name="_ftn103" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn103;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[103]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Sharpe, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[2001] 1 R.C.S. 45 au
para.213 et 242, j. l'Heureux-Dubé, Gonthier et Bastarache (dissidents).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn104" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref104" name="_ftn104" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn104;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[104]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Sharpe, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[2001] 1 R.C.S. 45 au
para.92, j. McLachlin (pour la majorité) ; </span>R. c. Sharpe, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[2001] 1 R.C.S. 45 au para.158, 213 et 242,
j. l'Heureux-Dubé, Gonthier et Bastarache (dissidents).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn105" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref105" name="_ftn105" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn105;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[105]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Sharpe, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[2001] 1 R.C.S. 45 au
para.92, j. McLachlin (pour la majorité).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn106" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref106" name="_ftn106" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn106;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[106]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Sharpe, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[2001] 1 R.C.S. 45 au
para.242, j. l'Heureux-Dubé, Gonthier et Bastarache (dissidents).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn107" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref107" name="_ftn107" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn107;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[107]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Sharpe, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[2001] 1 R.C.S. 45 au
para.158, j. l'Heureux-Dubé, Gonthier et Bastarache (dissidents).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn108" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref108" name="_ftn108" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn108;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[108]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Sharpe, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[2001] 1 R.C.S. 45 au
para.158, 213 et 242, j. l'Heureux-Dubé, Gonthier et Bastarache (dissidents).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn109" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref109" name="_ftn109" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn109;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[109]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Chaoulli c. Québec (Procureur général), [2005] 1 R.C.S. 791 au para.124, j.
McLachlin et Major (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn110" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref110" name="_ftn110" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn110;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[110]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Chaoulli c. Québec (Procureur général), [2005] 1 R.C.S. 791 au para.153, j.
McLachlin et Major (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn111" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref111" name="_ftn111" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn111;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[111]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Chaoulli c. Québec (Procureur général), [2005] 1 R.C.S. 791 au para.130, j.
McLachlin et Major (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn112" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref112" name="_ftn112" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn112;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[112]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Chaoulli c. Québec (Procureur général), [2005] 1 R.C.S. 791 au para.152, j.
McLachlin et Major (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn113" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref113" name="_ftn113" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn113;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[113]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Chaoulli c. Québec (Procureur général), [2005] 1 R.C.S. 791 au para.159, j.
McLachlin et Major (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn114" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref114" name="_ftn114" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn114;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[114]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Chaoulli c. Québec (Procureur général), [2005] 1 R.C.S. 791 au para.45, j.
Deschamps (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn115" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref115" name="_ftn115" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn115;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[115]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Chaoulli c. Québec (Procureur général), [2005] 1 R.C.S. 791 au para.99-100,
j. Deschamps (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn116" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref116" name="_ftn116" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn116;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[116]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Chaoulli c. Québec (Procureur général), [2005] 1 R.C.S. 791 au para.242,
256-257 et 265, j. Binnie et Lebel (dissidents).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn117" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref117" name="_ftn117" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn117;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[117]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Chaoulli c. Québec (Procureur général), [2005] 1 R.C.S. 791 au para.273, j.
Binnie et Lebel (dissidents). Pour une signification des </span><span class="verdana"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">termes « valeurs démocratiques,
ordre public et bien-être général du public », voir </span></span><span class="bold"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Chiasson et Commission des droits de
la personne du Québec c.</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span class="bold">Centre d'accueil Villa Plaisance, </span><span class="ssl2">[1995]
J.T.D.P.Q. no 35</span><span class="verdana"> au para.68-71.</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn118" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref118" name="_ftn118" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn118;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[118]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Chaoulli c. Québec (Procureur général), [2005] 1 R.C.S. 791 au para.168 et
235, j. Binnie et Lebel (dissidents).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn119" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref119" name="_ftn119" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn119;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[119]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Chaoulli c. Québec (Procureur général), [2005] 1 R.C.S. 791 au para.241, j.
Binnie et Lebel (dissidents).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn120" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref120" name="_ftn120" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn120;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[120]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Préambule de la
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte québécoise</i>. Voir aussi </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Québec (curateur public) c. Syndicat national des employés de l'hôpital
St-Ferdinand,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>[1996] 3 R.C.S. 211 au
para.100, j. l'Heureux-Dubé (pour la Cour).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn121" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref121" name="_ftn121" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn121;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[121]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Chaoulli c. Québec (Procureur général), [2005] 1 R.C.S. 791 au para.277, j.
Binnie et Lebel (dissidents).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn122" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref122" name="_ftn122" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn122;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[122]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Québec (Commission des droits de la personne et des droits de la jeunesse) <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">c</span>. Montréal (Ville); Québec (Commission
des droits de la personne et des droits de la jeunesse) <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">c.</span> Boisbriand (Ville), [2000] 1 R.C.S. 665 au para.34, j.
l'Heureux-Dubé (pour la Cour) ; </span><span class="bold"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Commission des droits de la personne et</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span class="bold">des droits de la jeunesse c. 142006</span>
<span class="bold">Canada inc. (Caverne grecque)</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, </span><span class="ssl2"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[2012] J.T.D.P.Q. no 14</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> au para.50.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn123" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref123" name="_ftn123" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn123;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[123]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Chaoulli c. Québec (Procureur général), [2005] 1 R.C.S. 791 au para.269 et
273, j. Binnie et Lebel (dissidents). Comme l'affirmait les juges Iacobucci et
Cory (dissidents) dans l'arrêt R c. Zundel, l'intérêt public consiste notamment
à préserver et à promouvoir les valeurs d'égalité, de liberté et de dignité
humaine : R. c. Zundel, [1992] 2 R.C.S. 731 au para.148, j. Iacobucci et Cory
(dissidents).</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn124" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref124" name="_ftn124" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn124;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[124]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Micheline
Patenaude, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Droits et libertés de la personne : Guide d'étude (à lire
avant de commencer l'étude)</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, 2<sup>e</sup>
ed., </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Sainte-Foy,</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Presses de l'Université Laval, 2000 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">à la p.16. Dans l'arrêt </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Gosselin <b>c</b>. Québec (2002), le</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> juge Bastarache (dissident) soulignait
qu'une</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> interprétation téléologique de la Charte est
influencée par une préoccupation dominante pour la dignité humaine :</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Gosselin <b>c</b>. Québec (Procureur général)</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au
para.214, j. Bastarache (dissident</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">).</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn125" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref125" name="_ftn125" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn125;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[125]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Chaoulli c. Québec (Procureur général), [2005] 1 R.C.S. 791 au para. 274,
275, 277 et 278 j. Binnie et Lebel (dissidents).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn126" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref126" name="_ftn126" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn126;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[126]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Voir, par
exemple, la définition de la dignité humaine dans l'arrêt Law c. Canada : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Law <b>c</b>. Canada (Ministre de l’Emploi et de l’Immigration), [1999] 1
R.C.S. 497 au para.51, j. Iacobucci (pour la Cour). Dans l'arrêt R. c. Salituro
(1991), le juge Iacobucci (pour la Cour) affirmait ceci : « Si nos attentes à
l'égard d'une société fondée sur le respect de la dignité de la personne
humaine doivent avoir un sens, nous devons encourager et protéger toutes les
personnes, dans l'exercice de leurs droits et de leurs responsabilités en tant
que membres égaux de notre société » :<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>R. c. Salituro, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1991] 3 R.C.S.
654 au para.52, j. Iacobucci (pour la Cour).</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn127" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref127" name="_ftn127" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn127;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[127]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> L'article
36(1)(c) de la partie III de la loi constitutionnelle de 1982 précise que « les
gouvernements fédéral et provinciaux s'engagent à : (...) c) fournir à <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tous</i> les Canadiens, à un niveau de qualité
acceptable, les services publics essentiels » [nos italiques]. À ce sujet, voir
</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Commission de réforme du droit du Canada, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Le statut juridique de l'administration
fédérale</i>, Document de travail 40, Ottawa, Commission de réforme du droit du
Canada, 1985 à la p.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">44.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn128" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref128" name="_ftn128" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn128;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[128]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Chaoulli c. Québec (Procureur général), [2005] 1 R.C.S. 791 au para. 274,
j. Binnie et Lebel (dissidents).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn129" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref129" name="_ftn129" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn129;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[129]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Plusieurs
arrêts antérieurs de la Cour suprême du Canada insistent sur l'interprétation
téléologique des Chartes : « </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Lorsque
les tribunaux interprètent et appliquent la Charte, ils doivent veiller à ce
qu’elle ne devienne pas simplement l’instrument dont se serviront les plus
favorisés pour écarter des lois dont l’objet est d’améliorer le sort des moins
favorisés » : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Edwards Books and Art Ltd., [1986] 2 R.C.S. 713
au para.141, j. Dickson (pour la majorité) ; Slaight Communications Inc. c.
Davidson, [1989] 1 R.C.S. 1038 au para.16, j. Dickson (pour la majorité) ; R.
c. Wholesale Travel Group Inc., [1991] 3 R.C.S. 154 au para.170-173, j. Cory et
l'Heureux-Dubé (pour la majorité) ; Ross c. Conseil scolaire du district no 15
du Nouveau-Brunswick, [1996] 1 R.C.S. 825 au para.86, j. La Forest (pour la
Cour) ; R. c. Sharpe, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[2001] 1 R.C.S.
45 au para.133, j. l'Heureux-Dubé, Gonthier et Bastarache (dissidents). Voir
aussi Beverley McLachlin, « The Charter 25 years later : the good, the bad, and
the challenges » (2007) 45:2 Osgoode Hall Law Journal 365 à la p.375.
L'importance d'assurer un équilibre entre les droits civils et politiques et
les droits économiques, sociaux et culturels est garanti par l'article 26 de la
Charte canadienne : </span>Commission de réforme du droit du Canada, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Le statut juridique de l'administration
fédérale</i>, Document de travail 40, Ottawa, Commission de réforme du droit du
Canada, 1985 à la p.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">45.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn130" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref130" name="_ftn130" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn130;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[130]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Victor V.
Ramraj, « Keegstra, Butler, and positive liberty : a glimmer of hope for the
faithful » (1993) 51:2 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">U. Toronto Fac. L. Rev. 304</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> aux pp.324-325.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn131" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref131" name="_ftn131" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn131;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[131]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Victor V.
Ramraj, « Keegstra, Butler, and positive liberty : a glimmer of hope for the
faithful » (1993) 51:2 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">U. Toronto Fac. L. Rev. 304</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> aux pp.324-325.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn132" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref132" name="_ftn132" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn132;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[132]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Caroline Hodes,
« Dignity and the conditions of truth : what equality needs from Law » (2007) </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">19 Can. J. Women & L. 273 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">à la p.275.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn133" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref133" name="_ftn133" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn133;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[133]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Victor V.
Ramraj, « Keegstra, Butler, and positive liberty : a glimmer of hope for the
faithful » (1993) 51:2 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">U. Toronto Fac. L. Rev. 304</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> à la p.329.
L'égalité est l'une des valeurs centrales de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i> et occupe une place centrale dans l'analyse de
son article 1 : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Keegstra, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990] 3 R.C.S. 697 au para.75-76, j. Dickson (pour la majorité).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn134" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref134" name="_ftn134" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn134;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[134]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> James Hendry, «
Section 7 and social justice » (2009-2010) 27 N.J.C.L. 93 la p.106.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn135" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref135" name="_ftn135" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn135;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[135]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Andrew Petter, «</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Canada's Charter Flight</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">: Soaring Backwards into the Future</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> » (1989) 16:2
Journal of law and society 151</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> aux pp.152 et 161 ;
Andrew Petter, «</span><span class="tightinline"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">
Wealthcare : The Politics of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charter</i>
Re-visited », in Colleen M. Flood, Lorne Sossin and Kent Roach, dir., A<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ccess to Care, Access to Justice : The Legal
Debate Over Private Health Insurance in Canada</i>, Toronto, University of
Toronto Press, 2005 à la p.128 ;</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> François Rocher
et Daniel Salé, « Charte et société : vers un nouvel ordre politique canadien ?
» (1991) 20 Politique 35 aux pp.56-57 et 60. </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7671274545402013868.post-8255905407122299722016-02-14T12:22:00.001-05:002016-02-14T12:40:18.997-05:00La dignité humaine : les fondements juridiques (2.1. La jurisprudence canadienne jusqu'en 2013 : La dignité et la liberté)<style>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Section II : Les conceptions juridiques de la dignité
humaine dans la jurisprudence et la doctrine canadienne</span></b><br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">2.1. La jurisprudence canadienne</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Introduction</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Il
convient d'entré de jeu de préciser que seul le concept de « dignité humaine »
fait l'objet de cette étude. Comme nous le verrons dans la deuxième partie de
ce travail, la « dignité humaine » se distingue de l'usage général que l'on
fait de nos jours du terme « dignité » lorsque l'on réfère, par exemple, au statut
social ou à la dignité d'une fonction</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. La Cour
suprême du Canada a à l'occasion employé le terme générique de « dignité ». Par
exemple, elle réfère directement, ou indirectement dans ses citations, aux
termes suivants : « les dignités »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, « la dignité
royale »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, « la dignité
de son souverain »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, « la dignité
d'un État »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, la
dignité de la chambre des communes</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, la dignité
du conseil canadien des relations de travail</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, « la dignité
d'un juge »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, « la dignité
de la magistrature »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, « la dignité
de la Cour »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, « la dignité
du système judiciaire »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, « la dignité
de la profession »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">« la dignité d'un avocat »</span></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: FR;">,</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> « la dignité des animaux »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> et la
dignité d'une oeuvre</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[15]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>La
dignité humaine, en revanche, fut notamment invoquée dans des décisions de la
Cour suprême du Canada portant sur des sujets aussi divers que la liberté de
conscience</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[16]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, les
droits linguistiques</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[17]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, la
présomption d'innocence</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[18]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, la
stérilisation forcée et non thérapeutique de personnes handicapées</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[19]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, les
peines cruelles et inusitées</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[20]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, les
fouilles, les perquisitions ou les saisies abusives</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[21]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, la vie
privée</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[22]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">,
l'avortement</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[23]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">,
l'auto-incrimination</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[24]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, le
harcèlement sexuel</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[25]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, la
prostitution et la commercialisation des actes sexuels</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[26]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, la
propagande haineuse</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[27]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, le
multiculturalisme</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[28]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">,
l'agression sexuelle</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[29]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, la
peine de mort</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn30" name="_ftnref30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[30]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">,
l'expulsion d'un résident permanent reconnu coupable d'un crime grave</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn31" name="_ftnref31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[31]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, le
matériel obscène</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn32" name="_ftnref32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[32]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, l'aide
au suicide</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn33" name="_ftnref33" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[33]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, le
droit médical</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn34" name="_ftnref34" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[34]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, la
réputation</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn35" name="_ftnref35" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[35]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, le
droit de choisir le lieu de sa résidence</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn36" name="_ftnref36" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn36;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[36]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, le
droit de gagner sa vie dans toute province</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn37" name="_ftnref37" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn37;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[37]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, le
droit à l'égalité</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn38" name="_ftnref38" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn38;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[38]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, le
verdict de non-responsabilité criminelle pour cause de troubles mentaux</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn39" name="_ftnref39" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn39;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[39]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, la
pornographie juvénile</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn40" name="_ftnref40" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn40;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[40]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, le
droit de vote</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn41" name="_ftnref41" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn41;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[41]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, la
brevetabilité des formes de vie supérieures</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn42" name="_ftnref42" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn42;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[42]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, la
décriminalisation de la marijuana</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn43" name="_ftnref43" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn43;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[43]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, le
droit des parents et des instituteurs d'employer une force raisonnable pour
corriger un enfant ou un élève</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn44" name="_ftnref44" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn44;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[44]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">,
l'indécence</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn45" name="_ftnref45" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn45;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[45]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, le
système public de santé</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn46" name="_ftnref46" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn46;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[46]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> et la
procréation assistée</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn47" name="_ftnref47" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn47;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[47]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. </span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dans
ses nombreux arrêts, la Cour suprême du Canada a employé différentes conceptions
de la dignité humaine. À certains moments, elle assimile la dignité humaine à
la liberté (section 2.1.1) alors qu'à d'autres moments la dignité humaine a un
effet liberticide et sert à justifier une limite raisonnable à la liberté
(section 2.1.2). La dignité humaine est également parfois assimilée à l'égalité
(section 2.1.3)</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn48" name="_ftnref48" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn48;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[48]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">2.1.1. La dignité et la liberté</span></b></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dans cette section, nous tenterons
de démontrer comment la dignité humaine éclaire le concept de liberté de
conscience et de religion (2.1.1.1), de liberté d'expression (2.1.1.2), de
liberté d'association (2.1.1.3), de droit à la liberté et à la sécurité
(2.1.1.4) et de </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";">droit
à la protection contre les fouilles, les perquisitions ou les saisies abusives
(2.1.1.5). </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">2.1.1.1 Liberté
de conscience et de religion</span></b></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dès
les premiers arrêts rendus en vertu de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte
canadienne</i>, la Cour suprême du Canada s'est penchée sur la signification de
la liberté de conscience et de religion garantie à l'article 2a) de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i>. Dans l'arrêt <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">R c. Big M Drug Mart</i> (1985), le juge
Dickson (pour la majorité) a statué sur la constitutionnalité de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Loi fédérale sur le dimanche</i> qui
imposait à tous les citoyens, pour des motifs religieux, l'observance d'un jour
de repos en interdisant le travail et le commerce le dimanche. Cette loi
faisait « appel à des valeurs religieuses enracinées dans la moralité
chrétienne » et cherchait à les imposer par le droit positif aux athées et aux
croyants de toute allégeance religieuse</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn49" name="_ftnref49" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn49;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[49]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Le juge
Dickson a conclu que cette loi, par son objet religieux,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>portait atteinte à la liberté de conscience
et de religion de tous ceux qui ne partageaient pas l'idéal sectaire chrétien
en exerçant sur eux une forme de coercition. Il a donc déclaré cette loi
inconstitutionnelle et a jugé qu'elle ne pouvait être sauvegardée par l'article
1 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i>. Cette
décision est particulièrement importante puisqu'elle insiste sur le rapport
étroit que la liberté de conscience et de religion entretient avec les valeurs
d'autonomie et de dignité humaine</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn50" name="_ftnref50" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn50;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[50]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. En
effet, le juge Dickson affirme que la liberté de conscience et de religion vise
à garantir </span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« La prééminence de la conscience individuelle et
l'inopportunité de toute intervention gouvernementale visant à forcer ou à
empêcher sa manifestation (...) <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>On
voit facilement le rapport entre le respect de la conscience individuelle et la
valorisation de la dignité humaine qui motive cette protection constante </u></b>»
</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[nos
soulignés]<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn51" name="_ftnref51" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn51;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[51]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">. </span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">La liberté de conscience et de religion est non
seulement l'une des expressions fondamentales de la dignité humaine, mais est
également, selon le juge Dickson, indispensable à tout système politique libre
et démocratique</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn52" name="_ftnref52" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn52;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[52]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Il
souligne d'ailleurs que c'est en raison de l'importance accordée à la liberté
de conscience et de religion que la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte
canadienne</i> parle de liberté « fondamentales »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn53" name="_ftnref53" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn53;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[53]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. La
liberté étant au coeur de l'idéal démocratique</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn54" name="_ftnref54" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn54;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[54]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> et étant
l'une des valeurs fondamentales consacrées par la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn55" name="_ftnref55" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn55;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[55]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, il
ajoute, par conséquent, que l'un des objectifs importants de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i> est de protéger, dans
des limites raisonnables, contre la coercition et la contrainte</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn56" name="_ftnref56" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn56;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[56]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">.
Certainement inspiré par le philosophe libéral John Stuart Mill</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn57" name="_ftnref57" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn57;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[57]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, il
définit la liberté de conscience et de religion ainsi :</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« Une société vraiment libre peut accepter une
grande diversité de croyances, de goûts, de visées, de coutumes et de normes de
conduite. <u>Une société libre vise à assurer à tous l'égalité quant à la
jouissance des libertés fondamentales et j'affirme cela sans m'appuyer sur
l'art. 15 de la Charte. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">La liberté doit
sûrement reposer sur le respect de la dignité et des droits inviolables de
l'être humain (...) La liberté peut se caractériser essentiellement par
l'absence de coercition ou de contrainte (...) La liberté signifie que, sous
réserve des restrictions qui sont nécessaires pour préserver la sécurité,
l'ordre, la santé ou les moeurs publics ou les libertés et droits fondamentaux
d'autrui, nul ne peut être forcé d'agir contrairement à ses croyances ou à sa
conscience</b> </u>» </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[nos soulignés]<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn58" name="_ftnref58" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn58;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[58]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Étant
entendu que la liberté de conscience et de religion se caractérise par une
égalité quant à la jouissance de celle-ci et par l'absence de coercition et de
contrainte et que l'un des objectifs importants de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i> est de protéger, dans des limites raisonnables,
contre la coercition et la contrainte alors il s'ensuit logiquement qu'il ne
peut exister de religion d'État</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn59" name="_ftnref59" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn59;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[59]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> et que
l'État ne peut, sans créer une inégalité destructrice de la liberté de
religion, « protéger une religion sans accorder la même protection aux autres
religions »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn60" name="_ftnref60" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn60;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[60]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. En
d'autres termes, l'État ne peut pour des motifs religieux imposer sa propre
conception religieuse, car « la Charte protège les minorités religieuses contre
la menace de "tyrannie de la majorité" »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn61" name="_ftnref61" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn61;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[61]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. L'État
doit donc, par respect pour la dignité humaine et la liberté<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>de religion de tous ses citoyens, adopter une
attitude de « neutralité religieuse »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn62" name="_ftnref62" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn62;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[62]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">
conformément à la philosophie libérale</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn63" name="_ftnref63" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn63;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[63]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Dans
l'arrêt <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">S.L. c. Commission scolaire des
Chênes</i> (2012), la juge Deschamps (pour la majorité) définit la « neutralité
religieuse » comme le fait pour l'État de ne favoriser ni de ne défavoriser
aucune religion et de respecter « toutes les positions à l’égard de la
religion, y compris celle de n’en avoir aucune »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn64" name="_ftnref64" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn64;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[64]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Par conséquent,
l'État doit traiter de façon égale les citoyens qui adhèrent à des croyances
religieuses et ceux qui ne le font pas</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn65" name="_ftnref65" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn65;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[65]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>L'État
doit également, par respect pour le pluralisme moral consubstantiel à toute
société démocratique</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn66" name="_ftnref66" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn66;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[66]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> et par
respect pour la dignité humaine et la liberté de conscience de tous ses
citoyens, adopter une attitude de neutralité morale</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn67" name="_ftnref67" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn67;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[67]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">
conformément à la philosophie libérale</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn68" name="_ftnref68" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn68;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[68]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. En
d'autres termes, l'État ne peut restreindre, par une règle de droit et au nom
d'une conception du bien particulière qu'il se croirait justifié d'imposer à sa
population (par moralisme légal), les droits et libertés garantis par la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn69" name="_ftnref69" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn69;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[69]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">.
Plusieurs décisions de la Cour suprême du Canada étayent ce principe de
neutralité morale. En 1986, dans l'arrêt <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">La
Reine c. Jones</i>, la juge Wilson (dissidente) a cité avec approbation le
philosophe libéral John Stuart Mill qui définit la liberté comme la possibilité
de « "rechercher notre propre bien, à notre façon" »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn70" name="_ftnref70" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn70;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[70]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. En
1988, dans l'arrêt <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">R c. Morgentaler</i>,
la juge Wilson (pour la majorité) a cité à nouveau ce passage</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn71" name="_ftnref71" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn71;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[71]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> et a
ajouté que le principe de neutralité morale de l'État, suivant lequel l'État
doit respecter les choix de chacun et doit éviter de les subordonner à une
conception particulière du bien, est la théorie fondamentale qui sous-tend la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i>. Elle affirme :</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>La
notion de dignité humaine trouve son expression dans presque tous les droits et
libertés garantis par la Charte</u></b>. Les individus se voient offrir le
droit de choisir leur propre religion et leur propre philosophie de vie, de
choisir qui ils fréquenteront et comment ils s'exprimeront, où ils vivront et à
quelle occupation ils se livreront. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Ce
sont tous là des exemples de la théorie fondamentale qui sous-tend la Charte,
savoir que l'État respectera les choix de chacun et, dans toute la mesure du
possible, évitera de subordonner ces choix à toute conception particulière
d'une vie de bien </u></b>» </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[nos soulignés]<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn72" name="_ftnref72" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn72;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[72]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Ce passage fut repris avec approbation en 1991 par le
juge Iacobucci (pour la Cour) dans l'arrêt <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">R
c. Salituro</i></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn73" name="_ftnref73" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn73;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[73]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. En
1992, dans l'arrêt <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">R c. Butler</i>, le
juge Sopinka (pour la majorité) souligne que le moralisme légal, qui permet à
une majorité d'imposer ses valeurs morales aux minorités, est maintenant
proscrit par la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i> au
nom de la liberté de conscience</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn74" name="_ftnref74" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn74;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[74]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Par
conséquent, la justification d'une restriction à un droit ou à une liberté
fondamental au nom d'un objectif législatif visant à « favoriser une conception
particulière de la moralité » ou une conception particulière du bien partagée
par la majorité n'est désormais plus défendable</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn75" name="_ftnref75" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn75;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[75]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. En
2002, dans l'arrêt <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sauvé c. Canada</i>, la
juge McLachlin (pour la majorité) résume : « De par la Charte, les tribunaux
sont chargés de veiller à la défense et au maintien d’un cadre démocratique
universel et participatif au sein duquel les citoyens peuvent explorer et
adopter différentes conceptions du bien »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn76" name="_ftnref76" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn76;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[76]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>En
revanche, tous les juges de la Cour soulignent dans l'arrêt <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">R c. Butler</i> que le Parlement a le droit
de légiférer en se fondant « sur une certaine conception fondamentale de la
moralité » (moralité politique ou éthique publique)</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn77" name="_ftnref77" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn77;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[77]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> en vue
de protéger les valeurs fondamentales de notre société libre et démocratique</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn78" name="_ftnref78" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn78;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[78]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Ces
valeurs morales « découlent d'un large consensus social »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn79" name="_ftnref79" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn79;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[79]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> et
constituent, pour reprendre les termes du philosophe libéral John Rawls, un «
consensus par recoupement »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn80" name="_ftnref80" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn80;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[80]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> sur les
valeurs publiques fondamentales. En d'autres termes, dans notre société
pluraliste</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn81" name="_ftnref81" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn81;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[81]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> les
citoyens partagent des conceptions du bien différentes (morales privées
différentes), mais adhèrent tous à ces valeurs publiques communes (éthique
publique</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";">)<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn82" name="_ftnref82" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn82;" title=""><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[82]</span></span></span></a></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Par
conséquent, l'État ne peut demeurer indifférent et neutre à l'égard de ces
valeurs publiques et doit les affirmer et les défendre</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn83" name="_ftnref83" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn83;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[83]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Les
juges Gonthier et l'Heureux-Dubé (pour la majorité), s'inspirant des écrits du
philosophe libéral Ronald Dworkin</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn84" name="_ftnref84" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn84;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[84]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">,
énoncent deux conditions que l'État doit satisfaire s'il désire légiférer en se
fondant sur une conception fondamentale de la moralité</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn85" name="_ftnref85" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn85;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[85]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Ces
deux conditions ont été réaffirmées en 2002 par le juge Gonthier (dissident)
dans l'arrêt <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sauvé c. Canada</i></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn86" name="_ftnref86" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn86;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[86]</span></b></span></span></span></i></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">.
Premièrement, les prétentions morales doivent porter sur des problèmes concrets
comme la vie, le préjudice et le bien-être et non simplement sur des opinions
ou des goûts</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn87" name="_ftnref87" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn87;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[87]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">.
Deuxièmement, ces prétentions morales doivent être consensuelles au sein de la
population et doivent, par conséquent, bénéficier de l'appui de plus d'une
majorité simple de la population</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn88" name="_ftnref88" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn88;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[88]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Dit
autrement, dans une société libre, démocratique et pluraliste comme la nôtre</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn89" name="_ftnref89" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn89;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[89]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, il doit
exister un « consensus par recoupement » entre les différentes conceptions du
bien pour que l'État puisse légiférer en invoquant la moralité</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn90" name="_ftnref90" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn90;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[90]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Par
exemple, la prévention d'un préjudice à la société, résidant dans la violation
des valeurs fondamentales et consensuelles de notre société telle que l'égalité
et la dignité humaine, a été reconnue dans l'arrêt <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">R c. Butler</i> comme un objectif valide, urgent et réel justifiant une
restriction à la liberté d'expression garantit par l'article 2b) de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn91" name="_ftnref91" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn91;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[91]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>En
somme, la liberté de conscience et de religion entretient des rapports étroits
avec les valeurs d'autonomie et de dignité humaine et est indispensable à tout
système politique libre et démocratique. Elle se caractérise par une égalité
quant à la jouissance de celle-ci et par l'absence de coercition et de
contrainte de la part de l'État et autorise les individus à croire ou ne pas
croire en une divinité et à adhérer ou non à une religion particulière. Par
conséquent, il n'existe pas de religion d'État. En effet, l'État ne peut, sans
créer une inégalité destructrice de la liberté de religion, « protéger une
religion sans accorder la même protection aux autres religions » et ne peut,
par la force de sa majorité, imposer sa conception religieuse à l'ensemble de
ses citoyens sans porter atteinte à leur dignité et à leur liberté de religion.
Cette liberté de religion commande donc une séparation entre l'Église et l'État
et protège les minorités religieuses contre la tyrannie de la majorité. L'État
doit, par conséquent, demeurer neutre sur les questions religieuses. Mais
l'État doit également être neutre sur les questions morales par respect pour le
pluralisme moral consubstantiel à toute société démocratique et par respect
pour la dignité et la liberté de conscience de ses citoyens qui les autorise à
choisir leur propre conception du bien. En effet, la théorie fondamentale qui
sous-tend la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i> et qui
découle de la dignité humaine exige que l'État évite de subordonner les choix
moraux de ses citoyens à toute conception morale ou conception particulière
d'une vie de bien. L'État peut néanmoins légiférer en se fondant sur la
moralité si la loi ainsi adoptée vise à protéger les valeurs fondamentales et
consensuelles de notre société libre et démocratique parmi lesquelles figure au
premier plan la dignité humaine. </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">2.1.1.2 La
liberté d'expression </span></b></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Selon
la Cour, la liberté d'expression garantit à l'article 2b) de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i> est la pierre
angulaire des institutions démocratiques et figure parmi l'une des plus importantes
libertés garanties dans une société libre et démocratique</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn92" name="_ftnref92" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn92;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[92]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Les
valeurs qui sous-tendent la liberté d'expression et qui justifient sa
protection sont notamment la recherche de la vérité, la participation à la
prise de décisions d'intérêt social et politique et l'épanouissement personnel</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn93" name="_ftnref93" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn93;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[93]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Le lien
qui unit la liberté d'expression à la dignité humaine n'est pas étranger à ces
valeurs qui la sous-tendent et a été établit dans les arrêts <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">R. c. Keegstra</i> (1990) et <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Canada c. Taylor</i> (1990). Dans l'arrêt <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">R. c. Keegstra</i>, le juge Dickson (pour la
majorité) souligne d'abord que le droit de toute personne de participer
pleinement au processus politique repose sur la dignité humaine</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn94" name="_ftnref94" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn94;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[94]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Il
ajoute ensuite que la liberté d'expression dans le domaine politique est
nécessaire comme moyen de permettre cette pleine participation politique</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn95" name="_ftnref95" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn95;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[95]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Il
affirme, par conséquent, être très réticent à attacher moins que la plus haute
importance à l'expression se rapportant aux affaires politiques</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn96" name="_ftnref96" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn96;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[96]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Il
souligne néanmoins que la liberté d'expression dans le domaine politique ne
doit pas servir à affaiblir notre engagement envers la démocratie et les
valeurs démocratiques</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn97" name="_ftnref97" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn97;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[97]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Dans
l'arrêt <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Canada c. Taylor</i> (1990), le
juge Dickson (pour la majorité) ajoute que la liberté d'expression permet
également aux particuliers de s'orienter et de réaliser leur épanouissement
personnel favorisant ainsi la dignité humaine et l'autonomie individuelle</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn98" name="_ftnref98" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn98;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[98]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Il
précise néanmoins, dans l'arrêt <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Keegstra</i>,
que la liberté d'expression doit viser l'épanouissement personnel de tous les
membres de la société et ne doit donc pas servir à miner l'épanouissement
personnel de certains</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn99" name="_ftnref99" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn99;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[99]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Ces
deux arrêts nous enseignent donc que la liberté d'expression garantit la
dignité humaine à la fois en permettant à toute personne de participer
pleinement au processus politique (en permettant à toute personne de plaider en
faveur d'un changement social, économique ou politique), mais également en
favorisant l'épanouissement personnel de tous les membres de la société (en
permettant à toute personne de s'exprimer pour le plaisir de s'exprimer)</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn100" name="_ftnref100" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn100;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[100]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. De
plus, en protégeant le droit des plus faibles et des plus vulnérables</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn101" name="_ftnref101" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn101;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[101]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> ainsi
que des minorités et des groupes historiquement défavorisés</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn102" name="_ftnref102" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn102;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[102]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">
d'exprimer leurs opinions, la liberté d'expression renforce également la
dignité humaine qui, selon la Cour, commande de traiter chaque personne et quel
que soit son groupe d'appartenance (minoritaire ou majoritaire) avec « le même
intérêt, le même respect, et la même considération »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn103" name="_ftnref103" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn103;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[103]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Il
arrive parfois que la liberté d'expression entre en conflit avec d'autres
valeurs également liées à la dignité humaine. Par exemple, dans les affaires de
libelle, la valeur de liberté d'expression entre inévitablement en conflit avec
la valeur de réputation</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn104" name="_ftnref104" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn104;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[104]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">
également liée à la dignité humaine</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn105" name="_ftnref105" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn105;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[105]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Dans de
telles circonstances , une conciliation<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>entre ces deux valeurs s'impose</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn106" name="_ftnref106" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn106;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[106]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">
conformément à la thèse retenue par la Cour suprême du Canada selon laquelle il
n'existe pas de hiérarchie entre les droits de la personne</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn107" name="_ftnref107" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn107;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[107]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>En
somme, la liberté d'expression est étroitement liée à la dignité humaine. En
effet, certaines de ses valeurs sous-jacentes, à savoir la participation à la
prise de décisions d'intérêt social et politique et l'épanouissement personnel,
sont essentielles à la dignité humaine. La Cour a effectivement reconnu que le
droit de toute personne de participer pleinement au processus politique repose
sur la dignité humaine et que la réalisation de l'épanouissement personnel
favorise la dignité humaine et l'autonomie individuelle. De plus, en protégeant
le droit des minorités et des groupes historiquement défavorisés d'exprimer
leurs opinions, la liberté d'expression renforce également la dignité humaine
qui, selon la Cour, commande de traiter chaque personne quel que soit son
groupe d'appartenance (minoritaire ou majoritaire) avec « le même intérêt, le
même respect, et la même considération ». Il arrive parfois que la liberté
d'expression entre en conflit avec d'autres valeurs également liées à la
dignité humaine. Par exemple, dans les affaires de libelle, la valeur de
liberté d'expression entre inévitablement en conflit avec la valeur de
réputation également liée à la dignité humaine. Dans de telles circonstances ,
une conciliation<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>entre ces deux valeurs
s'impose conformément à la thèse retenue par la Cour suprême du Canada selon
laquelle il n'existe pas de hiérarchie entre les droits de la personne.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">2.1.1.3 La
liberté d'association</span></b></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>La
liberté d'association garantit à l'article 2d) de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i> est particulièrement importante pour l'exercice
de d'autres libertés fondamentales comme la liberté d'expression et la liberté
de conscience et de religion</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn108" name="_ftnref108" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn108;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[108]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Elle
constitue également un puissant contre-pouvoir à la puissance de l'État et est
en ce sens le droit de la personne qui distingue le mieux l'État démocratique
de l'État totalitaire</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn109" name="_ftnref109" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn109;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[109]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. D'une
manière générale, partout où il existe des rapports de force, la liberté
d'association est sollicitée et occupe une place prépondérante. Dans le <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Renvoi relatif à la Public Service Employee
Relations Act</i> (1987), le juge Dickson (dissident) le confirme :</span></div>
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<u><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">La
liberté d'association est on ne peut plus essentielle dans les circonstances où
l'individu risque d'être lésé par les actions de quelque entité plus importante
et plus puissante comme le gouvernement ou un employeur</b></span></u><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">. L'association a toujours été le moyen par lequel les minorités
politiques, culturelles et raciales, les groupes religieux et les travailleurs
ont tenté d'atteindre leurs buts et de réaliser leurs aspirations ; <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>elle a permis à ceux qui, par ailleurs,
auraient été vulnérables et inefficaces de faire face, à armes plus égales, à
la puissance et à la force de ceux avec qui leurs intérêts interagissaient et,
peut-être même, entraient en conflit</u></b><u> »</u><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[nos
soulignés]<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn110" name="_ftnref110" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn110;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[110]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Le lien qui unit la liberté d'association et la
dignité humaine est particulièrement manifeste dans le contexte des relations
de travail où il existe entre l'employeur et l'employé particulièrement
vulnérable une inégalité de force, un déséquilibre de pouvoir manifeste en
faveur de l'employeur</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn111" name="_ftnref111" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn111;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[111]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Selon
le philosophe libéral Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse, l'existence des associations
de salariés (ou syndicats) permet d'assurer aux salariés une liberté réelle et
non seulement formelle</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn112" name="_ftnref112" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn112;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[112]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> dans la
négociation des conditions de travail en rétablissant une égalité de force et
de pouvoir de négociation avec l'employeur. Il affirme :</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">«<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>In the matter of contract true freedom
postulates substantial equality between the parties</u></b><u>.</u> In
proportion as one party is in a position of vantage, he is able to dictate his
terms. In proportion as the other party is in a weak position, he must accept
unfavourable terms. Hence the truth of Walker’s dictum that economic injuries
tend to perpetuate themselves (...) <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>liberty
without equality is a name of noble sound and squalid result</u></b><u> (...)
The emancipation of trade unions (...) was in the main a liberating movement,
because combination was necessary to place the workman on something approaching
terms of equality with the employer, </u>and because tacit combinations of
employers could never, in fact, be prevented by law. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>It was, again, a movement to liberty through equality</u> </b>»
</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[nos
soulignés]<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn113" name="_ftnref113" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn113;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[113]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">En protégeant le droit à la négociation collective
dans le contexte des relations de travail, le droit à la liberté d'association
permet d'établir une égalité entre les parties et de promouvoir les valeurs
fondamentales, inhérentes et intrinsèques à la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i> (dont la dignité humaine</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn114" name="_ftnref114" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn114;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[114]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">) en
permettant aux salariés d'accéder concrètement à des droits économiques et
sociaux</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn115" name="_ftnref115" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn115;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[115]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">
essentiels à la dignité humaine. En effet, adhérer à une association de
salariée (ou syndicat), dont la fonction consiste à améliorer les conditions de
travail et à oeuvrer à la protection de la dignité et des intérêts collectifs
des travailleurs</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn116" name="_ftnref116" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn116;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[116]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, procure
aux salariés un sentiment de valorisation et de dignité</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn117" name="_ftnref117" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn117;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[117]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> en leur
permettant d'améliorer leur bien-être sur les plans économique et émotionnel</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn118" name="_ftnref118" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn118;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[118]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. La liberté
d'association permet ainsi d'instaurer des rapports collectifs de travail qui
rendent inapplicable l'ordre contractuel privé et inégalitaire inspiré du
libéralisme économique</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn119" name="_ftnref119" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn119;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[119]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. À ce
sujet, le juge Lebel (pour la Cour) affirme :</span></div>
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<span class="verdana"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« <u>L'existence
de l'accréditation, et ensuite de la convention collective, prive l'employeur
du droit de négocier directement avec ses employés. En raison de sa fonction de
représentation exclusive, la présence du syndicat forme écran entre l'employeur
et les salariés. L'employeur est privé de la possibilité de négocier des
conditions de travail différentes avec les salariés individuels</u> (...) Cette
situation juridique est une manifestation de la raison d'être du Code du
travail dans son ensemble, savoir que le pouvoir de négociation de chaque
employé pris individuellement doit être combiné avec celui de tous les autres
pour fournir une force compensatoire suffisante opposable à l'employeur de
manière à garantir la meilleure entente globale pour le groupe » </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[nos soulignés]</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn120" name="_ftnref120" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn120;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[120]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="verdana"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.</span></span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>En
somme, la liberté d'association est particulièrement importante pour l'exercice
de d'autres libertés fondamentales. Elle constitue également un puissant
contre-pouvoir à la puissance de l'État et est en ce sens le droit de la
personne qui distingue le mieux l'État démocratique de l'État totalitaire.
Partout où il existe des rapports de force, la liberté d'association est
sollicitée puisqu'elle permet de rétablir un équilibre de pouvoir entre les
parties. Le lien qui unit la liberté d'association et la dignité humaine est
particulièrement manifeste dans le contexte des relations de travail où il
existe entre l'employeur et l'employé particulièrement faible et vulnérable une
inégalité de force, un déséquilibre de pouvoir manifeste en faveur de
l'employeur. En protégeant le droit à la négociation collective dans le
contexte des relations de travail, le droit à la liberté d'association permet
d'établir une égalité entre les parties et de promouvoir les valeurs
fondamentales, inhérentes et intrinsèques à la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i>, dont la dignité humaine, en permettant aux
salariés d'accéder concrètement à des droits économiques et sociaux essentiels
à la dignité humaine.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">2.1.1.4. Le droit
à la liberté et à la sécurité</span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">1. Le droit à la liberté</span></b></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Le
sens reconnu au droit à la liberté garanti par l'article 7 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i> a évolué
progressivement avec la jurisprudence. Cette évolution jurisprudentielle est
conforme à la nature de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte
canadienne</i> qui a été rédigée en prévision de l'avenir et qui se doit, pour
cette raison, d'être susceptible d'évoluer avec le temps</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn121" name="_ftnref121" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn121;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[121]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Dans
ses premiers arrêts, la Cour limita l'étendue de la protection accordée par le
droit à la liberté à l'absence de contrainte physique incluant l'emprisonnement</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn122" name="_ftnref122" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn122;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[122]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Mais dès
1986, la juge Wilson (dissidente), dans l'arrêt <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">R c. Jones</i>, interpréta plus largement ce droit et étend la
protection accordée au-delà de la seule absence de contrainte physique</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn123" name="_ftnref123" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn123;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[123]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. En
précisant d'emblée que la liberté dans la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte
canadienne</i> signifie la liberté telle qu'on l'entend dans une société libre
et démocratique</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn124" name="_ftnref124" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn124;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[124]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, elle
conclut que le droit à la liberté inclut, dans la limite du respect des droits
de la collectivité, le droit des parents d'élever et d'éduquer leurs enfants</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn125" name="_ftnref125" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn125;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[125]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Elle
ajoute :</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">«<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i><u>Je
crois que les rédacteurs de la Constitution en garantissant la
"liberté" en tant que valeur fondamentale d'une société libre et
démocratique, avaient à l'esprit la liberté pour l'individu de se développer et
de réaliser son potentiel au maximum, d'établir son propre plan de vie, en
accord avec sa personnalité; de faire ses propres choix, pour le meilleur ou
pour le pire, d'être non conformiste, original et même excentrique, d'être, en
langage courant, "lui-même" et d'être responsable en tant que tel</u>.
John Stuart Mill décrit cela ainsi: [TRADUCTION] "rechercher notre propre
bien, à notre façon". Nous devrions, pensait-il, être libre de le faire
"dans la mesure où nous ne tentons pas de priver les autres du leur, ni
d'entraver leurs efforts pour y parvenir" »</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> [nos soulignés]<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn126" name="_ftnref126" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn126;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[126]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";">Ce
passage particulièrement éclairant et qui s'inspire fortement des écrits du
philosophe libéral John Stuart Mill<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn127" name="_ftnref127" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn127;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[127]</span></span></span></span></a>
fut cité à nouveau en 1988 par la juge Wilson (majoritaire) dans l'arrêt <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">R c. Morgentaler</i><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn128" name="_ftnref128" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn128;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[128]</span></span></span></span></a>
et en 1995 par le juge La Forest (pour la majorité) dans l'arrêt </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">B. (R.) c. Children's Aid Society of Metropolitan
Toronto</span></i><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn129" name="_ftnref129" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn129;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[129]</span></b></span></span></span></i></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>En
1988, dans l'arrêt <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">R c. Morgentaler</i>,
la juge Wilson (majoritaire) clarifia davantage sa pensée et conféra au droit à
la liberté une interprétation large et conforme à la jurisprudence américaine
sur le sujet</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn130" name="_ftnref130" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn130;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[130]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Selon
cette interprétation, le droit à la liberté confère à chaque individu une
sphère d'autonomie à l'intérieur de laquelle il est autorisé à prendre, sans
immixtion de l'État, des décisions d'importance fondamentale qui le concernent
exclusivement</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn131" name="_ftnref131" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn131;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[131]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. En
fondant son raisonnement sur les arrêts <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">R
c. Big M Drug Mart</i> (1985) et <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">R c.
Oakes</i> (1986)</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn132" name="_ftnref132" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn132;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[132]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, elle
souligne que « la Charte et le droit à la liberté individuelle qu'elle garantit
sont inextricablement liés à la notion de dignité humaine »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn133" name="_ftnref133" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn133;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[133]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Elle
ajoute :</span></div>
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<u><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« Ainsi, un aspect du respect de la dignité
humaine sur lequel la Charte est fondée est le droit de prendre des décisions
personnelles fondamentales sans intervention de l'État. Ce droit constitue une
composante cruciale du droit à la liberté.</span></u><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> La liberté, comme nous l'avons dit dans l'arrêt Singh, est un terme
susceptible d'une acception fort large. À mon avis, ce droit, bien interprété,
confère à l'individu une marge d'autonomie dans la prise de décisions d'importance
fondamentale pour sa personne (...) <u>La liberté dans une société libre et
démocratique n'oblige pas l'État à approuver les décisions personnelles de ses
citoyens ; elle l'oblige cependant à les respecter </u>» </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[nos soulignés]<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn134" name="_ftnref134" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn134;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[134]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";">Ce
passage fut cité avec approbation en 1995 par le juge La Forest (pour la
majorité) dans l'arrêt </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">B. (R.)
c. Children's Aid Society of Metropolitan Toronto</span></i><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn135" name="_ftnref135" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn135;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[135]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, en 1997
par le juge La Forest (pour la majorité) dans l'arrêt <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Godbout c. Longueuil (Ville)</i></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn136" name="_ftnref136" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn136;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[136]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> et en
2000 par le juge Bastarache (pour la majorité) dans l'arrêt <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Blencoe c. Colombie-Britannique (Human
Rights Commission)</i></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn137" name="_ftnref137" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn137;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[137]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";">Cette interprétation large du
droit à la liberté quoique critiquée par le juge Lamer dans l'arrêt </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">B. (R.) c. Children's Aid Society of Metropolitan
Toronto</span></i><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn138" name="_ftnref138" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn138;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[138]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"> fut retenue dans tous les arrêts
subséquents et représente l'état du droit actuel<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn139" name="_ftnref139" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn139;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[139]</span></span></span></span></a>.
</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Ce droit à la liberté protège les « choix fondamentaux participants de
l'essence même de ce que signifie la jouissance de la dignité et de
l'indépendance individuelles »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn140" name="_ftnref140" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn140;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[140]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Par
exemple, des décisions portant sur le choix d'une femme d'interrompre sa
grossesse, la décision d'une personne de mettre fin à ses jours, le droit
d'élever ses enfants</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn141" name="_ftnref141" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn141;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[141]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, les
décisions des parents quant aux soins médicaux pouvant être administrés à leurs
enfants et le choix du lieu de sa demeure</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn142" name="_ftnref142" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn142;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[142]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> sont
toutes des décisions protégées par le droit à la liberté. Le droit à la liberté
n'est toutefois « pas synonyme d'absence totale de contrainte »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn143" name="_ftnref143" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn143;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[143]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. En
effet, pour qu'une société demeure gouvernable, « la Constitution ne saurait
être élargie pour protéger toute activité qu’une personne choisit de définir
comme essentielle à son mode de vie »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn144" name="_ftnref144" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn144;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[144]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> sans
aucun lien avec la dignité humaine. Il faut, par conséquent, distinguer les «
convictions de conscience » des simples « préférences »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn145" name="_ftnref145" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn145;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[145]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Par exemple,
la décision de consommer de la marijuana ne bénéficie pas de la protection de
la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn146" name="_ftnref146" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn146;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[146]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. De
plus, le droit à la liberté n'englobe pas un droit de propritété ou « des
intérêts purement économiques »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn147" name="_ftnref147" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn147;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[147]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> comme la
décision d'exploiter des appareils de loterie vidéo</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn148" name="_ftnref148" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn148;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[148]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">.</span></div>
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<b><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">2. Le droit à la sécurité</span></b></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Le droit à la sécurité garanti par
l'article 7 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i>
protège à la fois l'intégrité physique et psychologique des individus</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn149" name="_ftnref149" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn149;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[149]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Il
protège ainsi contre l'atteinte portée à l'intégrité corporelle de même que
contre la tension psychologique grave causée par l'État</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn150" name="_ftnref150" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn150;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[150]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. En
1993, dans l'arrêt <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Rodriguez</i>, le juge
Sopinka (pour la majorité) souligne que la notion de sécurité est étroitement
liée à l'autonomie personnelle et à la dignité humaine</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn151" name="_ftnref151" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn151;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[151]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Il
affirme :</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« <u>Il n'y a donc aucun doute que la notion de
sécurité de la personne comprend l'autonomie personnelle, du moins en ce qui
concerne le droit de faire des choix concernant sa propre personne, le contrôle
sur sa propre intégrité physique et mentale, et la dignité humaine fondamentale</u>,
tout au moins l'absence de prohibitions pénales qui y fassent obstacle » </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[nos soulignés]<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn152" name="_ftnref152" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn152;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[152]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Dans un
même ordre d'idée, la juge McLachlin (dissidente) affirme :</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« <u>La sécurité de la personne comporte un
élément d’autonomie personnelle protégeant la dignité et la vie privée des
individus à l’égard des décisions concernant leur propre corps. Le pouvoir de
décider de façon autonome ce qui convient le mieux à son propre corps est un
attribut de la personne et de la dignité de l’être humain. Cela [est conforme
au fait que] [TRADUCTION] « l’art. 7 a été adopté afin de protéger la dignité
humaine et la maîtrise individuelle, pour autant que cela ne nuise pas à autrui
</u>» » </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[nos
soulignés]<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn153" name="_ftnref153" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn153;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[153]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";">Ce
passage de la juge McLachlin fut repris par la juge Abella (pour la majorité) en
2009 dans l'arrêt </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">A.C. c. Manitoba
(Directeur des services à l’enfant et à la famille</span></i><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn154" name="_ftnref154" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn154;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[154]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";">. </span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>En somme, il existe un lien étroit
entre les notions de liberté, de sécurité et de dignité humaine<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn155" name="_ftnref155" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn155;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[155]</span></span></span></span></a>.
En effet, le droit à la liberté protège l'autonomie individuelle en </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">conférant
à chaque individu une sphère d'autonomie à l'intérieur de laquelle il est
autorisé à prendre, sans immixtion de l'État, des décisions d'importance
fondamentale qui le concernent exclusivement</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn156" name="_ftnref156" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn156;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[156]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. La
dignité humaine éclaire ce droit à la liberté en limitant ou en circonscrivant
cette sphère d'autonomie. En effet, ce droit à la liberté ne protège que les «
choix fondamentaux participants de l'essence même de ce que signifie la
jouissance de la dignité et de l'indépendance individuelles »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn157" name="_ftnref157" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn157;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[157]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Par
conséquent, ce droit ne protège que les « convictions de conscience » par
opposition à de simples « préférences »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn158" name="_ftnref158" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn158;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[158]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> et ne
saurait être élargi « pour protéger toute activité qu’une personne choisit de
définir comme essentielle à son mode de vie »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn159" name="_ftnref159" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn159;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[159]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">De même, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";">le droit à la sécurité protège
l'autonomie individuelle et la dignité humaine en protégeant l'inviolabilité du
corps humain et l'intégrité physique<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn160" name="_ftnref160" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn160;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[160]</span></span></span></span></a>
et le pouvoir de prendre des décisions personnelles concernant son propre corps<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn161" name="_ftnref161" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn161;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[161]</span></span></span></span></a>.
L'autonomie individuelle est donc, selon de nombreux arrêts de la Cour,
étroitement liée à la dignité humaine<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn162" name="_ftnref162" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn162;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[162]</span></span></span></span></a>.
Ce qui fait dire au juge Bastarache (pour la majorité), dans l'arrêt </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Blencoe c. Colombie-Britannique (Human Rights
Commission)</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">,<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>que</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"> :</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« <u>Dans des affaires comme Morgentaler,
Rodriguez et B. (R.), la dignité était liée à l'autonomie de la personne
relativement à la maîtrise de son corps ou à l'ingérence dans des choix
personnels fondamentaux. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">En fait, la
dignité est souvent en cause lorsque la capacité de faire des choix
fondamentaux est compromise</b> </u>» </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[nos soulignés]<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn163" name="_ftnref163" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn163;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[163]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";">2.1.1.5
Droit à la protection contre les fouilles, les perquisitions ou les saisies
abusives</span></b></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Le
droit </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";">à la protection
contre les fouilles, les perquisitions ou les saisies abusives</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, garanti
à l'article 8 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i>,
a pour but « de protéger les particuliers contre les intrusions injustifiées de
l'État dans leur vie privée »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn164" name="_ftnref164" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn164;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[164]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> en leur
garantissant une « attente raisonnable » de vie privée</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn165" name="_ftnref165" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn165;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[165]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">
relativement à leur personne et à leurs renseignements personnels</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn166" name="_ftnref166" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn166;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[166]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> créant
ainsi « pour "[c]hacun" des zones d'autonomie personnelle dans
lesquelles "toutes les forces de la Couronne" ne peuvent pas entrer »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn167" name="_ftnref167" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn167;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[167]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Cette interdiction
faite au gouvernement de s'immiscer de trop près dans la vie de ses citoyens «
touche à l'essence même de l'État démocratique »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn168" name="_ftnref168" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn168;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[168]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. En
protégeant le droit de tout citoyen de ne pas être importuné par l'État, cet
article consacre un droit à la vie privée qui est étroitement lié à la valeur
de liberté</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn169" name="_ftnref169" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn169;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[169]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. C'est
pourquoi le juge La Forest (pour la majorité), dans l'arrêt <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">R c. Dyment</i> (1988), affirme que « la
notion de vie privée est au coeur de celle de la liberté dans un État moderne »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn170" name="_ftnref170" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn170;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[170]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Selon
la juge l'Heureux-Dubé (pour la majorité), dans l'arrêt <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">R. c. O'Connor</i> (1995), le respect de la vie privée est un élément
essentiel de la liberté :</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« Le droit à la protection contre les fouilles,
les perquisitions ou les saisies abusives joue un rôle central dans un document
qui vise à tracer le schéma directeur de la vision canadienne de ce qui
constitue une société libre et démocratique. <u>Le respect de la vie privée
d'un individu est un élément essentiel de ce que signifie être « libre ».</u>
Comme corollaire, la violation de ce droit a des répercussions sur la « liberté
» d'un individu dans notre société libre et démocratique » </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[nos soulignés]<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn171" name="_ftnref171" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn171;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[171]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">L'article 8 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte
canadienne</i> vise non seulement à protéger la vie privée et la liberté des
individus, mais également leur intégrité physique et la dignité humaine</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn172" name="_ftnref172" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn172;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[172]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. En
effet, dans l'arrêt <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">R c. Dyment</i>
(1988), le juge La Forest (pour la majorité) affirmait que « l’utilisation du
corps d’une personne, sans son consentement, en vue d’obtenir des
renseignements à son sujet, constitue une atteinte à une sphère de la vie
privée essentielle au maintien de sa dignité humaine »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn173" name="_ftnref173" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn173;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[173]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. De
même, dans l'arrêt Stillman (1997), le juge Cory (pour la majorité) affirmait
qu'on « a souvent dit clairement et avec vigueur qu’une atteinte de l’État à
l’intégrité physique d’une personne est une violation de la vie privée de cette
personne et une atteinte à la dignité humaine »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn174" name="_ftnref174" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn174;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[174]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Dans
cet arrêt, le juge Cory (pour la majorité) souligne d'ailleurs le lien qui
existe entre la vie privée, l’intégrité physique et la dignité humaine</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn175" name="_ftnref175" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn175;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[175]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> :</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« Les Canadiens considèrent leur corps comme
étant la manifestation extérieure de leur être. Ils considèrent qu’il a une
importance exceptionnelle et qu’il leur appartient exclusivement. <u>Toute
atteinte au corps d’un individu est une atteinte à sa personne. En fait, il
s’agit de l’atteinte la plus grave à la dignité personnelle et à la vie privée.</u>
Il n’y a aucun doute que ce point de vue a été à la base des dispositions en
matière de voies de fait et d’agression sexuelle »</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> [nos soulignés]<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn176" name="_ftnref176" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn176;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[176]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">En somme,
il existe un lien étroit entre la protection de la vie privée des individus
garantie à l'article 8 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte
canadienne</i> et ses valeurs sous-jacentes de liberté, d'intégrité physique et
de dignité humaine</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn177" name="_ftnref177" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn177;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[177]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. En
effet, en protégeant le droit de tout citoyen de ne pas être importuné par
l'État, la notion de vie privée fait intervenir la notion de liberté et de
dignité humaine. De même, en protégeant le droit de tout individu de contrôler
les renseignements personnels pouvant être obtenus de son corps sans son
consentement, le droit à la vie privée fait intervenir les notions d'intégrité
physique et de dignité humaine. </span><br />
<br />
<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><b>Éric Folot, Avocat et Bioéthicien </b></span></div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Comme le
souligne le juge Iacobucci (pour la Cour) dans l'arrêt Law (1999) : « </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">La dignité humaine n’a rien à voir avec le statut ou la position d’une
personne dans la société en soi » : Law <b>c</b>. Canada (Ministre de l’Emploi
et de l’Immigration), [1999] 1 R.C.S. 497 au para.53, j. Iacobucci (pour la Cour).
La « dignité » correspond à ce que Christian Brunelle qualifie de « sens
institutionnel » : Christian Brunelle, « La dignité dans la Charte des droits
et libertés de la personne : de l'ubiquité à l'ambiguïté d'une notion
fondamentale » (2006) Hors-Série R. du B. 143 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">aux pp.147-148.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Breckenridge Speedway Ltd. c. Alberta, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1970] R.C.S. 175 au para.50, j. Hall (dissident en partie).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Breckenridge Speedway Ltd. c. Alberta, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1970] R.C.S. 175 au para.50, j. Hall (dissident en partie) ; </span>Colombie-Britannique
c. Canadian Forest Products Ltd., [2004] 2 R.C.S. 74 au para.76, j. Binnie
(pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Congo (République démocratique) c. Venne, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1971] R.C.S. 997 au para.20, j. Ritchie (pour la majorité).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Code canadien du travail (Re), <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1992]
2 R.C.S. 50 aux paras.17,26 et 61, j. La Forest (pour la majorité). Voir aussi </span>Congo
(République démocratique) c. Venne, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1971]
R.C.S. 997 au para.40-41, j. Ritchie (pour la majorité) ; </span>R. c. Hape,
[2007] 2 R.C.S. 292 au para.47, j. Lebel (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Canada (Chambre des communes) c. Vaid, [2005] 1 R.C.S. 667 aux paras.13, 14
et 29, j. Binnie (pour la Cour) ; Harvey <b>c</b>. Nouveau-Brunswick (Procureur
général), [1996] 2 R.C.S. 876 au para.73, j. McLachlin (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Canada (Conseil canadien des relations du travail) c. Transair Ltd., <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1977] 1 R.C.S. 722 aux paras.36 et 38, j.
Spence (dissident).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">British Columbia Government Employees' Union c. Colombie-Britannique
(procureur général), <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1988] 2 R.C.S.
214 aux paras.43, 71, j. Dickson (pour la majorité) ; </span>R. c. Arradi, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[2003] 1 R.C.S. 280</span> au para.29, j.
Arbour (pour la Cour).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Scott, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990] 3 R.C.S. 979</span><span style="color: black;"> para.72, 75, 79, 84, j. McLachlin (dissidente) ; </span>Ruffo
c. Conseil de la magistrature, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1995] 4
R.C.S. 267 au para.51, j. Gonthier (pour la majorité). Voir aussi l'article 262
de la </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Loi sur les tribunaux
judiciaires</i>, L.R.Q., ch. T-16.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Baxter Travenol Laboratories of Canada Ltd. c. Cutter (Canada), Ltd, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1983] 2 R.C.S. 388 au para.4, j. Dickson
(pour la Cour) ; </span>British Columbia Government Employees' Union c.
Colombie-Britannique (procureur général), <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1988] 2 R.C.S. 214 au para.71, j. Dickson (pour la majorité) ; </span>Hill
c. Église de scientologie de Toronto, [1995] 2 R.C.S. 1130 au para.196, j. Cory
(pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Scott, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990] 3 R.C.S. 979</span><span style="color: black;"> para.72, 75, 79, 84, j. McLachlin (dissidente) ; </span>R.
c. B.K., <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1995] 4 R.C.S. 186 au
para.24, j. Major (dissident).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Fortin c. Chrétien, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[2001] 2 R.C.S.
500 au para.14, j. Gonthier (pour la Cour). Voir les articles 59-59.2 et 87(2)
du <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Code des professions</i>, </span>L.R.Q.,
c. C-26.<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> Pour la profession d'avocat,
voir notamment l'article 122(1)(b) de la </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Loi sur le Barreau</i>, L.R.Q., c. B-1 et les articles 4.01.00.02 et
4.02.01 du <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Code de déontologie des
avocats</i>, R.R.Q. 1981, c. B-1, r. 3.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Law Society of Upper Canada c. French, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1975] 2 R.C.S. 767 au para.29, j. Spence (pour la majorité).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Harvard College <b>c</b>. Canada (Commissaire aux brevets), [2002] 4 R.C.S.
45 au para.72, j. Binnie (dissident). Le juge Binnie cite le Comité consultatif
canadien de la biotechnologie : Canada, Comité consultatif canadien de la
biotechnologie, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Brevetabilité des formes
de vie supérieures et enjeux connexes : Rapport adressé au Comité de
coordination ministériel de la biotechnologie du Gouvernement du Canada</i>,
Ottawa,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Comité consultatif canadien de
la biotechnologie, juin 2002 à la p.11.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn15" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[15]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Théberge c. Galerie d’Art du Petit Champlain inc., [2002] 2 R.C.S. 336 au
para.15, j. Binnie (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn16" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[16]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Big M Drug Mart Ltd., [1985] 1 R.C.S. 295.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn17" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[17]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Renvoi: Droits linguistiques au Manitoba, [1985] 1 R.C.S. 721.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn18" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[18]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Oakes, [1986] 1 R.C.S. 103.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn19" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[19]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">E. (Mme) c. Eve, [1986] 2 R.C.S. 388.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn20" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[20]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Smith, [1987] 1 R.C.S. 1045.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn21" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[21]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. <b>c</b>. dyment, [1988] 2 R.C.S. 417 ; Cloutier c. Langlois, [1990] 1
R.C.S. 158 ; R. <b>c</b>. Stillman, [1997] 1 R.C.S. 607.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn22" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[22]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. <b>c</b>. dyment, [1988] 2 R.C.S. 417 ; Godbout c. Longueuil (Ville), <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1997] 3 R.C.S. 844 ; </span>Aubry <b>c</b>.
Éditions Vice-Versa, [1998] 1 R.C.S. 591.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn23" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[23]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Morgentaler, [1988] 1 R.C.S. 30.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn24" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[24]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Amway Corp., <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1989] 1 R.C.S.
21.</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn25" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[25]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Janzen c. Platy Enterprises Ltd., [1989] 1 R.C.S. 1252</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn26" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[26]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Renvoi relatif à l'art. 193 et à l'al. 195.1(1)(c) du code criminel (Man.),
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990] 1 R.C.S. 1123 ; </span>R. <b>c</b>.
Mara, [1997] 2 R.C.S. 630 ; R. <b>c</b>. Labaye, [2005] 3 R.C.S. 728 ; R. c.
Kouri, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[2005] 3 R.C.S. 789.</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn27" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[27]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Keegstra, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990] 3 R.C.S. 697
; </span>Canada (Commission des droits de la personne) c. Taylor, [1990] 3
R.C.S. 892.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn28" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[28]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Keegstra, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990] 3 R.C.S. 697
; </span>R. c. Zundel, [1992] 2 R.C.S. 731.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn29" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[29]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. McCraw, [1991] 3 R.C.S. 72 ; R. c. Ewanchuk, [1999] 1 R.C.S. 330.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn30" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref30" name="_ftn30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[30]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Kindler c. Canada (ministre de la Justice), <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1991] 2 R.C.S. 779.</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn31" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref31" name="_ftn31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[31]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Canada (Ministre de l'Emploi et de l'Immigration) c. Chiarelli, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1992] 1 R.C.S. 711.</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn32" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref32" name="_ftn32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[32]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Butler, [1992] 1 R.C.S. 452.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn33" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref33" name="_ftn33" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[33]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Rodriguez c. Colombie-Britannique (Procureur général), <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1993] 3 R.C.S. 519.</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn34" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref34" name="_ftn34" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[34]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Le droit des parents de consentir ou de refuser un traitement médical pour
leurs enfants : B. (R.) c. Children's Aid Society of Metropolitan Toronto,
[1995] 1 R.C.S. 315 ; le droit d'un enfant de moins de 16 ans de refuser un
traitement médical : A.C. c. Manitoba (Directeur des services à l’enfant et à
la famille, [2009] 2 R.C.S. 181 ; le droit de toute personne capable même
atteinte d'une maladie mentale de refuser un traitement médical : Starson c.
Swayze, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[2003] 1 R.C.S. 722.</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn35" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref35" name="_ftn35" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[35]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Hill c. Église de scientologie de Toronto, [1995] 2 R.C.S. 1130.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn36" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref36" name="_ftn36" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn36;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[36]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Godbout c. Longueuil (Ville), <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1997]
3 R.C.S. 844.</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn37" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref37" name="_ftn37" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn37;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[37]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Office canadien de commercialisation des oeufs <b>c</b>. Richardson, [1998]
3 R.C.S. 157.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn38" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref38" name="_ftn38" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn38;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[38]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Law c. Canada (Ministre de l’Emploi et de l’Immigration), [1999] 1 R.C.S.
497 ; R. c. Kapp, [2008] 2 R.C.S. 483.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn39" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref39" name="_ftn39" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn39;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[39]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Winko <b>c</b>. Colombie-Britannique (Forensic Psychiatric Institute),
[1999] 2 R.C.S. 625.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn40" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref40" name="_ftn40" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn40;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[40]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Sharpe, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[2001] 1 R.C.S. 45.</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn41" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref41" name="_ftn41" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn41;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[41]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Sauvé c. Canada (Directeur général des élections), [2002] 3 R.C.S. 519.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn42" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref42" name="_ftn42" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn42;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[42]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Harvard College <b>c</b>. Canada (Commissaire aux brevets), [2002] 4 R.C.S.
45.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn43" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref43" name="_ftn43" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn43;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[43]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Malmo-Levine; R. c. Caine, [2003] 3 R.C.S. 571 ; R. <b>c</b>. Clay ,
[2003] 3 R.C.S. 735.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn44" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref44" name="_ftn44" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn44;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[44]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Canadian Foundation for Children, Youth and the Law c. Canada (Procureur
général), [2004] 1 R.C.S. 76.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn45" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref45" name="_ftn45" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn45;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[45]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. <b>c</b>. Labaye, [2005] 3 R.C.S. 728.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn46" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref46" name="_ftn46" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn46;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[46]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Chaoulli c. Québec (Procureur général), [2005] 1 R.C.S. 791.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn47" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref47" name="_ftn47" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn47;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[47]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Renvoi relatif à la Loi sur la procréation assistée, [2010] 3 R.C.S. 457.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn48" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref48" name="_ftn48" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn48;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[48]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Selon <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Bartha Maria Knoppers, la liberté et
l'égalité sont deux composantes importantes de la dignité humaine dont se
réclament les diverses dispositions de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte
canadienne</i> : Bartha Maria Knoppers, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dignité
humaine et patrimoine génétique</i>, Ottawa, Commission de réforme du droit du
Canada, 1991 à la p.82.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn49" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref49" name="_ftn49" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn49;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[49]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Big M Drug Mart Ltd., [1985] 1 R.C.S. 295 au para.97, j. Dickson
(pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn50" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref50" name="_ftn50" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn50;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[50]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Alberta <b>c</b>. Hutterian Brethren of Wilson Colony, [2009] 2 R.C.S. 567
au para.127, j. Abella (dissidente) ; Syndicat Northcrest c. Amselem, [2004] 2
R.C.S. 551 au para.40-42, j. Iacobucci (pour la majorité). Voir aussi </span><span class="bold"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Deschênes et Commission des droits
de la personne et des</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span class="bold">droits de la jeunesse du Québec c.</span> <span class="bold">Centre
hospitalier Robert-Giffard, </span><span class="ssl2">[1997] J.T.D.P.Q. no 36</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> au para.18.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn51" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref51" name="_ftn51" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn51;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[51]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Big M Drug Mart Ltd., [1985] 1 R.C.S. 295 au para.121, j. Dickson
(pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn52" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref52" name="_ftn52" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn52;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[52]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Big M Drug Mart Ltd., [1985] 1 R.C.S. 295 au para.122, j. Dickson
(pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn53" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref53" name="_ftn53" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn53;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[53]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Big M Drug Mart Ltd., [1985] 1 R.C.S. 295 au para.122, j. Dickson
(pour la majorité) ; Alberta <b>c</b>. Hutterian Brethren of Wilson Colony,
[2009] 2 R.C.S. 567 au para.127, j. Abella (dissidente).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn54" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref54" name="_ftn54" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn54;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[54]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Aubry <b>c</b>. Éditions Vice-Versa, [1998] 1 R.C.S. 591 au para.64, j.
l'Heureux-Dubé et Bastarache (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn55" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref55" name="_ftn55" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn55;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[55]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Salituro, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1991] 3 R.C.S. 654
au para.44, j. Iacobucci (pour la Cour) ; </span>Nouvelle-Écosse (Procureur
général) c. Walsh, [2002] 4 R.C.S. 325 au para.63, j. Bastarache (pour la
majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn56" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref56" name="_ftn56" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn56;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[56]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Big M Drug Mart Ltd., [1985] 1 R.C.S. 295 au para.95, j. Dickson
(pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn57" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref57" name="_ftn57" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn57;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[57]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Alex Fielding,
« When rights collide : liberalism, pluralism and freedom of religion in Canada
» (2008) 13 Appeal : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Rev. Current L.
& L. Reform 28 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">au para.20.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn58" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref58" name="_ftn58" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn58;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[58]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Big M Drug Mart Ltd., [1985] 1 R.C.S. 295 aux paras. 94-95, j.
Dickson (pour la majorité) ; R. c. Edwards Books and Art Ltd., [1986] 2 R.C.S.
713 au para.94, j. Dickson (pour la majorité) ; Cloutier c. Langlois, [1990] 1
R.C.S. 158 au para.56, j. l'Heureux-Dubé (pour la Cour) ; Ross c. Conseil
scolaire du district no 15 du Nouveau-Brunswick, [1996] 1 R.C.S. 825 au
para.72, j. La Forest (pour la Cour). Voir aussi Syndicat Northcrest c.
Amselem, [2004] 2 R.C.S. 551 au para.40-42, j. Iacobucci (pour la majorité) ;
R. c. Salituro, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1991] 3 R.C.S. 654 au
para.44, j. Iacobucci (pour la Cour).</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn59" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref59" name="_ftn59" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn59;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[59]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Chaput c. Romain, <b>[</b>1955<b>] </b>R.C.S. 834 à la p.840, j. Taschereau
; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Jacques-Yvan
Morin, « Une Charte des droits de l'homme pour le Québec » (1963) 9 McGill. L.
J. 273 à la p.299 ;</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> R. c. Big M Drug Mart Ltd., [1985]
1 R.C.S. 295 au para.64, j. Dickson (pour la majorité) ; R. <b>c</b>. Labaye,
[2005] 3 R.C.S. 728 au para.34, j. McLachlin (pour la majorité).</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn60" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref60" name="_ftn60" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn60;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[60]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Big M Drug Mart Ltd., [1985] 1 R.C.S. 295 au para.98, j. Dickson
(pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn61" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref61" name="_ftn61" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn61;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[61]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Big M Drug Mart Ltd., [1985] 1 R.C.S. 295 au para.96, j. Dickson
(pour la majorité). La protection des minorités a été un des facteurs clés qui
ont motivé l'adoption de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i>
: Renvoi relatif à la sécession du Québec, [1998] 2 R.C.S. 217 au para.74 et 81
(la Cour).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn62" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref62" name="_ftn62" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn62;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[62]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Congrégation des témoins de Jéhovah de St-Jérôme-Lafontaine c. Lafontaine
(Village), <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[2004] 2 R.C.S. 650 aux
paras.65, 67, 68, j. Lebel, Bastarache, Deschamps (minoritaires) ; </span>Bruker
c. Marcovitz, [2007] 3 R.C.S. 607 aux paras.102, 120, 126, 132, 182 et 184, j.
Deschamps (minoritaire) ; Alberta <b>c</b>. Hutterian Brethren of Wilson
Colony, [2009] 2 R.C.S. 567 au para.92, j. McLachlin (pour la majorité) ;<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span>S.L. c. Commission scolaire des
Chênes, 2012 CSC 7 aux paras.10, 17, 18 et 21, j. Deschamps (pour la majorité).
Voir aussi </span><span class="bold"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Commission
des droits de la personne et des droits de la</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span class="bold">jeunesse c. Laval (Ville de), </span><span class="ssl2">[</span><span class="hit">2006] J.T.D.P.Q. no 17</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> au para.122 ; </span><span class="bold"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Simoneau
c. Tremblay</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, </span><span class="ssl2"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[2011] J.T.D.P.Q. no 1</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> au para.209-211 ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">José Woehrling, « La place de la religion dans les écoles
publiques du Québec » (2007) 41 R.J.T. 651 au para.4. La <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i> a, selon le juge Lamer, consacré le caractère
laïc de la société canadienne : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Rodriguez c.
Colombie-Britannique (Procureur général), <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1993] 3 R.C.S. 519 au para.59, j. Lamer (dissident).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn63" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref63" name="_ftn63" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn63;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[63]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">John Rawls, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Théorie de la justice</i>,
trad. par Catherine Audard, Paris, Éditions du Seuil, 1997 aux pp.242 et 248 ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Ronald Dworkin, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">A
Matter of Principle</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, 9<sup>th</sup>
ed., Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1985</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> aux pp.191.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn64" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref64" name="_ftn64" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn64;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[64]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">S.L. c. Commission scolaire des Chênes, 2012 CSC 7 au para.32, j. Deschamps
(pour la majorité) et au para.54, j. Lebel et Fish (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn65" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref65" name="_ftn65" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn65;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[65]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Québec, Commission de consultation sur les pratiques d'accommodement
reliées aux différences culturelles, Gérard Bouchard et Charles Taylor, Fonder
l'avenir : le temps de la conciliation , Rapport, Gouvernement du Québec,
Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec, 2008 à la p.134.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn66" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref66" name="_ftn66" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn66;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[66]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Alberta <b>c</b>. Hutterian Brethren of Wilson Colony, [2009] 2 R.C.S. 567
au para.128, j. Abella (dissidente) ; Cour Eur. D.H., 25 mai 1993, Kokkinakis
c. Grèce , n°14307/88 au para.31.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn67" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref67" name="_ftn67" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn67;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[67]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> R. c. Butler, [1992] 1 R.C.S. 452 au para.78-79, 92 j. Sopinka (pour la
majorité) ;</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">
</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Butler, [1992] 1 R.C.S. 452 au para.157,
j.Gonthier et l'Heureux-Dubé (pour la majorité). Voir aussi La Reine c. Jones,
[1986] 2 R.C.S. 284 au para.76, j. Wilson (dissidente) ; R. c. Morgentaler,
[1988] 1 R.C.S. 30 au para.227 et 229, j. Wilson (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn68" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref68" name="_ftn68" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn68;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[68]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">John Rawls, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Théorie de la justice</i>,
trad. par Catherine Audard, Paris, Éditions du Seuil, 1997 à la p.242 ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Ronald Dworkin, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">A
Matter of Principle</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, 9<sup>th</sup>
ed., Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1985</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> aux pp.191 ;</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Cyril E. M. Joad, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Guide to the
Philosophy of Morals and Politics</i>, London,Victor Gollancz Ltd., 1938 à la
p.801 ; R. c. Morgentaler, [1988] 1 R.C.S. 30 au para.250, j. Wilson (pour la
majorité). Voir aussi </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Luc B. Tremblay, « Le Canada de la Charte : une démocratie libérale
neutre ou perfectionniste ? » (1995) 40 McGill L.J. 487</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">à la p.489 ; Québec, Commission de consultation sur les pratiques
d'accommodement reliées aux différences culturelles, Gérard Bouchard et Charles
Taylor, Fonder l'avenir : le temps de la conciliation , Rapport, Gouvernement
du Québec, Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec, 2008 aux pp.135-136.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn69" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref69" name="_ftn69" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn69;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[69]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Butler, [1992] 1 R.C.S. 452 au para.78-79, 92 j. Sopinka (pour la majorité)
;</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Butler, [1992] 1 R.C.S. 452 au para.157, j.Gonthier et l'Heureux-Dubé
(pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn70" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref70" name="_ftn70" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn70;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[70]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">La Reine c. Jones, [1986] 2 R.C.S. 284 au para.76, j. Wilson (dissidente).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn71" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref71" name="_ftn71" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn71;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[71]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Morgentaler, [1988] 1 R.C.S. 30 au para.229, j. Wilson (pour la
majorité).</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn72" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref72" name="_ftn72" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn72;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[72]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Morgentaler, [1988] 1 R.C.S. 30 au para.227, j. Wilson (pour la
majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn73" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref73" name="_ftn73" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn73;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[73]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Salituro, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1991] 3 R.C.S. 654
au para.45, j. Iacobucci (pour la Cour). Voir aussi </span>Québec (curateur
public) c. Syndicat national des employés de l'hôpital St-Ferdinand,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>[1996] 3 R.C.S. 211 au para.103, j.
l'Heureux-Dubé (pour la Cour).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn74" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref74" name="_ftn74" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn74;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[74]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Butler, [1992] 1 R.C.S. 452 au para.79, j. Sopinka (pour la
majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn75" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref75" name="_ftn75" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn75;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[75]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Butler, [1992] 1 R.C.S. 452 au para.78-79, 92 j. Sopinka (pour la
majorité) ; R. c. Butler, [1992] 1 R.C.S. 452 au para.152-153, j.Gonthier et
l'Heureux-Dubé (pour la majorité).</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn76" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref76" name="_ftn76" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn76;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[76]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Sauvé c. Canada (Directeur général des élections), [2002] 3 R.C.S. 519 au
para.15, j. McLachlin (pour la majorité).</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn77" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref77" name="_ftn77" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn77;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[77]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Victor V.
Ramraj, « Keegstra, Butler, and positive liberty : a glimmer of hope for the
faithful » (1993) 51:2 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">U. Toronto Fac. L. Rev. 304</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> à la p.319.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn78" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref78" name="_ftn78" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn78;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[78]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Butler, [1992] 1 R.C.S. 452 au para.80, j. Sopinka (pour la majorité)
; R. c. Butler, [1992] 1 R.C.S. 452 au para.153-154, j.Gonthier et l'Heureux-Dubé
(pour la majorité). Sur la légitimité de légiférer sur la moralité, voir aussi
R. c. Big M Drug Mart Ltd., [1985] 1 R.C.S. 295 au para.95, j. Dickson (pour la
majorité) ; R. c. Sharpe, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[2001] 1
R.C.S. 45 au para.191 et 213, j. l'Heureux-Dubé, Gonthier et Bastarache
(dissidents). Ces valeurs de notre société libre et démocratique </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn79" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref79" name="_ftn79" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn79;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[79]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Chamberlain <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">c. </span>Surrey School District No. 36</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, [2002] 4 R.C.S. 710 au para.140, j. Gonthier (minoritaire) ; Syndicat des
détaillants, grossistes et magasins à rayons, section locale 558 c. Pepsi-Cola
Canada Beverages (West) Ltd, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[2002] 1
R.C.S. 156 au para.18, j. McLachlin et Lebel (pour la Cour) ; </span>Hill c.
Église de scientologie de Toronto, [1995] 2 R.C.S. 1130 au para.92, j. Cory
(pour la majorité) ; R. <b>c</b>. Labaye, [2005] 3 R.C.S. 728 au para.85, j.
Bastarache et Lebel (dissidents). Mais selon Luc B. Tremblay, les valeurs de la
Charte sont largement contestées : </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Luc B. Tremblay, « Le Canada de la Charte : une démocratie libérale
neutre ou perfectionniste ? » (1995) 40 McGill L.J. 487 à la p.511.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn80" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref80" name="_ftn80" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn80;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[80]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> John Rawls, «
The idea of an overlapping consensus » (1987) 7:1 Oxford Journal of Legal
Studies 1. Voir aussi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jacques Maritain,
« The democratic charter » in Joseph W. Evans and Leo R. Ward, dir., <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The social and political philosophy of
Jacques Maritain : selected readings</i>, New York, Image Books Edition, 1965 à
la p.133 ; Charles Taylor, « Conditions of an unforced consensus on human
rights » in Jerzy Zajadlo, dir., <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Human
rights : an anthology of texts</i>, vol.3, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Warsaw, The Office of the Commissioner for Civil Rights Protection, 2008 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">aux pp.459- ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Québec, Commission de consultation sur les pratiques d'accommodement
reliées aux différences culturelles, Gérard Bouchard et Charles Taylor, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Fonder l'avenir : le temps de la conciliation</i>,
Rapport, Gouvernement du Québec, Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec,
2008 à la p.134.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn81" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref81" name="_ftn81" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn81;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[81]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Nous vivons dans une société libre, démocratique et pluraliste : R. c.
Sharpe, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[2001] 1 R.C.S. 45 au para.23,
j. McLachlin (pour la majorité). Voir aussi </span>Québec, Commission de
consultation sur les pratiques d'accommodement reliées aux différences
culturelles, Gérard Bouchard et Charles Taylor, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Fonder l'avenir : le temps de la conciliation</i>, Rapport,
Gouvernement du Québec, Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec, 2008 à
la p.134.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn82" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref82" name="_ftn82" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn82;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[82]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Québec, Commission de consultation sur les pratiques d'accommodement
reliées aux différences culturelles, Gérard Bouchard et Charles Taylor, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Fonder l'avenir : le temps de la
conciliation</i>, Rapport, Gouvernement du Québec, Bibliothèque et Archives
nationales du Québec, 2008 à la p.134.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn83" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref83" name="_ftn83" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn83;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[83]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Québec, Commission de consultation sur les pratiques d'accommodement
reliées aux différences culturelles, Gérard Bouchard et Charles Taylor, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Fonder l'avenir : le temps de la
conciliation</i>, Rapport, Gouvernement du Québec, Bibliothèque et Archives
nationales du Québec, 2008 à la p.134.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn84" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref84" name="_ftn84" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn84;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[84]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Butler, [1992] 1 R.C.S. 452 au para.155-157, j.Gonthier et
l'Heureux-Dubé (pour la majorité) ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Victor V. Ramraj, « Keegstra, Butler, and
positive liberty : a glimmer of hope for the faithful » (1993) 51:2 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">U. Toronto Fac. L. Rev. 304</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> à la p.320.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn85" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref85" name="_ftn85" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn85;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[85]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Butler, [1992] 1 R.C.S. 452 au para.155-157, j.Gonthier et
l'Heureux-Dubé (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn86" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref86" name="_ftn86" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn86;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[86]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Sauvé c. Canada (Directeur général des élections), [2002] 3 R.C.S. 519 au
para.111-113, j. Gonthier (dissident).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn87" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref87" name="_ftn87" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn87;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[87]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Butler, [1992] 1 R.C.S. 452 au para.156, j.Gonthier et l'Heureux-Dubé
(pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn88" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref88" name="_ftn88" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn88;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[88]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Butler, [1992] 1 R.C.S. 452 au para.157, j.Gonthier et l'Heureux-Dubé
(pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn89" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref89" name="_ftn89" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn89;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[89]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Sharpe, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[2001] 1 R.C.S. 45 au
para.23, j. McLachlin (pour la majorité).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn90" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref90" name="_ftn90" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn90;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[90]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Butler, [1992] 1 R.C.S. 452 au para.157, j.Gonthier et l'Heureux-Dubé
(pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn91" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref91" name="_ftn91" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn91;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[91]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> R. c. Butler, [1992] 1 R.C.S. 452 au para.87-89, j. Sopinka (pour la
majorité) ; R. c. Butler, [1992] 1 R.C.S. 452 au para.153-154 et 158,
j.Gonthier et l'Heureux-Dubé (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Voir aussi </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Keegstra, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990] 3 R.C.S. 697</span>
aux paras.62-63, 80. Luc B. Tremblay critique la distinction faite par la cour
entre une conception particulière de la moralité reposant sur des valeurs
morales personnelles et une conception fondamentale de la moralité reposant sur
des valeurs morales publiques et consensuelles : </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Luc B. Tremblay, « Le Canada de la Charte : une
démocratie libérale neutre ou perfectionniste ? » (1995) 40 McGill L.J. 487 aux
pp.515-516 et 521.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn92" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref92" name="_ftn92" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn92;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[92]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Edmonton Journal c. Alberta (Procureur général), [1989] 2 R.C.S. 1326 au
para.3, j. Cory (pour la majorité) ; Travailleurs et travailleuses unis de
l'alimentation et du commerce, section locale 1518 (T.U.A.C.) c. KMart Canada
Ltd., <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1999] 2 R.C.S. 1083 au para.21,
j. Cory (pour la Cour).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn93" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref93" name="_ftn93" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn93;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[93]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Irwin Toy Ltd. c. Québec (Procureur général), [1989] 1 R.C.S. 927 au
para.53, j. Dickson, Lamer et Wilson (pour la majorité) ; R. c. Keegstra, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990] 3 R.C.S. 697 au para.27, j. Dickson
(pour la majorité) ; </span>Ross c. Conseil scolaire du district no 15 du
Nouveau-Brunswick, [1996] 1 R.C.S. 825 au para.89, j. La Forest (pour la Cour)
; R. c. Sharpe, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[2001] 1 R.C.S. 45 au
para.23, j. McLachlin (pour la majorité).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn94" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref94" name="_ftn94" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn94;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[94]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Keegstra, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990] 3 R.C.S. 697
au para.89, j. Dickson (pour la majorité). Voir aussi </span>Figueroa c. Canada
(Procureur général), [2003] 1 R.C.S. 912 au para.28, j. Iacobucci (pour la
majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn95" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref95" name="_ftn95" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn95;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[95]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Keegstra, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990] 3 R.C.S. 697
au para.89, j. Dickson (pour la majorité). Voir aussi </span>Figueroa c. Canada
(Procureur général), [2003] 1 R.C.S. 912 au para.28, j. Iacobucci (pour la
majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn96" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref96" name="_ftn96" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn96;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[96]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Keegstra, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990] 3 R.C.S. 697
au para.92, j. Dickson (pour la majorité) ; </span>Ross c. Conseil scolaire du
district no 15 du Nouveau-Brunswick, [1996] 1 R.C.S. 825 au para.90, j. La
Forest (pour la Cour).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn97" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref97" name="_ftn97" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn97;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[97]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Keegstra, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990] 3 R.C.S. 697
au para.92, j. Dickson (pour la majorité) ; </span>Ross c. Conseil scolaire du
district no 15 du Nouveau-Brunswick, [1996] 1 R.C.S. 825 au para.90, j. La
Forest (pour la Cour).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn98" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref98" name="_ftn98" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn98;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[98]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Canada (Commission des droits de la personne) c. Taylor, [1990] 3 R.C.S.
892 au para.47, j. Dickson (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn99" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref99" name="_ftn99" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn99;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[99]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Keegstra, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990] 3 R.C.S. 697
au para.88, j. Dickson (pour la majorité) ; </span>Ross c. Conseil scolaire du
district no 15 du Nouveau-Brunswick, [1996] 1 R.C.S. 825 au para.92, j. La
Forest (pour la Cour).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn100" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref100" name="_ftn100" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn100;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[100]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Syndicat des détaillants, grossistes et magasins à rayons, section locale
558 c. Pepsi-Cola Canada Beverages (West) Ltd, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[2002] 1 R.C.S. 156 au para.32, j. McLachlin et Lebel (pour la Cour).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn101" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref101" name="_ftn101" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn101;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[101]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">T.U.A.C., section locale 1518, c. KMart Canada Ltd, [1999] 2
R.C.S. 1083 au para.28, j. Cory (pour la Cour) ; R.W.D.S.U., Local 558 v.
Pepsi-Cola Canada Beverages (West) Ltd., [2002] 1 S.C.R. 156 au para.34, j.
McLachlin et Lebel (pour la Cour).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn102" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref102" name="_ftn102" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn102;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[102]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Zundel, [1992] 2 R.C.S. 731 au para.22 et 53, j. McLachlin (pour la
majorité). Voir aussi Ross c. Conseil scolaire du district no 15 du
Nouveau-Brunswick, [1996] 1 R.C.S. 825 au para.60, j. La Forest (pour la Cour).</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn103" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref103" name="_ftn103" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn103;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[103]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Voir, par
exemple, la défintion de dignité humaine dans Law c. Canada : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Law <b>c</b>. Canada (Ministre de l’Emploi et de l’Immigration), [1999] 1
R.C.S. 497 au para.51 et 99, j. Iacobucci (pour la Cour).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn104" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref104" name="_ftn104" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn104;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[104]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Hill c. Église de scientologie de Toronto, [1995] 2 R.C.S. 1130 au
para.99-100, j. Cory (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn105" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref105" name="_ftn105" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn105;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[105]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Hill c. Église de scientologie de Toronto, [1995] 2 R.C.S. 1130 au para.
120, j. Cory (pour la majorité) ; R. <b>c</b>. Lucas, [1998] 1 R.C.S. 439 au
para.48-50 et 94, j. Cory (pour la majorité) ; Prud’homme <b>c</b>. Prud’homme,
[2002] 4 R.C.S. 663 au para.43-44, j. l'Heureux-Dubé et Lebel (pour la Cour) ;
Gilles E. Néron Communication Marketing inc. c. Chambre des notaires du Québec,
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[2004] 3 R.C.S. 95 au para.52-53, j.
Lebel (pour la majorité) ; </span>Grant c. Torstar Corp., <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[2009] 3 R.C.S. 640 au para.58, j. McLachlin
(pour la majorité).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn106" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref106" name="_ftn106" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn106;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[106]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">WIC Radio Ltd. <b>c</b>. Simpson, 2008 CSC 40 au para.2, j. Binnie (pour la
majorité) ; Grant c. Torstar Corp., <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[2009]
3 R.C.S. 640 au para.3 et 58, j. McLachlin (pour la majorité) ; </span>Prud’homme
<b>c</b>. Prud’homme, [2002] 4 R.C.S. 663 au para.43, j. l'Heureux-Dubé et
Lebel (pour la Cour).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn107" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref107" name="_ftn107" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn107;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[107]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Dagenais c.
Société Radio-Canada, [1994] 3 R.C.S. 835 au para.72, j. Lamer (pour la
majorité) ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Thomson Newspapers Co. <b>c</b>. Canada (Procureur
général), [1998] 1 R.C.S. 877 au para.80, j. Bastarache (pour la majorité) ; R.
c. Mills, [1999] 3 R.C.S. 668 au para.61, j. McLachlin et Iacobucci (pour la
majorité) ; Université Trinity Western c. British Columbia College of Teachers,
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[2001] 1 R.C.S. 772 au para.31, j.
Iacobucci et Bastarache (pour la majorité) ; </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Renvoi relatif au mariage entre personnes du même sexe,
[2004] 3 R.C.S. 698 au para.50 (la Cour) ;</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> WIC Radio Ltd. <b>c</b>. Simpson, 2008 CSC 40 au para.2, j. Binnie (pour
la majorité). En droit international, voir la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Déclaration et programme d'action de Vienne</i>, Rés. AG 48/121, Doc.
Off. AG NU, 48e sess., Doc. NUA/CONF.157/23 (1993).</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn108" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref108" name="_ftn108" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn108;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[108]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Renvoi relatif à la Public Service Employee Relations Act (Alb.), [1987] 1
R.C.S. 313 au para.141, j. Dain (pour la majorité) ; Lavigne c. Syndicat des
employés de la fonction publique de l'Ontario, [1991] 2 R.C.S. 211 au para.69,
j. Wilson (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn109" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref109" name="_ftn109" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn109;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[109]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Renvoi relatif à la Public Service Employee Relations Act (Alb.), [1987] 1
R.C.S. 313 au para.141, j. Dain (pour la majorité) et au para.152, j. McIntyre
(pour la majorité) ; Lavigne c. Syndicat des employés de la fonction publique
de l'Ontario, [1991] 2 R.C.S. 211 au para.70, j. Wilson (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn110" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref110" name="_ftn110" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn110;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[110]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Renvoi relatif à la Public Service Employee Relations Act (Alb.), [1987] 1
R.C.S. 313 au para.87, j. Dickson (dissident) et au para.152, j. McIntyre (pour
la majorité). Voir aussi Edmonton Journal c.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Alberta, [1989] 2 R.C.S. 1326 au para.49, j. Wilson (pour la majorité) ;
Lavigne c. Syndicat des employés de la fonction publique de l'Ontario, [1991] 2
R.C.S. 211 au para.68, j. Wilson (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn111" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref111" name="_ftn111" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn111;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[111]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Slaight Communications Inc. c. Davidson, [1989] 1 R.C.S. 1038 au para.16,
j. Dickson (pour la majorité) ; Dickason c. Université de l'Alberta, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1992] 2 R.C.S. 1103 au para.36, j. Cory
(pour la majorité) ; </span>Wallace c. United Grain Growers Ltd., [1997] 3
R.C.S. 701 au para.92-93, j. Iacobucci (pour la majorité) ; Travailleurs et
travailleuses unis de l'alimentation et du commerce, section locale 1518
(T.U.A.C.) c. KMart Canada Ltd., <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1999]
2 R.C.S. 1083 au para.25, j. Cory (pour la Cour) ; </span>Delisle c. Canada
(Sous-procureur général), [1999] 2 R.C.S. 989 au para.67, j. Cory et Iacobucci
(dissidents) ;<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span>Syndicat des
détaillants, grossistes et magasins à rayons, section locale 558 c. Pepsi-Cola
Canada Beverages (West) Ltd, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[2002] 1
R.C.S. 156 au para.34, j. McLachlin et Lebel (pour la Cour). Voir aussi </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Adam Smith, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Recherches sur la nature et les causes de la
richesse des nations</i>, trad. par Germain Garnier, t.1, Paris, Flammarion,
1991 à la p.137 (I, VIII).</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn112" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref112" name="_ftn112" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn112;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[112]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Selon Hobhouse,
la liberté formelle (« </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">nominal freedom »), qui résulte de
l'absence de contrainte, peut avoir pour effet de miner la liberté réelle («
real freedom ») en permettant à la partie la plus forte de contraindre la
partie la plus faible : Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Hobhouse : </i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Liberalism and Other Writings</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, 2<sup>nd</sup> ed., Cambridge, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Cambridge
University Press, 1994 à la p.68. Voir aussi </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. H. Tawney, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Equality</i>, London,
Unwin books, 1964 à la p.228. Selon Hobhouse la liberté contractuelle exige
l’égalité substantielle afin d’assurer aux deux parties un choix réel :
Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Hobhouse : </i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Liberalism
and Other Writings</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, 2<sup>nd</sup> ed., Cambridge, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Cambridge University Press, 1994</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> aux pp.40-41 ; Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The elements of social justice</i>, New York, Henry Holt and company,
1922 à la p.80.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn113" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref113" name="_ftn113" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn113;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[113]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Hobhouse :
</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Liberalism and Other Writings</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, 2<sup>nd</sup> ed., Cambridge, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Cambridge
University Press, 1994</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> aux pp.18 et 40-41. Voir aussi R.
H. Tawney, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Equality</i>, London, Unwin
books, 1964 aux pp.174-175.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn114" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref114" name="_ftn114" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn114;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[114]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Health Services and Support – Facilities Subsector Bargaining Assn. <b>c</b>.
Colombie-Britannique, [2007] 2 R.C.S. 391 au para.80-81 et 86, j. McLachlin et
Lebel (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn115" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref115" name="_ftn115" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn115;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[115]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Guylaine Vallée
et Dalia Gesualdi-Fecteau, « </span><span class="bold"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">La constitutionnalisation du droit du travail : une menace
ou</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span class="bold">une opportunité
pour les rapports collectifs de travail ? » (2007) 48 C. de D. 153 </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">au para.18. Voir
aussi </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Ramsay Muir, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Liberalism
and industry : towards a better social order</i>, Boston, Houghton Mifflin
company, 1921 aux pp.28-29.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn116" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref116" name="_ftn116" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn116;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[116]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Delisle c. Canada (Sous-procureur général), [1999] 2 R.C.S. 989 au para.6,
j. l'Heureux-Dubé (pour la majorité) ; R. c. Advance Cutting & Coring Ltd.,
[2001] 3 R.C.S. 209 au para.54 (pour la majorité) ; Dunmore <b>c</b>. Ontario
(Procureur général), [2001] 3 R.C.S. 1016 au para.37, j.Bastarache (pour la
majorité) ; Ontario (Procureur général) <b>c</b>. Fraser, 2011 CSC 20 au
para.31, j. McLachlin et Lebel (pour la majorité) et au para.251, j. Rothstein
et Charron (pour la majorité). Avoir de bonnes conditions de travail est
essentiel à la dignité humaine : Renvoi relatif à la Public Service Employee
Relations Act (Alb.), [1987] 1 R.C.S. 313 au para.91, j. Dickson (dissident) ;
Travailleurs et travailleuses unis de l'alimentation et du commerce, section
locale 1518 (T.U.A.C.) c. KMart Canada Ltd., <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1999] 2 R.C.S. 1083 au para.25, j. Cory (pour la Cour).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn117" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref117" name="_ftn117" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn117;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[117]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Delisle c. Canada (Sous-procureur général), [1999] 2 R.C.S. 989 au para.68,
j. Cory et Iacobucci (dissidents) ; Dunmore <b>c</b>. Ontario (Procureur
général), [2001] 3 R.C.S. 1016 au para.155, j.l'Heureux-Dubé (pour la
majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn118" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref118" name="_ftn118" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn118;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[118]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Delisle c. Canada (Sous-procureur général), [1999] 2 R.C.S. 989 au para.68,
j. Cory et Iacobucci (dissidents).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn119" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref119" name="_ftn119" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn119;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[119]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Guylaine Vallée
et Dalia Gesualdi-Fecteau, « </span><span class="bold"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">La constitutionnalisation du droit du travail : une menace
ou</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span class="bold">une opportunité
pour les rapports collectifs de travail ? » (2007) 48 C. de D. 153 </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">au para.20.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn120" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref120" name="_ftn120" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn120;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[120]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span class="bold"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Noël c. Société d'énergie de la Baie
James, </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[2001] 2 R.C.S. 207 au para.42, j. Lebel (pour la
Cour).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn121" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref121" name="_ftn121" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn121;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[121]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Hunter c. Southam Inc., [1984] 2 R.C.S. 145 au para.16-17, j. Dickson (pour
la Cour) ; Law Society of Upper Canada c. Skapinker, [1984] 1 R.C.S. 357 au para.10-11,
j. Estey (pour la Cour) ; Renvoi sur la Motor Vehicle Act (C.-B.), [1985] 2
R.C.S. 486 au para.54, j. Lamer (pour la majorité) ; Renvoi relatif à la
sécession du Québec, [1998] 2 R.C.S. 217 au para.52 (la Cour) ; Gosselin <b>c</b>.
Québec (Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au para.82, j. McLachlin (pour
la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn122" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref122" name="_ftn122" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn122;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[122]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Renvoi sur la Motor Vehicle Act (C.-B.), <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1985] 2 R.C.S. 486 au para.76</span>, j. Lamer (pour la majorité), au
para.107, j. Wilson (pour la majorité) ; Renvoi relatif à l'art. 193 et à l'al.
195.1(1)(c) du code criminel (Man.), <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990]
1 R.C.S. 1123 au para.14-15, j. Dickson (pour la majorité).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn123" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref123" name="_ftn123" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn123;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[123]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">La Reine c. Jones, [1986] 2 R.C.S. 284 aux paras.73-76, j. Wilson
(dissidente). Voir aussi R. c. Morgentaler, [1988] 1 R.C.S. 30 au para.228, j.
Wilson (pour la majorité) ; R. c. Malmo-Levine; R. c. Caine, [2003] 3 R.C.S.
571 au para.85, j. Gonthier et Binnie (pour la majorité). Il important de
souligner que la juge Wilson avait déjà en 1985, dans l'arrêt Operation
Dismantle, affirmé que </span><span class="verdana"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">le droit à la liberté consiste en « le droit de poursuivre
ses propres fins libre de toute entrave gouvernementale » : </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Operation Dismantle Inc. c. Canada [1985] 1 R.C.S. 441 au para.98, j.
Wilson (pour la majorité).</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn124" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref124" name="_ftn124" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn124;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[124]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">La Reine c. Jones, [1986] 2 R.C.S. 284 au para.73, j. Wilson (dissidente) ;
R. c. Oakes , [1986] 1 R.C.S. 103 au para.64, j. Dickson (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn125" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref125" name="_ftn125" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn125;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[125]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">La Reine c. Jones, [1986] 2 R.C.S. 284 au para.79, j. Wilson (dissidente) ;
B. (R.) c. Children's Aid Society of Metropolitan Toronto, [1995] 1 R.C.S. 315
au para.7, j. Lamer (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn126" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref126" name="_ftn126" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn126;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[126]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">La Reine c. Jones, [1986] 2 R.C.S. 284 au para.74, j. Wilson (dissidente).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn127" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref127" name="_ftn127" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn127;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[127]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Renvoi relatif à l'art. 193 et à l'al. 195.1(1)(c) du code criminel (Man.),
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990] 1 R.C.S. 1123 au para.50, j.
Lamer (pour la majorité).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn128" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref128" name="_ftn128" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn128;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[128]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Morgentaler, [1988] 1 R.C.S. 30 au para.229, j. Wilson (pour la
majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn129" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref129" name="_ftn129" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn129;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[129]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">B. (R.) c. Children's Aid Society of Metropolitan Toronto, [1995] 1 R.C.S.
315 au para.74, j. La Forest (pour la majorité) et au para.7, j. Lamer (pour la
majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn130" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref130" name="_ftn130" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn130;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[130]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Morgentaler, [1988] 1 R.C.S. 30 au para.230, j. Wilson (pour la
majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn131" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref131" name="_ftn131" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn131;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[131]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Morgentaler, [1988] 1 R.C.S. 30 au para.228, j. Wilson (pour la
majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn132" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref132" name="_ftn132" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn132;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[132]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Morgentaler, [1988] 1 R.C.S. 30 au para.226, j. Wilson (pour la
majorité) ; B. (R.) c. Children's Aid Society of Metropolitan Toronto, [1995] 1
R.C.S. 315 au para.9, j. Lamer (pour la majorité). Voir R. c. Big M Drug Mart
Ltd., [1985] 1 R.C.S. 295 au para.122, j. Dickson (pour la majorité) ; R. c.
Oakes , [1986] 1 R.C.S. 103 au para.64, j. Dickson (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn133" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref133" name="_ftn133" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn133;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[133]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Morgentaler, [1988] 1 R.C.S. 30 au para.225, j. Wilson (pour la
majorité) ; Godbout c. Longueuil (Ville), <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1997] 3 R.C.S. 844 au para.65, j. La Forest (pour la majorité).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn134" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref134" name="_ftn134" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn134;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[134]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Morgentaler, [1988] 1 R.C.S. 30 au para.228-229, j. Wilson (pour la
majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn135" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref135" name="_ftn135" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn135;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[135]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">B. (R.) c. Children's Aid Society of Metropolitan Toronto, [1995] 1 R.C.S.
315 au para.80, j. La Forest (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn136" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref136" name="_ftn136" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn136;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[136]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Godbout c. Longueuil (Ville), <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1997]
3 R.C.S. 844 au para.65, j. La Forest (pour la majorité).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn137" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref137" name="_ftn137" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn137;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[137]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Blencoe c. Colombie-Britannique (Human Rights Commission),<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>[2000] 2 R.C.S. 307 au para.50, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">j. Bastarache (pour la majorité).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn138" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref138" name="_ftn138" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn138;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[138]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">B. (R.) c. Children's Aid Society of Metropolitan Toronto, [1995] 1 R.C.S.
315 aux paras.15 et 27-36, j. Lamer (pour la majorité). En revanche, dans ce
même arrêt, tous les autres juges (à savoir les juges La Forest, Gonthier,
McLachlin, l'Heureux-Dubé, Iacobucci, Major, Cory et Sopinka) ont accepté
l'interprétation large du droit à la liberté comme incluant le droit de prendre
des décisions qui sont d'importance fondamentale : Godbout c. Longueuil
(Ville), <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1997] 3 R.C.S. 844 au
para.64, j. La Forest (pour la majorité)</span> ; Blencoe c.
Colombie-Britannique (Human Rights Commission),<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>[2000] 2 R.C.S. 307 au para.49, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">j.
Bastarache (pour la majorité).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn139" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref139" name="_ftn139" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn139;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[139]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> R. c. Beare; R.
c. Higgins, [1988] 2 R.C.S. 387 au para.67, j. La Forest (pour la Cour) ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">B. (R.) c. Children's Aid Society of Metropolitan Toronto, [1995] 1 R.C.S.
315 au para.80-81, j. La Forest (pour la majorité) ; Godbout c. Longueuil
(Ville), <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1997] 3 R.C.S. 844 au
para.66, j. La Forest (pour la majorité) ;</span> Blencoe c. Colombie-Britannique
(Human Rights Commission),<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>[2000] 2
R.C.S. 307 au para.49-54, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">j. Bastarache
(pour la majorité) ; </span>R. c. Malmo-Levine; R. c. Caine, [2003] 3 R.C.S.
571 au para.85, j. Gonthier et Binnie (pour la majorité) ; R. <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">c</span>. Clay , [2003] 3 R.C.S. 735 au
para.31, j. Gonthier et Binnie (pour la majorité) ; Siemens c. Manitoba
(Procureur général), <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[2003] 1 R.C.S. 6
au para.45-46, j. Major (pour la Cour) ; </span>A.C. c. Manitoba (Directeur des
services à l’enfant et à la famille, [2009] 2 R.C.S. 181 au para.100-101, j.
Abella (pour la majorité) et au para.218-220, j. Binnie (dissident). </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn140" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref140" name="_ftn140" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn140;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[140]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Godbout c. Longueuil (Ville), <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1997]
3 R.C.S. 844 au para.66, j. La Forest (pour la majorité) ;</span> Blencoe c.
Colombie-Britannique (Human Rights Commission),<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>[2000] 2 R.C.S. 307 au para.51, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">j.
Bastarache (pour la majorité) ; </span>R. c. Malmo-Levine; R. c. Caine, [2003]
3 R.C.S. 571 au para.86, j. Gonthier et Binnie (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn141" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref141" name="_ftn141" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn141;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[141]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Blencoe c. Colombie-Britannique (Human Rights Commission),<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>[2000] 2 R.C.S. 307 au para.86, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">j. Bastarache (pour la majorité). Sur le
droit d'élever ses enfants, voir aussi </span>B. (R.) c. Children's Aid Society
of Metropolitan Toronto, [1995] 1 R.C.S. 315 au para.83 et 85, j. La Forest
(pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn142" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref142" name="_ftn142" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn142;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[142]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Godbout c. Longueuil (Ville), <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1997]
3 R.C.S. 844 au para.66, j. La Forest (pour la majorité).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn143" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref143" name="_ftn143" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn143;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[143]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Edwards Books and Art Ltd., [1986] 2 R.C.S. 713 au para.155, j.
Dickson (pour la majorité). Voir aussi La Reine c. Jones, [1986] 2 R.C.S. 284
au para.77, j. Wilson (dissidente) ; B. (R.) c. Children's Aid Society of
Metropolitan Toronto, [1995] 1 R.C.S. 315 au para.80, j. La Forest (pour la
majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn144" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref144" name="_ftn144" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn144;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[144]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Malmo-Levine; R. c. Caine, [2003] 3 R.C.S. 571 au para.86, j.
Gonthier et Binnie (pour la majorité). </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn145" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref145" name="_ftn145" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn145;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[145]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Québec, Commission de consultation sur les pratiques d'accommodement
reliées aux différences culturelles, Gérard Bouchard et Charles Taylor, Fonder
l'avenir : le temps de la conciliation , Rapport, Gouvernement du Québec,
Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec, 2008 à la p.134. Voir aussi </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Canada, Groupe d’experts de la Société royale
du Canada, <i>Prise de décisions en fin de vie</i>, La Société royale du
Canada, novembre 2011 à la p.54.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn146" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref146" name="_ftn146" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn146;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[146]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Malmo-Levine; R. c. Caine, [2003] 3 R.C.S. 571 au para.86-87, j.
Gonthier et Binnie (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn147" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref147" name="_ftn147" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn147;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[147]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Siemens c. Manitoba (Procureur général), <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[2003] 1 R.C.S. 6 au para.45, j. Major (pour la Cour). Voir aussi </span>R.
c. Edwards Books and Art Ltd., [1986] 2 R.C.S. 713 au para.155, j. Dickson
(pour la majorité) ; Irwin Toy Ltd. c. Québec (Procureur général), [1989] 1
R.C.S. 927 au para.95, j. Dickson, Lamer et Wilson (pour la majorité) ; Renvoi
relatif à l'art. 193 et à l'al. 195.1(1)(c) du code criminel (Man.), <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990] 1 R.C.S. 1123 au para.54-60, 72, j.
Lamer (pour la majorité) ; </span>Chaoulli c. Québec (Procureur général),
[2005] 1 R.C.S. 791 au para.201-202, j. Binnie et Lebel (dissidents). Voir
aussi Ronald Dworkin, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Taking Rights Seriously</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1978 aux pp.277-278 ;
</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">John
Rawls, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Théorie de la justice</i>, trad.
par Catherine Audard, Paris, Éditions du Seuil, 1997 aux pp.92-93</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Kai Möller, « Two conceptions of
positive liberty : towards an autonomy-based theory of constitutional rights »
(2009) 29:4 Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 757 la p.769.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn148" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref148" name="_ftn148" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn148;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[148]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Siemens c. Manitoba (Procureur général), <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[2003] 1 R.C.S. 6 au para.46, j. Major (pour la Cour).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn149" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref149" name="_ftn149" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn149;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[149]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Morgentaler, [1988] 1 R.C.S. 30 au para.243, j. Wilson (pour la
majorité) ; Rodriguez c. Colombie-Britannique (Procureur général), <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1993] 3 R.C.S. 519 au para.136, j. Sopinka
(pour la majorité) ; Nouveau-Brunswick (Ministre de la Santé et des Services
communautaires) c. G. (J.), [1999] 3 R.C.S. 46 au para.58, j. Lamer (pour la
majorité) ; </span>Blencoe c. Colombie-Britannique (Human Rights
Commission),<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>[2000] 2 R.C.S. 307 au
para.55, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">j. Bastarache (pour la
majorité) ; </span>A.C. c. Manitoba (Directeur des services à l’enfant et à la
famille, [2009] 2 R.C.S. 181 au para.100, j. Abella (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn150" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref150" name="_ftn150" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn150;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[150]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Morgentaler, [1988] 1 R.C.S. 30 au para.20, j. Dickson (pour la
majorité) ; Rodriguez c. Colombie-Britannique (Procureur général), <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1993] 3 R.C.S. 519 au para.136, j. Sopinka
(pour la majorité) ; Nouveau-Brunswick (Ministre de la Santé et des Services
communautaires) c. G. (J.), [1999] 3 R.C.S. 46 au para.58 et 60, j. Lamer (pour
la majorité) ; </span>Blencoe c. Colombie-Britannique (Human Rights
Commission),<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>[2000] 2 R.C.S. 307 au
para.55-57, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">j. Bastarache (pour la
majorité) ; </span>R. c. Malmo-Levine; R. c. Caine, [2003] 3 R.C.S. 571 au
para.88, j. Gonthier et Binnie (pour la majorité) ; Chaoulli c. Québec
(Procureur général), [2005] 1</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R.C.S. 791 aux paras.116 et 122, j. McLachlin et Major (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn151" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref151" name="_ftn151" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn151;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[151]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Voir aussi </span><span class="bold"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Chiasson et Commission des droits de
la personne du Québec c.</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span class="bold">Centre d'accueil Villa Plaisance, </span><span class="ssl2">[1995]
J.T.D.P.Q. no 35</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> au para.25 et 53.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn152" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref152" name="_ftn152" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn152;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[152]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Rodriguez c. Colombie-Britannique (Procureur général), <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1993] 3 R.C.S. 519 au para.136, j. Sopinka
(pour la majorité). Sur le lien étroit entre la notion de sécurité et
l'autonomie voir aussi </span>Blencoe c. Colombie-Britannique (Human Rights
Commission),<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>[2000] 2 R.C.S. 307 au
para.55, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">j. Bastarache (pour la
majorité) ; </span>A.C. c. Manitoba (Directeur des services à l’enfant et à la
famille, [2009] 2 R.C.S. 181 au para.100, j. Abella (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn153" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref153" name="_ftn153" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn153;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[153]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Rodriguez c. Colombie-Britannique (Procureur général), <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1993] 3 R.C.S. 519 au para.200, j. McLachlin
(dissidente).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn154" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref154" name="_ftn154" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn154;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[154]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">A.C. c. Manitoba (Directeur des services à l’enfant et à la famille, [2009]
2 R.C.S. 181 au para.100, j. Abella (pour la majorité). Voir aussi R. c.
Malmo-Levine; R. c. Caine, [2003] 3 R.C.S. 571 au para.246, j. Arbour (dissidente).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn155" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref155" name="_ftn155" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn155;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[155]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. O'Connor, [1995] 4 R.C.S. 411 au para.111, j. l'Heureux-Dubé (pour la
majorité) ; R. c. Ewanchuk, [1999] 1 R.C.S. 330 au para.73, j. l'Heureux-Dubé
(pour la majorité). Voir aussi Rodriguez c. Colombie-Britannique (Procureur
général), <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1993] 3 R.C.S. 519 au
para.150 et 168, j. Sopinka (pour la majorité) ;</span> Rodriguez c.
Colombie-Britannique (Procureur général), <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1993] 3 R.C.S. 519 au para.200, j. McLachlin (dissidente) ;</span>
Rodriguez c. Colombie-Britannique (Procureur général), <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1993] 3 R.C.S. 519 au para.230, j. Cory (dissident).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn156" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref156" name="_ftn156" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn156;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[156]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Morgentaler, [1988] 1 R.C.S. 30 au para.228, j. Wilson (pour la
majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn157" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref157" name="_ftn157" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn157;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[157]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Godbout c. Longueuil (Ville), <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1997]
3 R.C.S. 844 au para.66, j. La Forest (pour la majorité) ;</span> Blencoe c.
Colombie-Britannique (Human Rights Commission),<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>[2000] 2 R.C.S. 307 au para.51, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">j.
Bastarache (pour la majorité) ; </span>R. c. Malmo-Levine; R. c. Caine, [2003]
3 R.C.S. 571 au para.86, j. Gonthier et Binnie (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn158" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref158" name="_ftn158" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn158;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[158]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Québec, Commission de consultation sur les pratiques d'accommodement
reliées aux différences culturelles, Gérard Bouchard et Charles Taylor, Fonder
l'avenir : le temps de la conciliation , Rapport, Gouvernement du Québec,
Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec, 2008 à la p.134.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn159" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref159" name="_ftn159" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn159;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[159]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Malmo-Levine; R. c. Caine, [2003] 3 R.C.S. 571 au para.86, j.
Gonthier et Binnie (pour la majorité). </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn160" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref160" name="_ftn160" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn160;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[160]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. <b>c</b>. Stillman, [1997] 1 R.C.S. 607 au para.89 et 93, j. Cory (pour
la majorité) ; Rodriguez c. Colombie-Britannique (Procureur général), <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1993] 3 R.C.S. 519 au para.136, j. Sopinka
(pour la majorité) ; </span>R. c. Ewanchuk, [1999] 1 R.C.S. 330 au para.73, j.
l'Heureux-Dubé (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn161" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref161" name="_ftn161" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn161;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[161]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Rodriguez c. Colombie-Britannique (Procureur général), <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1993] 3 R.C.S. 519 au para.136, j. Sopinka
(pour la majorité).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn162" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref162" name="_ftn162" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn162;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[162]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Morgentaler, [1988] 1 R.C.S. 30 au para.228-229, j. Wilson (pour la
majorité) ; R. c. Salituro, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1991] 3
R.C.S. 654 au para.44 et 51, j. Iacobucci (pour la Cour) ; </span>Rodriguez c.
Colombie-Britannique (Procureur général), <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1993] 3 R.C.S. 519 au para.76, j. Lamer (dissident), au para.136, j.
Sopinka (pour la majorité), au para.200, j. McLachlin (dissidente), au
para.230-231, j. Cory (dissident) ;</span> B. (R.) c. Children's Aid Society of
Metropolitan Toronto, [1995] 1 R.C.S. 315 au para.80, j. La Forest (pour la
majorité) ; Godbout c. Longueuil (Ville), <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1997] 3 R.C.S. 844 au para.65, j. La Forest (pour la majorité) ; </span>A.M.
c. Ryan, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1997] 1 R.C.S. 157 au
para.80, j. l'Heureux-Dubé (dissidente) ;</span> R. c. Ewanchuk, [1999] 1
R.C.S. 330 au para.28, j. Major (pour la majorité) ;<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span>Blencoe c. Colombie-Britannique (Human Rights Commission),<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>[2000] 2 R.C.S. 307 au para.50 et 77, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">j. Bastarache (pour la majorité) ; </span>A.C.
c. Manitoba (Directeur des services à l’enfant et à la famille, [2009] 2 R.C.S.
181 au para.100, j. Abella (pour la majorité).<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn163" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref163" name="_ftn163" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn163;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[163]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Blencoe c. Colombie-Britannique (Human Rights Commission),<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>[2000] 2 R.C.S. 307 au para.77, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">j. Bastarache (pour la majorité).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn164" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref164" name="_ftn164" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn164;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[164]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Hunter c. Southam Inc., [1984] 2 R.C.S. 145 au para.27, j. Dickson (pour la
Cour) ; R. c. O'Connor, [1995] 4 R.C.S. 411 au para.113, j. l'Heureux-Dubé
(pour la majorité) ; R. <b>c</b>. Kang-Brown, [2008] 1 R.C.S. 456 au para.8, j.
Lebel (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn165" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref165" name="_ftn165" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn165;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[165]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Hunter c. Southam Inc., [1984] 2 R.C.S. 145 au para.25, j. Dickson (pour la
Cour) ; R. c. Beare; R. c. Higgins, [1988] 2 R.C.S. 387 au para.67, j. La
Forest (pour la Cour) ; R. c. Tessling, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[2004]
3 R.C.S. 432 au para.19, j. Binnie (pour la Cour) ; </span>R. c. Côté, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[2011] 3 R.C.S. 215 au para.72, j. Cromwell
(pour la majorité).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn166" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref166" name="_ftn166" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn166;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[166]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Tessling, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[2004] 3 R.C.S. 432
au para.20, j. Binnie (pour la Cour).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn167" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref167" name="_ftn167" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn167;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[167]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Tessling, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[2004] 3 R.C.S. 432
au para.15, j. Binnie (pour la Cour).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn168" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref168" name="_ftn168" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn168;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[168]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Dyment, [1988] 2 R.C.S. 417 au para.17, j. La Forest (pour la
majorité) ; R. c. Tessling, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[2004] 3
R.C.S. 432 au para.13, j. Binnie (pour la Cour).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn169" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref169" name="_ftn169" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn169;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[169]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Plant, [1993] 3 R.C.S. 281 au para.20, j. Sopinka (pour la majorité)
; R. c. Mills, [1999] 3 R.C.S. 668 au para.79, j. McLachlin et Iacobucci (pour
la majorité) ; R. c. Sharpe, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[2001] 1
R.C.S. 45 au para.26, j. McLachlin (pour la majorité). </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn170" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref170" name="_ftn170" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn170;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[170]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Dyment, [1988] 2 R.C.S. 417 au para.17, j. La Forest (pour la
majorité). Voir aussi <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Schreiber c.
Canada (Procureur général), [1998] 1 R.C.S. 841 au para.19, j. Lamer (pour la
majorité).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn171" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref171" name="_ftn171" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn171;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[171]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. O'Connor, [1995] 4 R.C.S. 411 au para.113, j. l'Heureux-Dubé (pour la
majorité). En protégeant la liberté (l'autonomie), l'article 7 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i> comprend également «
un droit à la protection de la vie privée » : R. c. O'Connor, [1995] 4 R.C.S.
411 au para.110, j. l'Heureux-Dubé (pour la majorité). Voir aussi </span><span class="title"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Beare; R. c. Higgins</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, <span class="reportcite">[1988] 2 R.C.S. 387 au para.67, j.
La Forest (pour la Cour).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn172" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref172" name="_ftn172" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn172;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[172]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Dyment, [1988] 2 R.C.S. 417 au para.27, j. La Forest (pour la
majorité) ; R. <b>c</b>. Stillman, [1997] 1 R.C.S. 607 au para.42, 51 et 87, j.
Cory (pour la majorité) ; R. <b>c</b>. Monney, [1999] 1 R.C.S. 652 au para.44
et 46, j. Iacobucci (pour la Cour). </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Sur le lien entre la vie privée et la dignité
humaine voir aussi : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Edmonton Journal c. Alberta
(Procureur général), [1989] 2 R.C.S. 1326 au para.65, j. Wilson (pour la
majorité) ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Samuel
D. Warren and Louis D. Brandeis, « The Right to Privacy » (1890) 4:5 Harv. L.
Rev. 193 aux pp.205 et 214 ; Edward J. Bloustein, « Privacy as an aspect of
human dignity : an answer to Dean Prosser » (1964) 39 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 962 aux
pp.1000, 1003, 1005 ; Samuel Stoljar, « A re-examination of privacy » (1984)
4:1 Legal studies 67 aux pp.68-69. </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Tous ne partagent pas
cet avis: voir W. L. Prosser, "Privacy" (1960), 48 Calif. L. Rev.
383.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn173" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref173" name="_ftn173" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn173;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[173]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Dyment, [1988] 2 R.C.S. 417 au para.27, j. La Forest (pour la
majorité) ; R. <b>c</b>. Stillman, [1997] 1 R.C.S. 607 au para.42 et 51, j.
Cory (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn174" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref174" name="_ftn174" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn174;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[174]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. <b>c</b>. Stillman, [1997] 1 R.C.S. 607 au para.42 et 51, j. Cory (pour
la majorité) ; R. <b>c</b>. Monney, [1999] 1 R.C.S. 652 au para.46, j.
Iacobucci (pour la Cour).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn175" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref175" name="_ftn175" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn175;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[175]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. <b>c</b>. Monney, [1999] 1 R.C.S. 652 au para.44, j. Iacobucci (pour la
Cour).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn176" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref176" name="_ftn176" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn176;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[176]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. <b>c</b>. Stillman, [1997] 1 R.C.S. 607 au para.87, j. Cory (pour la
majorité) ; R. <b>c</b>. Monney, [1999] 1 R.C.S. 652 au para.44, j. Iacobucci
(pour la Cour).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn177" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref177" name="_ftn177" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn177;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[177]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Plant, [1993] 3 R.C.S. 281 au para.20, j. Sopinka (pour la majorité)
; R. c. O'Connor, [1995] 4 R.C.S. 411 au para.118, j. l'Heureux-Dubé (pour la
majorité) ; R. c. Mills, [1999] 3 R.C.S. 668 au para.81, j. McLachlin et
Iacobucci (pour la majorité) ; R. c. Godoy, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1999] 1 R.C.S. 311 au para.19, j. Lamer (pour la Cour) ; </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>R. c. Tessling, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[2004] 3 R.C.S. 432 au para.25, j. Binnie (pour la Cour) ;</span> R. c.
Gomboc, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[2010] 3 R.C.S. 211 au para.28,
j. Deschamps (pour la majorité). Voir aussi Schreiber c. Canada (Procureur
général), [1998] 1 R.C.S. 841 au para.19, j. Lamer (pour la majorité).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7671274545402013868.post-41480163611797828382016-02-13T11:52:00.002-05:002016-02-20T12:02:24.436-05:00La dignité humaine : les fondements juridiques (1.2. Droit interne canadien)<style>@font-face {
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">1.2. Droit interne
canadien</span></b></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>La
reconnaissance de la dignité humaine et l'essor des droits de la personne en
droit international ont, selon l'ancien juge en chef Dickson de la Cour suprême
du Canada</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">,
contribué à l'adoption en 1982 de la </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";">Charte canadienne des droits et
libertés</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";">
(ci-après <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i>)<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> laquelle
constitue le principal véhicule garantissant la dignité humaine et donnant
effet aux droits de la personne reconnus à l’échelle internationale</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. En
adoptant et en </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";">enchâssant
dans la Constitution formelle </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">la </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";">Charte canadienne</span></i><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";">,
</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";">qui garantit des
droits civils et politiques<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a>,
</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">le Canada a honoré ses engagements internationaux à l'égard de la dignité
humaine</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";">Les obligations du Canada en
vertu des deux Pactes internationaux ne sont pas les mêmes. En vertu de
l'article 2 (1) du </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pacte
international relatif aux droits civils et politiques</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,
</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";">le gouvernement
fédéral est tenu de respecter et de garantir immédiatement à tous les individus
se trouvant sur son territoire et relevant de ses compétences les droits
reconnus dans le Pacte<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a>.
En revanche, en vertu de l'article 2(1) du </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pacte international relatif aux droits économiques, sociaux
et culturels</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";">, le
gouvernement fédéral est seulement tenu « <u>d'assurer</u></span><u><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
progressivement le plein exercice des droits reconnus dans le présent Pacte par
tous les moyens appropriés</span></u><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, y compris en particulier l'adoption
de mesures législatives ». Il peut donc protéger les droits économiques,
sociaux et culturels par des mesures législatives ou en rendant ces droits
justiciables<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a>. Néanmoins, le Comité des
droits économiques, sociaux et culturels des Nations Unies souligne que le
fardeau revient aux États de démontrer que les moyens pris pour assurer le
plein exercice des droits sont appropriés. De plus, il insiste sur le fait que
l'absence de remèdes judiciaires rend cette démonstration très difficile. Il
affirme :</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« The International Covenant on
Economic, Social and Cultural Rights contains no direct counterpart to article
2, paragraph 3 (b), of the International Covenant on Civil and Political
Rights, which obligates States parties to, inter alia, "develop the
possibilities of judicial remedy". Nevertheless, a State party seeking to
justify its failure to provide any domestic legal remedies for violations of
economic, social and cultural rights would need to show either that such
remedies are not "appropriate means" within the terms of article 2,
paragraph 1, of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural
Rights or that, in view of the other means used, they are unnecessary. It will
be difficult to show this and the Committee considers that, in many cases, the
other means used could be rendered ineffective if they are not reinforced or
complemented by judicial remedies »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Il souligne également que dans la
mesure où les obligations des États envers les droits économiques, sociaux et
culturels sont rencontrées, le Pacte est neutre quant au choix du système
économique (capitaliste ou socialiste). Il affirme :</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« </span><u><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">The Committee notes that the undertaking “to take
steps ... by all appropriate means including particularly the adoption of
legislative measures” neither requires nor precludes any particular form of
government or economic system being used as the vehicle for the steps in
question, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">provided only that it is
democratic and that all human rights are thereby respected</b>. Thus, in terms
of political and economic systems the Covenant is neutral and its principles
cannot accurately be described as being predicated exclusively upon the need
for, or the desirability of a socialist or a capitalist system, or a mixed,
centrally planned, or laissez-faire economy, or upon any other particular
approach. In this regard, the Committee reaffirms that the rights recognized in
the Covenant are susceptible of realization within the context of a wide
variety of economic and political systems, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">provided
only that the interdependence and indivisibility of the two sets of human
rights, as affirmed inter alia in the preamble to the Covenant, is recognized
and reflected in the system in question</b>. The Committee also notes the relevance
in this regard of other human rights and in particular the right to
development </span></u><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">»</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></b><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[nos soulignés]</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Ces engagements internationaux découlent de son
adhésion à la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte des Nations Unies</i>
et de la ratification de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Déclaration
universelle des droits de l'homme</i> (1948), du <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pacte international relatif aux droits civils et politiques</i> (1966)
et du <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pacte international relatif aux
droits économiques, sociaux et culturels</i> (1966)</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Les
garanties énoncées dans ces documents internationaux font non seulement consensus
dans la communauté internationale</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, mais
constituent également des principes que le Canada</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> et les
provinces</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> se sont
engagés à respecter. Elles peuvent, par conséquent, servir à interpréter le
contenu des droits garantis par la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte
canadienne</i></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[15]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> et à
aider à définir ce qui peut constituer des objectifs suffisamment urgents et
réels pour restreindre des droits fondamentaux conformément à l'article 1 de la
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[16]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Comme
l'a reconnu à mainte reprise la Cour suprême du Canada, « il faut présumer que
la <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Charte<b> </b></span>accorde une
protection au moins aussi grande que les instruments internationaux ratifiés
par le Canada en matière de droits de la personne »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[17]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. </span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>L'adoption de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i> a fait </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">passé le
Canada « du système de la suprématie parlementaire à celui de la suprématie
constitutionnelle »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[18]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Il</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"> traduit ainsi la volonté des
gouvernements fédéraux et provinciaux « de limiter leur souveraineté
législative de manière à ne pas violer certains droits et certaines libertés »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[19]</span></span></span></span></a>
découlant </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">« de la dignité inhérente à la personne humaine »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[20]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> et </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";">essentiels à la préservation de
celle-ci<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[21]</span></span></span></span></a>.
</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Lorsqu'une majorité parlementaire est tentée de
violer des droits fondamentaux en vue de réaliser plus facilement et plus
efficacement des objectifs collectifs, la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte
canadienne</i> vient, par le truchement des tribunaux, garantir le respect des
droits fondamentaux</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[22]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";">En
tant qu' « </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">instrument de contrôle des pouvoirs du gouvernement
sur le particulier</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"> »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[23]</span></span></span></span></a>,
la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i> a donc pour
objet « </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: FR;">"la protection constante des droits et
libertés individuels" »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[24]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Ces droits et libertés fondamentaux garantis par la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i> sont cependant
généraux, abstraits et souvent vagues</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[25]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. C'est
pourquoi dès</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"> les
premiers arrêts portant sur l'interprétation de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i>, l'ancien juge en chef Dickson insista sur
l'importance de situer la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte
canadienne</i> dans son contexte linguistique, philosophique et historique<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[26]</span></span></span></span></a>.
Le juge Dickson affirme :</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">En même temps,
il importe (…) de se rappeler que la <i><span style="mso-field-code: " HYPERLINK \0022https\:\/\/zoupio\.lexum\.com\/calegis\/annexe-b-de-la-loi-de-1982-sur-le-canada-r-u-1982-c-11-fr\0022 \\t \0022_blank\0022 ";"><span class="MsoHyperlink">Charte</span><span class="decisia-reflex2-icon"> </span></span></i>
n'a pas été adoptée en l'absence de tout contexte et que, par conséquent, comme
l'illustre l'arrêt de Cour <i>Law Society of Upper Canada c. Skapinker</i>,
[1984] 1 R.C.S. 357, <u>elle doit être située dans ses contextes linguistique,
philosophique et historique appropriés </u>»</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> [nos soulignés]</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">[27]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";">Le
contexte philosophique dans lequel s'insère la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i> peut s'inférer des commentaires des juges de la
Cour suprême du Canada, des nombreuses </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">références faites par les juges de
la Cour suprême du Canada aux philosophes politiques et par la doctrine.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";">Dans l'arrêt <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">R c. Morgentaler</i> (1988), la juge Wilson (majoritaire) démontre bien
l'influence de la philosophie libérale sur la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i> lorsqu'elle affirme :</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« <u>La Charte est fondée sur une conception
particulière de la place de l'individu dans la société</u>. Un individu ne constitue
pas une entité totalement coupée de la société dans laquelle il vit. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Cependant, l'individu n'est pas non plus
un simple rouage impersonnel d'une machine subordonnant ses valeurs, ses buts
et ses aspirations à celles de la collectivité</u></b><u>.</u> L'individu est
un peu les deux<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> (...) </i><u>Ainsi, les
droits garantis par la Charte érigent autour de chaque individu, pour parler
métaphoriquement, une barrière invisible que l'État ne sera pas autorisé à
franchir</u>. Le rôle des tribunaux consiste à délimiter, petit à petit, les
dimensions de cette barrière »</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> [nos soulignés]<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[28]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";">Dans l'arrêt </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">R. <b>c</b>. Van der Peet</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> (1996)</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";">, le juge en chef Lamer (pour la
majorité) énonce clairement et sans ambiguïté que la philosophie libérale a
indirectement inspiré la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte
canadienne</i> :</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« Selon la
philosophie libérale du Siècle des Lumières, qui a inspiré le <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bill of Rights </i>des États-Unis et, plus
indirectement, la Charte</span></u></b><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, les droits
appartiennent à tous les membres de la société, étant donné que chacun a droit
à la dignité et au respect. Les droits sont généraux et universels ; ils
constituent la manière dont la « dignité inhérente » à chaque individu dans la
société est respectée: R. c. Oakes, [1986] 1 R.C.S. 103, à la p. 136; R. c. Big
M Drug Mart Ltd., précité, à la p. 336 »</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> [nos soulignés]<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[29]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">De même,
dans l'arrêt <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Granovsky <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">c</span>. Canada (Ministre de l’Emploi et de
l’Immigration)</i> (2000), le juge Binnie (pour la Cour) cite l'ancien premier
ministre du Canada, Pierre Elliot Trudeau, notoirement reconnu pour son rôle
dans l'adoption de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i>.
Ce dernier affirme :</span></div>
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<u><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">L’adoption
même d’une charte constitutionnelle s’inscrit dans la ligne la plus pure de
l’humanisme libéral</b></span></u><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">: tous les membres de la société civile jouissent de
certains droits fondamentaux inaliénables, et ils ne peuvent en être privés par
aucune collectivité (État, Gouvernement) ni au nom d’aucune collectivité (nation,
ethnie, religion ou autre) »</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> [nos soulignés]<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn30" name="_ftnref30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[30]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">. </span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>De
plus, les références aux philosophes libéraux appartenant au Siècle des
lumières, dans le cadre de l'interprétation de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i>, ne manquent pas</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn31" name="_ftnref31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[31]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. En
effet, dans l'arrêt <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">R c. Jones</i>
(1986), la juge Wilson (dissidente) a, dans l'interprétation du droit à la
liberté, expressément adhéré à la conception de la liberté du philosophe John
Stuart Mill</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn32" name="_ftnref32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[32]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Or
cette conception de la liberté</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";">
représente désormais l'état du droit actuel<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn33" name="_ftnref33" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[33]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> Dans
l'arrêt <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dolphin Delivery</i> (1986), le
juge McIntyre (pour la majorité) a, dans son interprétation de la liberté
d'expression, cité le philosophe John Stuart Mill afin de démontrer
l'importance dans une démocratie représentative de pouvoir exprimer des idées
divergentes et d'en discuter</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn34" name="_ftnref34" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[34]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Dans le
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Renvoi relatif à la Public Service
Employee Relations Act (Alb.)</i> (1987), le juge McIntyre (pour la majorité)
a, dans son interprétation de la liberté d'association, cité le philosophe
Alexis de Tocqueville afin de démontrer que la réalisation de certains
objectifs par l'exercice des droits individuels « est généralement impossible
sans l'aide et la coopération d'autrui »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn35" name="_ftnref35" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[35]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> et que «
les associations servent à éduquer leurs membres sur le fonctionnement des
institutions démocratiques »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn36" name="_ftnref36" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn36;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[36]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Dans le
même arrêt, le juge Dickson (dissident) a, dans l'interprétation de la liberté
d'association, cité à la fois Alexis de Tocqueville et John Stuart Mill</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn37" name="_ftnref37" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn37;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[37]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Dans
l'arrêt <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Edmonton Journal</i> (1989) qui
portait sur la question de savoir si une restriction à la liberté de la presse
de publier les causes portées devant les tribunaux portait atteinte à la
liberté d'expression, la juge Wilson (pour la majorité) a cité le philosophe et
juriste Jeremy Bentham afin de démontrer l'importance traditionnellement
accordée dans notre système de justice à la publicité du processus judiciaire</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn38" name="_ftnref38" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn38;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[38]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Finalement,
dans l'arrêt <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Syndicat Northcrest c.
Amselem</i> (2004), le juge Iacobucci (pour la majorité) a, dans son
interprétation de la liberté de religion, cité le philosophe John Stuart Mill
afin de souligner les limites à la liberté</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn39" name="_ftnref39" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn39;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[39]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. </span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>À </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";">la lecture des propos tenus par
les juges de la Cour suprême du Canada dans les arrêts <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">R c. Big M Drug Mart</i> (1985)<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn40" name="_ftnref40" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn40;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[40]</span></span></span></span></a>,
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">R c. Oakes</i> (1986)<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn41" name="_ftnref41" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn41;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[41]</span></span></span></span></a>,
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">R c. Morgentaler</i> (1988)<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn42" name="_ftnref42" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn42;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[42]</span></span></span></span></a>,
</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">R. <b>c</b>. Van der Peet</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> (1996)</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn43" name="_ftnref43" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn43;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[43]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> et</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Granovsky <b>c</b>. Canada (Ministre de l’Emploi et de l’Immigration)</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> (2000)</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn44" name="_ftnref44" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn44;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[44]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> et
considérant les références relativement fréquentes de la Cour à des philosophes
libéraux appartenant au Siècle des lumières, il ressort clairement de l'analyse
que l'adoption de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i>
s'inscrit, selon nous, dans le courant de la philosophie libérale classique du
Siècle des Lumières du XVII<sup>e</sup> et XVIII<sup>e</sup> siècle. La
doctrine consultée à ce sujet confirme notre prétention</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn45" name="_ftnref45" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn45;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[45]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Bien
que ce courant philosophique ne soit pas monolithique</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn46" name="_ftnref46" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn46;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[46]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> et
qu'ils existent différentes traditions (libéralisme de droite et libéralisme de
gauche)</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn47" name="_ftnref47" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn47;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[47]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, chacune
d'entre elles partage trois préceptes de base : seul l'individu compte, chaque
individu compte pour un et nul ne compte pour plus d'un et tous sont considérés
comme des agents moraux capables de poursuivre de manière indépendante des
objectifs personnels</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn48" name="_ftnref48" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn48;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[48]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Ce
courant philosophique a non seulement inspiré la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i>, mais également la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Déclaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen</i> (1789) enchâssée
dans la Constitution française, le <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Bill
of Rights</i> de la Constitution des États-Unis (1791) ainsi que les
instruments internationaux des droits de la personne</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn49" name="_ftnref49" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn49;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[49]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";">.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Cette philosophie libérale et le
mouvement international des droits de la personne qui s'en inspire<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn50" name="_ftnref50" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn50;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[50]</span></span></span></span></a>
</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">consacrent les valeurs morales et les principes propres à l'idéal d'une
société libre et démocratique</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn51" name="_ftnref51" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn51;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[51]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> parmi
lesquelles on retrouve notamment la liberté, la dignité et la justice sociale</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn52" name="_ftnref52" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn52;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[52]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";">. En préservant l'ensemble </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">des
valeurs morales et des principes « essentiels à une société libre et
démocratique »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn53" name="_ftnref53" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn53;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[53]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> et qui «
découlent d'un large consensus social » dans la société canadienne et dans
toutes les démocraties occidentales</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn54" name="_ftnref54" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn54;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[54]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";">la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i> n'est pas neutre, mais perfectionniste selon Luc
B. Tremblay<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn55" name="_ftnref55" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn55;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[55]</span></span></span></span></a>
en ce qu'elle poursuit vraisemblablement l'idéal d'une société libre et
démocratique<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn56" name="_ftnref56" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn56;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[56]</span></span></span></span></a>.
</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Ces « valeurs morales substantives »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn57" name="_ftnref57" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn57;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[57]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, qui
reposent sur une conception libérale du bien</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn58" name="_ftnref58" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn58;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[58]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">,
confèrent aux lois leur légitimité</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn59" name="_ftnref59" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn59;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[59]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> et sont
à l'origine des droits et libertés fondamentaux</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn60" name="_ftnref60" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn60;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[60]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Elles
servent donc à la fois à garantir les droits prévus dans la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i> et à justifier une
restriction à ces droits</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn61" name="_ftnref61" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn61;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[61]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Elles
aident ainsi les tribunaux à interpréter les droits et libertés fondamentaux</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn62" name="_ftnref62" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn62;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[62]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> et à
déterminer si une « restriction d'un droit ou d'une liberté constitue <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[</span>...<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">]<b> </b></span>une limite raisonnable » au sens de l'article premier de
la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn63" name="_ftnref63" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn63;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[63]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. En
effet, dans l'arrêt <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">R c. Oakes</i>
(1986), le juge Dickson (pour la majorité) affirme que </span></div>
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<u><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Les
valeurs et les principes sous-jacents d'une société libre et démocratique sont
à l'origine des droits et libertés garantis par la Charte et constituent la
norme fondamentale en fonction de laquelle on doit établir qu'une restriction
d'un droit ou d'une liberté constitue, malgré son effet, une limite raisonnable
dont la justification peut se démontrer </b>»</span></u><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> [nos soulignés]<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn64" name="_ftnref64" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn64;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[64]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Ces valeurs morales essentielles à une société libre
et démocratique ne doivent pas être confondues avec les quatre principes constitutionnels
fondamentaux qui guident l'interprétation de la Constitution canadienne à
savoir le fédéralisme, la démocratie, le constitutionnalisme et la primauté du
droit, et le respect des droits des minorités</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn65" name="_ftnref65" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn65;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[65]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. </span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>La
constitutionnalisation des droits et des libertés dans la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i> vise essentiellement à protéger et à promouvoir
ces « valeurs morales substantives »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn66" name="_ftnref66" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn66;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[66]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> et ces
principes essentiels à une société libre et démocratique</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn67" name="_ftnref67" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn67;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[67]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> parmi
lesquels figure au premier plan la dignité humaine</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn68" name="_ftnref68" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn68;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[68]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. En effet,
selon l'honorable juge Bastarache, la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte
canadienne</i> est « l'expression ultime et profondément canadienne de la
primauté accordée à la liberté et à la dignité humaine »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn69" name="_ftnref69" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn69;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[69]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. En tant
que valeur</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn70" name="_ftnref70" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn70;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[70]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> et<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>principe</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn71" name="_ftnref71" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn71;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[71]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> d'une
société libre et démocratique, la dignité humaine est « la pierre angulaire
d'un gouvernement démocratique »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn72" name="_ftnref72" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn72;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[72]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Bien
que la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i> n'en fasse
pas expressément mention</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn73" name="_ftnref73" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn73;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[73]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, elle au
coeur de celle-ci</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn74" name="_ftnref74" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn74;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[74]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> et
constitue l'une de ses valeurs inhérentes et intrinsèques</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn75" name="_ftnref75" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn75;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[75]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Elle
constitue également <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">« le fondement même
de la tradition politique dans laquelle s'insère la </span>Charte<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> »</span></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn76" name="_ftnref76" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn76;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[76]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> et le </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">« concept qui sous-tend tous les droits garantis par
la Charte »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn77" name="_ftnref77" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn77;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[77]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. C'est
parce que tout être humain possède une « dignité inhérente » que la société
doit lui reconnaître des droits et libertés « intrinsèques »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn78" name="_ftnref78" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn78;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[78]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Bien
qu'elle ne soit pas en soi un droit fondamental garanti par la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn79" name="_ftnref79" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn79;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[79]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> ni un
principe de justice fondamentale au sens de l'art.7 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn80" name="_ftnref80" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn80;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[80]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, elle
est la source de plusieurs principes de justice fondamentale (dont les articles
8 à 14 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i>)</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn81" name="_ftnref81" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn81;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[81]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> et est
l'un des fondements de notre système d'administration de la justice</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn82" name="_ftnref82" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn82;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[82]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. </span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>D'autres
lois canadiennes et québécoises portant sur les droits de la personne
consacrent également la dignité humaine comme valeur centrale. </span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>En
outre, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">la</span> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Déclaration canadienne des droits</i></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn83" name="_ftnref83" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn83;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[83]</span></b></span></span></span></i></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, une loi
fédérale quasi-constitutionnelle</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn84" name="_ftnref84" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn84;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[84]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> adoptée
en 1960, reconnaît explicitement la dignité humaine en énonçant clairement dans
son préambule que « <span style="color: black;">Le Parlement du Canada proclame
que la nation </span>canadienne repose sur des principes qui reconnaissent la
suprématie de Dieu, la dignité et la valeur de la <span style="color: black;">personne
humaine »</span></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn85" name="_ftnref85" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn85;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[85]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> </span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>De
même, la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte des droits et libertés de
la personne</i> (ci-après <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte
québécoise</i>)</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn86" name="_ftnref86" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn86;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[86]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, une loi
québécoise quasi-constitutionnelle</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn87" name="_ftnref87" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn87;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[87]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> adoptée
en 1975, reconnaît également l'importance de la dignité humaine en énonçant
expressément dans son préambule « que tous les êtres humains sont égaux en
valeur et en dignité et ont droit à une égale protection de la loi »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn88" name="_ftnref88" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn88;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[88]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. La
dignité énoncée dans le préambule est « une valeur sous-jacente aux droits et
libertés »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn89" name="_ftnref89" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn89;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[89]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> et est «
l'une des pierres angulaires de la Charte »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn90" name="_ftnref90" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn90;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[90]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Elle
peut, par conséquent, servir à leur interprétation</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn91" name="_ftnref91" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn91;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[91]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Elle
constitue également l'objectif visé par la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte
québécoise</i>. En effet, la Cour suprême du Canada a reconnu que l'objectif
général poursuivi par la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte
québécoise</i> est, conformément à son préambule</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn92" name="_ftnref92" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn92;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[92]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, « la
protection du droit à la dignité et à l'égalité de tout être humain »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn93" name="_ftnref93" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn93;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[93]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Comme
la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i>, elle érige donc
la dignité humaine au rang de valeur fondamentale. Cependant, elle diffère de
la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i> à plusieurs
points de vue. D'abord, contrairement à la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte
canadienne</i> qui ne vise que les rapports publics</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn94" name="_ftnref94" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn94;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[94]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte québécoise</i> vise également les
rapports privés</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn95" name="_ftnref95" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn95;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[95]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. De
plus, contrairement à la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte
canadienne</i> qui a été interprétée par les tribunaux de manière à ne garantir
que des droits civils et politiques</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn96" name="_ftnref96" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn96;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[96]</span></b></span></span></span></i></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, elle
énonce à la fois des droits civils et politiques et des droits économiques,
sociaux et culturels</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn97" name="_ftnref97" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn97;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[97]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> conformément
à l'idéal de l'homme libre tel qu'envisagé par la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Déclaration universelle des droits de l'homme</i> (1948)</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn98" name="_ftnref98" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn98;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[98]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, le</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Projet de pacte international
relatif aux droits de l'homme</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (1950)<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn99" name="_ftnref99" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn99;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[99]</span></span></span></span></a>,</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> les deux
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pactes internationaux</i> (1966)</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn100" name="_ftnref100" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn100;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[100]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">la
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">résolution 40/124</i> de l'Assemblée générale
des Nations Unies (1985), </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">la </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Déclaration
sur le droit au développement</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> (1986), la </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Déclaration
et programme d'action de Vienne</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (1993), la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Déclaration du millénaire</i> (2000), le</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"> document final du sommet mondial
des Nations Unies (2005) </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">et plusieurs éminents juristes</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn101" name="_ftnref101" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn101;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[101]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Bien
que les droits économiques, sociaux et culturels qu'elle énonce ne soient pas,
dans l'état actuel du droit, juridiquement contraignants</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn102" name="_ftnref102" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn102;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[102]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, à
l'exception de l'article 48</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn103" name="_ftnref103" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn103;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[103]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, ils
servent de points de référence politique et moral pour la société québécoise et
un rappel des exigences les plus fondamentales du contrat social entre la
province et ses citoyens</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn104" name="_ftnref104" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn104;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[104]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. À titre
de loi portant sur les droits de la personne, elle est plus complète que la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i> du fait qu'elle énonce
des droits économiques, sociaux et culturels<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">
</i>et qu'elle s'applique aux rapports privés</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn105" name="_ftnref105" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn105;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[105]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Elle
constitue souvent « le dernier recours des membres les plus vulnérables de la
société »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn106" name="_ftnref106" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn106;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[106]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. De
plus, contrairement à la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte
canadienne</i></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn107" name="_ftnref107" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn107;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[107]</span></b></span></span></span></i></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, elle
érige la dignité humaine au rang de droit individuel et consacre à son article
4 un « droit à la sauvegarde de sa dignité »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn108" name="_ftnref108" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn108;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[108]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Ce
concept de « dignité » auquel réfère l'article 4 et le préambule de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte québécoise</i> est analogue au
concept de « dignité humaine » employée par les tribunaux dans leur
interprétation de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn109" name="_ftnref109" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn109;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[109]</span></b></span></span></span></i></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">.<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> En effet, de p</span>ar sa nature
quasi-constitutionnelle, la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte
québécoise</i> a une obligation de conformité avec les normes
constitutionnelles, dont celles énoncées dans la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn110" name="_ftnref110" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn110;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[110]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Pour
cette raison, les Chartes, canadienne et québécoise, visent la protection de
valeurs analogues</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn111" name="_ftnref111" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn111;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[111]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";">On
retrouve également la dignité humaine dans plusieurs lois ordinaires et
règlements tant québécois que canadiens<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn112" name="_ftnref112" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn112;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[112]</span></span></span></span></a>.
Les lois et règlements québécois<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn113" name="_ftnref113" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn113;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[113]</span></span></span></span></a>
touchent notamment aux droits de la personne<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn114" name="_ftnref114" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn114;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[114]</span></span></span></span></a>,
au droit du travail<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn115" name="_ftnref115" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn115;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[115]</span></span></span></span></a>,
à la protection de la jeunesse<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn116" name="_ftnref116" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn116;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[116]</span></span></span></span></a>,
à l'aide aux victimes d'actes criminels<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn117" name="_ftnref117" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn117;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[117]</span></span></span></span></a>,
au système correctionnel<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn118" name="_ftnref118" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn118;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[118]</span></span></span></span></a>,
à la santé<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn119" name="_ftnref119" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn119;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[119]</span></span></span></span></a>,
à la certification des ressources en toxicomanie ou en jeu pathologique<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn120" name="_ftnref120" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn120;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[120]</span></span></span></span></a>
et à la pauvreté et à l'exclusion sociale<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn121" name="_ftnref121" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn121;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[121]</span></span></span></span></a>.
Par ailleurs, les lois et règlements canadiens<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn122" name="_ftnref122" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn122;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[122]</span></span></span></span></a>
touchent notamment aux droits de la personne<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn123" name="_ftnref123" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn123;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[123]</span></span></span></span></a>,
aux crimes de guerre et aux crimes contre l'humanité<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn124" name="_ftnref124" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn124;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[124]</span></span></span></span></a>,
au droit criminel<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn125" name="_ftnref125" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn125;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[125]</span></span></span></span></a>,
au système de justice pénale pour adolescent<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn126" name="_ftnref126" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn126;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[126]</span></span></span></span></a>,
au système correctionnel<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn127" name="_ftnref127" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn127;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[127]</span></span></span></span></a>,
à l'environnement<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn128" name="_ftnref128" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn128;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[128]</span></span></span></span></a>,
à la procréation assistée<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn129" name="_ftnref129" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn129;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[129]</span></span></span></span></a>,
au mariage civil<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn130" name="_ftnref130" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn130;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[130]</span></span></span></span></a>
et à l'immigration et à la protection des réfugiés<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn131" name="_ftnref131" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn131;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[131]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Malgré son omniprésence dans les
textes de loi, la dignité humaine n'a jamais été définie</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn132" name="_ftnref132" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn132;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[132]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">.
En conséquence, les tribunaux se sont employés à en circonscrire le sens et à
lui attribuer une teneur juridique. Mais en dépit de leurs efforts, la dignité
humaine demeure, de leur propre aveu, un concept juridique vague, ambigu et
difficile d'application</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn133" name="_ftnref133" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn133;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[133]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">.
Une clarification du concept s'impose indubitablement. Mais avant de procéder à
son éclaircissement (chapitre II et III), il convient tout d'abord d'exposer et
de décrire les différentes conceptions de la dignité humaine identifiées par la
Cour suprême du Canada (section II).</span>
<br />
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Le juge Dickson
cité par les juges Iacobucci et Bastarache : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Office canadien de commercialisation des oeufs <b>c</b>. Richardson, [1998]
3 R.C.S. 157 au para.57, j. Iacobucci et Bastarache (pour la majorité). Voir
aussi </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Michel
Bastarache, « La Charte canadienne des droits et libertés, reflet d'un
phénomène mondial ? » (2007) 48 C. de D. 735 au para.3.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Charte canadienne des droits et libertés, partie I de la Loi
constitutionnelle de 1982, constituant l'annexe B de la Loi de 1982 sur le
Canada (R.-U.), 1982, c.11. </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Ewanchuk, [1999] 1 R.C.S. 330 au para.73, j. l'Heureux-Dubé (pour la
majorité). L'engagement du Canada envers la dignité humaine existait bien avant
l'adoption de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i>.
Voir par exemple le préambule de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Déclaration
canadienne des droits</i> adoptée en 1960.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Law Society of Upper Canada c. Skapinker, [1984] 1 R.C.S. 357 aux paras.10
et 22, j. Estey (pour la Cour) ; Hunter c. Southam Inc., [1984] 2 R.C.S. 145 au
para.1, j. Dickson (pour la Cour).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">La <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i> a été
interprétée pas les tribunaux de manière à ne garantir que des droits civils et
politiques : Egan c. Canada, [1995] 2 R.C.S. 513 au para.37, j. l'Heureux-Dubé
(dissidente) ; Renvoi relatif à la Public Service Employee Relations Act
(Alb.), [1987] 1 R.C.S. 313 au para.176, j. McIntyre (pour la majorité) ;
Hunter c. Southam Inc., [1984] 2 R.C.S. 145 au para.19, j. Dickson (pour la
Cour) ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Claire
Archbold, « The incorporation of civic and social rights in domestic law » in
Jean-Marc Coicaud, Michael W. Doyle and Anne-Marie Gardner, dir., </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">The
Globalization of Human Rights</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">,
Tokyo, United Nations University Press, 2003</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">aux pp.64 et 74. </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Or la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i> aurait pu et peut être
interprétée de manière à inclure des droits économiques, sociaux et culturels</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, voir <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">infra</i> note
201.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 12.0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Les obligations
du Canada en vertu des deux Pactes internationaux ne sont pas les mêmes. En
vertu de l'article 2 (1) du </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Pacte international relatif aux droits civils et politiques</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, 19 décembre 1966, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">999 R.T.N.U. 171, le gouvernement fédéral
est tenu de respecter et de garantir immédiatement à tous les individus se
trouvant sur son territoire et relevant de ses compétences les droits reconnus
dans le Pacte. Voir également l'article 2(2) et 2(3)(b). En revanche, en vertu
de l'article 2(1) du </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Pacte international relatif aux droits économiques, sociaux
et culturels</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, 19 décembre 1966, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">993 R.T.N.U. 3,
le gouvernement fédéral est seulement tenu « <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">d'assurer</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> progressivement le plein exercice des droits</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> reconnus dans le présent Pacte <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">par tous les moyens appropriés</i>, y compris en particulier l'adoption
de mesures législatives » </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[nos italiques]</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">. Il peut donc protéger les droits économiques, sociaux et
culturels par des mesures législatives ou en rendant ces droits justiciables.
Néanmoins, le comité des droits économiques, sociaux et culturels des Nations
Unies souligne que le fardeau revient aux États de démontrer que les moyens
pris pour assurer le plein exercice des droits sont appropriés. De plus, il
insiste sur le fait que l'absence de remèdes judiciaires rend cette
démonstration très difficile : Committee on economic, social and cultural
rights, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">General comment No.9 :
Substantive issues arising in the implementation of the international covenant
on economic, social and cultural rights<i>,</i></i> Doc.Off. C.E.S., 19<sup>e</sup>
sess., Doc. NU (1998) au para.3. Il souligne également que dans la mesure où
les obligations des États envers les droits économiques, sociaux et culturels
sont rencontrées, le Pacte est neutre quant au choix du système économique
(capitaliste ou socialiste) : Committee on economic, social and cultural
rights, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">General comment No.3 : The nature
of States parties obligations<i>,</i></i> Doc.Off. C.E.S., 5<sup>e</sup>
sess., Doc. NU (1990) au para.8.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Voir les
articles 2(1), 2(2) et 2(3)(b) du </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Pacte international relatif aux droits civils et politiques</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, 19 décembre 1966, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">999 R.T.N.U. 171.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Article 2(1) du
</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Pacte
international relatif aux droits économiques, sociaux et culturels</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, 19 décembre 1966, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">993 R.T.N.U. 3.</span><span lang="FR"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Committee on economic, social and cultural rights, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">General comment No.9 : Substantive issues
arising in the implementation of the international covenant on economic, social
and cultural rights<i>,</i></i> Doc.Off. C.E.S., 19<sup>e</sup> sess., Doc.
NU (1998) au para.3.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Committee on economic, social and cultural rights, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">General comment No.3 : The nature of States
parties obligations<i>,</i></i> Doc.Off. C.E.S., 5<sup>e</sup> sess., Doc. NU
(1990) au para.8.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Kindler c. Canada (ministre de la Justice), <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1991] 2 R.C.S. 779 au para.59, j. Cory et Lamer (dissidents). </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Health Services and Support – Facilities Subsector Bargaining Assn. <b>c</b>.
Colombie-Britannique, [2007] 2 R.C.S. 391 au para.71, j. McLachlin et Lebel
(pour la majorité). Voir aussi </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Michel Bastarache, « La Charte canadienne des
droits et libertés, reflet d'un phénomène mondial ? » (2007) 48 C. de D. 735 au
para.2.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Health Services and Support – Facilities Subsector Bargaining Assn. <b>c</b>.
Colombie-Britannique, [2007] 2 R.C.S. 391 au para.71, j. McLachlin et Lebel
(pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Renvoi relatif à la Public Service Employee Relations Act (Alb.), [1987] 1
R.C.S. 313 au para.61, j. Dickson (dissident).</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn15" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[15]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Renvoi relatif à la Public Service Employee Relations Act (Alb.), [1987] 1
R.C.S. 313 au para.57-60, j. Dickson (dissident) ; Slaight Communications Inc.
c. Davidson, [1989] 1 R.C.S. 1038 au para.23, j. Dickson (pour la majorité) ;
R. c. Keegstra, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990] 3 R.C.S. 697 au
para.66, j. Dickson (pour la majorité) ; </span>Baker c. Canada (Ministre de la
Citoyenneté et de l’Immigration), [1999] 2 R.C.S. 817 au para.70, j.
l'Heureux-Dubé (pour la majorité) ; États-Unis <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">c</span>. Burns, [2001] 1 R.C.S. 283 au para.80 (la Cour) ; Suresh <b>c</b>.
Canada (Ministre de la Citoyenneté et de l’Immigration), [2002] 1 R.C.S. 3 au
para.60 (la Cour) ; Mugesera <b>c</b>. Canada (Ministre de la Citoyenneté et de
l’Immigration), [2005] 2 R.C.S. 100 au para.82 (la Cour) ; Health Services and
Support – Facilities Subsector Bargaining Assn. <b>c</b>. Colombie-Britannique,
[2007] 2 R.C.S. 391 au para.69-70 et 78, j. McLachlin et Lebel (pour la
majorité) ; R. c. Hape, [2007] 2 R.C.S. 292 au para.55, j. Lebel (pour la
majorité). Voir aussi </span><span class="bold"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Commission
des droits de la personne et des droits de la</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span class="bold">jeunesse c. Laverdière, </span><span class="ssl2">[2008] J.T.D.P.Q. no 15</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> au para.15-16.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn16" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[16]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Slaight Communications Inc. c. Davidson, [1989] 1 R.C.S. 1038 au para.23,
j. Dickson (pour la majorité) ; R. c. Hape, [2007] 2 R.C.S. 292 au para.55, j.
Lebel (pour la majorité). Par exemple, voir R. c. Keegstra, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990] 3 R.C.S. 697 au para.73 et 80, j. Dickson
(pour la majorité) et </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>R. c.
Sharpe, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[2001] 1 R.C.S. 45 au
para.193-197, j. l'Heureux-Dubé, Gonthier et Bastarache (dissidents).</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn17" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[17]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Renvoi relatif à la Public Service Employee Relations Act (Alb.), [1987] 1
R.C.S. 313 au para.59, j. Dickson (dissident) ; Slaight Communications Inc. c.
Davidson, [1989] 1 R.C.S. 1038 au para.23, j. Dickson (pour la majorité) ;
Health Services and Support – Facilities Subsector Bargaining Assn. <b>c</b>.
Colombie-Britannique, [2007] 2 R.C.S. 391 au para.70 et 79, j. McLachlin et
Lebel (pour la majorité) ; R. c. Hape, [2007] 2 R.C.S. 292 au para.55, j. Lebel
(pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn18" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[18]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Vriend <b>c</b>. Alberta, [1998] 1 R.C.S. 493 au para.131, j. Iacobucci
(pour la majorité) ; Renvoi relatif à la sécession du Québec, [1998] 2 R.C.S.
217 au para.72 (la Cour).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn19" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[19]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Office canadien de commercialisation des oeufs <b>c</b>. Richardson, [1998]
3 R.C.S. 157 au para.57, j. Iacobucci et Bastarache (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn20" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[20]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Voir les préambules du </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Pacte international relatif aux droits civils et politiques</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, 19 décembre 1966, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">999 R.T.N.U. 171 et du </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Pacte
international relatif aux droits économiques, sociaux et culturels</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, 19 décembre 1966, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">993 R.T.N.U. 3. Voir aussi </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Kapp, [2008] 2 R.C.S. 483 au para.21, j. McLachlin et Abella (pour la
majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn21" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[21]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Office canadien de commercialisation des oeufs <b>c</b>. Richardson, [1998]
3 R.C.S. 157 au para.57, j. Iacobucci et Bastarache (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn22" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[22]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Renvoi relatif à la sécession du Québec, [1998] 2 R.C.S. 217 au para.74 (la
Cour). De plus, la protection des minorités a été un des facteurs clés qui ont
motivé l'adoption de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i>
: Renvoi relatif à la sécession du Québec, [1998] 2 R.C.S. 217 au para.74 et 81
(la Cour).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn23" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[23]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">McKinney c. Université de Guelph, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990]
3 R.C.S. 229 au para.21, j. La Forest (pour la majorité).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn24" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[24]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Big M Drug Mart Ltd., [1985] 1 R.C.S. 295 au para.121, j. Dickson
(pour la majorité). Voir aussi Hunter c. Southam Inc., [1984] 2 R.C.S. 145 au
para.16, j. Dickson (pour la Cour).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn25" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[25]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Michel
Bastarache, « La Charte canadienne des droits et libertés, reflet d'un
phénomène mondial ? » (2007) 48 C. de D. 735 au para.6.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn26" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[26]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Law Society of Upper Canada c. Skapinker, [1984] 1 R.C.S. 357 ; R. c. Big M
Drug Mart Ltd., [1985] 1 R.C.S. 295 au para.117, j. Dickson (pour la majorité)
; Renvoi relatif à la Public Service Employee Relations Act (Alb.), [1987] 1
R.C.S. 313 au para.149, j. McIntyre (pour la majorité) ; Andrews c. Law Society
of British Columbia, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1989] 1 R.C.S.
143 au para.32, j.McIntyre (dissident en partie) ; R c. Blais, </span>[2003] 2
R.C.S. 236 au para.17, 40-41<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> (la Cour).
Voir aussi Christian Brunelle, «</span>L'interprétation des droits
constitutionnels par le recours aux philosophes » (1990) 50 R. du B. 353<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> à la p.357 ; </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Donna Greschner, « The purpose of canadian equality rights »
(2001-2002) </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">6 Rev. Const. Stud. 291 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">à la p.307.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn27" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[27]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Big M Drug Mart Ltd., [1985] 1 R.C.S. 295 au para.117, j. Dickson
(pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn28" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[28]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Morgentaler, [1988] 1 R.C.S. 30 au para.224, j. Wilson (pour la
majorité). Voir aussi Rodriguez c. Colombie-Britannique (Procureur général), <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1993] 3 R.C.S. 519 au para.201, j. McLachlin
(dissidente) ; </span>Cloutier c. Langlois, [1990] 1 R.C.S. 158 au para.55, j.
l'Heureux-Dubé (pour la Cour).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn29" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[29]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. <b>c</b>. Van der Peet, [1996] 2 R.C.S. 507 au para.18, j. Lamer (pour
la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn30" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref30" name="_ftn30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[30]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Granovsky <b>c</b>. Canada (Ministre de l’Emploi et de l’Immigration),
[2000] 1 R.C.S. 703 au para.56, j. Binnie (pour la Cour). </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn31" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref31" name="_ftn31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[31]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> David M. Brown
dresse une liste des principaux philosophes politiques ayant été cités par la
Cour suprême du Canada : David M. Brown, « "Sauvé and prisoners' voting
rights : the death of the good citizen » (2003) 20 S.C.L.R 297 aux pp.328-329
et 337 (Annexe B).</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn32" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref32" name="_ftn32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[32]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">La Reine c. Jones, [1986] 2 R.C.S. 284 au para.74, j. Wilson (dissidente).
Voir aussi R. c. Morgentaler, [1988] 1 R.C.S. 30 au para.229, j. Wilson (pour
la majorité) ; Renvoi relatif à l'art. 193 et à l'al. 195.1(1)(c) du code
criminel (Man.), <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990] 1 R.C.S. 1123
au para.50, j. Lamer (pour la majorité) ; </span>B. (R.) c. Children's Aid
Society of Metropolitan Toronto, [1995] 1 R.C.S. 315 au para.74, j. La Forest
(pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn33" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref33" name="_ftn33" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[33]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Godbout c. Longueuil (Ville), <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1997]
3 R.C.S. 844 au para.66, j. La Forest (pour la majorité) ; </span>Blencoe c.
Colombie-Britannique (Human Rights Commission),<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>[2000] 2 R.C.S. 307 au para.49-54, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">j. Bastarache (pour la majorité) ; </span>R. c. Malmo-Levine; R. c.
Caine, [2003] 3 R.C.S. 571 au para.85, j. Gonthier et Binnie (pour la majorité)
; R. <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">c</span>. Clay , [2003] 3 R.C.S.
735 au para.31, j. Gonthier et Binnie (pour la majorité) ; Siemens c. Manitoba
(Procureur général), <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[2003] 1 R.C.S. 6
au para.45-46, j. Major (pour la Cour).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn34" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref34" name="_ftn34" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[34]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Syndicat des détaillants, grossistes et magasins à rayons, section locale
580 (SDGMR) c. Dolphin Delivery Ltd., [1986] 2 R.CS. 573 au para.12-13, j.
McIntyre (pour la majorité) ; Edmonton Journal c. Alberta (Procureur général),
[1989] 2 R.C.S. 1326 au para.4, j. Cory (pour la majorité). Pour d'autres
citations de John Stuart Mill dans l'interprétation de la liberté d'expression
: Comité pour la République du Canada c. Canada, [1991] 1 R.C.S. 139 au
para.73, j. l'Heureux-Dubé (pour la majorité) ; Thomson Newspapers Co. <b>c</b>.
Canada (Procureur général), [1998] 1 R.C.S. 877 au para.28, j. Gonthier
(dissident).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn35" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref35" name="_ftn35" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[35]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Renvoi relatif à la Public Service Employee Relations Act (Alb.), [1987] 1
R.C.S. 313 au para.150, j. McIntyre (pour la majorité).</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn36" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref36" name="_ftn36" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn36;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[36]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Renvoi relatif à la Public Service Employee Relations Act (Alb.), [1987] 1
R.C.S. 313 au para.152, j. McIntyre (pour la majorité) ; Lavigne c. Syndicat
des employés de la fonction publique de l'Ontario, [1991] 2 R.C.S. 211 au
para.223, j. La Forest (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn37" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref37" name="_ftn37" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn37;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[37]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Renvoi relatif à la Public Service Employee Relations Act (Alb.), [1987] 1
R.C.S. 313 au para.86, j. Dickson (dissident).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn38" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref38" name="_ftn38" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn38;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[38]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Edmonton Journal c. Alberta (Procureur général), [1989] 2 R.C.S. 1326 au
para.55, j. Wilson (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn39" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref39" name="_ftn39" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn39;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[39]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Syndicat Northcrest c. Amselem, [2004] 2 R.C.S. 551 au para.61, j.
Iacobucci (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn40" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref40" name="_ftn40" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn40;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[40]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Big M Drug Mart Ltd., [1985] 1 R.C.S. 295 aux paras.121-123, j.
Dickson (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn41" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref41" name="_ftn41" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn41;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[41]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Oakes, [1986] 1 R.C.S. 103 au para.64, j. Dickson (pour la majorité)
; Renvoi relatif à la sécession du Québec, [1998] 2 R.C.S. 217 au para.64 (la
Cour).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn42" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref42" name="_ftn42" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn42;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[42]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Morgentaler, [1988] 1 R.C.S. 30 au para.224, j. Wilson (pour la
majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn43" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref43" name="_ftn43" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn43;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[43]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. <b>c</b>. Van der Peet, [1996] 2 R.C.S. 507 au para.18, j. Lamer (pour
la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn44" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref44" name="_ftn44" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn44;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[44]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Granovsky <b>c</b>. Canada (Ministre de l’ Emploi et de l’Immigration), [2000]
1 R.C.S. 703 au para.56, j. Binnie (pour la Cour).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn45" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref45" name="_ftn45" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn45;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[45]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> Commission de réforme du droit du Canada, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Le statut juridique de l'administration
fédérale</i>, Document de travail 40, Ottawa, Commission de réforme du droit du
Canada, 1985 à la p.44 ; Guy Rocher, « Les fondements de la société libérale,
les relations industrielles et les Chartes » dans Rodrigue Blouin, dir., <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Les Chartes des droits et les relations
industrielles,</i> Sainte-Foy (Qc), </span><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Presses de l'Université Laval, 1988</span><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> à la p.1 ; </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Luc
B. Tremblay, « Le Canada de la Charte : une démocratie libérale neutre ou
perfectionniste ? » (1995) 40 McGill L.J. 487</span><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> aux pp.489-490 ;</span><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> N. Colleen
Sheppard, « Equality, Ideology and Oppression : Women and the Canadian Charter
of Rights and Freedoms » (1986-1987) <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">10
Dalhousie L.J. 195 </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt;">à la
p.204 ; Andrew Petter, « Canada's Charter Flight : Soaring Backwards into the
Future » (1989) 16:2 Journal of law and society 151 à la p.152 ; Daniel Proulx,
« Le concept de dignité et son usage en contexte de discrimination : deux
Chartes, deux modèles » (2003) R. du B. (numéro spécial) 485 à la p.493 ;
Sébastien Grammond, « Pour l'inclusion des droits des autochtones dans la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte des droits et libertés de la personne</i>
» (2006) Hors-Série R. du B. 295 à la p.303 ; Jacques-Yvan Morin, « Une Charte
des droits de l'homme pour le Québec » (1963) 9 McGill. L. J. 273 aux
pp.274-278 et 316 ; Samuel V. LaSelva, « Does the canadian charter of rights
and freedoms rest on a mistake » (1988) 8 Windsor Yearbook od Access to Justice
217 à la p.227.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn46" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref46" name="_ftn46" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn46;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[46]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Philip Alston et
Ryan Goodman, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">International Human Rights in Context : Law, Politics,
Morals</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, 3rd ed., Oxford, Oxford University
Press, 2007 à la p.512. De plus, selon Chantal Mouffe, le libéralisme
politique, le libéralisme économique et les différents discours sur la philosophie
libérale ne forment pas une seule et même doctrine. Il est, par conséquent,
possible de valoriser nos institutions qui incarnent les principes du
libéralisme politique sans avoir à adhérer au libéralisme économique ou à
l'individualisme : Chantal Mouffe, « Radical democracy or liberal democracy ? »
in <span class="addmd">David Trend, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Radical
Democracy : Identity, Citizenship and the State</i>, Routledge, 1995 à la p.20.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn47" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref47" name="_ftn47" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn47;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[47]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> Thomas Nagel, « Progressive but not liberal »
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The New York Review of Books</i> (May 25,
2006) aux pp.1-2 ; Alain Boyer, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Quels
fondements éthiques pour quel libéralisme ? : critique et justification (malgré
tout) du libéralisme moderne</i>, Thèse de doctorat en philosophie, Université
de Fribourg<b> </b>à la p.11 ; Anthony Wright, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contemporary
Political Ideologies</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, 2<sup>nd</sup> ed., New York,
Pinter, 1999 aux pp.31-.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn48" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref48" name="_ftn48" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn48;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[48]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> David Johnston,
</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">The
Idea of a Liberal Theory : A Critique and Reconstruction</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1996 à la p.24. Le
précepte selon lequel « </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">chaque individu compte
pour un et nul ne compte pour plus d'un » est, selon Isaiah Berlin, au coeur de
la doctrine de l'égalité dans une société libérale : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Isaiah Berlin, « Equality » (1955-1956) 56 </span><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">281 à la p.301.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn49" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref49" name="_ftn49" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn49;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[49]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Jacques-Yvan
Morin, « Une Charte des droits de l'homme pour le Québec » (1963) 9 McGill. L.
J. 273 aux pp.274-278 et 316. Voir aussi </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">John
P. Humphrey, « The international bill of rights : scope and implementation »
(1976) 17 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 527 à la p.529 ;</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> John Dewey, «
The meaning of the term : liberalism » in </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">The Later Works, </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">1925 - 1953, vol.14, Carbondale, Southern Illinois
University Press, 2008. </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">à la p.253 ; Louis Henkin, « Human Rights :
Ideology and Aspirations, Reality and Prospect » in Samantha Power and Graham
Allison, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Realizing Human Rights : Moving from Inspiration to Impact</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmilllan, 2006</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> à la p.5.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn50" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref50" name="_ftn50" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn50;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[50]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Rhoda E. Howard
and Jack Donnelly, « Human dignity, human rights and political regimes » (1986)
80:3 American political science review 801 aux pp.801 et 816.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn51" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref51" name="_ftn51" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn51;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[51]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Keegstra, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990] 3 R.C.S. 697
au para.66, j. Dickson (pour la majorité) ; </span>Renvoi relatif à la Public
Service Employee Relations Act (Alb.), [1987] 1 R.C.S. 313 au para.57, j.
Dickson (dissident).</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn52" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref52" name="_ftn52" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn52;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[52]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Renvoi relatif à la Public Service Employee Relations Act (Alb.), [1987] 1
R.C.S. 313 au para.57, j. Dickson (dissident).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn53" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref53" name="_ftn53" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn53;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[53]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> R. c. Oakes, [1986] 1 R.C.S. 103 au para.64, j. Dickson (pour la majorité)
; Syndicat des détaillants, grossistes et magasins à rayons, section locale 558
c. Pepsi-Cola Canada Beverages (West) Ltd, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[2002] 1 R.C.S. 156 au para.18, j. McLachlin et Lebel (pour la Cour) ; </span>Renvoi
relatif à la sécession du Québec, [1998] 2 R.C.S. 217 au para.67 (la Cour) ;
Voir aussi Lavoie <b>c</b>. Canada, [2002] 1 R.C.S. 769 au para.91, j. Arbour
(pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn54" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref54" name="_ftn54" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn54;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[54]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Chamberlain <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">c. </span>Surrey School District No. 36</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, [2002] 4 R.C.S. 710 au para.140, j. Gonthier (minoritaire) ; Syndicat des
détaillants, grossistes et magasins à rayons, section locale 558 c. Pepsi-Cola
Canada Beverages (West) Ltd, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[2002] 1
R.C.S. 156 au para.18, j. McLachlin et Lebel (pour la Cour) ; </span>Hill c.
Église de scientologie de Toronto, [1995] 2 R.C.S. 1130 au para.92, j. Cory
(pour la majorité). Selon </span><span class="addmd"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Francis Fukuyama</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, il existe un consensus quant à la légitimité de la démocratie libérale
comme système politique : </span><span class="addmd"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Francis Fukuyama, </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">The End of History and the Last Man</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, New York, Simon and Schuster, 1992.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn55" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref55" name="_ftn55" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn55;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[55]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Luc B. Tremblay, « Le Canada de la Charte :
une démocratie libérale neutre ou perfectionniste ? » (1995) 40 McGill L.J. 487
aux pp.503 et 515-516.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn56" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref56" name="_ftn56" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn56;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[56]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Oakes, [1986] 1 R.C.S. 103 au para.64, j. Dickson (pour la majorité)
; R. <b>c</b>. Holmes, [1988] 1 R.C.S. 914 au para.36, j. Dickson (pour la
majorité) ; R. c. O'Connor, [1995] 4 R.C.S. 411 au para.113, j. l'Heureux-Dubé
(pour la majorité) ; Harvey <b>c</b>. Nouveau-Brunswick (Procureur général),
[1996] 2 R.C.S. 876 au para.23, j. La Forest (pour la majorité) ; M. <b>c</b>.
H., [1999] 2 R.C.S. 3 au para.77, j. Cory et Iacobucci (pour la majorité). Voir
aussi </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Luc B. Tremblay, « Le
Canada de la Charte : une démocratie libérale neutre ou perfectionniste ? »
(1995) 40 McGill L.J. 487 aux pp.515-516</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn57" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref57" name="_ftn57" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn57;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[57]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Luc B. Tremblay, « Le Canada de la Charte :
une démocratie libérale neutre ou perfectionniste ? » (1995) 40 McGill L.J. 487
aux pp.495 et 497.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn58" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref58" name="_ftn58" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn58;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[58]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Luc B. Tremblay, « Le Canada de la Charte :
une démocratie libérale neutre ou perfectionniste ? » (1995) 40 McGill L.J. 487
aux pp.502-503.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn59" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref59" name="_ftn59" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn59;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[59]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Renvoi relatif à la sécession du Québec, [1998] 2 R.C.S. 217 au para.67 (la
Cour). Des lois civiles et pénales ont ainsi été adoptées pour préserver la
dignité humaine : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Daniel Proulx, « Le concept de dignité et son usage en
contexte de discrimination : deux Chartes, deux modèles » (2003) R. du B.
(numéro spécial) 485 à la p.502, n.40.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn60" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref60" name="_ftn60" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn60;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[60]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Oakes, [1986] 1 R.C.S. 103 au para.64, j. Dickson (pour la majorité)
; Renvoi relatif à la sécession du Québec, [1998] 2 R.C.S. 217 au para.64 (la
Cour) ; M. <b>c</b>. H., [1999] 2 R.C.S. 3 au para.107, j. Cory et Iacobucci
(pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn61" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref61" name="_ftn61" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn61;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[61]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Voir l'article
1 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i>. Voir
également </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Slaight Communications Inc. c. Davidson, [1989] 1
R.C.S. 1038 au para.23, j. Dickson (pour la majorité) ; R. c. Keegstra, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990] 3 R.C.S. 697 au para.44, j. Dickson
(pour la majorité) ; </span>Harvey <b>c</b>. Nouveau-Brunswick (Procureur
général), [1996] 2 R.C.S. 876 au para.37, j. La Forest (pour la majorité) ;
Ross c. Conseil scolaire du district no 15 du Nouveau-Brunswick, [1996] 1
R.C.S. 825 au para.75, j. La Forest (pour la Cour). Dans l'arrêt R c. Morgentaler
(1988), la juge Wilson (pour la majorité) souligne clairement « que les valeurs
que consacre la Charte sont celles qui caractérisent une société libre et
démocratique » : R. c. Morgentaler, [1988] 1 R.C.S. 30 au para.249, j. Wilson
(pour la majorité). Voir aussi R. c. Lyons, [1987] 2 R.C.S. 309 au para.21, j.
La Forest (pour la majorité) ; Slaight Communications Inc. c. Davidson, [1989]
1 R.C.S. 1038 au para.23, j. Dickson (pour la majorité) ; R. c. Keegstra, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990] 3 R.C.S. 697 au para.44 et 66, j. Dickson
(pour la majorité) ; </span>Harvey <b>c</b>. Nouveau-Brunswick (Procureur
général), [1996] 2 R.C.S. 876 au para.37, j. La Forest (pour la majorité).</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn62" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref62" name="_ftn62" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn62;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[62]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Oakes, [1986] 1 R.C.S. 103 au para.28, j. Dickson (pour la majorité)
; B. (R.) c. Children's Aid Society of Metropolitan Toronto, [1995] 1 R.C.S.
315 au para.13, j. Lamer (pour la majorité) ; Gosselin <b>c</b>. Québec
(Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 aux paras.203 et 214, j. Bastarache
(minoritaire) ; Health Services and Support – Facilities Subsector Bargaining
Assn. <b>c</b>. Colombie-Britannique, [2007] 2 R.C.S. 391 au para.80, j.
McLachlin et Lebel (pour la majorité) ; Daniel Proulx, « Le concept de dignité
et son usage en contexte de discrimination : deux Chartes, deux modèles »
(2003) R. du B. (numéro spécial) 485 aux pp.494 et 496. Par exemple, le respect
de la dignité inhérente en tant que valeur essentielle d'une société libre et
démocratique doit guider les tribunaux dans l'interprétation de la Charte :
Blencoe c. Colombie-Britannique (Human Rights Commission),<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>[2000] 2 R.C.S. 307 au para.77, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">j. Bastarache (pour la majorité) ;
Lorraine E. Weinrib, « Human dignity as a rights-protecting principle » (2004)
17 N.J.C.L. 325 à la p.325.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn63" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref63" name="_ftn63" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn63;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[63]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Oakes, [1986] 1 R.C.S. 103 au para.64, j. Dickson (pour la majorité).
Ces valeurs guident les tribunaux dans l'application de l'article premier de la
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i> à chaque étape : M.
<b>c</b>. H., [1999] 2 R.C.S. 3 au para.293, j. Bastarache (pour la majorité).
Voir aussi Daniel Proulx, « Le concept de dignité et son usage en contexte de
discrimination : deux Chartes, deux modèles » (2003) R. du B. (numéro spécial)
485 à la p.494.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn64" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref64" name="_ftn64" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn64;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[64]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Oakes, [1986] 1 R.C.S. 103 au para.64, j. Dickson (pour la majorité)
; Slaight Communications Inc. c. Davidson, [1989] 1 R.C.S. 1038 au para.16, j.
Dickson (pour la majorité) ; R. c. Hess; R. c. Nguyen, [1990] 2 R.C.S. 906 au
para.34, j. Wilson (pour la majorité) ; Ross c. Conseil scolaire du district no
15 du Nouveau-Brunswick, [1996] 1 R.C.S. 825 au para.77, j. La Forest (pour la
Cour) ; Gosselin <b>c</b>. Québec (Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au
para.353, j. Arbour (dissidente) ; R c. Bryan, [2007] 1 R.C.S. 527 au para.21,
j. Bastarache (pour la majorité) ; Alberta <b>c</b>. Hutterian Brethren of
Wilson Colony, [2009] 2 R.C.S. 567 au para.153, j. Abella (dissidente).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn65" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref65" name="_ftn65" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn65;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[65]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Renvoi relatif à la sécession du Québec, [1998] 2 R.C.S. 217 au para.49 et
52 (la Cour).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn66" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref66" name="_ftn66" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn66;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[66]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Luc B. Tremblay, « Le Canada de la Charte :
une démocratie libérale neutre ou perfectionniste ? » (1995) 40 McGill L.J. 487
aux pp.495 et 497.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn67" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref67" name="_ftn67" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn67;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[67]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Keegstra, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990] 3 R.C.S. 697
au para.45, j. Dickson (pour la majorité) ; </span>R. c. Lyons, [1987] 2 R.C.S.
309 au para.21, j. La Forest (pour la majorité) ; R. c. Zundel, [1992] 2 R.C.S.
731 au para.148, j. Iacobucci et Cory (dissidents) ; Lavoie <b>c</b>. Canada,
[2002] 1 R.C.S. 769 au para.91, j. Arbour (pour la majorité). Voir aussi </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Victor V.
Ramraj, « Keegstra, Butler, and positive liberty : a glimmer of hope for the
faithful » (1993) 51:2 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">U. Toronto Fac. L. Rev. 304 à la
p.323-324.<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn68" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref68" name="_ftn68" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn68;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[68]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Oakes , [1986] 1 R.C.S. 103 au para.64, j. Dickson (pour la majorité)
; R. c. Morgentaler, [1988] 1 R.C.S. 30 au para.228-230, j. Wilson (pour la
majorité) ; Slaight Communications Inc. c. Davidson, [1989] 1 R.C.S. 1038 au
para.23, j. Dickson (pour la majorité) ; McKinney c. Université de Guelph, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990] 3 R.C.S. 229 au para.97, j. La Forest
(pour la majorité) ; </span>R. c. Keegstra, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990] 3 R.C.S. 697 au para.61, 73, 90 et 92, j. Dickson (pour la
majorité) ; Renvoi : Circonscriptions électorales provinciales (Sask.), </span>[1991]
2 R.C.S. 158 au para.62, j. McLachlin (pour la majorité) ; Kindler c. Canada
(Ministre de la Justice) , [1991] 2 R.C.S. 779 au para.59 et 76-79, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">j. Cory et Lamer (dissidents) ;</span> R. c.
Zundel, [1992] 2 R.C.S. 731 au para.148, j. Iacobucci et Cory (dissidents) ; <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Egan <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">c.
</span>Canada,</i> [1995] 2 R.C.S. 513 au para.36, j. l'Heureux-Dubé
(dissidente) ; Ross c. Conseil scolaire du district no 15 du Nouveau-Brunswick,
[1996] 1 R.C.S. 825 au para.94, j. La Forest (pour la Cour) ; Vriend <b>c</b>.
Alberta, [1998] 1 R.C.S. 493 au para.67, j. Cory (pour la majorité) ; Thomson
Newspapers Co. <b>c</b>. Canada (Procureur général), [1998] 1 R.C.S. 877 au
para.92 et 117, j. Bastarache (pour la majorité) ; M. c. H., [1999] 2 R.C.S. 3
au para.106, j. Iacobucci (pour la majorité) ; Blencoe c. Colombie-Britannique
(Human Rights Commission),<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>[2000] 2
R.C.S. 307 au para.76, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">j. Bastarache
(pour la majorité) ; </span>R. c. Sharpe, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[2001] 1 R.C.S. 45 au para.133, j. l'Heureux-Dubé, Gonthier et Bastarache
(dissidents) ;</span> R. c. Kapp, [2008] 2 R.C.S. 483 au para.21, j. McLachlin
et Abella (pour la majorité). La dignité humaine est l'un des piliers de la
philosophie libérale : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Daniel Proulx, « Le concept de dignité et son usage en
contexte de discrimination : deux Chartes, deux modèles » (2003) R. du B.
(numéro spécial) 485 à la p.493.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn69" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref69" name="_ftn69" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn69;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[69]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Michel
Bastarache, « La Charte canadienne des droits et libertés, reflet d'un
phénomène mondial ? » (2007) 48 C. de D. 735 au para.3.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn70" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref70" name="_ftn70" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn70;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[70]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Oakes , [1986] 1 R.C.S. 103 au para.64, j. Dickson (pour la majorité)
; R. c. Morgentaler, [1988] 1 R.C.S. 30 au para.227, j. Wilson (pour la
majorité) ; Slaight Communications Inc. c. Davidson, [1989] 1 R.C.S. 1038 au
para.23, j. Dickson (pour la majorité) ; McKinney c. Université de Guelph, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990] 3 R.C.S. 229 au para.97, j. La Forest
(pour la majorité) ;</span> Kindler c. Canada (Ministre de la Justice) , [1991]
2 R.C.S. 779 aux paras.75-76, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">j. Cory
et Lamer (minoritaires)</span> ; R. c. Zundel, [1992] 2 R.C.S. 731 au para.148,
j. Iacobucci et Cory (dissidents) ; Rodriguez c. Colombie-Britannique
(Procureur général), <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1993] 3 R.C.S.
519 au para.144, j. Sopinka (pour la majorité) ;</span> R. c. S. (R.J.),<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>[1995] 1 R.C.S. 451 au para.270, j.
l'Heureux-Dubé et McLachlin (pour la majorité) ; R. c. O'Connor, [1995] 4
R.C.S. 411 au para.63, j. l'Heureux-Dubé (pour la majorité) ; Ross c. Conseil
scolaire du district no 15 du Nouveau-Brunswick, [1996] 1 R.C.S. 825 au
para.94, j. La Forest (pour la Cour) ; R. <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">c</span>. Stillman, [1997] 1 R.C.S. 607 au para.88, j. Cory (pour la
majorité) ; M. <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">c</span>. H., [1999] 2
R.C.S. 3 aux paras.77 et 106, j. Cory et Iacobucci (pour la majorité) ; Blencoe
c. Colombie-Britannique (Human Rights Commission),<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>[2000] 2 R.C.S. 307 aux paras.77-78, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">j. Bastarache (pour la majorité) ; </span>Sauvé
c. Canada (Directeur général des élections), [2002] 3 R.C.S. 519 au para.44, j.
McLachlin (pour la majorité) ; Health Services and Support – Facilities
Subsector Bargaining Assn. <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">c</span>.
Colombie-Britannique, [2007] 2 R.C.S. 391 au para.81, j. McLachlin et Lebel
(pour la majorité) ;<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span>R. c. Kapp,
[2008] 2 R.C.S. 483 au para.21, j. McLachlin et Abella (pour la majorité) ; WIC
Radio Ltd. <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">c</span>. Simpson, 2008 CSC
40 au para.2, j. Binnie (pour la majorité).</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn71" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref71" name="_ftn71" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn71;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[71]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Oakes, [1986] 1 R.C.S. 103 au para.64, j. Dickson (pour la majorité)
;<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rodriguez c. Colombie-Britannique
(procureur général), [1993] 3 R.C.S. 519 au para.145, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">j. Sopinka (pour la majorité)</span> ; Kindler c. Canada (Ministre de la
Justice) , [1991] 2 R.C.S. 779 aux paras.75-76, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">j. Cory et Lamer (minoritaires) ; </span>Blencoe c. Colombie-Britannique
(Human Rights Commission),<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>[2000] 2
R.C.S. 307 au para.77, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">j. Bastarache
(pour la majorité).</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn72" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref72" name="_ftn72" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn72;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[72]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Kindler c. Canada (ministre de la Justice), <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1991] 2 R.C.S. 779 au para.75, j. Cory et Lamer (dissidents). </span>Voir
aussi Daniel Proulx, « Le concept de dignité et son usage en contexte de
discrimination : deux Chartes, deux modèles » (2003) R. du B. (numéro spécial)
485 à la p.501. </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Aux
États-Unis, voir par exemple : </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">McNabb v. U.S.,</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> 318 U.S. 332 à la p.343 (1943).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn73" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref73" name="_ftn73" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn73;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[73]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Bartha Maria Knoppers, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dignité humaine et patrimoine génétique</i>, Ottawa, Commission de
réforme du droit du Canada, 1991 aux pp.25 et 35.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn74" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref74" name="_ftn74" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn74;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[74]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. O'Connor, [1995] 4 R.C.S. 411 au para.63, j. l'Heureux-Dubé (pour la
majorité) ; Blencoe c. Colombie-Britannique (Human Rights Commission),<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>[2000] 2 R.C.S. 307 au para.77, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">j. Bastarache (pour la majorité) ; </span>Sauvé
c. Canada (Directeur général des élections), [2002] 3 R.C.S. 519 au para.44, j.
McLachlin (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn75" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref75" name="_ftn75" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn75;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[75]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Health Services and Support – Facilities Subsector Bargaining Assn. <b>c</b>.
Colombie-Britannique, [2007] 2 R.C.S. 391 au para.81 et 86, j. McLachlin et
Lebel (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn76" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref76" name="_ftn76" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn76;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[76]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Morgentaler, [1988] 1 R.C.S. 30 au para.238, j. Wilson (pour la
majorité) ; R. <b>c</b>. Swain, [1991] 1 R.C.S. 933 au para.34, j. Lamer (pour
la majorité). Voir aussi R. c. Big M Drug Mart Ltd., [1985] 1 R.C.S. 295 au
para.122, j. Dickson (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn77" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref77" name="_ftn77" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn77;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[77]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Hill c. Église de scientologie de Toronto, [1995] 2 R.C.S. 1130 au
para.120, j. Cory (pour la majorité) ; Blencoe c. Colombie-Britannique (Human
Rights Commission),<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>[2000] 2 R.C.S. 307
au para.79, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">j. Bastarache (pour la
majorité) ; </span>Prud’homme <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">c</span>.
Prud’homme, [2002] 4 R.C.S. 663 au para.44, j. l'Heureux-Dubé et Lebel (pour la
Cour) ; Gilles E. Néron Communication Marketing inc. c. Chambre des notaires du
Québec, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[2004] 3 R.C.S. 95 au para.53,
j. Lebel (pour la majorité) ;</span> R. c. Kapp, [2008] 2 R.C.S. 483 au
para.21, j. McLachlin et Abella (pour la majorité). Voir aussi R. c. Oakes,
[1986] 1 R.C.S. 103 au para.64, j. Dickson (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn78" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref78" name="_ftn78" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn78;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[78]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. <b>c</b>. Van der Peet, [1996] 2 R.C.S. 507 au para.18, j. Lamer (pour
la majorité). Le préambule de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte
québécoise</i> parle de droits et libertés « intrinsèques ».</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn79" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref79" name="_ftn79" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn79;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[79]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Blencoe c. Colombie-Britannique (Human Rights Commission), <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[2000] 2 R.C.S. 307 au para.77-78,</span> <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">j. Bastarache (pour la majorité) ; Daniel
Proulx, « Le concept de dignité et son usage en contexte de discrimination :
deux Chartes, deux modèles » (2003) R. du B. (numéro spécial) 485 à la p.496.</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn80" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref80" name="_ftn80" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn80;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[80]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Rodriguez c. Colombie-Britannique (procureur général), [1993] 3 R.C.S. 519
au para.145, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">j. Sopinka (pour la
majorité) ; </span>R. c. O'Connor, [1995] 4 R.C.S. 411 au para.63, j.
l'Heureux-Dubé (pour la majorité).</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn81" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref81" name="_ftn81" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn81;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[81]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Rodriguez c. Colombie-Britannique (procureur général), [1993] 3 R.C.S. 519
au para.145, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">j. Sopinka (pour la
majorité). Voir aussi </span>Renvoi sur la Motor Vehicle Act (C.-B.), <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1985] 2 R.C.S. 486 aux paras.30 et 63</span>,
j. Lamer (pour la majorité) ; R. <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">c</span>.
Swain, [1991] 1 R.C.S. 933 aux paras.34-35, j. Lamer (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn82" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref82" name="_ftn82" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn82;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[82]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Renvoi sur la Motor Vehicle Act (C.-B.), <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1985] 2 R.C.S. 486 aux paras.30 et 63</span>, j. Lamer (pour la
majorité) ; R. c. Mack, [1988] 2 R.C.S. 903 au para.78, j. Lamer (pour la
Cour).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn83" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref83" name="_ftn83" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn83;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[83]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Déclaration canadienne
des droits</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, L.C. 1960, ch.44.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn84" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref84" name="_ftn84" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn84;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[84]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Bell Canada c. Assoc. canadienne des employés de téléphone, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[2003] 1 R.C.S. 884 au para.28, j. McLachlin
et Bastarache (pour la Cour).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn85" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref85" name="_ftn85" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn85;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[85]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Voir le préambule de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Déclaration
canadienne des droits</i>. Voir aussi Lavell c. Canada (Procureur géneral), <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1974] R.C.S. 1349 au para.11, j. Ritchie
(pour la majorité) ; </span>Renvoi sur la Motor Vehicle Act (C.-B.), <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1985] 2 R.C.S. 486 au para.30</span>, j.
Lamer (pour la majorité).</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn86" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref86" name="_ftn86" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn86;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[86]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Charte des droits et
libertés de la personne</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, L.R.Q. c. C-12.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn87" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref87" name="_ftn87" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn87;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[87]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Québec (Curateur public) <b>c</b>. Syndicat national des employés de
l’hôpital St-Ferdinand, [1996] 3 R.C.S. 211 au para.91, j. l'Heureux-Dubé (pour
la Cour) ; </span><span class="bold"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Québec
(Commission des droits de la personne et des</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br />
<span class="bold">droits de la jeunesse) c. Communauté urbaine de Montréal, </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[2004] 1 R.C.S. 789 au para.15, j. Lebel (pour la Cour) ; </span><span class="bold"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Chiasson et Commission des droits de
la personne du Québec c.</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span class="bold">Centre d'accueil Villa Plaisance, </span><span class="ssl2">[1995]
J.T.D.P.Q. no 35</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> au para.27.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn88" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref88" name="_ftn88" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn88;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[88]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Voir le
préambule de la Charte québécoise.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn89" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref89" name="_ftn89" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn89;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[89]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Québec (curateur public) c. Syndicat national des employés de l'hôpital
St-Ferdinand,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>[1996] 3 R.C.S. 211 au
para.100, j. l'Heureux-Dubé (pour la Cour). Elle sous-tend tous les droits et
libertés : Québec (Commission des droits de la personne et des droits de la
jeunesse) c. Transport en commun La Québécoise Inc., <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[2002] J.T.D.P.Q. no 9</span> au para.31 ; </span><span class="bold"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Commission des droits de la personne et des droits de la</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span class="bold">jeunesse c. Garderie éducative Le Futur de
l'enfant inc., </span><span class="ssl2">[2008] J.T.D.P.Q. no 25 au para.148 ;</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span class="bold"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Commission des
droits de la personne et des droits de la</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span class="bold">jeunesse c. Systématix Technologies de
l'information inc., </span><span class="ssl2">[2010] J.T.D.P.Q. no 18 </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">au para.74 ; </span><span class="bold"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">O'Connor
et Québec (Commission des droits de la personne et</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span class="bold">des droits de la jeunesse) c. Sfiridis, </span><span class="ssl2">[2002] J.T.D.P.Q. no 3</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">
au para.143 ; </span><span class="bold">Roy et Québec (Commission des droits de
la personne et des</span> <span class="bold">droits de la jeunesse) c. Poulin, </span><span class="ssl2">[2001] J.T.D.P.Q. no 2 au para.32.</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn90" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref90" name="_ftn90" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn90;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[90]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span class="bold"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Commission des droits de la personne
et</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span class="bold">des droits de la
jeunesse c. Giannias, </span><span class="ssl2">[2011] J.T.D.P.Q. no 20 </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">au para.25.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn91" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref91" name="_ftn91" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn91;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[91]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Oakes, [1986] 1 R.C.S. 103 au para.28, j. Dickson (pour la majorité)
; B. (R.) c. Children's Aid Society of Metropolitan Toronto, [1995] 1 R.C.S.
315 au para.13, j. Lamer (pour la majorité) ; Gosselin <b>c</b>. Québec
(Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 aux paras.203 et 214, j. Bastarache
(minoritaire) ; Health Services and Support – Facilities Subsector Bargaining
Assn. <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">c</span>. Colombie-Britannique,
[2007] 2 R.C.S. 391 au para.80, j. McLachlin et Lebel (pour la majorité) ;
Québec (Commission des droits de la personne et des droits de la jeunesse) c.
Transport en commun La Québécoise Inc., <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[2002]
J.T.D.P.Q. no 9</span> au para.31 ; </span><span class="bold"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Commission des droits de la personne et des droits de la</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span class="bold">jeunesse c. Systématix Technologies de
l'information inc., </span><span class="ssl2">[2010] J.T.D.P.Q. no 18 </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">au para.74 ; </span><span class="bold"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Roy et
Québec (Commission des droits de la personne et des</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span class="bold">droits de la jeunesse) c. Poulin, </span><span class="ssl2">[2001] J.T.D.P.Q. no 2 au para.32 ; </span><span class="bold">Chiasson
et Commission des droits de la personne du Québec c.</span> <span class="bold">Centre
d'accueil Villa Plaisance, </span><span class="ssl2">[1995] J.T.D.P.Q. no 35</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> au para.42-43 ;
</span><span class="bold"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Commission des droits de la personne
et des droits de la</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span class="bold">jeunesse c. Laverdière, </span><span class="ssl2">[2008] J.T.D.P.Q. no
15</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> au para.195 ; Daniel Proulx, « Le concept de dignité
et son usage en contexte de discrimination : deux Chartes, deux modèles »
(2003) R. du B. (numéro spécial) 485 à la p.497.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn92" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref92" name="_ftn92" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn92;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[92]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Le préambule
peut servir à préciser l'objet d'une loi : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Comm. Ont. des Droits de la Personne c. Simpsons-Sears, [1985] 2 R.C.S. 536
au para.12, j. McIntyre (pour la Cour) ;</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Renvoi relatif à
la rémunération des juges de la Cour provinciale de l’Île-du-Prince-Édouard,
[1997] 3 R.C.S. 3 au para.95, j. Lamer (pour la majorité) ; Québec (Commission
des droits de la personne et des droits de la jeunesse) <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">c</span>. Montréal (Ville); Québec (Commission des droits de la personne
et des droits de la jeunesse) <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">c.</span>
Boisbriand (Ville), [2000] 1 R.C.S. 665 au para.33-34, j. l'Heureux-Dubé (pour
la Cour). Voir aussi l'article 40 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Loi
d'interprétation</i>, L.R.Q., ch. I-16.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn93" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref93" name="_ftn93" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn93;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[93]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Québec (Commission des droits de la personne et des droits de la jeunesse) <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">c</span>. Montréal (Ville); Québec
(Commission des droits de la personne et des droits de la jeunesse) <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">c.</span> Boisbriand (Ville), [2000] 1 R.C.S.
665 au para.34, j. l'Heureux-Dubé (pour la Cour) ; </span><span class="bold"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Commission des droits de la personne et</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span class="bold">des droits de la jeunesse c. 142006</span>
<span class="bold">Canada inc. (Caverne grecque)</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, </span><span class="ssl2"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[2012] J.T.D.P.Q. no 14</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> au para.50.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn94" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref94" name="_ftn94" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn94;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[94]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Article 32 de
la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i>. Voir aussi </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Syndicat des détaillants, grossistes et magasins à rayons, section locale
580 (SDGMR) c. Dolphin Delivery Ltd., [1986] 2 R.CS. 573 au para.33, j.
McIntyre (pour la majorité) ; </span><span class="bold"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Buhay, </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[2003] 1 R.CS.
631 au para.31, j. Arbour (pour la Cour). L'exclusion des activités privées de
l'application de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i>
est un choix délibéré, mais les raisons qui ont motivé cette décision sont
inconnues : McKinney c. Université de Guelph, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990] 3 R.C.S. 229 au para.21-22, j. La Forest (pour la majorité). Or « </span>dans
un monde où la vie économique est largement dominée par le secteur privé dont
les institutions puissantes ne sont pas directement touchées par les forces
démocratiques », les atteintes aux droits de la personne peuvent non seulement
venir du gouvernement, mais également de l'entreprise privée : McKinney c.
Université de Guelph, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990] 3 R.C.S.
229 au para.22, j. La Forest (pour la majorité).</span></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn95" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref95" name="_ftn95" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn95;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[95]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Gosselin <b>c</b>. Québec (Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au
para.416, j. Lebel (dissident).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn96" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref96" name="_ftn96" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn96;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[96]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> La <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte canadienne</i> a été
interprétée de manière à ne garantir que des droits civils et politiques : Egan
c. Canada, [1995] 2 R.C.S. 513 au para.37, j. l'Heureux-Dubé (dissidente) ;
Renvoi relatif à la Public Service Employee Relations Act (Alb.), [1987] 1
R.C.S. 313 au para.176, j. McIntyre (pour la majorité) ; Hunter c. Southam
Inc., [1984] 2 R.C.S. 145 au para.19, j. Dickson (pour la Cour) ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Claire Archbold,
« The incorporation of civic and social rights in domestic law » in Jean-Marc
Coicaud, Michael W. Doyle and Anne-Marie Gardner, dir., </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">The
Globalization of Human Rights</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">,
Tokyo, United Nations University Press, 2003</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">aux pp.64 et 74</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn97" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref97" name="_ftn97" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn97;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[97]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Gosselin <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">c</span>. Québec
(Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au para.416, j. Lebel (dissident). </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn98" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref98" name="_ftn98" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn98;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[98]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Le préambule et l'article 22 de la <i>Déclaration universelle des droits de
l'homme</i>, Rés. AG 217(III), Doc. Off. AG NU, 3<sup>e</sup> sess., supp.
n°13, Doc. NU A/810 (1948) 71.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn99" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref99" name="_ftn99" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn99;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[99]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Projet
de pacte international relatif aux droits de l'homme et mesures de mise en
œuvre : travaux futurs de la Commission de droits de l'homme<i>,</i></span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Rés. AG 421 (V), Doc.Off. A.G.N.U., 5<sup>e</sup> sess.,
supp. n°49, Doc. NU A/5/421 (1950) 47 à la p.48 ;<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> Rédaction de deux projets de Pactes internationaux relatifs aux droits
de l'homme<i>,</i></i> Rés. AG 543 (VI), Doc.Off. A.G.N.U., 6<sup>e</sup>
sess., supp. n°49, Doc. NU A/6/543 (1951) 38 à la p.38 ; l'article 2 de la<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> Déclaration sur le progrès et le
développement dans le domaine social<i>,</i></i> Rés. AG 2542 (XXIV),
Doc.Off. A.G.N.U., 24<sup>e</sup> sess., supp. n°49, Doc. NU A/24/2542 (1969)
51 aux pp.51-52 ;</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">
</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Indivisibilité
et interdépendance des droits économiques, sociaux, culturels, civils et
politiques</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, Rés. AG 40/114, Doc.Off. A.G.N.U.,
40<sup>e</sup> sess., supp. n°49, Doc. NU A/40/114 (1985) 242 aux pp.242-243 ; <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Soixantième anniversaire de la Déclaration
universelle des droits de l'homme</i>, Rés. AG 63/116, Doc.Off. A.G.N.U., 63<sup>e</sup>
sess., supp. n°49, Doc. NU A/63/116 (2008) 1 à la p.2.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn100" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref100" name="_ftn100" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn100;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[100]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Les préambules du </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Pacte international relatif aux droits civils et politiques</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, 19 décembre 1966, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">999 R.T.N.U. 171 et du </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Pacte
international relatif aux droits économiques, sociaux et culturels</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, 19 décembre 1966, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">993 R.T.N.U. 3.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn101" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref101" name="_ftn101" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn101;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[101]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Pierre Elliot
Trudeau, « Economic rights » (1961-1962) 8 McGill L. J. 121 aux pp.121 et 125 ;
Jacques-Yvan Morin, « Une Charte des droits de l'homme pour le Québec » (1963)
9 McGill. L. J. 273 à la p.292 ; J.P. Humphrey, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Human rights and the United Nations : a great adventure</i>, New York,
Transnational Publishers, 1984 à la p.4 ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Errol P. Mendes, « Taking equality into the 21st
Century : Establishing the concept of equal human dignity » (2000-2001) 12
National Journal of Constitutional Law 3 aux pp.19-20 ; David Matas, « Gosselin
v. Quebec (Attorney-General) - Is starvation illegal ? : The enforceability of
the right to an adequate standard of living » (2003) </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">4 Melb. J. Int'l L. 217 aux pp.221-222 ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Albie Sachs, « Enforcement of social and economic
rights » (2006-2007) 22 Am. U. Int'l L. Rev. 673 aux pp.680 et 706 ; </span><span lang="FR" style="color: #292526; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Maritza Formisano Prada, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Empowering the poor through human rights litigation</i>, Paris, UNESCO,
2011 à la p.18 (para.20) ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Peter Leuprecht, « La liberté qui opprime et la
loi qui affranchit », en ligne : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><</span></span><cite><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="color: blue;">www.unesco.chairephilo.uqam.ca/LACORDAIRELeuprecht.pdf</span></span></cite><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">></span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn102" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref102" name="_ftn102" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn102;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[102]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Les droits économiques, sociaux et culturels énoncés au chapitre IV ne sont
pas inclus parmi les droits et libertés que l'article 52 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte québécoise</i> déclare avoir
préséance sur les autres lois : Gosselin <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">c</span>. Québec (Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au para.95, j.
McLachlin (pour la majorité), au para.417-418, j. Lebel (dissident) et au
para.396, j. Arbour (dissidente). Cependant, combiné avec le droit à l'égalité
garanti à l'article 10, un droit économique, social et culturel peut bénéficier
d'un caractère contraignant : Gosselin <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">c</span>.
Québec (Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au para.429-430, j. Lebel
(dissident). </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn103" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref103" name="_ftn103" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn103;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[103]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Gosselin <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">c</span>. Québec
(Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au para.92, j. McLachlin (pour la
majorité) ; </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Vallée
c. Commission des droits de la personne et des droits de la jeunesse<b>, </b></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[2005] J.Q. no 2817 (C.A.) </span><span class="ssl2"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">au para.23-25 et 27 ;</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span class="bold"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Commission des
droits de la personne c. Bradette Gauthier, </span></span><span class="ssl2"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[2010] J.T.D.P.Q. no 10 au para.83 et 102.</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn104" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref104" name="_ftn104" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn104;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[104]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Gosselin <b>c</b>. Québec (Procureur général), [2002] 4 R.C.S. 429 au
para.396, j. Arbour (dissidente).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn105" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref105" name="_ftn105" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn105;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[105]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Guy Rocher, «
Les fondements de la société libérale, les relations industrielles et les
Chartes » dans Rodrigue Blouin, dir., <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Les
Chartes des droits et les relations industrielles,</i> Sainte-Foy (Qc), </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Presses de l'Université Laval, 1988</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> à la p.13.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn106" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref106" name="_ftn106" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn106;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[106]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Zurich Insurance Co. c. Ontario (Commission des droits de la personne)</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, [1992] 2 R.C.S. 321 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">au para.18, j. Sopinka (pour la majorité).</span><i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></i></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn107" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref107" name="_ftn107" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn107;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[107]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Blencoe c. Colombie-Britannique (Human Rights Commission), <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[2000] 2 R.C.S. 307 au para.77,</span> <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">j. Bastarache (pour la majorité).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn108" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref108" name="_ftn108" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn108;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[108]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Québec (curateur public) c. Syndicat national des employés de l'hôpital
St-Ferdinand,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>[1996] 3 R.C.S. 211 aux
paras.99-100, j. l'Heureux-Dubé (pour la Cour).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn109" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref109" name="_ftn109" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn109;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[109]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Québec (curateur public) c. Syndicat national des employés de l'hôpital
St-Ferdinand,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>[1996] 3 R.C.S. 211 aux
paras.102-103, j. l'Heureux-Dubé (pour la Cour) ; Alain-Robert Nadeau, « La
charte des droits et libertés de la personne : origines, enjeux et perspectives
» (2006) Hors-Série R. du B. 1 à la p.17, n.57.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn110" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref110" name="_ftn110" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn110;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[110]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Québec (Commission des droits de la personne et des droits de la jeunesse) <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">c</span>. Montréal (Ville); Québec
(Commission des droits de la personne et des droits de la jeunesse) <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">c.</span> Boisbriand (Ville), [2000] 1 R.C.S.
665 au para.42, j. l'Heureux-Dubé (pour la Cour).</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn111" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref111" name="_ftn111" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn111;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[111]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Québec (Commission des droits de la personne et des droits de la jeunesse)
c. Maksteel Québec inc., [2003] 3 R.C.S. 228 au para.10, j. Deschamps (pour la
majorité). Plus précisément sur le concept de dignité humaine dans la Charte
canadienne et dans la Charte québécoise, voir </span><span class="bold"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Roy et Québec (Commission des droits de la personne et des</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span class="bold">droits de la jeunesse) c. Poulin, </span><span class="ssl2">[2001] J.T.D.P.Q. no 2 au para.45.</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn112" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref112" name="_ftn112" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn112;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[112]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Dans l'arrêt Multani c. Commission scolaire Marguerite-Bourgeoys (2006), la
juge Charron (pour la majorité) souligne </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">«
n’y a rien d’étonnant à ce que les valeurs qui sous-tendent les droits et
libertés garantis par la <i>Charte canadienne </i>fassent partie — parfois même
intégrante — des règles de droit qui nous gouvernent » :</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Multani c. Commission scolaire Marguerite-Bourgeoys, [2006] 1 R.C.S. 256
au para.16, j. Charron (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn113" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref113" name="_ftn113" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn113;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[113]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Cette liste est
non exhaustive : </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Charte des droits et libertés de la personne</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, L.R.Q., c. C-12 ;<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> Code civil du Québec</i>, L.R.Q., c. C-1991
; </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Loi sur la
Protection de la jeunesse</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, L.R.Q. c. P-34.1 ; <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Loi sur l'aide aux victimes d'actes
criminels</i>, L.R.Q. c. A-13.2 ; <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Loi sur
le Système correctionnel du Québec</i>, L.R.Q., c. S-40.1 ; </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Loi sur les normes du travail</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, L.R.Q., c.
N-1.1 ; </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Loi sur les services de santé et les services sociaux</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, L.R.Q., c. S-4.2 ; <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Loi visant à
lutter contre la pauvreté et l'exclusion sociale</i>, L.R.Q., c. L-7 ; <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Code de déontologie des coroners</i>,
R.R.Q., c. R-0.2, r.1 ; <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Code de
déontologie des médecins</i>, R.R.Q., c. M-9, r.17 ; <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Code de déontologie des psychologues</i>, R.R.Q., </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">c. C-26, r. 212 ;</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Code de déontologie des sages-femmes</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, R.R.Q., </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">c. S-0.1, r. 5 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">; <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Règlement sur la certification des
ressources en toxicomanie ou en jeu pathologique</i>, R.R.Q. c. S-4.2, r.1 ; <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Règlement d'application de la Loi sur le
système correctionnel du Québec</i>, R.R.Q., c. S-40.1, r.1 ; <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Règlement sur les conditions d'obtention
d'un certificat de conformité de résidence pour personnes âgées</i>, R.R.Q. c.
S-4.2, r.5.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn114" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref114" name="_ftn114" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn114;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[114]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Même une
personne décédée doit être traitée avec dignité : </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Code de déontologie des coroners</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, R.R.Q., c. R-0.2, r.1, art.1, 3.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn115" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref115" name="_ftn115" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn115;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[115]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Sur
l'obligation de l'employeur de protéger la dignité du salarié : <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Code civil du Québec</i>, L.R.Q., c. C-1991,
art.2087 C.c.Q. Sur le harcèlement psychologique au travail : <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Loi sur les normes du travail</i>, L.R.Q.,
c. N-1.1, art.81.18.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn116" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref116" name="_ftn116" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn116;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[116]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Loi sur la Protection de
la jeunesse</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, L.R.Q. c. P-34.1, art.2.4.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn117" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref117" name="_ftn117" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn117;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[117]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Loi sur l'aide aux
victimes d'actes criminels</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, L.R.Q. c. A-13.2,
art.2 ; <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Loi sur le Système correctionnel
du Québec</i>, L.R.Q., c. S-40.1, art.173.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn118" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref118" name="_ftn118" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn118;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[118]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Loi sur le Système correctionnel
du Québec</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, L.R.Q., c. S-40.1, art.173 ; <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Règlement d'application de la Loi sur le système correctionnel du
Québec</i>, R.R.Q., c. S-40.1, r.1, art.24 ; <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Règlement sur les établissements de détention</i>, c. S-4.01, r.1,
art.2(a) et 5(b) ; <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Loi favorisant la
libération conditionnelle des détenus</i>, L.R.Q., c. L-1.1, art.43.2.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn119" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref119" name="_ftn119" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn119;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[119]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Loi sur les services de
santé et les services sociaux</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, L.R.Q., c. S-4.2,
art.3(3) ; <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Règlement sur les conditions
d'obtention d'un certificat de conformité de résidence pour personnes âgées</i>,
R.R.Q. c. S-4.2, r.5, art.2 ; <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Code de
déontologie des médecins</i>, R.R.Q., c. M-9, r.17, art.4 et 58 ; <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Code de déontologie des sages-femmes</i>,
R.R.Q., </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">c. S-0.1, r. 5, art.6 ; <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Code de déontologie des coroners</i>, c.
R-0.2, r.01, art.3.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn120" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref120" name="_ftn120" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn120;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[120]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Règlement sur la certification
des ressources en toxicomanie ou en jeu pathologique</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, R.R.Q. c. S-4.2, r.1, art.5.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn121" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref121" name="_ftn121" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn121;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[121]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Loi visant à lutter
contre la pauvreté et l'exclusion sociale</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, L.R.Q., c. L-7, préambule, art.6(1) et 9(4).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn122" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref122" name="_ftn122" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn122;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[122]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Cette liste est
non exhaustive : </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Code criminel</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, L.R.C. 1985, c. C-46 ; <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Déclaration canadienne des droits</i>, L.C.
1960, c.44 ; </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Loi canadienne sur la
protection de l'environnement</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, L.C. 1999, c.33 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">; <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Loi sur la procréation assistée</i>,
L.C. 2004, c.2 ;</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">
</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Loi sur le
système correctionnel et la mise en liberté sous condition</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, L.C. 1992, c.20 ; <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Loi sur le
système de justice pénale pour les adolescents</i>, L.C. 2002, c.1 ; <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Loi sur les Conventions de Genève</i>,
L.R.C. 1985, c. G-3 ; <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Loi sur les crimes
contre l'humanité et les crimes de guerre</i>, L.C. 2000, c.24 ;</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Loi sur l'immigration et
la protection des réfugiés</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, L.C. 2001, c.27 ;</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Règlement sur le système
correctionnel et la mise en liberté sous condition</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> D.O.R.S./ 92-620.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn123" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref123" name="_ftn123" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn123;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[123]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Même une
personne décédée doit être traitée avec dignité : </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Code criminel</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, L.R.C. 1985, c. C-46, art.182.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn124" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref124" name="_ftn124" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn124;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[124]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Loi sur les crimes
contre l'humanité et les crimes de guerre</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, L.C. 2000, c.24, art.2(b)(xxi), 2(c)(ii) ; <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Loi sur les Conventions de Genève</i>, L.R.C. 1985, c. G-3,
art.3(1)(c).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn125" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref125" name="_ftn125" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn125;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[125]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Code criminel</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, L.R.C. 1985, c. C-46, art.182, 276(3)(f), 278.5(2)(e). </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn126" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref126" name="_ftn126" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn126;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[126]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Loi sur le système de
justice pénale pour les adolescents</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, L.C. 2002, c.1,
art.3(1)(d)(ii).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn127" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref127" name="_ftn127" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn127;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[127]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Loi sur le système
correctionnel et la mise en liberté sous condition</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, L.C. 1992, c.20, art.4(j), 70 ; <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Règlement
sur le système correctionnel et la mise en liberté sous condition</i> D.O.R.S./
92-620, art.96(2)(b).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn128" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref128" name="_ftn128" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn128;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[128]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Loi canadienne sur la protection de
l'environnement</i>, L.C. 1999, c.33, art.53(3), 315(1)(b), 316(3)(b) ; <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Loi sur la protection de l'environnement en
Antarctique</i>, L.C. 2003, ch.20, art.69(2)(b).</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn129" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref129" name="_ftn129" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn129;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[129]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Loi sur la procréation
assistée</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, L.C. 2004, c.2, art.2(b), 22(a). Voir aussi Renvoi
relatif à la Loi sur la procréation assistée, [2010] 3 R.C.S. 457 au para.111,
j. McLachlin (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn130" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref130" name="_ftn130" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn130;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[130]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Loi sur le mariage civil</i>, L.C. 2005,
ch.33, préambule.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn131" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref131" name="_ftn131" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn131;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[131]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Loi sur l'immigration et
la protection des réfugiés</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, L.C. 2001, c.27,
art.30(1.4) et 121(1)(d).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn132" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref132" name="_ftn132" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn132;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[132]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Christian Brunelle, « La dignité dans la Charte des droits et libertés de
la personne : de l'ubiquité à l'ambiguïté d'une notion fondamentale » (2006)
Hors-Série R. du B. 143 à la p.146. En droit international, elle n'a jamais non
plus été définie : <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Oscar Schacter, «</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Human Dignity as a Normative Concept</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> » (1983) 77:4
The American Journal of International Law 848 à la p.849.</span></div>
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<div id="ftn133" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref133" name="_ftn133" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn133;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[133]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Egan <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">c. </span>Canada,</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> [1995] 2 R.C.S. 513 au para.40, j. l'Heureux-Dubé (dissidente) ; </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Canadian
Foundation for Children, Youth and the Law <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">c.</span> Canada (Procureur général)</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">,</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> [2004] 1 R.C.S. 76 au
para.106, j. Binnie (dissident) ; <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">R. <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">c. </span>Kapp,</i> [2008] 2 R.C.S. 483 au
para.22, j. McLachlin et Abella (pour la majorité). Voir aussi Daniel Proulx, «
Le concept de dignité et son usage en contexte de discrimination : deux
Chartes, deux modèles » (2003) R. du B. (numéro spécial) 485 à la p.501.</span></div>
</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7671274545402013868.post-36169758573449030842016-02-13T11:36:00.000-05:002016-02-13T11:44:29.370-05:00La dignité humaine : les fondements juridiques (1.1 Droit International)<style>@font-face {
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">1.1 Droit international </span></b></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Le concept de dignité humaine a fait
son apparition dans des textes légaux dès le début du 20<sup>e</sup> siècle<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>.
Il fut d’abord introduit dans la constitution interne de quelques pays
d’Amérique du Sud et d’Europe, dont l’Allemagne<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>,
avant d’être consacré en droit international en 1945 dans </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">l'Acte constitutif de l'Organisation
des Nations Unies pour l'éducation, la science et la culture</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
(ci-après U.N.E.S.C.O.)</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";">
et dans la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte des Nations Unies</i><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>.
Le </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">mépris profond de l'être humain, dont témoignent les actes
de barbarie et les atrocités commises lors de la Deuxième Guerre mondiale, a
déclenché dans la communauté internationale une prise de conscience collective<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>
« </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">de l'importance fondamentale de la dignité humaine et des droits de la
personne »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.
</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";">À ce sujet, l</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">'Acte
constitutif de l'UNESCO dispose dans son préambule :</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span class="longdesc"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-weight: normal;">“(...) Que la grande et terrible guerre qui vient de finir a été rendue
possible par le reniement de l’idéal démocratique de dignité, d’égalité et de
respect de la personne humaine et par la volonté de lui substituer, en
exploitant l’ignorance et le préjugé, le dogme de l’inégalité des races et des
hommes (...)”</span></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-weight: normal;">.</span></h5>
<h5 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 59.25pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-weight: normal;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-weight: normal;"></span></h5>
<h5 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal;">La <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte des Nations Unies<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[7]</span></b></span></span></span></a></i>,
à laquelle le Canada a adhéré<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a>,
proclame par ailleurs, dans son préambule, sa « f</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal;">oi dans les
droits fondamentaux de l'homme, dans la dignité et la valeur de la personne
humaine, dans l'égalité de droits des hommes et des femmes, ainsi que des
nations, grandes et petites »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a>.
</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal;">Cette profession de foi fut
concrétisée et opérationnalisée par l'adoption en 1948 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Déclaration universelle des droits de
l’homme</i><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a>
qui incorpora dans son texte le terme de « dignité »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a>
et reprit, dans son préambule, les termes de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte</i> en y ajoutant ceci :</span></h5>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></h5>
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<i><span lang="EN-GB">“Considérant</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman";"> </span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman";">que la reconnaissance de la dignité
inhérente à tous les membres de la famille humaine et de leurs droits égaux et
inaliénables constitue le fondement de la liberté, de la justice et de la paix
dans le monde. <i>Considérant</i> (...) que l'avènement d'un monde où les
êtres humains seront libres de parler et de croire, libérés de la terreur et de
la misère, a été proclamé comme la plus haute aspiration de l'homme (...) </span><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">L'Assemblée
Générale proclame la présente Déclaration universelle des droits de l'homme</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
comme l'idéal commun à atteindre par tous les peuples et toutes les nations
(...)”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";">La
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Déclaration universelle des droits de
l'homme</i>, que le Canada a ratifiée<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[13]</span></span></span></span></a>,
érige la dignité humaine en valeur ultime<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[14]</span></span></span></span></a>
en précisant notamment à son article 1 que « </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">tous
les êtres humains naissent libres et égaux en dignité et en droits »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[15]</span></span></span></span></a>.
Elle</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";">est la première déclaration
internationale des droits de l'homme et fut adoptée sans opposition<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[16]</span></span></span></span></a>.
Bien qu'en soi non contraignante<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[17]</span></span></span></span></a>,
il est généralement reconnu qu'elle jouit du statut de coutume en droit
international<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[18]</span></span></span></span></a>
et qu'elle constitue, conformément à son préambule, « </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">l'idéal
commun à atteindre par tous les peuples et toutes les nations »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[19]</span></span></span></span></a>.
Le professeur de droit, Louis Henkin, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";">rejette le relativisme culturel. Selon lui, les droits de
l'homme ne sont pas le fruit d'un impéralisme culturel de l'Occident et
devraient être acceptables pour toutes les sociétés et pour toutes les
cultures. Ils ont reçu une acceptation universelle. </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Il
affirme :</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">"Human rights is not Western
cultural imperialism. If the ideas of human rights developed in the West, so
did other political and economic ideas that underlie modern international life,
"sovereignty", the state, democracy, market economics, socialism,
development, international law and institutions. The West itself was slow to
accept the idea of human rights : the most terrible human rights violations in
modern history were committed during this century in the heart of Western
Europe. In fact, all cultures and all religions lay claim to the ideas of
justice, fairness, and respect for human dignity that animate the concept of
human rights (...) There is no insuperable ideological obstacle to universal
human rights ; the idea of human rights, and its content as elaborated in the
Universal Declaration, should be acceptable to all societies and all
cultures"<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[20]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">La Déclaration universelle est, de
ce fait,</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"> « dotée de
la plus haute autorité morale »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[21]</span></span></span></span></a>.
Elle énonce et garantit plusieurs droits universels<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[22]</span></span></span></span></a>
et inaliénables<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[23]</span></span></span></span></a>.
Ces droits, qui ne sont toutefois pas absolus<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[24]</span></span></span></span></a>,
sont à la fois d'ordre civils et politiques et d'ordre économiques, sociaux et
culturels<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[25]</span></span></span></span></a>.
En 1950, l'Assemblée générale des Nations Unies énonce dans son </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Projet de pacte international</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">relatif aux droits de l'homme</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"> que </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"></span></div>
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<u><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« La
jouissance des libertés civiques et politiques et celle des droits économiques,
sociaux et culturels sont liées entre elles et se conditionnent mutuellement. </span></u><u><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Considérant que l'homme privé des droits économiques,
sociaux et culturels ne représente pas cette personne humaine que la
Déclaration universelle envisage comme l'idéal de l'homme libre »</span></u><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[nos soulignés]<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[26]</span></span></span></span></a>.
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";">Les
droits économiques, sociaux et culturels sont donc au moins aussi importants
pour la dignité humaine que les droits civils et politiques. Il serait même
raisonnable de soutenir, comme le fait le juriste Robert A. Samek, que les
droits économiques sont les droits de l’homme les plus élémentaires puisqu’ils
visent à répondre aux besoins les plus fondamentaux de l’être humain. Il
affirme : </span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« <u>If fundamental rights are to have any real
meaning, then they must above all protect the claims of the poor ; for
just as the poor are the greatest victims of inequality, so they suffer most
from their rightlessness. It is idle and obscene to talk about fundamental
rights unless we acknowledge the absolute priority of fundamental needs. Every
human beings has a body that requires sustenance. Indeed, in the great majority
of cases, existence is largely a struggle for survival. Economic rights are not
granted by generous governments to underdeveloped nations and starving
nomads ; they are the most basic of fundamental rights since they are a
response to man’s most fundamental needs</u> » [nos soulignés]<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[27]</span></span></span></span></a>.
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";">En
effet, selon </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">le psychologue </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Abraham
Harold Maslow, les besoins physiologiques sont les besoins les plus importants
et sans la satisfaction de ceux-ci la liberté est sans importance.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Il affirme :</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« </span><u><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">A
person who is lacking food, safety, love, and esteem would most probably hunger
for food more strongly than for anything else. If all the needs are
unsatisfied, and the organism is then dominated by the physiological needs, all
other needs may become simply non-existent or be pushed into the background</span></u><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">. It is then fair to characterize the whole organism by
saying simply that it is hungry, for consciousness is almost completely
preempted by hunger (…) <u>Anything else will be defined as unimportant.
Freedom, love, community feeling, respect, philosophy, may all be waved aside
as fripperies which are useless since they fail to fill the stomach. Such a man
may fairly be said to live by bread alone </u>»</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[nos soulignés]</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[28]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";">L’importance
pour la dignité humaine des droits économiques, sociaux et culturels a été rappelée
à plusieurs reprises dans divers documents internationaux des Nations Unies
portant sur les droits de l'homme<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[29]</span></span></span></span></a>.
En 1951, dans sa résolution </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rés. AG 543 (VI) intitulée<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>« Rédaction de deux projets de Pactes
internationaux relatifs aux droits de l'homme », l’</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";">Assemblée générale des Nations Unies
affirmait :</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« <u>Considérant
que, par sa résolution 421 E (V), du 4 décembre 1950, l’Assemblée générale a
affirmé « que la jouissance des libertés civiques et politiques et celle
des droits économiques, sociaux et culturels sont liées entre elles et se
conditionnent mutuellement », et « que l’homme privé des droits
économiques , sociaux et culturels ne représente pas cette personne humaine que
la Déclaration universelle envisage comme l’idéal de l’homme libre </u>» [nos
soulignés]<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn30" name="_ftnref30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[30]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";">L’article
2 de la </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Déclaration
sur le progrès et le développement dans le domaine social</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
mentionne aussi</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"> :
</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« </span><u><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Le développement et le progrès
dans le domaine social sont fondés sur le respect de la dignité et de la valeur
de la personne humaine et doivent assurer la promotion des droits de l'homme
ainsi que la justice sociale, ce qui exige : </span></u></div>
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<u><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">a) L'élimination immédiate et définitive de toutes
les formes d'inégalité, d'exploitation des peuples et des individus, de
colonialisme, de racisme, y compris le nazisme et l'apartheid, et de toute
autre politique et idéologie contraires aux buts et aux principes des Nations
Unies; </span></u></div>
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<u><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">b) La reconnaissance et la mise en oeuvre effective
des droits civils et politiques ainsi que des droits économiques, sociaux et
culturels sans aucune discrimination </span></u><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">»</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> [nos soulignés]</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn31" name="_ftnref31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[31]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";">Le
principe VII de la </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Conférence
sur la sécurité et la coopération en Europe</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"> (Acte final d’Helsinki), tenue en 1975,
mentionne également que les États :</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« </span><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">favorisent et encouragent l'exercice effectif des
libertés et droits civils, politiques, économiques, sociaux, culturels et
autres qui découlent tous de la dignité inhérente à la personne humaine et qui
sont essentiels à son épanouissement libre et intégral </span></u><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">» </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[nos soulignés]</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn32" name="_ftnref32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[32]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";">En
1977, dans sa résolution </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rés. AG 32/130 intitulée<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>« <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Autres
méthodes et moyens qui s'offrent dans le cadre des organismes des Nations Unies
pour mieux assurer la jouissance effective des droits de l'homme et des
libertés fondamentales </i>», l’</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";">Assemblée
générale des Nations Unies affirmait :</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« <u>Reconnaissant
que, conformément à la Déclaration universelle des droits de l'homme, l'idéal
de l'être humain libre, libéré de la crainte et de la misère, ne peut être
réalisé que si l'on crée des conditions permettant à chacun de jouir de ses
droits économiques, sociaux et culturels, aussi bien que de ses droits civils
et politiques</u> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">» </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[nos soulignés]</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn33" name="_ftnref33" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[33]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";">En
1985, dans sa résolution </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rés. AG 40/114 intitulée<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>« <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Indivisibilité
et interdépendance des droits économiques, sociaux, culturels, civils et
politiques </i>», l’</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";">Assemblée
générale des Nations Unies affirmait :</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« <u>Réaffirmant
les dispositions de sa résolution 32/130 du 16 décembre 1977, qui stipulent que
tous les droits de l'homme et toutes les libertés fondamentales sont
indivisibles et interdépendants et que la promotion et la protection d'une
catégorie de droits ne sauraient en aucun cas dispenser ou décharger les États
de l'obligation de promouvoir et de protéger les autres droits ; Convaincue que
la pleine réalisation des droits civils et politiques est intrinsèquement liée
à la jouissance des droits économiques, sociaux et culturels</u> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">»</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> [nos soulignés]</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn34" name="_ftnref34" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[34]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";">En
1985, dans sa résolution </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rés. AG 40/124 intitulée<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>« <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Alternative
approaches and ways and means within the United Nations system for improving
the effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms </i>», l’</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";">Assemblée générale des Nations
Unies affirmait :</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« <u>Reiterating
once again that the establishment of the new international economic order is an
essential element for the effective promotion and full the enjoyment of human
rights and fundamental freedoms for all ; Reiterating also its profound
conviction that all human rights and fundamental freedoms are indivisible and
interdependent and that equal attention and urgent consideration should be
given to the implementation, promotion and protection of both civil and
political and economic, social and cultural rights</u> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">» </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[nos soulignés]</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn35" name="_ftnref35" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[35]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";">En
1993, dans sa résolution </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Rés. AG 48/121 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">intitulée<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>« </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Déclaration et programme d'action de Vienne</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">», l’</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";">Assemblée générale des Nations Unies
affirmait :</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">«
</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">5.</span></b><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <u>Tous les droits de l’homme sont universels,
indissociables, interdépendants et intimement liés. La communauté
internationale doit traiter des droits de l’homme globalement, de manière
équitable et équilibrée, sur un pied d’égalité et en leur accordant la même importance.
S’il convient de ne pas perdre de vue l’importance des particularismes
nationaux et régionaux et la diversité historique, culturelle et religieuse, il
est du devoir des Etats, quel qu’en soit le système politique, économique et
culturel, de promouvoir et de protéger tous les droits de l’homme et toutes les
libertés fondamentales</u> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">» </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[nos soulignés]</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn36" name="_ftnref36" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn36;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[36]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";">En
2000, dans sa résolution </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rés. AG 55/2 intitulée<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>« <i>Déclaration du Millénaire </i>»,
l’</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";">Assemblée générale
des Nations Unies affirmait :</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">24.</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Nous n’épargnerons aucun effort pour promouvoir la
démocratie et renforcer l’état de droit, ainsi que le respect de tous les
droits de l’homme et libertés fondamentales reconnus sur le plan international,
y compris le droit au développement.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">25.</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <u>Nous décidons par
conséquent: De respecter et de faire appliquer intégralement la Déclaration
universelle des droits de l’homme. De chercher à assurer, dans tous les pays,
la promotion et la protection intégrale des droits civils et des droits
politiques, économiques, sociaux et culturels de chacun</u> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">»</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> [nos soulignés]</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn37" name="_ftnref37" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn37;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[37]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";">En
2008, dans sa résolution </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rés. AG 63/116 intitulée<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>« <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Soixantième
anniversaire de la Déclaration universelle des droits de l'homme </i>», l’</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";">Assemblée générale des Nations
Unies affirmait :</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« <u>Aujourd’hui,
nous, États Membres de l’Organisation des Nations Unies, réaffirmons que nous
ne reculerons pas devant l’ampleur de la tâche. Nous réaffirmons notre volonté
d’assurer la pleine réalisation de tous les droits de l’homme pour chacun,
droits qui sont universels, indivisibles, indissociables et interdépendants et
qui se renforcent mutuellement</u> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">» </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[nos soulignés]</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn38" name="_ftnref38" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn38;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[38]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";">L’importance
pour la dignité humaine des droits économiques, sociaux et culturels a
également été rappelée par plusieurs éminents juristes<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn39" name="_ftnref39" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn39;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[39]</span></span></span></span></a>
et commentateurs<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn40" name="_ftnref40" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn40;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[40]</span></span></span></span></a>.
L'ancien premier ministre du Canada et professeur de droit, Pierre Elliot
Trudeau, affirmait :</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« </span><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Traditionally, the law was more concerned, with
civil rights than with economic rights, and understandably so. Since the
sixteenth century, western civilization had been evolving in a context of
boundless opportunity, provided by expanding markets, inexhaustible resources
and technological progress. The aim of the legal machinery was to free man from
the fetters left over by medieval institutions, in order that each person might
be at liberty to make the most out of the existing environment. Hence the
legislators and lawyers were constantly called upon to fashion and to use legal
instruments for the protection and development of civil rights and liberties.</span></u></div>
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<u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Within such a legal
framework, western man reached standards of living undreamed of four centuries
previously. But in the process, he had set up institutions wherein the
principle of maximum self-assertion by all was eventually to lead to maximum
insecurity for many. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Economic Darwinism produced
a great incrcment in the wants and needs of industrial man, but not always the
means to fulfill them adequately. More and more people began to realize that
the concept of civil rights availed them little against such realities as
economic exploitation or massive unemployment</b></span></u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Lawyers were reminded that civil rights were only
one aspect of human rights, and that they were living in times when they
could-ill afford to neglect that other aspect, called economic rights. <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">If </span>the law was to be, as Dean Pound put
it, "a continually more efficacious social engineering", it would
have to provide a framework from which many of the existing causes of social
friction and economic waste would be eradicated, and within which many economic
"necessities" would acquire the dignity and authority of
"rights" (...) </span></u></b></div>
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<u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Yet if this society does
not evolve an entirely new set <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">of<b> </b></span>values,
if <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">it does</span> not set itself
urgently to producing those services which private enterprise is failing to
produce, if it is not determined to plan its development for the good of all
rather than for the luxury of the few, and if every citizen fails to consider himself
as the co-insurer of his fellow citizen against all socially-engineered economic
calamities, it is vain to hope that Canada will ever really reach freedom from
fear and freedom from want. Under such circumstances, any claim <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">by<b> </b></span>lawyers that they have done
their bit <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">by<b> </b></span>upholding
civil liberties will<span style="color: blue;"> </span>be dismissed as a hollow
mockery</span></u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">»</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> [nos soulignés]</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn41" name="_ftnref41" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn41;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[41]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.<span style="color: blue;"></span></span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";">L'ancien
premier ministre du Canada, Lester B. Pearson, affirmait également :</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« <u>Liberalism
(...) believes (...) that it is the first purpose of government to legislate
for the liberation and development of the human personality. This includes the
negative requirement of removing anything that stands in the way of individual
and collective progress (...) The Liberal Party, however, must also promote the
positive purpose of ensuring that all citizens, without any discrimination,
will be in a position to take advantage of the opportunities opened up ; of the
freedoms that have been won</u> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">» </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[nos soulignés]</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn42" name="_ftnref42" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn42;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[42]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";">L'ancien
ministre québécois et professeur de droit, Jacques Yvan Morin, affirmait :</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« </span><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Les
</span></u><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">responsabilités et pouvoirs
étant partagés, rien n'interdit à la Legislature <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">du </span>Quebec d'adopter sa propre déclaration des droits économiques
et sociaux</span></u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">. <b><u>I1 </u></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>n'existe pas de véritable démocratie
politique qui ne soit, dans une large mesure, u<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">ne </span>démocratie économique. Sans le droit <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">au </span>travail, sans la liberté de former des associations syndicales,
sans <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">un </span>niveau de vie minimum et
le droit d'occuper u<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">n </span>emploi en
l'absence de toutes distinctions de race, de croyance <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">ou </span>d'origine, les "droits politiques" ne seraient qu'une
expression vide de sens</u></b> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">»</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> [nos soulignés]</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn43" name="_ftnref43" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn43;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[43]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";">Le
professeur de droit, Peter W. Hogg, affirmait également :</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Without a decent income, housing, health
care and education, an individual cannot be free in the sense of being able to
fulfil his or her potentiality, and he or she certainly cannot be equal with
those who do enjoy those things</u></b> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">» </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[nos soulignés]</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn44" name="_ftnref44" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn44;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[44]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";">L'ancienne
juge à la Cour suprême du Canada et haute-commissaire des Nations-Unies aux
droits de l'homme, Louise Arbour, affirmait :</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« </span><span class="lblnewsfulltext"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Human rights embody an international consensus on the
minimum conditions for a life of dignity. But human rights are not a utopian
ideal (...) These truths are laid bare in Canada’s very hesitant recognition
and selective implementation of some of its international human rights
obligations. But sixty years of disclaiming or belittling the equal status of
socio-economic rights as enforceable human rights, fundamental to the equal
worth and dignity of all Canadians, rings hollow and disingenuous in the light
of international and comparative experience. There is nothing to fear from the
idea of socio-economic rights as real, enforceable, human rights on equal
footing with all other human rights, and no cause for simplistic or categorical
distinctions between these rights, and rights described as ‘civil and political</span></u></b></span><span class="lblnewsfulltext"><u><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.’ Human rights
obligations require no more or less than reasonable efforts within the maximum
extent that resource constraints permit, with priorities determined through<span style="color: blue;"> </span>inclusive democratic processes, and with an abiding
concern for the situation of the most disadvantaged. The possibility for people
themselves to claim their human rights entitlements through legal processes is
essential so that human rights have meaning for those most at the margins, a
vindication of their equal worth and human agency. There will always be a place
for charity, but charitable responses are not an effective, principled or
sustainable substitute for enforceable human rights guarantees </span></u></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">» </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[nos soulignés]</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn45" name="_ftnref45" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn45;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[45]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";">Tous
les droits de l'homme étant indissociables<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn46" name="_ftnref46" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn46;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[46]</span></span></span></span></a>
et interdépendants<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn47" name="_ftnref47" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn47;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[47]</span></span></span></span></a>,
la jouissance complète et pour tous des droits civils et politiques dans une
économie industrielle est impossible, selon l'Assemblée générale des Nations
Unies, « sans celle des droits économiques, sociaux et culturels »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn48" name="_ftnref48" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn48;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[48]</span></span></span></span></a>,
car en l'absence de ces derniers les droits civils et politiques, qui visent à
libérer les individus des contraintes politiques et à assurer une liberté (négative)<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn49" name="_ftnref49" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn49;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[49]</span></span></span></span></a>,
deviennent l'apanage des personnes économiquement plus favorisées (une
minorité)<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn50" name="_ftnref50" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn50;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[50]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Comme
le souligne Albie Sachs : « A couple of hundred years have passed. We now have
international conventions, thinking has broadened quite a lot, and rights are
not just the rights for the patriarchal male who owned a piece of property »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn51" name="_ftnref51" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn51;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[51]</span></span></span></span></a>.
</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";">La juge Claire
l’Heureux-Dubé de la Cour suprême du Canada affirme :</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"></span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« </span><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">The rights set out in the <i>Universal
Declaration </i>are built upon the foundation of equality. This document
defines nothing short of the conditions necessary for full and equal
participation in society. It, and the numerous international human rights
provisions that have built upon its ideas and spirit, are beacons that remind
us of what is needed <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">for <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">all </span>citizens</b> to enjoy an equal
opportunity to flourish and to realize their dreams</span></u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">»</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> [nos soulignés]<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn52" name="_ftnref52" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn52;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[52]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Les</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";">
droits économiques, sociaux et culturels sont donc nécessaires afin de libérer
les personnes moins favorisées des contraintes économiques et sociales qui les
empêchent de jouir pleinement des droits civils et politiques. Ils permettent
ainsi d'assurer à tous, dans les faits et non dans l'abstrait<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn53" name="_ftnref53" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn53;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[53]</span></span></span></span></a>,
une réelle liberté<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn54" name="_ftnref54" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn54;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[54]</span></span></span></span></a>.
</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Le juriste et philosophe du droit H.L.A. Hart explique : </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« </span><u><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">But it is of course an ancient insight that for a meaningful life not only
the protection of freedom from deliberate restriction but opportunities and
resources for its exercise are needed. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Except
for a few privileged and lucky persons, the ability to shape life for oneself
and lead a meaningful life is something to be constructed by positive
marshalling of social and economic resources. It is not something automatically
guaranteed by a structure of negative rights. Nothing is more likely to bring
freedom into contempt and so endanger it than failure to support those who
lack, through no fault of their own, the material and social conditions and
opportunities which are needed if a man's freedom is to contribute to his
welfare</b></span></u><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">»</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> [nos soulignés]<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn55" name="_ftnref55" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn55;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[55]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.</span></div>
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<span class="addmd"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">L'historien des
idées et philosophe Isaiah Berlin affirmait également :</span></span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">It is true that to offer
political rights, or safeguards against intervention by the state, to men who
are half-naked, illiterate, underfed, and diseased is to mock their condition;
they need medical help or education before they can understand, or make us of,
an increase in their freedom. What is freedom to those who cannot make use of
it ? Without adequate conditions for the use of freedom, what is the value of freedom
?</span></u></b><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn56" name="_ftnref56" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn56;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[56]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.</span></div>
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<span class="addmd"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Selon André
Liebich, les libéraux classiques ne pouvaient d'ailleurs pas concevoir qu'un
homme soit réellement libre s'il n'était pas propriétaire. Il ajoute que ce
postulat peut engendrer deux conceptions différentes du libéralisme classique :
soit que seuls les propriétaires sont citoyens à plein titre soit que la
propriété doit être universalisée afin que la liberté individuelle soit réelle</span></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn57" name="_ftnref57" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn57;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[57]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="addmd"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.
</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Conformément à cette deuxième conception du libéralisme classique, la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Déclaration universelle des droits de
l'homme</i> profondément concernée par la justice sociale</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn58" name="_ftnref58" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn58;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[58]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> proclame
que l'idéal de l'être humain libre, libéré à la fois de la crainte et de la
misère</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn59" name="_ftnref59" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn59;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[59]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, ne peut
être réalisé que par le respect des droits économiques, sociaux et culturels</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn60" name="_ftnref60" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn60;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[60]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Cette
liberté de vivre à l'abri du besoin et de la misère avait d'ailleurs été
proclamée comme l'une des quatre libertés humaines essentielles par le 32<sup>e</sup>
Président démocrate des États-Unis, Franklin D. Roosevelt, dans son discours du
6 janvier 1941 sur l'état de l'Union (discours des quatre libertés)</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn61" name="_ftnref61" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn61;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[61]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">
Constatant l'échec des droits civils et politiques à assurer, dans une économie
industrielle, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">l'égalité pour tous dans la poursuite
du bonheur<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn62" name="_ftnref62" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn62;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[62]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, Roosevelt
proposa, dans </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">son discours du </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">11
janvier 1944</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> sur l'état de l'Union, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">une
seconde déclaration des droits garantissant des droits économiques</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn63" name="_ftnref63" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn63;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[63]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.
Cette seconde déclaration et la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte
Atlantique</i> du 14 août 1941 qui lui succéda<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn64" name="_ftnref64" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn64;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[64]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">influençèrent
grandement la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Déclaration universelle des
droits de l'homme<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn65" name="_ftnref65" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn65;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[65]</span></b></span></span></span></a></i></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>et s'inscrivent, selon Isaiah Berlin, dans la
philosophie libérale de John Stuart Mill</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn66" name="_ftnref66" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn66;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[66]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Dans
son discours du 11 janvier 1944, préfiguré par l’ancien Président des
États-Unis Woodrow Wilson</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn67" name="_ftnref67" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn67;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[67]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">,
Franklin D. Roosevelt affirme :</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« An equally basic essential to peace is a decent
standard of living for all individual men and women and children in all
Nations.<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Freedom from fear is eternally linked with freedom from want (...)
We have come to a clear realization of the fact that true individual freedom
cannot exist without economic security and independence. "Necessitous men
are not free men." People who are hungry and out of a job are the stuff of
which dictatorships are made. In our day these economic truths have become
accepted as self-evident. We have accepted, so to speak, a second Bill of
Rights under which a new basis of security and prosperity can be established
for all regardless of station, race, or creed (...)</u></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u> </u></i><u>One of the great American industrialists of our day—a
man who has rendered yeoman service to his country in this crisis-recently
emphasized the grave dangers of "rightist reaction" in this Nation.
All clear-thinking businessmen share his concern </u>»</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> [nos soulignés]<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn68" name="_ftnref68" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn68;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[68]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";">Les
droits économiques, sociaux et culturels ne permettent pas seulement d'assurer
une réelle liberté pour tous, mais donnent également, selon le comité des
droits économiques, sociaux et culturels des Nations Unies, du pouvoir aux
personnes faibles<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn69" name="_ftnref69" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn69;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[69]</span></span></span></span></a>,
pauvres<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn70" name="_ftnref70" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn70;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[70]</span></span></span></span></a>,
défavorisées et vulnérables en aidant à égaliser la distribution des pouvoirs
dans la société et entre les sociétés<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn71" name="_ftnref71" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn71;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[71]</span></span></span></span></a>.
À ce propos le Comité des droits économiques, sociaux et culturels des Nations
Unies précise :</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"></span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>While
the common theme underlying poor people’s experiences is one of powerlessness,
human rights can empower individuals and communities. The challenge is to
connect the powerless with the empowering potential of human rights. Although
human rights are not a panacea, they can help to equalize the distribution and
exercise of power within and between societies </u></b>»</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> [nos soulignés]<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn72" name="_ftnref72" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn72;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[72]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";">Le
statut des droits économiques, sociaux et culturels, comme véritables droits de
l'homme, a cependant parfois été remis en cause<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn73" name="_ftnref73" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn73;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[73]</span></span></span></span></a>.
Les deux principaux arguments<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn74" name="_ftnref74" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn74;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[74]</span></span></span></span></a>
sont à l'effet que ces droits ne sont pas de véritables droits de l'homme en
soi, mais ne deviennent de véritables droits (en renvoyant à des obligations
corrélatives) qu'une fois institutionnalisés (« institutionalization critique
»)<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn75" name="_ftnref75" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn75;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[75]</span></span></span></span></a>
et qu'ils ne sont pas dans les faits réalisables pour tous (« feasibility
critique »)<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn76" name="_ftnref76" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn76;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[76]</span></span></span></span></a>.
Les libertariens, par exemple, considèrent que les seuls droits de l'homme sont
les droits civils et politiques<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn77" name="_ftnref77" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn77;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[77]</span></span></span></span></a>
et que les droits économiques, sociaux et culturels ne sont pas de véritables droits
et ne devraient donc pas être justiciables<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn78" name="_ftnref78" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn78;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[78]</span></span></span></span></a>.
En 2004, le philosophe et économiste Amartya Sen a réfuté cette prétention et
les arguments avancés à son soutien<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn79" name="_ftnref79" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn79;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[79]</span></span></span></span></a>.
Le comité des droits économiques, sociaux et culturels des Nations Unies
rejette également cette prétention et défend la justiciabilité de ces droits :</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« In relation to civil and
political rights, it is generally taken for granted that judicial remedies for
violations are essential. Regrettably, the contrary assumption is too often made
in relation to economic, social and cultural rights. <u>This discrepancy is not
warranted either by the nature of the rights or by the relevant Covenant
provisions</u>. The Committee has already made clear that it considers many of
the provisions in the Covenant to be capable of immediate implementation (...) <u>The
adoption of a rigid classification of economic, social and cultural rights
which puts them, by definition, beyond the reach of the courts would thus be
arbitrary and incompatible with the principle that the two sets of human rights
are indivisible and interdependent. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">It
would also drastically curtail the capacity of the courts to protect the rights
of the most vulnerable and disadvantaged groups in society</b> »</u></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> [nos soulignés]<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn80" name="_ftnref80" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn80;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[80]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";">L'ancienne
juge à la Cour suprême du Canada et haute-commissaire des Nations-Unies aux
droits de l'homme, Louise Arbour, affirmait :</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« </span><span class="lblnewsfulltext"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Whatever cause there may have been to question the equal
status and justiciability of economic, social and cultural rights 60 years ago,
one thing is clear: there is no basis for categorical disclaimers today. The
equal status, indivisibility and inter-dependence of all human rights have been
affirmed unanimously</span></u></b></span><span class="lblnewsfulltext"><u><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> and repeatedly by the international community of States,
most notably at the Vienna World Conference on Human Rights (1993) and in 2000
at the Millennium Summit. Socio-economic rights have the status of binding law
under a multitude of international human rights treaties, some enjoying near
universal ratification, as well as in the Inter-American, African and European
regional human rights systems, where procedures are in place to ensure that
violations of these rights are redressed (…)</span></u></span></div>
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<u><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br />
<span class="lblnewsfulltext">As is the case for civil and political rights,
economic and social rights may – and in many circumstances must – be backed by
legal remedies. Courts the world over have been playing an increasingly vital
role in enforcing socio-economic rights, within the bounds of their
justiciability, bringing them from the realms of charity to the reach of
justice</span></span></u><span class="lblnewsfulltext"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> »</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> [nos soulignés]</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn81" name="_ftnref81" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn81;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[81]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span class="lblnewsfulltext"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";">Certains
philosophes<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn82" name="_ftnref82" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn82;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[82]</span></span></span></span></a>
et certains juristes<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn83" name="_ftnref83" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn83;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[83]</span></span></span></span></a>
ont même rejeté la division traditionnelle entre droits négatifs et droits
positifs. </span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>L'engagement de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Déclaration universelle des droits de
l'homme</i> envers la dignité humaine inspira de nombreux instruments
internationaux et régionaux subséquents relatifs aux droits de l'homme<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn84" name="_ftnref84" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn84;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[84]</span></span></span></span></a>.
</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cet engagement envers la dignité humaine fut réitéré avec
force dans la résolution 41/120 de l'Assemblée générale des Nations Unies qui
invita les États membres et les organismes des Nations Unies de garder à
l'esprit, lorsqu'ils élaborent des instruments internationaux relatifs aux
droits de l'homme, la directive selon laquelle ces instruments devraient «
revêtir un caractère fondamental et procéder de la dignité et de la valeur
inhérentes de la personne humaine »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn85" name="_ftnref85" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn85;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[85]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>E</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ntre
les années 1950 et 2000, nous avons recensé plusieurs conventions et
déclarations internationales ayant incorporé le terme de dignité humaine.
Celles-ci porte principalement sur </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";">la répression de la traite des êtres humains et de
l'exploitation de la prostitution (même consentante)</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn86" name="_ftnref86" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn86;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[86]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,
</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";">l'abolition de</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
l'esclavage<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn87" name="_ftnref87" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn87;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[87]</span></span></span></span></a>,</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>les droits du déficient mental<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn88" name="_ftnref88" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn88;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[88]</span></span></span></span></a>,
l'environnement<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn89" name="_ftnref89" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn89;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[89]</span></span></span></span></a>, l'élimination et la
répression du crime d'apartheid<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn90" name="_ftnref90" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn90;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[90]</span></span></span></span></a>,
</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">l’élimination définitive de la faim et de la malnutrition</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn91" name="_ftnref91" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn91;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[91]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";">, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">les
droits des personnes handicapées<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn92" name="_ftnref92" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn92;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[92]</span></span></span></span></a>,
l'utilisation du progrès de la science et de la technique<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn93" name="_ftnref93" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn93;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[93]</span></span></span></span></a>,
la race et les préjugés raciaux<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn94" name="_ftnref94" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn94;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[94]</span></span></span></span></a>,
l'application des lois<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn95" name="_ftnref95" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn95;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[95]</span></span></span></span></a>,
les discriminations à l'égard des femmes<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn96" name="_ftnref96" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn96;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[96]</span></span></span></span></a>,
l'élimination de toutes formes d'intolérance et de discrimination fondées sur
la religion ou la conviction<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn97" name="_ftnref97" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn97;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[97]</span></span></span></span></a>,
la torture et les peines cruelles et inusitées<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn98" name="_ftnref98" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn98;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[98]</span></span></span></span></a>,
les principes fondamentaux de justice relatifs aux victimes de la criminalité
et aux victimes d'abus de pouvoir<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn99" name="_ftnref99" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn99;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[99]</span></span></span></span></a>,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>les droits des enfants<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn100" name="_ftnref100" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn100;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[100]</span></span></span></span></a>,
la peine capitale<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn101" name="_ftnref101" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn101;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[101]</span></span></span></span></a>,
les droits des travailleurs migrants<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn102" name="_ftnref102" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn102;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[102]</span></span></span></span></a>,
le traitement des détenus<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn103" name="_ftnref103" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn103;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[103]</span></span></span></span></a>,
la protection des mineurs privés de liberté<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn104" name="_ftnref104" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn104;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[104]</span></span></span></span></a>,
la protection des personnes atteintes de maladie mentale<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn105" name="_ftnref105" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn105;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[105]</span></span></span></span></a>,
l'élimination de la violence à l'égard des femmes<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn106" name="_ftnref106" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn106;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[106]</span></span></span></span></a>,
la tolérance<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn107" name="_ftnref107" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn107;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[107]</span></span></span></span></a>, <span class="title">les
responsabilités des générations présentes envers les générations futures</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn108" name="_ftnref108" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn108;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[108]</span></span></span></span></a><span class="title">,</span> la recherche sur le génome humain<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn109" name="_ftnref109" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn109;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[109]</span></span></span></span></a>,
le clonage reproductif<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn110" name="_ftnref110" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn110;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[110]</span></span></span></span></a>,
la création de la Cour pénale internationale<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn111" name="_ftnref111" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn111;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[111]</span></span></span></span></a>,
la diversité culturelle<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn112" name="_ftnref112" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn112;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[112]</span></span></span></span></a>,
<span class="longdesc">la collecte, le traitement, l'utilisation et la
conservation des données génétiques humaines</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn113" name="_ftnref113" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn113;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[113]</span></span></span></span></a><span class="longdesc">,</span> la bioéthique et les droits de l'homme<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn114" name="_ftnref114" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn114;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[114]</span></span></span></span></a>,
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">le droit à un recours et à réparation
des victimes de violations flagrantes du droit international des droits de
l'homme et de violations graves du droit international humanitaire<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn115" name="_ftnref115" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn115;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[115]</span></span></span></span></a>,</span>
la justice sociale<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn116" name="_ftnref116" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn116;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[116]</span></span></span></span></a>,
les droits des personnes handicapées<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn117" name="_ftnref117" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn117;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[117]</span></span></span></span></a>
et la protection des personnes contre les disparitions forcées<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn118" name="_ftnref118" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn118;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[118]</span></span></span></span></a>.
Parmi les nombreux documents internationaux portant sur les droits de l'homme,
neuf d'entre eux nous paraissent particulièrement importants par leur impact
sur la dignité humaine : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";">la
</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Convention
internationale sur l'élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination
raciale</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (1966), </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";">le </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pacte international relatif aux droits civils et politiques</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
(1966), le <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pacte international relatif
aux droits économiques, sociaux et culturels </i>(1966), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">l'Acte final d'Helsinki</i> (1975), la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">résolution 40/124</i> de l'Assemblée générale des Nations Unies (1985),
la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Déclaration sur le droit au
développement</i> (1986), la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Déclaration
et programme d'action de Vienne</i> (1993), la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Déclaration du millénaire</i> (2000) et </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";">le document final du sommet mondial des
Nations Unies (2005).</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";">Dans les années 60, trois
conventions internationales des droits de l'homme, que le Canada a ratifiées<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn119" name="_ftnref119" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn119;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[119]</span></span></span></span></a>,
confirment l'importance et la place centrale que la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Déclaration universelle des droits de l'homme</i> a conféré à la
dignité humaine dans les droits de l'homme<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn120" name="_ftnref120" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn120;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[120]</span></span></span></span></a>
: la </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Convention
internationale sur l'élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination
raciale</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (1966)<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn121" name="_ftnref121" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn121;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[121]</span></span></span></span></a>,
</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";">le </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pacte international relatif aux
droits civils et politiques</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (1966)<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn122" name="_ftnref122" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn122;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[122]</span></span></span></span></a>
et le <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pacte international relatif aux
droits économiques, sociaux et culturels </i>(1966)<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn123" name="_ftnref123" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn123;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[123]</span></span></span></span></a>.
Bien que ces trois conventions soient particulièrement importantes pour la
dignité humaine, les deux Pactes internationaux jouent un rôle prépondérant en
précisant, sans toutefois les remplacer<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn124" name="_ftnref124" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn124;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[124]</span></span></span></span></a>,
les grands principes souscrits dans la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Déclaration
universelle des droits de l'homme</i><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn125" name="_ftnref125" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn125;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[125]</span></span></span></span></a>
et en mentionnant explicitement dans leur préambule que les droits de l'homme «
découlent de la dignité inhérente à la personne humaine »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn126" name="_ftnref126" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn126;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[126]</span></span></span></span></a>. </span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>En
1975, lors de la </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Conférence sur la sécurité et la coopération en
Europe, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">le Canada </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">signe </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">l'Acte final d'Helsinki<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn127" name="_ftnref127" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn127;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[127]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">.
Celui-ci</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dispose :</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« Les États participants respectent les droits de
l'homme et les libertés fondamentales (...) <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Ils favorisent et encouragent l'exercice effectif des libertés et
droits civils, politiques, économiques, sociaux, culturels et autres qui
découlent tous de la dignité inhérente à la personne humaine et qui sont
essentiels à son épanouissement libre et intégral </u></b><u>»</u></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> [nos soulignés]<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn128" name="_ftnref128" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn128;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[128]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>En 1985, l'Assemblée générale des
Nations Unies adopte la résolution 40/124 dans laquelle elle exprime « sa
conviction profonde » dans l'importance d'accorder une attention égale et
urgente à l'implantation, la promotion et la protection des droits civils et
politiques ET des droits économiques, sociaux et culturels<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn129" name="_ftnref129" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn129;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[129]</span></span></span></span></a>.
Elle insiste également sur le fait que le respect de la dignité humaine exige
non seulement le respect au niveau national des droits économiques, sociaux et
culturels, mais également la fin de l'ordre économique international injuste<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn130" name="_ftnref130" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn130;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[130]</span></span></span></span></a>
par l'implantation d'un « nouvel ordre économique international »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn131" name="_ftnref131" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn131;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[131]</span></span></span></span></a>
fondé sur la justice, l'équité et la coopération entre les États, conformément
à la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Déclaration concernant
l'instauration d'un nouvel ordre économique international</i> adoptée par
l'Assemblée générale des Nations Unies en 1974 dans sa résolution 3201 (S-VI)<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn132" name="_ftnref132" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn132;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[132]</span></span></span></span></a>.
L'UNESCO ajoute que </span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« <u>L’instauration d’un nouvel ordre économique
international dépend non seulement de facteurs politiques et économiques, mais
aussi de facteurs socio-culturels, dont le rôle dans le développement ne cesse
de croître et qui sont essentiels dans la lutte des peuples contre </u></span><u><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">toute forme de
domination </span></u><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">» [nos soulignés]<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn133" name="_ftnref133" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn133;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[133]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>En
1986, l'Assemblée générale des Nations Unies adopte la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Déclaration sur le droit au développement</i> dans laquelle elle
mentionne notamment que tous les droits de l'homme sont indivisibles et
interdépendants et que « la réalisation, la promotion et la protection des
droits civils, politiques, économiques, sociaux et culturels <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">doivent bénéficier d'une attention égale et
être envisagés avec une égale urgence</i> » </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";">[nos italiques]</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn134" name="_ftnref134" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn134;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[134]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.
Elle ajoute que des efforts devraient être déployés afin d'instaurer un nouvel
ordre économique international<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn135" name="_ftnref135" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn135;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[135]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>En
1993, lors de la Conférence mondiale sur les droits de l'homme, l'Assemblée
générale des Nations Unies adopte la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Déclaration
et programme d'action de Vienne<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn136" name="_ftnref136" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn136;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[136]</span></b></span></span></span></a></i>. Cette
déclaration, qui lie le Canada<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn137" name="_ftnref137" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn137;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[137]</span></span></span></span></a>,
réaffirme dans son préambule « que tous les droits de l'homme découlent de la
dignité et de la valeur inhérentes à la personne humaine »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn138" name="_ftnref138" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn138;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[138]</span></span></span></span></a>.
Elle introduit également dans plusieurs de ses dispositions le concept de
dignité humaine et mentionne à ses articles 1 et 5 que « les droits de l'homme
et les libertés fondamentales sont inhérents à tous les êtres humains », qu'ils
ont tous la même importance et qu'ils « sont universels, indissociables,
interdépendants et intimement liés ». </span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>En
2000, l'Assemblée générale des Nations Unies adopte la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Déclaration du millénaire</i>. Dans celle-ci, les États membres de
l'Assemblée, dont le Canada, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";">réitèrent
l'importance pour tous les États membres de protéger intégralement </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">les
droits civils et politiques et les droits économiques, sociaux et culturels de
chacun<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn139" name="_ftnref139" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn139;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[139]</span></span></span></span></a>. Cette déclaration</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"> souligne également les </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">valeurs
fondamentales qui doivent sous-tendre<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>les
relations internationales au XXI<sup>e</sup> siècle<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn140" name="_ftnref140" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn140;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[140]</span></span></span></span></a>.
Parmi celles-ci, la déclaration mentionne la liberté, qu'elle définit comme le
droit de vivre et d’élever ses enfants dans la dignité, « <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">à l’abri de la faim</i> et sans craindre la violence, l’oppression ou
l’injustice » </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";">[nos
italiques]</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> et l'égalité, qu'elle définit comme l'égalité des droits et
des chances pour les hommes et les femmes. Finalement, la déclaration souligne
l'importance de protéger les personnes les plus vulnérables au nom de la
dignité humaine :</span></div>
<h5 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></h5>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« Nous reconnaissons que, en plus des
responsabilités propres que nous devons assumer à l’égard de nos sociétés
respectives, <u>nous sommes collectivement tenus de défendre, au niveau
mondial, les principes de la dignité humaine, de l’égalité et de l’équité. En
tant que dirigeants, nous avons donc des devoirs à l’égard de tous les citoyens
du monde<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">, </i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">en particulier les personnes les plus vulnérables</b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">, </i>et tout spécialement les enfants</u>,
à qui l’avenir appartient »</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> [nos soulignés]<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn141" name="_ftnref141" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn141;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[141]</span></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<h5 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal;">En
2005, le document final du sommet mondial des Nations Unies réitère le souci </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal;">de protéger les
personnes les plus vulnérables au nom de la dignité humaine :</span></h5>
<h5 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></h5>
<h5 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 59.2pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-weight: normal;">“<u>Nous soulignons que les êtres humains ont le droit de vivre libres et
dans la dignité, à l’abri de la pauvreté et du désespoir. Nous estimons que
toutes les personnes, </u></span><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman";">en
particulier les plus vulnérables</span></u><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-weight: normal;">, ont le droit de vivre à l’abri de la peur et du besoin et doivent avoir
la possibilité de jouir de tous leurs droits et de développer pleinement leurs
potentialités dans des conditions d’égalité</span></u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-weight: normal;">”</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-weight: normal;">[nos soulignés]<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn142" name="_ftnref142" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn142;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[142]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></h5>
<h5 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 59.2pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-weight: normal;"> </span></h5>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"></span>En
résumé, la dignité humaine fit son apparition dans des textes légaux au </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";">début du 20<sup>e</sup> siècle</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Elle
fut consacrée en droit international en 1945 dans <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">l'Acte constitutif de l'UNESCO</i> et dans la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte des Nations Unies</i>. Elle fut ensuite introduite dans
plusieurs documents internationaux notamment en 1948 dans la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Déclaration universelle des droits de
l'homme</i> et en 1966 dans </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";">le
</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pacte
international relatif aux droits civils et politiques</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
et dans le <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pacte international relatif
aux droits économiques, sociaux et culturels</i>.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Conformément à l'esprit de ces trois documents
internationaux relatifs aux droits de l'homme, à </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">l'Acte final d'Helsinki</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
(1975)</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">, à </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">résolution 40/124</i>
de l'Assemblée générale des Nations Unies (1985), </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">à la </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Déclaration sur le droit au
développement</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> (1986), à la </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Déclaration et programme d'action de Vienne</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
(1993), à la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Déclaration du millénaire</i>
(2000) et </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";">au
document final du sommet mondial des Nations Unies (2005)</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,
</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">la dignité humaine commande non seulement de libérer les êtres humains de
la terreur et de la peur, mais également de la misère et du besoin</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn143" name="_ftnref143" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn143;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[143]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. C'est
pourquoi les droits de la personne énoncés dans ces documents internationaux
sont à la fois de natures civils et politiques et de natures économiques,
sociaux et culturels</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn144" name="_ftnref144" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn144;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[144]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">. Selon
la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Déclaration universelle des droits de
l'homme</i>, les </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">droits économiques, sociaux et
culturels sont, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";">dans
une économie industrielle</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">et en particulier
depuis </span><span class="verdana"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">l'émergence de nouveaux dangers
d'une économie mondialisée</span></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn145" name="_ftnref145" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn145;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[145]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">,</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
aussi indispensables que les droits civils et politiques à la dignité humaine
et au libre développement de la personnalité<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn146" name="_ftnref146" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn146;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[146]</span></span></span></span></a>.
En effet, selon le <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Projet de pacte
international relatif aux droits de l'homme</i> (1950), « l'homme privé des
droits économiques, sociaux et culturels ne représente pas cette personne
humaine que la Déclaration universelle envisage comme l'idéal de l'homme libre</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> »</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman";">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn147" name="_ftnref147" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn147;" title=""><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[147]</span></span></span></a></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.
</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">En 1948, le Comité d’experts de l’UNESCO avait définit la liberté ainsi :</span></div>
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<u><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« <b>By liberty they mean more than only the
absence of restraint. They mean also the positive organization of the social
and economic conditions</b></span></u><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> within which men can
participate to a maximum as active members of the community and contribute to
the welfare of the community at the highest level permitted by the material
development of the society. <b><u>This liberty can have meaning only under
democratic conditions, for only in democracy is liberty set in that context of
equality which makes it an opportunity for all men and not some men only »
</u></b></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[nos
soulignés]<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn148" name="_ftnref148" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn148;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[148]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">La <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Déclaration du millénaire</i> (2000) étaye ce point de vue et définit
la liberté comme le droit de vivre et d’élever ses enfants dans la dignité, « à
l’abri de la faim et sans craindre la violence, l’oppression ou l’injustice ».
Finalement, la dignité humaine commande également, conformément à la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Déclaration du millénaire</i> (2000) et au <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">document final du sommet mondial (2005), </span>une
protection particulière des personnes les plus vulnérables.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b>Eric Folot, Avocat et Bioéthicien</b> </span></div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Christopher McCrudden, « Human dignity and judicial
interpretation of human rights » (2008) 19:4 E. J. I. L. 655 dignités » à
l'article aux pp.664-665. Avant le 20<sup>e </sup>siècle, les documents légaux
qui référaient à la « dignité » ne référaient pas à la « dignité humaine » à
proprement parler. Par exemple, le terme de « dignité » employé à l'article 6
de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Déclaration des droits de l’homme
et du citoyen</i> de 1789 (France) </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">réfère aux emplois et aux fonctions publiques et
est, par conséquent, différent du terme de dignité humaine. À ce sujet, voir : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Stamatios Tzizis, « La dignité dans la Déclaration universelle des droits
de l'homme à la lumière de l'égalité et de la liberté » (2008) Hors série Revue
Aspects 17 à la p.27, n.44.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> La pensée
philosophique kantienne, qui constitue le principal terreau idéologique où le
concept de dignité humaine tire ses origines, a fortement influencé les
rédacteurs de la constitution allemande. En effet, dans cette
constitution,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>la dignité humaine occupe
une place prééminente et prépondérante : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Christopher McCrudden, « Human dignity</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">and judicial interpretation of human
rights » (2008) 19:4 E. J. I. L. 655 à la p.665. En 2007, </span><span class="A2"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Antoon de Baets affirme que le 3\4
des constitutions des 193 pays du monde réfèrent explicitement au terme
de « dignité humaine » ou de « dignité personnelle » :
Antoon de Baets, « A successful utopia : The doctrine of human dignity » (2007)
7 </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Historein: A Review of the Past and</span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Other Stories </i>(Athens) 71 aux
pp.71-72.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Christopher McCrudden, « Human
dignity and judicial interpretation of human rights » (2008) 19:4 E. J. I. L.
655 aux pp</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.675-676.
Selon </span><span class="addmd"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Mary
Ann Glendon, le terme de « dignité » fut introduit dans la Charte par Charles
Malik à la demande de Jan Smuts : Mary Ann Glendon</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A world made new :
Eleanor Roosevelt and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights</i>, New York,
Random House, 2001<span class="addmd"> à la p.144.</span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Michael Ignatieff, « Human rights as idolatry » The Tanner lectures on
human values, Princeton University, April 4-7, 2000 à la p.339-340.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Kindler c. Canada (ministre de la Justice), <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1991] 2 R.C.S. 779 au para.52, j. Cory et Lamer (dissidents). Voir aussi
</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Jacques-Yvan
Morin, « Une Charte des droits de l'homme pour le Québec » (1963) 9 McGill. L.
J. 273 à la p.276. </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span class="longdesc"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Convention créant une Organisation des Nations Unies
pour l'éducation, la science et la culture</span></i></span><span class="longdesc"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (1945), en ligne : </span></span><span class="longdesc"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><</span></span></span><span class="longdesc"><span lang="FR" style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://portal.unesco.org/fr/ev.php-URL_ID=15244&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html</span></span><span class="longdesc"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">></span></span></span><span class="longdesc"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Voir aussi le préambule de la </span></span><i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Déclaration universelle des droits de l'homme</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, Rés. AG 217(III), Doc. Off. AG NU, 3<sup>e</sup> sess., supp. n°13, Doc.
NU A/810 (1948) 71. Voir également </span><span class="longdesc"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Julian Huxley, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">UNESCO
its purpose and its philosophy</i>, Preparatory Commission of the United
Nations educational, scientific and cultural organisation, UNESCO, 1946 aux pp.5
et 16 ; </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Christopher McCrudden, « Human
dignity and judicial interpretation of human rights » (2008) 19:4 E. J. I. L.
655 à la p</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.676.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Charte des Nations Unies</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, 26 juin 1945, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">C.N.U.C.I.O, vol. 15, à la p.365, R.T. Can. 1945 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">n°7. En vertu de son article 103, la Charte a un caractère prépondérant.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Kindler c. Canada (ministre de la Justice), <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1991] 2 R.C.S. 779 au para.59, j. Cory et Lamer (dissidents).</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Charte des Nations Unies</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, 26 juin 1945, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">C.N.U.C.I.O, vol. 15, à la p.365, R.T. Can. 1945 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">n°7. Voir aussi l'article 55(3). Voir aussi <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Déclaration et programme d'action de Vienne</i>, Rés. AG 48/121, Doc.
Off. AG NU, 48e sess., Doc. NU A/CONF.157/23 (1993) ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Franklin D. Roosevelt, «
</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Annual Message to Congress on the State of the Union </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">» (January 6,
1941), en ligne : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><</span></span><span lang="FR" style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">http://oppenheimer.mcgill.ca/Fondements-du-droit-canadien-PUB3?lang=en</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Déclaration universelle des droits de l'homme</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, Rés. AG 217(III), Doc. Off. AG NU, 3<sup>e</sup> sess., supp. n°13, Doc.
NU A/810 (1948) 71. </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Selon Christopher McCrudden, le terme de « dignité » a été
introduit dans la Déclaration par René Cassin : Christopher McCrudden, « Human
dignity and judicial interpretation of human rights » (2008) 19:4 E. J. I. L.
655 aux pp</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.676-677.
Selon Eleanor Roosevelt, la Commission des droits de l'homme décida d'inclure
le terme « dignité » afin d'expliquer pourquoi les êtres humains ont des droits
et afin transmettre l'idée que tous les êtres humains sont dignes de respect : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Christopher McCrudden, « Human dignity and judicial
interpretation of human rights » (2008) 19:4 E. J. I. L. 655 à la p</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.677). Voir
aussi Mary Ann Glendon, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">A world made new : Eleanor Roosevelt and the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, New
York, Random House, 2001</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> à la p.146. De plus, le terme « dignité »
fournissait, en l'absence de consensus social, une base théorique pour fonder
le mouvement des droits de l'homme : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Christopher
McCrudden, « Human dignity and judicial interpretation of human rights » (2008)
19:4 E. J. I. L. 655 aux pp.677-678.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Déclaration universelle des droits de l'homme</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, Rés. AG 217(III), Doc. Off. AG NU, 3<sup>e</sup> sess., supp. n°13, Doc.
NU A/810 (1948) 71. Voir le préambule et les articles 1, 22, 23(3). </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Selon Denis Gingras, l'article 1 de la Déclaration reconnaît
une dignité à tous les êtres humains sans exception : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Denis Gingras, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">René Cassin et les
droits de l'homme</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, thèse de doctorat en philosophie,
Université Laval, 1996 à la p.202. </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Kindler c. Canada (ministre de la Justice), <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1991] 2 R.C.S. 779 au para.59, j. Cory et Lamer (dissidents) ; </span>R.
<b>c</b>. Lucas, [1998] 1 R.C.S. 439 au para.50, j. Cory (pour la majorité) ;
Office canadien de commercialisation des oeufs <b>c</b>. Richardson, [1998] 3
R.C.S. 157 au para.58, j. Iacobucci et Bastarache (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Mary Ann Glendon, « Knowing the universal declaration of
human rights » (1998) 73:5 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Notre Dame L. Rev. 1153</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> à la p.1172. Voir aussi <span class="bold">O'Connor et Québec
(Commission des droits de la personne et</span> <span class="bold">des droits de
la jeunesse) c. Sfiridis, </span><span class="ssl2">[2002] J.T.D.P.Q. no 3</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> au para.144.</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn15" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[15]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Déclaration universelle des droits de l'homme</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, Rés. AG 217(III), Doc. Off. AG NU, 3<sup>e</sup> sess., supp. n°13, Doc.
NU A/810 (1948) 71.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn16" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[16]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Organisation
des Nations Unies, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">L'O.N.U. pour tous :
la structure et les activités de l'Organisation des Nations Unies et des
institutions qui lui sont rattachées au cours des années 1945 à 1958</i>,
Service de l'information des Nations Unies, 1960 à la p.343. </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Selon Stéphane Hessel, 8 des 58 États membres s'abstinrent
de voter :</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">
Stéphane Hessel, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Indignez-vous</i>,
Montpellier, Indigène, 2010 à la p.24, n.3.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn17" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[17]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Organisation
des Nations Unies, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">L'O.N.U. pour tous :
la structure et les activités de l'Organisation des Nations Unies et des
institutions qui lui sont rattachées au cours des années 1945 à 1958</i>,
Service de l'information des Nations Unies, 1960 à la p.344 ; Jacques-Yvan
Morin, « Une Charte des droits de l'homme pour le Québec » (1963) 9 McGill. L.
J. 273 à la p.276 ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">John P. Humphrey,
« The international bill of rights : scope and implementation » (1976) 17 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 527 à la p.529 ;</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Stéphane Hessel, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Indignez-vous</i>, Montpellier, Indigène,
2010 à la p.16. Voir aussi </span><span class="bold"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">O'Connor et Québec (Commission des droits de la personne et</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span class="bold">des droits de la jeunesse) c. Sfiridis, </span><span class="ssl2">[2002] J.T.D.P.Q. no 3</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">
au para.144.</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Selon certains juristes, la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Déclaration </i>n'est cependant pas dépourvue de force juridique
puisqu'elle s'appuie sur les articles 55(3) et 56 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte des Nations Unies</i> qui, elle, a force de loi : Organisation
des Nations Unies, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">L'O.N.U. pour tous :
la structure et les activités de l'Organisation des Nations Unies et des
institutions qui lui sont rattachées au cours des années 1945 à 1958</i>,
Service de l'information des Nations Unies, 1960 aux pp.344-345. </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn18" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[18]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">John P. Humphrey, « The international bill of rights : scope
and implementation » (1976) 17 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Wm. & Mary L. Rev.
527 à la p.529 ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Louis
Henkin, « Human Rights : Ideology and Aspirations, Reality and Prospect » in
Samantha Power and Graham Allison, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Realizing Human Rights : Moving from Inspiration to Impact</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmilllan, 2006</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> à la p.12 ;
Daniel Turp, « Le recours au droit international aux fins de l'interprétation
de la Charte canadienne des droits et libertés : un bilan jurisprudentiel »
(1984) 18 R.J.T. 353 aux pp.374-375 ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Johannes
Van Aggelen, « The preamble of the United Nations declaration of human rights »
(1999-2000) </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">28 Denv. J. Int'l L. & Pol'y 129 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">aux pp.131-132. La coutume internationale est l'une des
sources du droit international : voir art.38(1)(b) du Statut de la Cour
internationale de justice, en ligne :<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><</span></span><span lang="FR" style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">http://www.icj-cij.org/documents/index.php?p1=4&p2=2&p3=0&lang=fr</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn19" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[19]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Déclaration universelle des droits de l'homme</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, Rés. AG 217(III), Doc. Off. AG NU, 3<sup>e</sup> sess., supp. n°13, Doc.
NU A/810 (1948) 71. </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn20" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[20]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Louis Henkin, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">The
Age of Rights</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, New York, Columbia University
Press, 2002 aux pp.xi, xii et xvii. Pour une critique, voir </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Makau Mutua, «
Savages, victims, and saviors : the metaphor of human rights » (2001) </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">42:1 Harv. Int'l L. J. 201 à la p.236.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn21" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[21]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Organisation
des Nations Unies, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">L'O.N.U. pour tous :
la structure et les activités de l'Organisation des Nations Unies et des
institutions qui lui sont rattachées au cours des années 1945 à 1958</i>,
Service de l'information des Nations Unies, 1960 à la p.344. Voir aussi </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Soixantième
anniversaire de la Déclaration universelle des droits de l'homme</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, Rés. AG 63/116, Doc.Off. A.G.N.U., 63<sup>e</sup> sess.,
supp. n°49, Doc. NU A/63/116 (2008) 1 à la p.1 ; John P. Humphrey, « The
international bill of rights : scope and implementation » (1976) 17 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 527 à la p.529.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn22" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[22]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Déclaration et programme
d'action de Vienne</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, Rés. AG 48/121, Doc. Off. AG NU,
48e sess., Doc. NU</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">A/CONF.157/23 (1993). </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Selon Stéphane Hessel, « c'est à René Cassin que nous devons
le terme de droits "universels" » : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Stéphane Hessel, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Indignez-vous</i>, Montpellier, Indigène,
2010 à la p.15. Voir aussi Denis Gingras, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">René Cassin et les droits de l'homme</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, thèse de doctorat en philosophie, Université Laval, 1996</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> aux pp.179-180
et 212.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn23" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[23]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Préambule de la
</span><i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Déclaration universelle des droits de l'homme</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, Rés. AG 217(III), Doc. Off. AG NU, 3<sup>e</sup> sess., supp. n°13, Doc.
NU A/810 (1948) 71. Voir aussi</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Autres méthodes et moyens qui s'offrent dans le cadre des
organismes des Nations Unies pour mieux assurer la jouissance effective des
droits de l'homme et des libertés fondamentales<i>,</i></span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Rés. AG 32/130, Doc.Off. A.G.N.U., 32<sup>e</sup> sess.,
supp. n°49, Doc. NU A/32/130 (1977) 162 à la p.163.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn24" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[24]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Déclaration universelle des droits de l'homme</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, Rés. AG 217(III), Doc. Off. AG NU, 3<sup>e</sup> sess., supp. n°13, Doc.
NU A/810 (1948) 71. Voir l'article 29(2). Voir aussi </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Louis Henkin, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">The
Age of Rights</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, New York, Columbia University
Press, 2002 à la p.4.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn25" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[25]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Déclaration universelle des droits de l'homme</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, Rés. AG 217(III), Doc. Off. AG NU, 3<sup>e</sup> sess., supp. n°13, Doc.
NU A/810 (1948) 71 ; </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Projet de pacte international relatif aux droits de l'homme
et mesures de mise en œuvre : travaux futurs de la Commission de droits de
l'homme<i>,</i></span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Rés. AG 421 (V),
Doc.Off. A.G.N.U., 5<sup>e</sup> sess., supp. n°49, Doc. NU A/5/421 (1950) 47 à
la p.48. Voir aussi les article 1(3) et 55 de la </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Charte des Nations Unies</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, 26 juin 1945, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">C.N.U.C.I.O, vol. 15, à la p.365, R.T. Can. 1945 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">n°7.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn26" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[26]</span></span></span></span></span></a><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">
Projet de pacte international relatif aux droits de l'homme et mesures de mise
en œuvre : travaux futurs de la Commission de droits de l'homme<i>,</i></span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Rés. AG 421 (V), Doc.Off. A.G.N.U., 5<sup>e</sup> sess.,
supp. n°49, Doc. NU A/5/421 (1950) 47 à la p.48. </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn27" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[27]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Robert A. Samek, « Untrenching fundamental rights » (1981-1982) </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">27 McGill L. J. 755 à la p.773. </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn28" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[28]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Abraham Harold Maslow, « A theory of human motivation » (1943) 50
Psychological Review 370.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn29" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[29]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Voir aussi les articles 55 et 56 de la </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Charte des Nations Unies</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, 26 juin 1945, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">C.N.U.C.I.O, vol. 15, à la p.365, R.T. Can. 1945 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">n°7 ;</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> les articles 22 et 23 de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Déclaration universelle des droits de
l'homme </i>ainsi que les préambules du <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pacte
international relatif aux droits civils et politiques</i> et du <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pacte international relatif aux droits
économiques, sociaux et culturels</i>. Voir aussi la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Convention internationale sur l'élimination de toutes les formes
de discrimination raciale</i>, 7 mars 1966, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">660 R.T.N.U. 195 ; la </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Convention
sur l'élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination à l'égard des
femmes</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, 18 décembre 1979, 1249 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R.T.N.U. 13 ; la
</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Convention
relative aux droits de l'enfant</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, 20
novembre 1989, 1577 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R.T.N.U. 3. </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn30" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref30" name="_ftn30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[30]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Rédaction
de deux projets de Pactes internationaux relatifs aux droits de l'homme<i>,</i></span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Rés. AG 543 (VI), Doc.Off. A.G.N.U., 6<sup>e</sup> sess.,
supp. n°49, Doc. NU A/6/543 (1951) 38 à la p.38. Voir aussi <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Final act of the international conference on
human rights<i>,</i></i> Doc.Off. A.G.N.U., </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Doc. NU A/CONF.32/41</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">
(1968) 1 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">aux
pp.16-17 (chap.21).</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn31" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref31" name="_ftn31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[31]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Article 2 de la<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">
Déclaration sur le progrès et le développement dans le domaine social<i>,</i></i>
Rés. AG 2542 (XXIV), Doc.Off. A.G.N.U., 24<sup>e</sup> sess., supp. n°49, Doc.
NU A/24/2542 (1969) 51 aux pp.51-52.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn32" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref32" name="_ftn32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[32]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Principe VII de
l'acte final d'Helsinki (1975) :</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">
Conférence sur la sécurité et la coopération en Europe</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, « Acte final » (1<sup>er</sup>
août 1975) à la p.5, en ligne : www.osce.org </span><span class="longdesc"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><</span></span></span><span lang="FR"><a href="http://www.osce.org/fr/mc/39502"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">http://www.osce.org/fr/mc/39502</span></a></span><span class="longdesc"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">></span></span></span><span class="longdesc"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn33" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref33" name="_ftn33" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[33]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Autres
méthodes et moyens qui s'offrent dans le cadre des organismes des Nations Unies
pour mieux assurer la jouissance effective des droits de l'homme et des
libertés fondamentales<i>,</i></span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Rés.
AG 32/130, Doc.Off. A.G.N.U., 32<sup>e</sup> sess., supp. n°49, Doc. NU
A/32/130 (1977) 162 à la p.163.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn34" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref34" name="_ftn34" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[34]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Indivisibilité
et interdépendance des droits économiques, sociaux, culturels, civils et
politiques</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, Rés. AG 40/114, Doc.Off. A.G.N.U.,
40<sup>e</sup> sess., supp. n°49, Doc. NU A/40/114 (1985) 242 aux pp.242-243.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn35" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref35" name="_ftn35" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[35]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Alternative
approaches and ways and means within the United Nations system for improving
the effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms<i>,</i></span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Rés. AG 40/124, Doc.Off. A.G.N.U., 40<sup>e</sup> sess.,
supp. n°49, Doc. NU A/40/124 (1985) 239 aux pp.239-240.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn36" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref36" name="_ftn36" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn36;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[36]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Déclaration et programme
d'action de Vienne</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, Rés. AG 48/121, Doc. Off. AG NU,
48e sess., Doc. NU A/CONF.157/23 (1993) au para.5.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn37" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref37" name="_ftn37" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn37;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[37]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><i><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Déclaration
du Millénaire,</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Rés. AG 55/2,
Doc.Off. A.G.N.U., 55<sup>e</sup> sess., supp. n°49, Doc. NU A/55/2 (2000) 1 à
la p.7.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn38" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref38" name="_ftn38" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn38;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[38]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Soixantième
anniversaire de la Déclaration universelle des droits de l'homme</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, Rés. AG 63/116, Doc.Off. A.G.N.U., 63<sup>e</sup> sess.,
supp. n°49, Doc. NU A/63/116 (2008) 1 à la p.2.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn39" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref39" name="_ftn39" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn39;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[39]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Voir aussi J.P.
Humphrey, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Human rights and the United
Nations : a great adventure</i>, New York, Transnational Publishers, 1984 à la
p.4 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Martha Jackman, « The protection of welfare rights under the charter »
(1988) 20:2 Ottawa L. Rev. 257 aux pp.262-266 ; Lorne Sossin, « Salvaging
the welfare state ? : the prospects for judicial review of the Canada
health & social transfer » (1998) </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">21 Dalhousie L.J. 141</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> à la p.179 ;
Robert A. Samek, « Untrenching fundamental rights » (1981-1982) </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">27 McGill L. J. 755 à la p.773 ;</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Errol P. Mendes<b>, </b>« Taking equality into
the 21st Century : Establishing the concept of equal human dignity »
(2000-2001) 12 National Journal of Constitutional Law 3 aux pp.19-20 ; David
Matas, « Gosselin v. Quebec (Attorney-General) - Is starvation illegal ? : The
enforceability of the right to an adequate standard of living » (2003) </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">4 Melb. J. Int'l L. 217 aux pp.221-222 ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Albie Sachs, « Enforcement of social and economic
rights » (2006-2007) 22 Am. U. Int'l L. Rev. 673 aux pp.680 et 706 ; </span><span lang="FR" style="color: #292526; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Maritza Formisano Prada, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Empowering the poor through human rights litigation</i>, Paris, UNESCO,
2011 à la p.18 (para.20) ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Peter Leuprecht, « La liberté qui opprime et la
loi qui affranchit », en ligne : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><</span></span><cite><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="color: blue;">www.unesco.chairephilo.uqam.ca/LACORDAIRELeuprecht.pdf</span></span></cite><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">></span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn40" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref40" name="_ftn40" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn40;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[40]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Jeremy Waldron,
« Rights » in Robert E. Goodin, Philip Pettit and Thomas Pogge, dir., A
companion to contemporary political philosophy, 2<sup>nd</sup> ed., Oxford,
Blackwell publishing, 2007 à la p.746 ; Jeremy Waldron, « Liberal rights :
two sides of the coin » in<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Liberal
Rights : Collected Papers 1981-1991</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">,
Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1993 à la p.22 ;</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Jack Donnelly,
« Human dignity and human rights » (2009), </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Swiss Initiative to Commemorate the 60th Anniversary of the UDHR Protecting
Dignity : An Agenda for Human Rights, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">aux pp.46, 83-84, en ligne : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><</span></span><span lang="FR" style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">http://www.udhr60.ch/research.html</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">></span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">;</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Rolf
Künnemann, « A coherent approach to human rights » (1995) 17:2 <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Human Rights Quarterly 323</span>.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn41" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref41" name="_ftn41" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn41;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[41]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Pierre Elliot
Trudeau, « Economic rights » (1961-1962) 8 McGill L. J. 121 aux pp.121 et 125.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn42" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref42" name="_ftn42" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn42;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[42]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Martha Jackman, « The protection of welfare rights under the charter »
(1988) 20:2 Ottawa L. Rev. 257 aux pp.262-263. </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn43" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref43" name="_ftn43" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn43;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[43]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Jacques-Yvan
Morin, « Une Charte des droits de l'homme pour le Québec » (1963) 9 McGill. L.
J. 273 à la p.292.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn44" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref44" name="_ftn44" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn44;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[44]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">P.W. Hogg, « <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">The Charter of Rights and Social and Economic Reform »<i> </i></span>in
Canadian Institute for Advanced Legal Studies, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The cambridge lectures<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span>1983</i>,
Toronto, Butterworths, 1983 à la p.47 ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Martha Jackman, «
The protection of welfare rights under the charter » (1988) 20:2 Ottawa L. Rev.
257 à la p.264.</span><span lang="FR"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn45" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref45" name="_ftn45" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn45;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[45]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Louise Arbour, « 'Freedom from want'- from charity to
entitlement » (March 3, 2005), </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">en ligne : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><</span></span><cite><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="color: blue;">http://www.unhchr.ch/huricane/huricane.nsf/0/58E08B5CD49476BEC1256FBD006EC8B1?opendocument</span>
</span></cite><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn46" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref46" name="_ftn46" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn46;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[46]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Autres
méthodes et moyens qui s'offrent dans le cadre des organismes des Nations Unies
pour mieux assurer la jouissance effective des droits de l'homme et des
libertés fondamentales<i>,</i></span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Rés.
AG 32/130, Doc.Off. A.G.N.U., 32<sup>e</sup> sess., supp. n°49, Doc. NU
A/32/130 (1977) 162 à la p.163 ; </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Déclaration et programme d'action de Vienne</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, Rés. AG 48/121, Doc. Off. AG NU, 48e sess., Doc. NU A/CONF.157/23 (1993)
au para.5. </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Voir aussi Louise Arbour, « 'Freedom
from want'- from charity to entitlement » (March 3, 2005), </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">en ligne : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><</span></span><cite><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="color: blue;">http://www.unhchr.ch/huricane/huricane.nsf/0/58E08B5CD49476BEC1256FBD006EC8B1?opendocument</span>
</span></cite><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Mary Robinson, « Realizing human rights : "Take hold of it boldly and
duly..."» (November 11, 1997), </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">en ligne : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><</span></span><span lang="FR" style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">http://www.un.org/rights/50/dpi1938.htm</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">James Griffin, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">On human rights</i>,
Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2008 à la p.180 ; <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Albie Sachs, « Enforcement of social and economic rights » (2006-2007) 22
Am. U. Int'l L. Rev. 673 à la p.694.</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn47" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref47" name="_ftn47" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn47;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[47]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Déclaration et programme
d'action de Vienne</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, Rés. AG 48/121, Doc. Off. AG NU,
48e sess., Doc. NU A/CONF.157/23 (1993) au para.5. </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Voir aussi Louise Arbour, « 'Freedom from want'- from
charity to entitlement » (March 3, 2005), </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">en ligne : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><</span></span><cite><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="color: blue;">http://www.unhchr.ch/huricane/huricane.nsf/0/58E08B5CD49476BEC1256FBD006EC8B1?opendocument</span>
</span></cite><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">. <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Un droit à la liberté (des droits civils et
politiques) sans un droit à la nourriture (sans des droits économiques, sociaux
et culturels) est futile. À cet égard, David D. Raphael affirme : « </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">L'ouvrier que la crise économique réduit périodiquement au chômage se moque
bien de savoir qu'il jouit des droits fondamentaux de liberté. Le droit
d'accumuler des biens, énoncé par Locke, présente peu d'intérêt pour lui, s'il
est assorti du "droit de mourir de faim" </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">» : David D. Raphael, « La tradition libérale occidentale » (1966) 18:1
Revue internationale des sciences sociales 25 à la p.30. Voir aussi Eleanor
Roosevelt, « My Day » (June 1, 1948), </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">en ligne : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><</span></span><span lang="FR" style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">http://www.gwu.edu/~erpapers/myday/displaydoc.cfm?_y=1948&_f=md000981</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">></span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> ; </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Samuel Freeman, « Illiberal libertariens
: Why libertarianism is not a liberal view » (2001) 30:2 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Philosophy & Public Affairs 105 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">aux pp.117-118 ;<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Isaiah Berlin, « Political ideas in the twentieth century » (1950) 28:3
Foreign Aff. 351 à la p.375.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> De même, un droit à
la nourriture (des droits économiques, sociaux et culturels) sans un droit à la
liberté (sans des droits civils et politiques) est tyrannique :</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Michael
Ignatieff, « Human rights as idolatry » The Tanner lectures on human values,
Princeton University, April 4-7, 2000 à la p.346 ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Isaiah Berlin, « Political ideas in the twentieth century » (1950) 28:3
Foreign Aff. 351 à la p.375 et 384. Selon </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Marc Fleurbaey </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">les droits civils et politiques et les droits économiques, sociaux et
culturels sont complémentaires. La Scandinavie est le pays qui a trouvé le
meilleur équilibre : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Marc Fleurbaey, « Poverty as a form of oppression » in
Thomas Pogge, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Freedom from Poverty As a Human Right : Who Owes What to the
Very Poor ?</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2007 aux pp.140-141. La pauvreté peut
également, dans certaines circonstances, entraîner une atteinte aux droits
civils et politiques : </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Amartya Sen, « Individual freedom as a social commitment » </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">The New York
review of books</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> (June
14, 1990).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn48" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref48" name="_ftn48" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn48;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[48]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Autres
méthodes et moyens qui s'offrent dans le cadre des organismes des Nations Unies
pour mieux assurer la jouissance effective des droits de l'homme et des
libertés fondamentales<i>,</i></span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Rés.
AG 32/130, Doc.Off. A.G.N.U., 32<sup>e</sup> sess., supp. n°49, Doc. NU
A/32/130 (1977) 162 à la p.163. Voir aussi <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Final
act of the international conference on human rights<i>,</i></i> Doc.Off.
A.G.N.U., </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Doc. NU A/CONF.32/41</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> (1968) 1 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">aux pp.16-17 (chap.21) ; le préambule du </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Pacte
international relatif aux droits économiques, sociaux et culturels</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, 19 décembre 1966, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">993 R.T.N.U. 3 ; Kofi Annan, « Universal
declaration of human rights illuminates global pluralism and diversity »
(December 10, 1997), en ligne : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><</span></span><span lang="FR"> </span><span lang="FR" style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">http://www.un.org/rights/50/dpi1937.htm</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> ; <span style="color: #231f20;">Henry Shue, </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Basic Rights : Subsistence,
Affluence, and U.S. Foreign Policy</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">,
2<sup>nd</sup> ed., Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1996 à la
p.19 ;</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">
</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Michael Ignatieff, « Human rights as idolatry » The
Tanner lectures on human values, Princeton University, April 4-7, 2000 à la
p.346 ; Isaiah Berlin, « Political ideas in the twentieth century » (1950) 28:3
Foreign Aff. 351 à la p.375 et 384 ; Charlotte Bunch, « Women’s human
rights : the challenge of global feminism and diversity » in </span><span class="addmd"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Marianne DeKoven, </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Feminist
Locations : Global and Local, Theory and Practice</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, New Brunswick, Rutgers University Press, 2001 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">à la p.141.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn49" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref49" name="_ftn49" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn49;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[49]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Philip Alston
et Ryan Goodman, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">International Human Rights in Context : Law, Politics,
Morals</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, 3rd ed., Oxford, Oxford University
Press, 2007 à la p.513.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn50" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref50" name="_ftn50" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn50;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[50]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">H.L.A. Hart, « Between utility and rights » (1979) 79:5 Colum. L. Rev. 828
aux pp.835-836 ; Gwen Brodsky and Shelagh Day, « Beyond the Social and Economic
Rights Debate : Substantive Equality Speaks to Poverty » (2002) 14 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Can. J. Women & L.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> 185 à la p.200. </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn51" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref51" name="_ftn51" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn51;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[51]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Albie Sachs, « Enforcement of social and economic
rights » (2006-2007) 22 Am. U. Int'l L. Rev. 673 à la p.703.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn52" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref52" name="_ftn52" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn52;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[52]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">The Honourable Claire l’Heureux-Dubé, « The
search for equality : a human rights issue » (1999-2000) 25 Queen's L.J. 401 à
la p.407.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn53" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref53" name="_ftn53" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn53;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[53]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> John Dewey, «
Liberalism and equality » in </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">The Later Works of John Dewey</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, vol.11, Carbondale, Southern Illinois Univ. Press, 1987</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> à la p.370.
Voir aussi </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. H. Tawney, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Equality</i>,
London, Unwin books, 1964 à la p.228 ;</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">John
Rawls, </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Political Liberalism</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, 2nd ed., New York, Columbia University Press, 2005</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> à la p.166</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn54" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<pre style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref54" name="_ftn54" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn54;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: Courier;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[54]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"> Cette réelle liberté, John Rawls l'appelle « la valeur de la liberté ». Sur la différence entre la liberté et la valeur de la liberté, voir John Rawls, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Théorie de la justice</i>, trad. par Catherine Audard, Paris, Éditions du Seuil, 1997 à la p.240 (ch.32) ; </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: Courier;">Isaiah Berlin, « Introduction » in Henry Hardy, dir., <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Liberty</i>, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2009 à la p.45.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> Sur l'importance d'une réelle liberté, voir John Rawls, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Political Liberalism</span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, 2nd ed., New York, Columbia University Press, 2005</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> à la p.166</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"> ;<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: Courier;">Isaiah Berlin, « Introduction » in Henry Hardy, dir., <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Liberty</i>, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2009 aux pp.44-46 ; </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">H.L.A. Hart, « Between utility and rights » (1979) 79:5 Colum. L. Rev. 828 aux pp.835-836 ;<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span>Amartya Sen, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Development As Freedom</span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1999 aux pp.3-4 ; </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Courier; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Amartya Sen, « Individual freedom as a social commitment » </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: Courier;">The New York review of books</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Courier; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> (June 14, 1990) ; </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: Courier;">R. H. Tawney, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Equality</i>, London, Unwin books, 1964 à la p.228 ;</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">James Griffin, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">On human rights</i>, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2008 à la p.180 ;</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> F.A. Hayek, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Road to Serfdom : Text and Documents</i>, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 2007 à la p.147 ; Frank H. Knight, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Freedom And Reform : essays in economics and social philosophy</i>, Indianapolis, Liberty press, 1982 à la p.7 ; <span class="addmd">Samuel Bowles, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Democracy And Capitalism</i>, </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">New York, Basic Books, 1987 </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">à la p.177 ; </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Albie Sachs, « Enforcement of social and economic rights » (2006-2007) 22 Am. U. Int'l L. Rev. 673 à la p.693 ; Albie Sachs, « Social and economic rights : can they be made justiciable ? » (2000) </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">53 S.M.U. L. Rev. 1381 </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">à la p.1389 </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">; </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">F.R. Scott, « Dominion jurisdiction over human rights and fundamental freedoms » (1949) 27:5 The Canadian Bar Review 497 à la p.507 ;<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Oscar Schacter, « </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Human Dignity as a Normative Concept » (1983) 77:4 The American Journal of International Law 848 à la p.851 ;<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span>Upendra Baxi, « From Human Rights to the Right to be Human : Some Heresies » (1986) 13:3 India International Centre Quarterly 185 aux pp.186-187 ; Victor V. Ramraj, « Keegstra, Butler, and positive liberty : a glimmer of hope for the faithful » (1993) 51:2 U. Toronto Fac. L. Rev. 304 à la p.306 ; </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: Courier;">Philip Alston et Ryan Goodman, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: Courier; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">International Human Rights in Context : Law, Politics, Morals</span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: Courier; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, 3rd ed., Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2007 à la p.513.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"></span></pre>
</div>
<div id="ftn55" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref55" name="_ftn55" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn55;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[55]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">H.L.A. Hart, « Between utility and rights » (1979) 79:5 Colum. L. Rev. 828
aux pp.835-836. Voir aussi H.L.A. Hart, « Are there any natural rights ? »
(1955) 64:2 The philosophical review 175 à la p.175, n.2.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn56" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref56" name="_ftn56" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn56;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[56]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Isaiah Berlin,
« Two concepts of liberty » in Henry Hardy, dir., <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Liberty</i>, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2009 à la p.171 ; Isaiah
Berlin, « Introduction » in Henry Hardy, dir., <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Liberty</i>, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2009 aux pp.38 et 45.
Voir aussi </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Lisa Philipps, « The supreme court of Canada’s tax
jurisprudence : what’s wrong with the rule of law » (2000) 79 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Canadian Bar Review<i> </i>120<i>
</i>à la p.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">128.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn57" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref57" name="_ftn57" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn57;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[57]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span class="addmd"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">André Liebich, </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Le
Libéralisme classique</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">,
Québec, P.U.Q., 1985 à la p.22. <span class="addmd">Voir aussi Harold J. Laski, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Rise of European Liberalism : An Essay
in Interpretation</i>, Delhi, Aakar Books, 2005<span class="addmd"> à la p.20.</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn58" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref58" name="_ftn58" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn58;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[58]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Samuel Fleischacker, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A short history
of distributive justice</i>, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 2005 à la
p.83.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn59" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref59" name="_ftn59" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn59;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[59]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Voir le
préambule de la </span><i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Déclaration universelle des droits
de l'homme</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, Rés. AG 217(III), Doc. Off. AG NU, 3<sup>e</sup>
sess., supp. n°13, Doc. NU A/810 (1948) 71.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn60" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref60" name="_ftn60" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn60;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[60]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Voir l'article
22 de la </span><i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Déclaration universelle des droits de l'homme</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, Rés. AG 217(III), Doc. Off. AG NU, 3<sup>e</sup> sess., supp. n°13, Doc.
NU A/810 (1948) 71. Voir aussi </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Autres méthodes et moyens qui s'offrent dans le cadre des
organismes des Nations Unies pour mieux assurer la jouissance effective des
droits de l'homme et des libertés fondamentales<i>,</i></span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Rés. AG 32/130, Doc.Off. A.G.N.U., 32<sup>e</sup> sess.,
supp. n°49, Doc. NU A/32/130 (1977) 162 à la p.163. </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn61" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref61" name="_ftn61" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn61;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[61]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Franklin D.
Roosevelt, « </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Annual Message to Congress on the State of the Union </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">» (January 6,
1941), en ligne : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><</span></span><span lang="FR" style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">http://oppenheimer.mcgill.ca/Fondements-du-droit-canadien-PUB3?lang=en</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">. </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Cette liberté de vivre à l'abris du besoin et de la misère fut à nouveau
proclamée dans la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charte Atlantique</i>
du 14 août 1941 : Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston S. Churchill, « Atlantic
Charter » (August 14, 1941), en ligne : Yale Law School's Avalon Project </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><</span></span><span lang="FR" style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">http://avalon.law.yale.edu/wwii/atlantic.asp</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">. Voir aussi
Jacques Maritain, « Human rights » in Joseph W. Evans and Leo R. Ward, dir., <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The social and political philosophy of Jacques
Maritain : selected readings</i>, New York, Image Books Edition, 1965 aux
pp.50-51.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn62" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref62" name="_ftn62" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn62;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[62]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Franklin D.
Roosevelt, « State of the Union message to Congress » (January 11, 1944), en
ligne : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><</span></span><span lang="FR" style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=16518</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">. La poursuite
du bonheur est considéré aux États-Unis comme un droit inaliénable conformément
à la Déclaration de l'Indépendance du 4 juillet 1776 : Declaration of
Independence (July 4, 1776), </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">en ligne : Yale Law
School's Avalon Project </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><</span></span><span lang="FR" style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/declare.asp</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn63" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref63" name="_ftn63" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn63;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[63]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Franklin D.
Roosevelt, « State of the Union message to Congress » (January 11, 1944), en
ligne : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><</span></span><span lang="FR" style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=16518</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">. </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn64" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref64" name="_ftn64" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn64;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[64]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston S. Churchill, « Atlantic Charter »
(August 14, 1941), en ligne : Yale Law School's Avalon Project </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><</span></span><span lang="FR" style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">http://avalon.law.yale.edu/wwii/atlantic.asp</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn65" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref65" name="_ftn65" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn65;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[65]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Cass R.
Sunstein, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">The Second Bill of Rights: FDR's Unfinished Revolution and
Why We Need It More Than Ever</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, New
York, Basic Books, 2004 aux pp.2-3 ; Johannes Van Aggelen, « The preamble of
the United Nations declaration of human rights » (1999-2000) </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">28 Denv. J. Int'l L. & Pol'y 129 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">aux
pp.130-131.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn66" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref66" name="_ftn66" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn66;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[66]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Isaiah Berlin, « Political ideas in the twentieth century » (1950) 28:3
Foreign Aff. 351 à la p.378. John Stuart Mill était un libéral socialiste :
Carl J. Friedrich, « The political thought of neo-liberalism » (1955) 49:2 The
American political science review 509 à la p.512. Sur la philosophie libérale
de John Stuart Mill et sa conception de la liberté positive voir : John Stuart
Mill, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">De la liberté</i>, trad. par
Laurence Lenglet, Paris, Éditions Gallimard, 1990 aux pp.147-151 et 241 ; John
Stuart Mill, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Autobiography : essay on
liberty</i>, New York, PF Collier & Son company, 1909 aux pp.149, 162 et
164 ; Ernest Barker, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Political thought in
England : from Herbert Spencer to the present day</i>, London, Williams and
Norgate, 1915 aux pp.9-10, 20, 205-206 ; Bernard Semmel, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">John
Stuart Mill and the Pursuit of Virtue</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">,
London, Yale University Press, 1984 à la p.14 ;</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span class="addmd"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Nicholas Capaldi</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">John Stuart Mill : A Biography</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2004</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> à la p.268.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn67" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref67" name="_ftn67" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn67;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[67]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span class="addmd"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Woodrow Wilson, </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">The
New Freedom : A Call for the Emancipation of the Generous Energies of a People</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, New York, Doubleday, 1919 à la p.284. Voir aussi <span class="addmd">Ronald J. Pestritto, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Woodrow
Wilson And The Roots Of Modern Liberalism</i>, Lanham, Rowman & Littlefield
Publishers, 2005 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">à
la p.256.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn68" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref68" name="_ftn68" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn68;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[68]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Franklin D.
Roosevelt, « State of the Union message to Congress » (January 11, 1944), en
ligne : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><</span></span><span lang="FR" style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=16518</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">. Voir aussi
Franklin D. Roosevelt, « </span><span class="paperstitle"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Campaign Address on Progressive Government at the
Commonwealth Club in San Francisco, California » (September 23, 1932), en ligne
: </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><</span></span><span lang="FR" style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=88391</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> ; Cass R.
Sunstein, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">The Second Bill of Rights: FDR's Unfinished Revolution and
Why We Need It More Than Ever</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, New
York, Basic Books, 2004 aux pp.1-5. </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">En 1928, le 31<sup>e</sup> Président républicain
des États-Unis et prédécesseur de Roosevelt, Herbert Hoover, tenait des propos
divergents : « </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">It is a false liberalism that
interprets itself into the government operation of commercial business (...) It
is not the road to more liberty, but to less liberty » : <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Herbert Hoover, « "Rugged
Individualism" Campaign Speech » (1928), en ligne : </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><</span></span><span lang="FR" style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=3&psid=1334</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">. </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn69" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref69" name="_ftn69" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn69;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[69]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Committee on economic, social and cultural rights, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Substantive issues arising in the
implementation of the international covenant on economic, social and cultural
rights : poverty and the international covenant on economic, social and
cultural rights<i>,</i></i> Doc.Off. C.E.S., 25<sup>e</sup> sess., Doc. NU
(2001) au para.6. </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Voir aussi </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">David Beetham, « What future for economic and social rights ? » (1995)
43:1 Political studies 41 à la p.60 ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Peter Leuprecht, « Tous pour les droits
de l'homme ? discours et réalité » (</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">1986) Can. Hum. Rts.
Y.B. 87 à la p.95 ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Rolf Künnemann, «
A coherent approach to human rights » (1995) 17:2 <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Human Rights Quarterly 323 ;</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> David D. Raphael, « La tradition libérale occidentale » (1966) 18:1
Revue internationale des sciences sociales 25 à la p.26 ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Upendra Baxi, « From
Human Rights to the Right to be Human : Some Heresies » (1986) 13:3 India
International Centre Quarterly 185 aux pp.192 et 199 ; Craig Scott, « The
interdependence and permeability of human rights norms : towards a partial
fusion of the international convenants on human rights » (1989) </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">27:4 Osgoode Hall L. J. 769 à la p.775 ; Michael Ignatieff, « Human rights
as politics » The Tanner lectures on human values, Princeton University, April
4-7, 2000 aux pp.291 et 296 ;</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Albie Sachs, « Social and economic rights : can
they be made justiciable ? » (2000) </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">53
S.M.U. L. Rev. 1381 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">à la
p.1383 ; Commission des droits de la personne et des droits de la jeunesse, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Après 25 ans. La Charte québécoise des
droits et libertés, vol.1 : bilan et recommandations</i>, Québec, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Bibliothèque nationale du Québec,<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">
2003 à la p.17 ; </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Osvaldo Guariglia, « Enforcing economic and
social human rights » in Thomas Pogge, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Freedom from Poverty As a Human
Right : Who Owes What to the Very Poor ?</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Oxford, Oxford
University Press, 2007</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> à la p.346.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn70" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref70" name="_ftn70" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn70;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[70]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Carl J. Friedrich, « The political thought of neo-liberalism » (1955) 49:2
The American political science review 509 à la p.852. </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">La pauvreté est un
affront à la dignité humaine : voir la 8<sup>e</sup> recommandation de</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> OAS, Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Annual Report of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights 1993</i>,
</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">OR OEA/Ser.L/V.85 Doc. 9 rev (1994),</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> en ligne : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><</span></span><span lang="FR" style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">http://www.cidh.org/annualrep/93eng/chap.5c.htm#FINAL%20RECOMMENDATIONS</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">. </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Voir
aussi </span><span lang="FR" style="color: #292526; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Thomas Pogge, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Freedom
from Poverty As a Human Right : Who Owes What to the Very Poor ?,</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2007</span><span lang="FR" style="color: #292526; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> à la p.324 ; Maritza Formisano Prada, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Empowering
the poor through human rights litigation</i>, Paris, UNESCO, 2011 aux pp.15-16.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn71" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref71" name="_ftn71" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn71;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[71]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Committee on economic, social and cultural rights, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Substantive issues arising in the
implementation of the international covenant on economic, social and cultural
rights : poverty and the international covenant on economic, social and
cultural rights<i>,</i></i> Doc.Off. C.E.S., 25<sup>e</sup> sess., Doc. NU
(2001) au para.6.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn72" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref72" name="_ftn72" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn72;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[72]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Committee on economic, social and cultural rights, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Substantive issues arising in the
implementation of the international covenant on economic, social and cultural
rights : poverty and the international covenant on economic, social and
cultural rights<i>,</i></i> Doc.Off. C.E.S., 25<sup>e</sup> sess., Doc. NU
(2001) au para.6.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn73" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref73" name="_ftn73" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn73;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[73]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Mary Robinson,
« The fifth annual Grotius lecture. Shaping globalization : the role of human
rights » (2003) 19:1 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Am. U.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>NT'L L. Rev. 1</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> à la p.15 ; Craig
Scott, « The interdependence and permeability of human rights norms : towards a
partial fusion of the international convenants on human rights » (1989) </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">27:4 Osgoode Hall L. J. 769 aux pp.794-796.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn74" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref74" name="_ftn74" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn74;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[74]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Amartya Sen, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Idea of Justice</i>, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Cambridge, Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2009</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> à la p.382 ;
Amartya Sen, « Elements of a Theory of Human Right » (2004) 32:4 Philosophy
& Public Affairs 315 aux pp.345-348.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn75" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref75" name="_ftn75" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn75;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[75]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Pour cet
argument, voir Onora O'Neill, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Towards Justice and Virtue : A Constructive Account of
Practical Reasoning</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, Cambridge,
Cambridge University Press, 1996</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> aux pp.131-132. </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn76" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref76" name="_ftn76" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn76;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[76]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Pour cet
argument, voir </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Maurice Cranston, « Are there any human rights ? »
(1983) 112:4 Human rights 1 aux pp.13-14.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn77" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref77" name="_ftn77" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn77;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[77]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Osvaldo
Guariglia, « Enforcing economic and social human rights » in Thomas Pogge, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Freedom
from Poverty As a Human Right : Who Owes What to the Very Poor ?</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Oxford, Oxford
University Press, 2007</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> à la p.346 ; Marc Fleurbaey, « Poverty as a form of
oppression » in Thomas Pogge, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Freedom from Poverty As a Human Right : Who Owes What to the
Very Poor ?</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2007 à la p.134.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn78" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref78" name="_ftn78" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn78;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[78]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Par exemple, voir Maurice Cranston, « Are there any human rights ? » (1983)
112:4 Human rights 1 aux pp.13-14. Voir aussi « The Politics of human rights » <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Economist</i> (August 16, 2001) ; «
Human rights : righting wrongs » <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The
Economist</i> (August 16, 2001).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn79" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref79" name="_ftn79" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn79;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[79]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Amartya Sen, «
Elements of a Theory of Human Right » (2004) 32:4 Philosophy & Public
Affairs 315 aux pp.320, 345-348 ; Amartya Sen, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Idea of Justice</i>, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Cambridge,
Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2009 aux pp.382-384. Voir aussi </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Martha C.
Nussbaum, « Capabilities as fundamental entitlements : Sen and social justice »
(2003) 9:2-3 <span style="color: #231f20;">Feminist Economics 33 à la p.36 ; </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">James Griffin, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">On human rights</i>,
Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2008 aux pp.177-182 ;</span><span lang="FR" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">
Cass R. Sunstein, and Randy E. Barnett, « Constitutive commitments and
Roosevelt's second bill of rights : a dialogue » (2004-2005) 53 Drake L. Rev. 205
à la p.222 ; David Archard, « Welfare rights as human rights and the duties of
organization » in </span><span class="addmd"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Tom
Campbell et Seumas Miller, dir., </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Human Rights and the Moral
Responsibilities of Corporate and Public Sector Organisations</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Dordrecht, Kluwer, 2004</span><span class="addmd"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></span><span lang="FR" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">à la p.59 ; C. Michael MacMillan,
« Social versus political rights » (1986) 19:2 Canadian Journal of political
science 283 à la p.284 ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">David Beetham, « What
future for economic and social rights ? » (1995) 43:1 Political studies 41
aux pp.44 et 59 ;</span><span lang="FR" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Ian Johnstone, « Section 7 of the Charter and
constitutionally protected welfare » (1988) </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">46 U. Toronto Fac. L. Rev. 1</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> aux pp.10-11 ;</span><span lang="FR" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Henry Shue, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Basic
Rights : Subsistence, Affluence, and U.S. Foreign Policy</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, 2<sup>nd</sup> ed., Princeton, Princeton University Press,
1996 aux pp.25-26 ;</span><span lang="FR" style="color: #231f20; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Osvaldo Guariglia, « Enforcing economic and
social human rights » in Thomas Pogge, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Freedom from Poverty As a Human
Right : Who Owes What to the Very Poor ?</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Oxford, Oxford
University Press, 2007</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> à la p.346 ;</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">David D. Raphael, « La tradition libérale occidentale » (1966) 18:1 Revue
internationale des sciences sociales 25.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn80" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref80" name="_ftn80" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn80;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[80]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Committee on economic, social and cultural rights, General
comment No.9 : Substantive issues arising in the implementation of the
international covenant on economic, social and cultural rights<i>,</i>
Doc.Off. C.E.S., 19<sup>e</sup> sess., Doc. NU (1998) au para.10. Voir aussi
Office of the High Commissionner for Human Rights, « Can economic, social and
cultural rights be litigated at courts? », en ligne : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><</span></span><span lang="FR" style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/ESCR/Pages/CanESCRbelitigatedatcourts.aspx</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> ;</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Louise Arbour, « 'Freedom from want'- from charity to
entitlement » (March 3, 2005), </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">en ligne : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><</span></span><cite><span lang="FR" style="color: blue; font-size: 10.0pt;">http://www.unhchr.ch/huricane/huricane.nsf/0/58E08B5CD49476BEC1256FBD006EC8B1?opendocument</span></cite><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> ; International
commission of Jurists, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Courts and the Legal Enforcement of Economic,
Social and Cultural Rights<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>:
Comparative experiences of justiciability</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, Geneva, International Commission of Jurists, 2008
aux pp.103-</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></i></b><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">; </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Malcolm Langford,</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> « </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">The Justiciability of Social Rights : From
Practice to Theory » in Malcolm Langford, dir., <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Social Rights Jurisprudence : Emerging Trends in International and
Comparative Law</i>, New York, Cambridge University Press, 2009 aux pp.3-4 ;
Sarah Joseph, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Blame it on the WTO? : A Human Rights Critique : A Human
Rights Critique</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, Oxford, Oxford
University Press, 2011</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> à la p.29 ;</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></i></b><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Rolf Künnemann, « A coherent approach to human rights »
(1995) 17:2 <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Human Rights Quarterly
323.</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn81" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref81" name="_ftn81" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn81;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[81]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Louise Arbour, « 'Freedom from want'- from charity to
entitlement » (March 3, 2005), </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">en ligne : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><</span></span><cite><span lang="FR" style="color: blue; font-size: 10.0pt;">http://www.unhchr.ch/huricane/huricane.nsf/0/58E08B5CD49476BEC1256FBD006EC8B1?opendocument</span></cite><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn82" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref82" name="_ftn82" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn82;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[82]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> Jeremy Waldron, « Rights in conflict »
in<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Liberal
Rights : Collected Papers 1981-1991</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, Cambridge, Cambridge
University Press, 1993 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt;">aux
pp.213-214 ; James Griffin, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">On human
rights</i>, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2008 aux pp.180-182. L’exercice de
plusieurs droits civils et politiques peut exiger des dépenses gouvernementales
substantielles : Stephen Holmes et Cass R. Sunstein, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Cost of Rights : Why Liberty
Depends on Taxes</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, New York, W. W. Norton & Company, 2000. Voir aussi </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Charles A. Baylis, « Towards an international Bill of Rights » (1944)
8:2 The public opinion quarterly 244 aux pp.246-247 ;</span><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> David
Wiseman, « Competence concerns in Charter adjudication : countering the
anti-poverty incompetence argument » (2005-2006) </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">51
McGill L.J. 503</span><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> à la p.530 ; Ivan Hare, « Social rights as fundamental
human rights » in <span class="addmd">Bob Hepple, dir., </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Social and Labour Rights in a Global Context
: International and Comparative Perspectives</i>, Cambridge, Cambridge
University Press, 2002 aux pp.159-160 ; </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Ran
Hirschl, « "Negative" Rights vs. "Positive" Entitlements: A
Comparative Study of Judicial Interpretations of Rights in an Emerging
Neo-Liberal Economic Order » (2000) 22:4 Human Rights Quarterly 1060 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">aux
pp.1072-1073 ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Marc Fleurbaey, «
Poverty as a form of oppression » in Thomas Pogge, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Freedom
from Poverty As a Human Right : Who Owes What to the Very Poor ?</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2007 à la
p.139.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn83" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref83" name="_ftn83" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn83;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[83]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Haig c. Canada
(Directeur général des élections), </span><span class="ssl2"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[</span></span><span class="hit"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1993]
2 R.C.S. 995 </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">au para.79, j. l'Heureux-Dubé (pour la majorité) ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Louise Arbour, « 'Freedom from want'- from charity to
entitlement » (March 3, 2005), </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">en ligne : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><</span></span><cite><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="color: blue;">http://www.unhchr.ch/huricane/huricane.nsf/0/58E08B5CD49476BEC1256FBD006EC8B1?opendocument</span>
</span></cite><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Ontario (Procureur général) <b>c</b>. Fraser, 2011 CSC 20 au para.67-72, j.
McLachlin et Lebel (pour la majorité) ; René Cassin, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">La tradition libérale des droits de l'homme</i>, U.N.E.S.C.O., Oxford,
1965 aux pp.3-5.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn84" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref84" name="_ftn84" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn84;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[84]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Christopher McCrudden, « Human dignity and judicial
interpretation of human rights » (2008) 19:4 E. J. I. L. 655 à la p</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.667. </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn85" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref85" name="_ftn85" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn85;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[85]</span></span></span></span></span></a><i><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
Établissement de normes internationales dans le domaine des droits de l'homme,</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Rés. AG 120 (XXXXI), Doc.Off. A.G.N.U., 41<sup>e</sup>
sess., supp. n°53, Doc. NU A/41/53 (1986), 188 à la p.189. Voir aussi
Christopher McCrudden, « Human dignity and judicial interpretation of human
rights » (2008) 19:4 E. J. I. L. 655 à la p</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.669.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn86" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref86" name="_ftn86" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn86;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[86]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Convention
pour la répression de la traite des êtres humains et de l'exploitation de la
prostitution d'autrui, </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">21
mars 1950, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">96
R.T.N.U. 271. Voir le préambule et </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">l'article
1. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Voir aussi le <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Rapport du Secrétaire général sur la traite
des femmes et des petites filles</i>, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Doc.Off.
A.G.N.U., 51<sup>e</sup> sess., supp. n°309, Doc. NU A/51/309 (1996) 1 à la
p.17 (au para.56). Voir</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> aussi</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> les résolutions suivantes de
l'Assemblée générale des Nations Unies : <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Traite
des femmes et des petites filles<i>,</i></i> Rés. AG 51/66, Doc.Off.
A.G.N.U., 51<sup>e</sup> sess., supp. n°49, Doc. NU A/51/66 (1996) 1 à la p.2 ;
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Plan d'action mondial des Nations Unies
pour la lutte contre la traite des personnes</i>, Rés. AG 64/293, Doc.Off.
A.G.N.U., 64<sup>e</sup> sess., supp. n°49, Doc. NU A/64/293 (2010) 1 aux pp.1
et 6.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn87" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref87" name="_ftn87" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn87;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[87]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Convention
supplémentaire relative à l'abolition de l'esclavage, de la traite des esclaves
et des institutions et pratiques analogues à l'esclavage</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, 7 septembre 1956, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">266 R.T.N.U. 3. Voir le préambule.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn88" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref88" name="_ftn88" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn88;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[88]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Déclaration des
droits du déficient mental<i>,</i></i> Rés. AG 2856 (XXVI), Doc.Off.
A.G.N.U., 26<sup>e</sup> sess., supp. n°49, Doc. NU A/26/2656 (1971) 99 à la
p.99. Voir le préambule.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn89" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref89" name="_ftn89" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn89;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[89]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Déclaration
finale de la Conférence des Nations Unies sur l'environnement</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> (1972), en ligne : </span><span class="longdesc"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><</span></span></span><span class="longdesc"><span lang="FR" style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=97&ArticleID=1503&l=fr</span></span><span class="longdesc"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">></span></span></span><span class="longdesc"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Voir le principe 1.</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn90" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref90" name="_ftn90" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn90;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[90]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Convention
internationale sur l'élimination et la répression du crime d'apartheid</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, 30 novembre 1973, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">1015 R.T.N.U. 243. </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Voir le préambule et l'article 2.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn91" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<h5 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref91" name="_ftn91" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn91;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[91]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-weight: normal;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-weight: normal;">Déclaration universelle pour
l'élimination définitive de la faim et de la malnutrition</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-weight: normal;"> (1974), en ligne : </span><span class="longdesc"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><</span></span></span><span class="longdesc"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman"; font-weight: normal;">http://www2.ohchr.org/french/law/malnutrition.htm</span></span><span class="longdesc"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">></span></span></span><span class="longdesc"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-weight: normal;">. Voir le préambule. Voir aussi le préambule de l'</span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-weight: normal;">Accord portant création du Fonds
international de développement agricole</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-weight: normal;">, 13 juin 1976, </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-weight: normal;">1059 </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-weight: normal;">R.T.N.U. 191. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-weight: normal;"></span></h5>
</div>
<div id="ftn92" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref92" name="_ftn92" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn92;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[92]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Déclaration
des droits des personnes handicapées<i>,</i></span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Rés. AG 3447 (XXX), Doc.Off. A.G.N.U., 30<sup>e</sup>
sess., supp. n°49, Doc. NU A/30/3447 (1975) 92 à la p.92. Voir le préambule et
l'article 3. Voir aussi le préambule des<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">
Règles pour l'égalisation des chances des handicapés<i>,</i></i> Rés. AG
48/96, Doc.Off. A.G.N.U., 48<sup>e</sup> sess., supp. n°49, Doc. NU A/48/96
(1993) 1 à la p.8. </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn93" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref93" name="_ftn93" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn93;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[93]</span></span></span></span></span></a><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">
Déclaration sur l'utilisation du progrès de la science et de la technique dans
l'intérêt de la paix au profit de l'humanité<i>,</i></span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Rés. AG 3384 (XXX), Doc.Off. A.G.N.U., 30<sup>e</sup>
sess., supp. n°49, Doc. NU A/30/3384 (1975) 90 aux pp.90-91. Voir le préambule
et l'article 8. </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn94" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref94" name="_ftn94" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn94;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[94]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span class="title"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Déclaration sur la race et les préjugés raciaux</span></i></span><span class="title"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> (1978), en ligne : </span></span><span class="longdesc"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><</span></span></span><span class="longdesc"><span lang="FR" style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://portal.unesco.org/fr/ev.php-URL_ID=13161&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html</span></span><span class="longdesc"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">></span></span></span><span class="longdesc"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Voir le préambule et les articles 1, 3, 6, 7, 9 et
10. </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn95" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref95" name="_ftn95" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn95;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[95]</span></span></span></span></span></a><i><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Code
de conduite pour les responsables de l'application des lois<i>,</i></span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Rés. AG 34/169, Doc.Off. A.G.N.U., 34<sup>e</sup> sess.,
supp. n°49, Doc. NU A/34/169 (1979) 208 à la p.209. </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn96" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref96" name="_ftn96" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn96;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[96]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Convention
sur l'élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination à l'égard des
femmes</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, 18 décembre 1979, 1249 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R.T.N.U. 13.
Voir le préambule. Voir aussi le préambule du </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Protocole facultatif à la Convention
sur l'élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination à l'égard des femmes</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, 6 octobre 1999, 2131 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R.T.N.U. 83. Voir aussi
la </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Convention
sur les droits politiques de la femme</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">,
31 mars 1953, 193 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R.T.N.U. 135.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn97" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref97" name="_ftn97" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn97;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[97]</span></span></span></span></span></a><i><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
Déclaration sur l'élimination de toutes les formes d'intolérance et de
discrimination fondées sur la religion ou la conviction,</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Rés. AG 36/55, Doc.Off. A.G.N.U., 36<sup>e</sup> sess.,
supp. n°49, Doc. NU A/36/55 (1981) 213 à la p.213. Voir le préambule et
l'article 3. </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn98" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref98" name="_ftn98" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn98;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[98]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Convention
contre la torture et autres peines ou traitements cruels, inhumains ou
dégradants</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, 10 décembre 1984, 1465 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R.T.N.U. 85.
Voir le préambule. Voir aussi l'article 2 de la </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Déclaration sur la protection de
toutes les personnes contre la torture et autres peines ou traitements cruels,
inhumains ou dégradants en relation avec la détention et l'emprisonnement</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, Rés. AG 3452 (XXX), Doc.Off. A.G.N.U., 30<sup>e</sup>
sess., supp. n°49, Doc. NU A/30/3452 (1975) 95 à la p.96. </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn99" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref99" name="_ftn99" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn99;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[99]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Déclaration des
principes fondamentaux de justice relatifs aux victimes de la criminalité et
aux victimes d'abus de pouvoir<i>,</i></i> Rés. AG 40/34, Doc.Off. A.G.N.U.,
40<sup>e</sup> sess., supp. n°49, Doc. NU A/40/34 (1985) 225 à la p.226. Voir
l'article 4.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn100" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref100" name="_ftn100" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn100;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[100]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Convention
relative aux droits de l'enfant</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, 20
novembre 1989, 1577 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R.T.N.U. 3. Voir le préambule et les articles 23, 28, 37, 39
et 40. </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Voir aussi<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> Un monde digne des enfants<i>,</i></i> Rés. AG S-27/2, Doc.Off.
A.G.N.U., 27<sup>e</sup> sess. extraordinaire, supp. n°49, Doc. NU A/27/2
(2002) 1 aux pp.2-22 (paras.4, 7(3), 9, 21, 27 et 44(46)).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn101" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref101" name="_ftn101" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn101;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[101]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Deuxième
Protocole facultatif se rapportant au Pacte international relatif aux droits
civils et politiques visant à abolir la peine de mort</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, 15 décembre 1989, 1642 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R.T.N.U. 414. Voir le
préambule.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn102" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref102" name="_ftn102" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn102;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[102]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Convention
internationale sur la protection des droits de tous les travailleurs migrants
et des membres de leur famille</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, 18
décembre 1990, 2220 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R.T.N.U. 3. Voir les articles 17 et 70.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn103" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<h5 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref103" name="_ftn103" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn103;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[103]</span></span></span></span></span></a><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Principes fondamentaux relatifs au traitement des
détenus,</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-weight: normal;"> Rés. AG 45/111, Doc.Off. A.G.N.U., 45<sup>e</sup> sess., supp. n°49,
Doc. NU A/45/111 (1990) 215 à la p.216. Voir l'article 1. Voir aussi le
principe premier dans<i> </i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ensemble
de principes pour la protection de toutes les personnes soumises à une forme
quelconque de détention ou d'emprisonnement<i>,</i></i> Rés. AG 43/173,
Doc.Off. A.G.N.U., 43<sup>e</sup> sess., supp. n°49, Doc. NU A/43/173 (1988)
310 à la p.310. </span></h5>
</div>
<div id="ftn104" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<h5 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref104" name="_ftn104" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn104;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[104]</span></span></span></span></span></a><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-weight: normal;"> Règles des Nations Unies pour la protection des mineurs privés de
liberté<i>,</i></span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-weight: normal;"> Rés. AG 45/113, Doc.Off. A.G.N.U., 45<sup>e</sup> sess., supp. n°49,
Doc. NU A/45/113 (1990) 220 aux pp.222-226. Voir les articles 26, 31, 66 et 87.</span></h5>
</div>
<div id="ftn105" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref105" name="_ftn105" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn105;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[105]</span></span></span></span></span></a><i><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
Protection des personnes atteintes de maladie mentale et amélioration des soins
de santé mentale,</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Rés. AG 46/119,
Doc.Off. A.G.N.U., 46<sup>e</sup> sess., supp. n°49, Doc. NU A/46/119 (1991)
204 à la p.205. Voir le principe 1(2).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn106" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref106" name="_ftn106" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn106;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[106]</span></span></span></span></span></a><i><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
Déclaration sur l'élimination de la violence à l'égard des femmes,</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Rés. AG 48/104, Doc.Off. A.G.N.U., 48<sup>e</sup> sess.,
supp. n°49, Doc. NU A/48/104 (1994), 1. Voir le préambule.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn107" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref107" name="_ftn107" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn107;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[107]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span class="title"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Déclaration de principes sur la tolérance</span></i></span><span class="title"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> (1995), en ligne : </span></span><span class="longdesc"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><</span></span></span><span class="longdesc"><span lang="FR" style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://portal.unesco.org/fr/ev.php-URL_ID=13175&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html</span></span><span class="longdesc"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">></span></span></span><span class="longdesc"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Voir le préambule et les articles 3 et 4. </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn108" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref108" name="_ftn108" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn108;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[108]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span class="title"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Déclaration sur les responsabilités des générations
présentes envers les générations futures</span></i></span><span class="title"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> (1997), en ligne : </span></span><span class="longdesc"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><</span></span></span><span class="longdesc"><span lang="FR" style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://portal.unesco.org/fr/ev.php-URL_ID=13178&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html</span></span><span class="longdesc"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">></span></span></span><span class="longdesc"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Voir les articles 3 et 6. </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn109" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref109" name="_ftn109" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn109;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[109]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span class="title"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Déclaration universelle sur le génome humain et les droits
de l'homme</span></i></span><span class="title"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">
(1997), en ligne : </span></span><span class="longdesc"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><</span></span></span><span class="longdesc"><span lang="FR" style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://portal.unesco.org/fr/ev.php-URL_ID=13177&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html</span></span><span class="longdesc"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">></span></span></span><span class="longdesc"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Voir le préambule et les articles 1, 2, 6, 10, 11,
12, 15, 21 et 24. </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn110" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref110" name="_ftn110" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn110;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[110]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span class="title"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Déclaration universelle sur le génome humain et les droits
de l'homme</span></i></span><span class="title"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">
(1997), en ligne : </span></span><span class="longdesc"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><</span></span></span><span class="longdesc"><span lang="FR" style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://portal.unesco.org/fr/ev.php-URL_ID=13177&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html</span></span><span class="longdesc"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">></span></span></span><span class="longdesc"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Voir l'article 11. </span></span><span class="longdesc"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Voir aussi</span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Déclaration des
Nations Unies sur le clonage des êtres humains</span></span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, Rés. AG 59/280, Doc.Off. A.G.N.U., 59<sup>e</sup> sess.,
supp. n°49, Doc. NU A/59/280 (2004) 1.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn111" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref111" name="_ftn111" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn111;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[111]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Statut
de Rome de la Cour pénale internationale</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, 17 juillet 1998, 2187 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R.T.N.U. 3. Voir les
articles 8(2)(b)(xxi), 8(2)(c)(ii) et 68. </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn112" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref112" name="_ftn112" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn112;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[112]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span class="title"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Déclaration universelle de l'UNESCO sur la diversité
culturelle</span></i></span><span class="title"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">
(2001), en ligne : </span></span><span class="longdesc"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><</span></span></span><span class="longdesc"><span lang="FR" style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://portal.unesco.org/fr/ev.php-URL_ID=13179&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html</span></span><span class="longdesc"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">></span></span></span><span class="longdesc"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Voir le préambule et l'article 4. </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn113" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref113" name="_ftn113" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn113;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[113]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span class="title"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Déclaration internationale sur les données génétiques
humaines</span></i></span><span class="title"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">
(2003), en ligne : </span></span><span class="longdesc"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><</span></span></span><span class="longdesc"><span lang="FR" style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://portal.unesco.org/fr/ev.php-URL_ID=17720&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html</span></span><span class="longdesc"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">></span></span></span><span class="longdesc"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Voir le préambule et les articles 1, 7, 26 et 27.</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn114" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref114" name="_ftn114" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn114;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[114]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Déclaration universelle sur la
bioéthique et les droits de l'homme </span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">(2005), en
ligne : </span><span class="longdesc"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><</span></span></span><span class="longdesc"><span lang="FR" style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://portal.unesco.org/fr/ev.php-URL_ID=31058&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html</span></span><span class="longdesc"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">></span></span></span><span class="longdesc"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Voir le préambule et les articles 2, 3, 10, 11, 12
et 28. </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn115" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref115" name="_ftn115" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn115;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[115]</span></span></span></span></span></a><i><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Principes fondamentaux et directives concernant le
droit à un recours et à réparation des victimes de violations flagrantes du
droit international des droits de l'homme et de violations graves du droit
international humanitaire</span></i><i><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Rés. AG 60/147, Doc.Off. A.G.N.U., 60<sup>e</sup> sess.,
supp. n°49, Doc. NU A/60/147 (2005) 1 aux pp.2-9. Voir le préambule et les
articles VI et IX.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn116" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<h2 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref116" name="_ftn116" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn116;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[116]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal;">Déclaration de
l’OIT sur la justice sociale pour une mondialisation équitable</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;"> (2008), en ligne : </span><span class="longdesc"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><</span></span></span><span class="longdesc"><span lang="FR" style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman"; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">http://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/WCMS_099767/lang--fr/index.htm</span></span><span class="longdesc"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">></span></span></span><span class="longdesc"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">. Voir le préambule. </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">Voir
aussi la </span><b><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Déclaration de l'OIT relative aux
principes et droits fondamentaux au travail et son suivi</span></b><b><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (1998), en
ligne : </span></b><span class="longdesc"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><</span></span></span><span class="longdesc"><span lang="FR" style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman"; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">http://www.ilo.org/declaration/thedeclaration/textdeclaration/lang--fr/index.htm</span></span><span class="longdesc"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">></span></span></span><span class="longdesc"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">. </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">Voir aussi l'article 2 de la </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal;">Déclaration concernant les
buts et objectifs de l'Organisation Internationale du Travail</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;"> (Déclaration de Philadelphie) (1944) : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; font-weight: normal;">Constitution de
l'Organisation internationale du travail </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">(1945), </span><span class="longdesc"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">en ligne : </span></span><span class="longdesc"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><</span></span></span><span class="longdesc"><span lang="FR" style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman"; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/french/constq.htm</span></span><span class="longdesc"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">></span></span></span><span class="longdesc"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">.</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;"></span></h2>
</div>
<div id="ftn117" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<h5 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref117" name="_ftn117" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn117;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[117]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-weight: normal;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-weight: normal;">Convention relative aux droits
des personnes handicapées</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-weight: normal;">, 13 décembre 2006, Doc. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-weight: normal;">A/61/611. Voir le préambule et
les articles 1, 3, 8, 16, 24 et 25. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-weight: normal;">Voir aussi World Health Organization, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">World report on disability</i>, Geneva, Who
Press, 2011 aux pp.xxii et 9. Entrée en vigueur le 3 mai 2008, cette convention
a été ratifiée par le Gouvernement du Canada le 11 mars 2010 avec l'appui de
l'ensemble des provinces et des territoires : <span class="bold">Commission des
droits de la personne</span> <span class="bold">et des droits de la jeunesse c.</span>
<span class="bold">Stoneham-et-Tewkesbury (Municipalité de cantons-unis), </span><span class="ssl2">[2011] J.T.D.P.Q. no 15</span></span><span class="ssl2"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-weight: normal;">au para.143.</span></h5>
</div>
<div id="ftn118" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref118" name="_ftn118" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn118;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[118]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Convention
internationale pour la protection de toutes les personnes contre les
disparitions forcées</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, 20
décembre 2006, Doc. A/61/488</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">. Voir les articles 19 et 24. Voir aussi </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">le préambule et l'article 1 de la</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><i><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Déclaration
sur la protection de toutes les personnes contre les disparitions forcées,</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Rés. AG 47/133, Doc.Off. A.G.N.U., 47<sup>e</sup> sess.,
supp. n°49, Doc. NU A/47/133 (1992) 1 à la p.3. </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn119" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref119" name="_ftn119" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn119;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[119]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Keegstra, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">[1990] 3 R.C.S. 697
au para.68-69, j. Dickson (pour la majorité) ; </span>Health Services and
Support – Facilities Subsector Bargaining Assn. <b>c</b>. Colombie-Britannique,
[2007] 2 R.C.S. 391 au para.71, j. McLachlin et Lebel (pour la majorité).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn120" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref120" name="_ftn120" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn120;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[120]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Christopher McCrudden, « Human dignity and judicial
interpretation of human rights » (2008) 19:4 E. J. I. L. 655 à la p</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.669.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn121" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref121" name="_ftn121" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn121;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[121]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Convention
internationale sur l'élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination
raciale</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, 7 mars 1966, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">660 R.T.N.U. 195. Voir
le préambule. Voir aussi la </span><span class="title"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Convention concernant la lutte
contre la discrimination dans le domaine de l'enseignement</span></i></span><span class="title"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> (1960), en ligne : </span></span><span class="longdesc"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><</span></span></span><span class="longdesc"><span lang="FR" style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://portal.unesco.org/fr/ev.php-URL_ID=12949&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html</span></span><span class="longdesc"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">></span></span></span><span class="longdesc"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn122" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref122" name="_ftn122" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn122;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[122]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Pacte
international relatif aux droits civils et politiques</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, 19 décembre 1966, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">999 R.T.N.U. 171. Voir le préambule et
l'article 10. </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn123" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref123" name="_ftn123" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn123;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[123]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Pacte
international relatif aux droits économiques, sociaux et culturels</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, 19 décembre 1966, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">993 R.T.N.U. 3. Voir le préambule et
l'article 13 (1). Voir également le préambule du </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Protocole facultatif se rapportant
au Pacte international relatif aux droits économiques, sociaux et culturels</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, 10 décembre 2008, Doc. A/63/435. Bien que ce Pacte n'ait
pas été ratifié par tous les États du monde, il est généralement considéré,
selon Albie Sachs, comme contenant des principes universellement reconnus : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Albie Sachs, « Social and economic rights : can
they be made justiciable ? » (2000) </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">53
S.M.U. L. Rev. 1381 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">aux
pp.1383-1384. Les droits contenus dans ce Pacte ne peuvent, conformément à
l'article 4, être limités que par une loi « </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">en vue de favoriser le bien-être général dans une société démocratique
».</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn124" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref124" name="_ftn124" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn124;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[124]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R. c. Advance Cutting & Coring Ltd., [2001] 3 R.C.S. 209 au para.14, j.
Bastarache (dissident).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn125" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref125" name="_ftn125" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn125;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[125]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Conformément au
préambule de la <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Déclaration universelle
des droits de l'homme</i> qui dispose que </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">« des mesures progressives d'ordre national et international
» doivent être prises afin d'assurer « la reconnaissance et l'application
universelles et effectives » des droits et libertés énoncés dans la
Déclaration. Voir aussi </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Déclaration et programme d'action de Vienne</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, Rés. AG 48/121, Doc. Off. AG NU, 48e sess., Doc. NU A/CONF.157/23 (1993).
</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Voir également </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Renvoi relatif à la Public Service Employee Relations Act (Alb.), [1987] 1
R.C.S. 313 au para.61, j. Dickson (dissident) ; R. c. Advance Cutting &
Coring Ltd., [2001] 3 R.C.S. 209 au para.14, j. Bastarache (dissident).</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn126" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref126" name="_ftn126" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn126;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[126]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Pacte
international relatif aux droits civils et politiques</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, 19 décembre 1966, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">999 R.T.N.U. 171 ; </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Pacte
international relatif aux droits économiques, sociaux et culturels</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, 19 décembre 1966, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">993 R.T.N.U. 3. Voir aussi Louis Henkin,
« Human Rights : Ideology and Aspirations, Reality and Prospect » in Samantha
Power and Graham Allison, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Realizing Human Rights : Moving from Inspiration to Impact</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmilllan, 2006</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> à la p.11.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn127" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref127" name="_ftn127" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn127;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[127]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Renvoi relatif à la sécession du Québec, [1998] 2 R.C.S. 217 au para.121
(la Cour).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn128" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref128" name="_ftn128" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn128;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[128]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Voir le
principe VII (à la p.5) de l'Acte final de la </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Conférence sur la sécurité et la coopération en Europe</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, « Acte final »
(1<sup>er</sup> août 1975), en ligne : www.osce.org </span><span class="longdesc"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><</span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">http://www.google.ca/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=acte%2Bfinal%2Bd%2527Helsinki%2Bcontraignant&source=web&cd=5&ved=0CDsQFjAE&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.osce.org%2Ffr%2Fmc%2F39502&ei=5MWqTovPGqf00gH2nPCHDw&usg=AFQjCNHPMOZD3xdGoxv1dCb6y7PBwtn1yw</span><span class="longdesc"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">></span></span></span><span class="longdesc"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn129" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref129" name="_ftn129" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn129;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[129]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Alternative
approaches and ways and means within the United Nations system for improving
the effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms<i>,</i></span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Rés. AG 40/124, Doc.Off. A.G.N.U., 40<sup>e</sup> sess.,
supp. n°49, Doc. NU 40/124 (1985) 239 à la p.240. </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn130" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref130" name="_ftn130" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn130;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[130]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Autres
méthodes et moyens qui s'offrent dans le cadre des organismes des Nations Unies
pour mieux assurer la jouissance effective des droits de l'homme et des
libertés fondamentales<i>,</i></span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Rés.
AG 32/130, Doc.Off. A.G.N.U., 32<sup>e</sup> sess., supp. n°49, Doc. NU
A/32/130 (1977) 162 à la p.163.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn131" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref131" name="_ftn131" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn131;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[131]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Autres
méthodes et moyens qui s'offrent dans le cadre des organismes des Nations Unies
pour mieux assurer la jouissance effective des droits de l'homme et des
libertés fondamentales<i>,</i></span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Rés.
AG 32/130, Doc.Off. A.G.N.U., 32<sup>e</sup> sess., supp. n°49, Doc. NU
A/32/130 (1977) 162 à la p.163 ; <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Alternative
approaches and ways and means within the United Nations system for improving
the effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms<i>,</i></i>
Rés. AG 40/124, Doc.Off. A.G.N.U., 40<sup>e</sup> sess., supp. n°49, Doc. NU
40/124 (1985) 239 à la p.240. Voir aussi Hugo Chavez, « Chavez at the UN »
(September 18, 2005), en ligne : </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><</span></span><span lang="FR" style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">http://www.zcommunications.org/chavez-at-the-un-by-hugo-chavez</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">></span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn132" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref132" name="_ftn132" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn132;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[132]</span></span></span></span></span></a><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Declaration
on the establishment of a new international economic order<i>,</i></span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Rés. AG 3201 (S-VI), Doc.Off. A.G.N.U., 6<sup>e</sup>
sess., supp. n°49, Doc. NU A/3201 (S-VI) (1974) 3. Voir aussi <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Programme of action on the establishment of
a new international economic order<i>,</i></i> Rés. AG 3202 (S-VI), Doc.Off.
A.G.N.U., 6<sup>e</sup> sess., supp. n°49, Doc. NU A/3202 (S-VI) (1974) 5. Voir
aussi <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Charter of economic rights and
duties of states</i>, Rés. AG 3281 (XXIX), Doc.Off. A.G.N.U., 29<sup>e</sup>
sess., supp. n°49, Doc. NU 3281 (XXIX) (1974) 239 à la p.50. L'Assemblée
générale des Nations Unies précise que l'implantation de cette déclaration est
l'une des principales garanties permettant de créer les conditions nécessaires
afin que tous les êtres humains puissent vivre une vie conforme à la dignité
humaine : <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Declaration on the
establishment of a new international economic order<i>,</i></i> Rés. AG 3201
(S-VI), Doc.Off. A.G.N.U., 6<sup>e</sup> sess., supp. n°49, Doc. NU A/3201
(S-VI) (1974) 3 à la p.5.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn133" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref133" name="_ftn133" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn133;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[133]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Contribution de 1’Unesco
à l’instauration d’un nouvel ordre économique international</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, </span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Rés. 12, Doc.Off. U.N.E.S.C.O., 18<sup>e</sup> sess., supp.
n°49, Doc. NU 12 (1974) 119 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">à la p.120.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn134" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref134" name="_ftn134" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn134;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[134]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Voir le préambule et l'article 6(2) de la<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> Déclaration sur le droit au développement<i>,</i></i>
Rés. AG 41/128, Doc.Off. A.G.N.U., 41<sup>e</sup> sess., supp. n°49, Doc. NU
41/128 (1986) 196 à la p.197.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn135" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref135" name="_ftn135" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn135;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[135]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Voir le préambule de la<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">
Déclaration sur le droit au développement<i>,</i></i> Rés. AG 41/128,
Doc.Off. A.G.N.U., 41<sup>e</sup> sess., supp. n°49, Doc. NU 41/128 (1986) 196
à la p.197.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn136" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref136" name="_ftn136" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn136;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[136]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Déclaration et programme
d'action de Vienne</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, Rés. AG 48/121, Doc. Off. AG NU,
48e sess., Doc. NU</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">A/CONF.157/23 (1993). Voir aussi </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Christopher
McCrudden, « Human dignity and judicial interpretation of human rights » (2008)
19:4 E. J. I. L. 655 à la p</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.670.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn137" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref137" name="_ftn137" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn137;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[137]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Renvoi relatif à la sécession du Québec, [1998] 2 R.C.S. 217 au para.120
(la Cour).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn138" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref138" name="_ftn138" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn138;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[138]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Déclaration et programme d'action de
Vienne</i>, Rés. AG 48/121, Doc. Off. AG NU, 48e sess., Doc. NU</span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">A/CONF.157/23 (1993). Voir aussi le préambule du </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Pacte
international relatif aux droits civils et politiques</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, 19 décembre 1966, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">999 R.T.N.U. 171 ; </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">le préambule du </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Pacte international relatif aux droits économiques, sociaux
et culturels</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, 19 décembre 1966, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">993 R.T.N.U. 3
et</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> le préambule de la </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Convention contre la torture et
autres peines ou traitements cruels, inhumains ou dégradants</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, 10 décembre 1984, 1465 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">R.T.N.U. 85.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn139" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref139" name="_ftn139" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn139;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[139]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><i><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Déclaration
du Millénaire,</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Rés. AG 55/2,
Doc.Off. A.G.N.U., 55<sup>e</sup> sess., supp. n°49, Doc. NU A/55/2 (2000) 1 à
la p.7 (para.25).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn140" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref140" name="_ftn140" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn140;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[140]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><i><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Déclaration
du Millénaire,</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Rés. AG 55/2,
Doc.Off. A.G.N.U., 55<sup>e</sup> sess., supp. n°49, Doc. NU A/55/2 (2000) 1 à
la p.2 (para.6).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn141" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref141" name="_ftn141" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn141;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[141]</span></span></span></span></span></a><i><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
Déclaration du Millénaire,</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Rés.
AG 55/2, Doc.Off. A.G.N.U., 55<sup>e</sup> sess., supp. n°49, Doc. NU A/55/2
(2000) 1 à la p.1 (para.2). Voir aussi </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Organisation des
Nations Unies, « </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Rapport de la Conférence mondiale
contre le racisme, la discrimination raciale, la xénophobie et l'intolérance
qui y est associée », Conférence mondiale contre le racisme, la discrimination
raciale, la xénophobie et l'intolérance qui y est associée,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Durban, 31 août - 8 septembre 2001,
A/CONF.189/12</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> à la p.4. </span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn142" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref142" name="_ftn142" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn142;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[142]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Document final du Sommet mondial de 2005</span></i><i><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Rés. AG 60/1, Doc.Off. A.G.N.U., 60<sup>e</sup> sess.,
supp. n°49, Doc. NU A/60/1 (2005) 1 à la p.34. Voir aussi l'article 5d) de la<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> Déclaration sur le progrès et le
développement dans le domaine social<i>,</i></i> Rés. AG 2542 (XXIV),
Doc.Off. A.G.N.U., 24<sup>e</sup> sess., supp. n°49, Doc. NU A/24/2542 (1969)
51 aux pp.51-54.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn143" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref143" name="_ftn143" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn143;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[143]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Déclaration universelle des droits de l'homme</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, Rés. AG 217(III), Doc. Off. AG NU, 3<sup>e</sup> sess., supp. n°13, Doc.
NU A/810 (1948) 71. Voir le préambule. Voir aussi les préambules du </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Pacte
international relatif aux droits civils et politiques</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, 19 décembre 1966, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">999 R.T.N.U. 171 et du </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Pacte
international relatif aux droits économiques, sociaux et culturels</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, 19 décembre 1966, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">993 R.T.N.U. 3.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn144" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref144" name="_ftn144" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn144;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[144]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Déclaration universelle des droits de l'homme</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, Rés. AG 217(III), Doc. Off. AG NU, 3<sup>e</sup> sess., supp. n°13, Doc.
NU A/810 (1948) 71. Article 22. Voir aussi les préambules du </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Pacte
international relatif aux droits civils et politiques</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, 19 décembre 1966, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">999 R.T.N.U. 171 et du </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Pacte
international relatif aux droits économiques, sociaux et culturels</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, 19 décembre 1966, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">993 R.T.N.U. 3.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn145" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref145" name="_ftn145" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn145;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[145]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Robert
Badinter, « </span><span class="bold"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Unité
ou pluralisme, à propos de la</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <span class="bold">garantie des droits de l'Homme en Europe » (2000) 13:1 R.Q.D.I. 15</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> au para.26.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn146" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref146" name="_ftn146" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn146;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[146]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Déclaration universelle des droits de l'homme</span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, Rés. AG 217(III), Doc. Off. AG NU, 3<sup>e</sup> sess., supp. n°13, Doc.
NU A/810 (1948) 71. Article 22.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn147" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref147" name="_ftn147" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn147;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[147]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Projet
de pacte international relatif aux droits de l'homme et mesures de mise en
œuvre : travaux futurs de la Commission de droits de l'homme<i>,</i></span></i><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Rés. AG 421 (V), Doc.Off. A.G.N.U., 5<sup>e</sup> sess.,
supp. n°49, Doc. NU A/5/421 (1950) 47 à la p.48. Voir aussi </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">J.P. Humphrey, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Human rights and the United Nations : a
great adventure</i>, New York, Transnational Publishers, 1984 à la p.4.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn148" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref148" name="_ftn148" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn148;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[148]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> United Nations
educational, scientific and cultural organization, « The grounds of an
international declaration of human rights » in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Human rights : comments and interpretations</i>, Paris, UNESCO,
1948 à la p.6 (Appendix II).</span></div>
</div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7671274545402013868.post-10706749588788640032016-01-04T15:14:00.000-05:002016-01-04T18:30:47.962-05:00La dépendance affective : une conséquence "normale" à l'amour
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">"</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">The
psychology of human love and drug addiction share powerful overlaps at
virtually every level of the addictive process, from initial encounters to
withdrawal. A preponderance of evidence from human studies and animal models
now demonstrates that these overlaps extend to the level of neurobiology as
well, where virtually every neurochemical system implicated in addiction also
participates in social attachment processes (...)</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial Narrow";"> <b><u><span lang="FR">In a very real sense, we may be addicted to the ones
we love</span></u></b><span lang="FR">" (</span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">James
P. Burkett and Larry J. Young</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial Narrow";"> </span></span><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial Narrow";">)<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial Narrow";">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";"></span></span>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">"</span><b><u><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">La
réduction de l’univers à un seul être, la dilatation d’un seul être jusqu’à
Dieu, voilà l’amour </span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">(...) </span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">Quel vide que l’absence de l’être qui à lui seul remplit le monde</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";"> !
Oh ! comme il est vrai que l’être aimé devient Dieu. On comprendrait que
Dieu en fût jaloux si le Père de tout n’avait pas évidemment fait la création
pour l’âme, et l’âme pour l’amour (...)</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">Tous, qui que nous soyons, nous avons nos êtres
respirables. S’ils nous manquent, l’air nous manque, nous étouffons. Alors on
meurt. Mourir par manque d’amour, c’est affreux ! L’asphyxie de
l’âme (...) Quand l’amour a fondu et mêlé deux êtres dans une unité
angélique et sacrée, le secret de la vie est trouvé pour eux ; ils ne sont
plus que les deux termes d’une même destinée ; ils ne sont plus que les
deux ailes d’un même esprit. Aimez, planez !" (Victor Hugo)<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">"D'une
manière générale l'amour désigne la conscience de l'unité que je forme avec
quelqu'un d'autre, de telle sorte que je ne sois pas isolé pour moi, mais qu'il
ne me soit possible d'acquérir la conscience de moi que par la suppression de
mon être-pour-soi et par la connaissance de moi-même comme d'une unité que je
forme avec l'autre et que l'autre forme avec moi. Mais l'amour est un
sentiment, c'est-à-dire la vie éthique sous sa forme naturelle (...) <b><u>Dans l'amour, le premier moment consiste
en ceci que je ne veux pas être une personne autonome indépendante et que, si
je l'étais, je me sentirais incomplet et imparfait</u></b>" (Hegel)<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">[3]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">"</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">I</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">mm</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">t</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">u</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">r</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">e</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";"> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">l</span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">o</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">v</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">e s</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">y</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">s</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">:</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";"> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">“</span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">I</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">l</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">o</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">v</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">e <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">y</span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">ou</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">b</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">ec</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">u</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">s</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">e I</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";"> nee</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">d</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";"> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">y</span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">o<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">u</span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">”</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";"> M</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">t</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">u</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">r</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">e</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; letter-spacing: -1.3pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">l</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">o</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">v</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">e s</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">a</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">y</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">s</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">:</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";"> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">“</span></span><b><u><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">I </span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">n</span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">ee</span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">d</span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";"> <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">y</span></span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">ou</span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; letter-spacing: -1.45pt;"> </span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">b</span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">ec</span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">a</span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">u</span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">s</span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">e I</span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; letter-spacing: -1.25pt;"> </span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">l</span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">o</span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">v</span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">e <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">y</span></span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">o<span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">u</span></span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">[4]</span></span></span></span></a>.
</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">"Mature love is union under the condition of preserving one's
integrity, one's individuality (...) <b><u>In
love the paradox occurs that two beings become one and yet remain two</u></b>"
(Erick Fromm<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"> </span>)<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">[5]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-font-width: 94%;"></span></div>
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<u><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Le culte de l'indépendance absolue</span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Selon </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Marry Ann Glendon,
professeure à la faculté de droit à l'Université Harvard, l'idéalisation dans
notre société du concept d'autonomie individuelle a des effets pervers
importants, dont celui de rendre la dépendance méprisable aux yeux de tous<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a>.
Elle affirme : </span></div>
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<blockquote class="tr_bq">
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">« By making a radical version of individual autonomy normative,
we inevitably imply that dependency is something to be avoided in oneself and
disdained in others »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">[7]</span></span></span></span></a>. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: FR;">D’ailleurs, la </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">dépendance a trouvé son chemin en psychiatrie. En effet, le <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Manuel diagnostique et statistique des
troubles mentaux</i> (DSM V), la bible de la psychiatrie, érige la dépendance
en trouble de la personnalité intitulé le "Dependent personality
disorder" (301.6 (F60.7)). Ce trouble est </span><span class="hps"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-ansi-language: FR;">marqué par une</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-ansi-language: FR;"> <span class="hps">dépendance sur d'autres personnes</span> <span class="hps">pour
répondre à</span> <span class="hps">ses</span> <span class="hps">besoins affectifs
et physiques</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: HI; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: FR;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">D</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">ans
le passé, plusieurs comportements furent à tort considérés comme anormaux et
comme des maladies mentales alors qu'ils n'en étaient pas. Par exemple, </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">en 1851, le
psychiatre Samuel Cartwright inventa une maladie mentale qu’il appela
« Drapetomia ». Selon cette maladie mentale, une personne noire
souffrait de cette maladie si elle désirait s’échapper de l’esclavage. Pour
prévenir cette maladie, M. Cartwright proposait aux maîtres d’infliger des
coups de fouet à leurs esclaves<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: HI; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a>.
Dans un même ordre d'idées, l’homosexualité était autrefois considérée comme un
comportement anormal, déviant, immoral et était classifiée comme une maladie
mentale dans la 2<sup>e</sup> version du <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Manuel
diagnostique et statistique des troubles mentaux</i> (DSM-II) de 1968<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: HI; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a>.
Or selon l'Association américaine de psychiatrie, l'homosexualité était
autrefois classifiée comme une maladie mentale, car les psychiatres et la
société avaient une information biaisée sur le sujet : "</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Homosexuality was once thought to be a mental illness <u>because
mental health professionals and society had biased information</u>"<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">[11]</span></span></span></span></a>.
Selon le psychiatre Allen Frances, la normalité est plus que jamais en voie
d’extinction. Il affirme :</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-hyphenate: auto; mso-outline-level: 1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">« </span><b><u><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">Normality is an endangered
species (…) In this brave new world of psychiatric overdiagnosis, will anyone
get through life without a mental disorder</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">? (…) The “epidemics” in
psychiatry are caused by changing diagnostic fashions—the people don’t change,
the labels do. There are no objective tests in psychiatry—no X-ray, laboratory,
or exam that says definitively that someone does or does not have a mental
disorder. What is diagnosed as mental disorder is very sensitive to
professional and social contextual forces. <b><u>Rates
of disorder rise easily because mental disorder has such fluid boundaries with
normality (…) It is too bad that there is no advocacy group for normality that
could effectively push back against all the forces aligned to expand the reach
of mental disorders </u></b>»<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">[12]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"></span>
</div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-hyphenate: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 28.0pt 56.0pt 84.0pt 112.0pt 140.0pt 168.0pt 196.0pt 224.0pt 252.0pt 280.0pt 308.0pt 336.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">En conséquence, et à moins que seule la dépendance
très extrême soit visée par le </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">"Dependent personality disorder",</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">il n’est pas </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">déraisonnable, selon moi, de penser que le </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">"Dependent
personality disorder" serait, comme le fut l'homosexualité, possiblement
fondé, à tout le moins dans la sphère amoureuse, sur une information biaisée. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">En d'autres termes, </span><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">il n’est pas déraisonnable
de penser que, dans une relation amoureuse, l'état pathologique est, non pas la
dépendance affective, mais la recherche et le maintien d'un amour
« fissionnel » et d'une indépendance absolue. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-hyphenate: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 28.0pt 56.0pt 84.0pt 112.0pt 140.0pt 168.0pt 196.0pt 224.0pt 252.0pt 280.0pt 308.0pt 336.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-hyphenate: auto; mso-outline-level: 1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Le fait que traditionnellement la société voue un
culte à l'indépendance absolue dans toutes les sphères de la vie humaine
(incluant la sphère amoureuse) et l'érige en norme est-il une raison suffisante
pour y adhérer et pour classifier la dépendance comme un état anormal et
pathologique? Personnellement, je ne le crois pas pour les trois raisons suivantes
: </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-hyphenate: auto; mso-outline-level: 1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Premièrement, l'argument de
l'autorité de la tradition n'est pas un véritable argument, car la tradition
n'est pas un gage de vérité. Au contraire, il est parfois important, au nom de
la vérité (qui est, selon Rawls, la première vertu des systèmes de pensée<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">[13]</span></span></span></span></a>), de remettre en doute
les fausses certitudes et les dogmes lorsqu'ils sont faux. En science, on peut
mentionner l'exemple de Copernic et de Galilée. En philosophie, on peut
mentionner l'exemple de Socrate (condamné pour impiété). En théologie, on peut
mentionner l'exemple de Jésus (condamné comme blasphémateur). De même, plusieurs
personnes ont dans le passé été brûlées sur le bûcher (comme sorcière ou
hérétique) pour seul motif d'avoir contredit ou s'être opposé au dogme du temps
(voir chasse aux sorcières). Plusieurs auteurs ont, dans le passé, été mis à
l'Index (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Index librorum prohibitorum</i>)
par l'Église pour motif qu'ils étaient dangereux ou parce qu'ils véhiculaient
des idées différentes de celles défendues par l'Église. À ce sujet, le
philosophe John Stuart Mill affirme :</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-hyphenate: auto; mso-outline-level: 1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial Narrow";"> </span><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial Narrow";">« <b><u>Le despotisme de la coutume est partout
l'obstacle qui défie le progrès humain</u></b> »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial Narrow";">[14]</span></span></span></span></a> ; « <b><u>S'il y a des gens pour contester une opinion reçue ou pour désirer
le faire si la loi ou l'opinion publique le leur permet, il faut les en
remercier, ouvrir nos esprits à leurs paroles et nous réjouir qu'il y en ait
qui fassent pour nous ce que nous devrions prendre davantage la peine de faire,
si tant est que la certitude ou la vitalité de nos convictions nous importe</u></b>
»<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial Narrow";">[15]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></span>
</div>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-hyphenate: auto; mso-outline-level: 1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">De même, le fait qu'une majorité de personnes ou
une société partagent une idée ou une opinion en matière de santé mentale (comme
celle qui veut que la dépendance soit un trouble de la personnalité) ne prouve
pas la validité de cette idée ou de cette opinion. À ce sujet, le psychologue
et psychanalyste Erick Fromm <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>affirmait :</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial Narrow";">"<b><u>What is so deceptive about the state of
mind of the members of a society is the "consensual validation" of
their concepts. It is naively assumed that the fact that the majority of people
share certains ideas or feelings proves the validity of these ideas and
feelings. Nothing is further from the truth. Consensual validation as such has
no bearing whatsoever on reason or mental health. Just as there is a
"folie à deux" there is a "folie à millions". The fact that
millions of people share the same vices does not make these vices virtues, the
fact that they share so many errors does not make the errors to be truths, and
the fact that millions of people share the same forms of mental pathology does
not make these people sane</u></b>"<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial Narrow";">[16]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"> </span>
</div>
</blockquote>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Le philosophe Bertrand
Russell affirmait également :</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">« <u>The tyranny of the majority is a very
real danger. It is a mistake to suppose that the majority is necessarily right.
On every new question the majority is always wrong at first</u>. In matters where
the state must act as a whole, such as tariffs, for example, decision by
majorities is probably the best method that can be devised. But there are a
great many questions in which there is no need of a uniform decision. Religion
is recognized as one of these. Education ought to be one, provided a certain
minimum standard is attained. Military service clearly ought to be one.
Wherever divergent action by different groups is possible without anarchy, it
ought to be permitted. In such cases <u>it will be found by those who consider
past history that, whenever any new fundamental issue arises, the majority are
in the wrong, because they are guided by prejudice and habit. Progress comes
through the gradual effect of a minority in converting opinion and altering custom.
At one time—not so very long ago—it was considered monstrous wickedness to
maintain that old women ought not to be burnt as witches. If those who held
this opinion had been forcibly suppressed, we should still be steeped in
medieval superstition. For such reasons, it is of the utmost importance that
the majority should refrain from imposing its will as regards matters in which
uniformity is not absolutely necessary</u> »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">[17]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></span><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span>
</div>
</blockquote>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Deuxièmement, comme l’ont reconnu </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Sigmund Freud et </span><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Erick Fromm, une société peut
également, à l'instar d'un individu, souffrir de pathologies. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Par exemple</span><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">, un des mythes très populaires de nos
jours est, selon Erick Fromm, que la société occidentale contemporaine et plus
particulièrement le mode de vie américain (qui voue un culte à l'indépendance)
répond aux exigences de la nature humaine et que l’ajustement à ce mode de vie
est sain. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Dans
son livre "Civilization and its discontents" Sigmund Freud affirmait
:</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">"<b><u>If
the evolution of civilization has such a far-reaching similarity with the
development of an individual, and if the same methods are employed in both,
would not the diagnosis be justified that many systems of civilization, or
epochs of it, possibly even the whole of humanity, have become 'neurotic' under
the pressure of the civilizing trends</u></b>? (...) <b><u>We may expect that
one day someone will venture upon this research into the pathology of civilized
communities</u></b>"<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">[18]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Le</span><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> psychologue et psychanalyste Erick Fromm affirmait
également :</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial Narrow";">"</span><b><u><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial Narrow";">That
human nature and society can have conflicting demands, and hence that a whole
society can be sick, is an assumption which was made very explicitly by Freud,
most extensively in his Civilization and Its Discontent (...) </span></u></b><b><u><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">Civilization, to Freud, is
the product of instinctual frustration and thus the cause of mental illness (…)
</span></u></b><b><u><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial Narrow";">One, decidedly the most popular one today,
wants to make us believe that contemporary Western society and more especially,
the "American way of life" corresponds to the deepest needs of human
nature and that adjustment to this way </span></u></b><b><u><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial Narrow";">of life means
mental health and </span></u></b><b><u><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial Narrow";">maturity. </span></u></b><b><u><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">Social psychology, instead
of being a tool for the criticism of society, thus becomes the apologist for
the status quo</span></u></b><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial Narrow";">"<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial Narrow";">[19]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></span><span lang="FR" style="font-size: 9.5pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"></span></div>
</blockquote>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Troisièmement, le concept de
santé mentale ne doit pas être défini en terme d'adaptation à la société, car
comme le mentionne l</span><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">e
psychologue et psychanalyste Erick Fromm, </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">l'adaptation à une société malsaine (par exemple, qui
voue un culte à l'indépendance absolue) n'est pas souhaitable. En effet, c</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">omme
le disait Gandhi, « l’interdépendance est et doit être, tout autant que
l’autonomie, l’idéal de l’homme (...) C’est en dépendant de la société qu’il
apprend à être humain »</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR;">[20]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">.
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Le</span></span><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> psychologue et psychanalyste Erick
Fromm affirmait :</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">"<b><u>Many
psychiatrists and psychologists refuse to entertain the idea that society as a
whole may be lacking in sanity. They hold that the problem of mental health in
a society is only that of the humber of "unadjusted" individuals, and
not that of a possible unadjustment of the culture itself (...) </u></b></span><b><u><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial Narrow";">Mental health
cannot be defined in terms of the "adjustment" of the individual to
his society, but, on the contrary, that it must be <i>defined </i>in terms of
the adjustment of society to the <i>needs </i>of man, of its role in furthering
or hindering the development of mental health. Whether or not the individual is
healthy, is primarily not an individual matter, but depends on the structure of
his society</span></u></b><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial Narrow";">"<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial Narrow";">[21]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
</blockquote>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Le prix nobel de la paix,
Dr. Martin Luther King, affirmait également :</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">"</span><b><u><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">I am sure that we will recognize that there are
some things in our society, some things in our world, to which we should never
be adjusted. There are some things concerning which we must always be
maladjusted if we are to be people of good will</span></u></b></span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">"<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">[22]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"></span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Le psychiatre Dr. Nassir
Ghaemi ajoute :</span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";"> </span></span><blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">"</span><b><u><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">The deeper attitude behind King's </span></u></b><a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/basics/philosophy" title="Psychology Today looks at philosophy"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">philosophy</span></b></a><b><u><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">
was his view that we should be "creatively maladjusted." King was
explicit in a sermon on this topic: "Everybody passionately seeks to be
well-adjusted," he said. "...but there are some things in our world
to which men of good will must be maladjusted....Human salvation lies in the
hands of the creatively maladjusted." Psychiatrists and psychologists call
"adjusted" the intention of fitting in, being accepted,
"functioning" well. The average teenager is obsessed with being
adjusted, but so are adults, more than we care to admit: the average corporate
employee, the typical professor, intellectual, television pundit - they are all
rewarded for being well-adjusted. But this kind of normal thinking, this
conformism, is deadly to </span></u></b><a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/basics/creativity" title="Psychology Today looks at creativity"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">creativity</span></b></a><b><u><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">.
One never has a new idea; the past is the future; all problems become insoluble
dilemmas.</span></u></b>
</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 30.8pt 0.0001pt 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><u><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">King
realized that to solve the problems of human life, especially the deepest
problems—like </span></u></b><a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/basics/bias" title="Psychology Today looks at racism"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">racism</span></b></a><b><u><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">, poverty, and
war—we have to become, in a sense, abnormal. We have to stop going along; we
have to stop accepting what everyone else believes. We have to become
maladjusted if we are at all to become creative, and find that insoluble
dilemmas often are the masks for other previously unrecognized problems with
simple solutions</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">"<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">[23]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Selon plusieurs psychiatres
et psychologues, la dépendance affective est souhaitable. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">La
psychologue et Présidente de l'Ordre des psychologues du Québec, Rose-Marie
Charest affirme :<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"></span></span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">"</span><b><u><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">L'amour
s'inscrit nécessairement à l'intérieur d'une relation d'interdépendance. Il
implique d'avoir besoin de l'autre et de lui permettre d'avoir besoin de soi.
Or, la peur de la dépendance - de la sienne propre et de celle de l'autre - est
souvent invoquée pour fuir une relation qui, en soi, n'a rien de pathologique</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">.
En conséquence, si certaines souffrances sont évitées, le bonheur est éloigné
d'autant"<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">[24]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: FR;"></span></div>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-hyphenate: auto; mso-outline-level: 1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Le psychologue Yves Dalpé
affirme également :</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">"</span><b><u><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">Je
suis devenu allergique à l'idée de «dépendance affective» dans le couple. Comme
si c'était anormal de trop sentir la force du lien amoureux et conjugal. On a
peur d'accorder tellement d'importance au conjoint, qu'on en perdrait son
autonomie, croit-on. Cette méfiance de la dépendance m'apparaît depuis longtemps
comme une simple rationalisation de la peur inconsciente d'aimer. Ou de la
difficulté de prendre adéquatement sa place dans une relation intime. Ou encore
d'un besoin indu de distance dans le couple. Ou de la difficulté d'admettre son
besoin de dépendance des autres, ce qui est le cas des narcissiques</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">"<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">[25]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: FR;"></span></div>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-hyphenate: auto; mso-outline-level: 1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">La sexologue Jocelyne Robert affirme aussi :</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">"</span><b><u><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">Une certaine dépendance affective est nécessaire à
la construction d’un lien amoureux et érotique, dense et solide. C’est de la
réunion, féconde, de deux dépendances affectives saines (ou de deux
indépendances affectives saines) que naîtra l’interdépendance affective
relationnelle.</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";"> </span>
</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 30.8pt 0.0001pt 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">La tendresse, la disponibilité (à soi et à
l’autre), la complicité, la solidarité, la confiance, les liens privilégiés s’épanouissent
chez les interdépendants affectifs. La pérennité de l’amour et du couple réside
dans ces rapports lucides, conscients, libres<span class="entry-content">"</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">[26]</span></span></span></span></a><span class="entry-content">.</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> </span>
</div>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-hyphenate: auto; mso-outline-level: 1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">La psychologue Susan Johnson-Douglas, professeure
émérite à la faculté de psychologie à l'Université d'Ottawa et auteure du
récent ouvrage <em><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Serre-moi fort! </span></em>("Hold me tight"), affirme :</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">« <b><u>Dans
nos sociétés occidentales, nous avons développé une phobie de la dépendance
affective et culpabilisé les gens - particulièrement les femmes - pour des
besoins affectifs parfaitement normaux et légitimes», m'explique-t-elle au
téléphone, de l'Université d'Ottawa où elle enseigne. «On a beaucoup parlé de
la dépendance sous sa forme malsaine et destructrice, celle qu'on observe dans
les unions où un des partenaires est alcoolique ou violent, par exemple. Mais
dans une relation normale, la dépendance à l'autre est inévitable, voire
souhaitable!</u></b> »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">[27]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";"></span>
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 37.9pt 0.0001pt 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">"</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">My personal
insights, gleaned from researching and counseling more than a thousand couples
over 35 years, have now merged with a growing body of scientific studies, to
the point where I can now say with </span><a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/basics/confidence" title="Psychology Today looks at confidence"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">confidence</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";"> that we know
what love is. It's intuitive and yet not necessarily obvious: It's the
continual search for a basic, secure connection with someone else. Through this
bond, <b><u>partners in love become
emotionally dependent on each other</u></b> for nurturing, soothing, and
protection.</span>
</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 30.8pt 0.0001pt 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">We have a wired-in need for emotional contact and responsiveness
from significant others. It's a survival response, the driving force of the
bond of security a baby seeks with its mother. This observation is at the heart
of </span><a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/basics/attachment" title="Psychology Today looks at attachment"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">attachment</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";"> theory. <b><u>A great deal of evidence indicates that
the need for secure attachment never disappears</u></b>; it evolves into the
adult need for a secure emotional bond with a partner. Think of how a mother
lovingly gazes at her baby, just as two lovers stare into each other's eyes.</span>
</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 30.8pt 0.0001pt 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><u><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">Although
our culture has framed dependency as a bad thing, a weakness, it is not.</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";"> Being attached
to someone provides our greatest sense of security and safety. It means
depending on a partner to respond when you call, to know that you matter to him
or her, that you are cherished, and that he will respond to your emotional
needs.</span>
</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 30.8pt 0.0001pt 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">The most basic tenet of attachment theory is that
isolation—not just physical isolation but emotional isolation—is traumatizing for
human beings. The </span><a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/basics/neuroscience" title="Psychology Today looks at brain"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">brain</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";"> actually codes
it as danger</span>
</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 30.8pt 0.0001pt 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">We
start out intensely connected to and responsive to our partners. But our level
of attentiveness tends to drop off over time. We then experience moments of
disconnection, times when we don't express our needs clearly. He is upset and
really wants to be comforted, but she leaves him alone, thinking that he wants
solitude. These moments are actually inescapable in a relationship. If you're
going to dance with someone, you're going to step on each other's feet once in
a while.</span>
</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 30.8pt 0.0001pt 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">Losing
the connection with a loved one, however, jeopardizes our sense of security. We
experience a primal feeling of panic. It sets off an alarm in the brain's
amygdala, our </span><a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/basics/fear" title="Psychology Today looks at fear"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">fear</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">
center, where we are highly attuned to threats of all kinds. Once the amygdala
sends out an alarm, we don't think—we act. The threat can come from the outside
world or from our own inner cosmos. It's our perception that counts, not the
reality. If we feel abandoned at a moment of need, we are set up to enter a
state of panic.</span>
</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 30.8pt 0.0001pt 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">Too
often, what couples do not see is that most fights are really protests over
emotional disconnection. Underneath all the distress, partners are desperate to
know: Are you there for me? Do you need me? Do you rely on me?</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">"<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">[28]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-hyphenate: auto; mso-outline-level: 1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Le psychiatre et
psychanalyste américain Heinz </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Kohut affirme aussi :</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">"<b><u>From
the point of view of the psychoanalytic psychology of the self a value-laden
demand for psychological independence is nonsense, almost as nonsensical as
would be a demand that the human body should be able to get along without
oxygen</u></b>"<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">[29]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: FR;"></span></div>
</blockquote>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Le psychothérapeute Russell Collins affirme
également :</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">"</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">People like Chloe
who are unhappy in their relationships — or have a negative assessment about
someone else’s relationship — use the term to mean that two people have become
lost in each other’s emotional world. They can no longer tell where one of them
starts and the other one ends. This is seen as a bad thing, an indicator of
unhealthy dependence in the relationship.</span>
</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 30.8pt 0.0001pt 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">But isn’t “losing yourself” sort of the definition
of love? Or at least one definition? The ceding of our sense of separateness to
a larger unity — the couple? <b><u>What’s
more, current psychological theories increasingly acknowledge that <i>depending
upon each other</i> is at the core of our social experience as humans</u></b>.
We need assurance that our significant others will be there when we need them.
We feel most confident venturing out in the world when we know they “have our
backs.”</span>
</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 30.8pt 0.0001pt 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><u><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">Pioneering
psychologist </span></u></b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bowlby" title="John Bowlby"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">John Bowlby</span></b></a><b><u><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";"> gave this kind
of emotional connection a name, “effective dependence,” and saw it as the core
feature of loving relationships. The idea of codependency as a sickness, in
other words, can paint a misleading and discouraging picture, preventing us
from focusing on the very aspects of relationship that make a deep intimacy
possible</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">"<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn30" name="_ftnref30" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">[30]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Selon le psychiatre </span><span class="addmd"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Glen O. Gabbard, la dépendance est désirable et
seule </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">la dépendance extrême est visée par <span class="addmd">le </span>"Dependent personality disorder" du DSM V. Il
affirme :</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">"<b><u>Dependency,
like rejection, has become something of a psychiatric cliché. Everyone is
dependent to some degree, and most patients in a clinical setting will have
some conflict over their feeling of dependency. Particularly in American
culture, where a powerful myth centers on rugged individualism and
independence, the word "dependency" is often used pejoratively. Yet
self psychologists would argue that true independence is neither possible nor
desirable. Most of us need various self-object functions, such as approval, empathy,
validation, and admiration, to sustain us and to regulate our self-esteem. The
DSM-V category of dependent personality disorder (DPD) is meant to capture a
dependency so extreme as to be pathological</u></b>"<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn31" name="_ftnref31" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">[31]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Optima LT Std";"> </span>
</div>
</blockquote>
<div class="textecontenu" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 2.45pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">De
plus, il est désormais scientifiquement démontré en neurobiologie que la
dépendance affective est une conséquence naturelle à l'amour. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 12.0pt;">En effet, sur le site de
l'Université McGill, il est affirmé, sur la base d’études d’imagerie cérébrale,
que « l'amour romantique ressemble à une dépendance » :</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Optima LT Std";"></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";"> </span></span><blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">"</span><b><u><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">À bien des égards, l’amour romantique
ressemble à une dépendance</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">.
Il partage avec elle de nombreuses caractéristiques comme l’obsession, la
focalisation mentale, les fluctuations émotionnelles, la distorsion de la
réalité, les changements de personnalité, la prise de risque ou la perte de
contrôle de soi. Traverser un pays entier sur un coup de tête pour quelques
baisers de l’être aimé a certes quelque chose qui peut faire sourire. <u>Mais
ce n’est pas sans rappeler la dépendance psychologique (ou
« craving », en anglais) d’une personne droguée en manque et prête à
tout pour obtenir sa dose</u>. </span>
</span></div>
<div class="textecontenu" style="margin: 0cm 30.8pt 0.0001pt 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><u><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">Également, tout comme avec une drogue, la
nécessité, pour diverses raisons, de mettre un terme à la relation amoureuse
peut être vécue très douloureusement et amener de nombreuses
« rechutes </span></u><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">». </span>
</span></div>
<div class="textecontenu" style="margin: 0cm 30.8pt 0.0001pt 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><u><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">Les
études d’imagerie cérébrale ont montré que ces analogies comportementales
trouvent un écho au niveau de l’activation des voies nerveuses sous-jacentes.
En effet, quand des sujets contemplent une photo de leur amoureux sous le scan,
on peut voir s’activer les régions particulières de leur cerveau associées au <span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span>système de la
récompense</span></span></span>. Ces régions sont riches en récepteurs de la
dopamine, le neurotransmetteur fortement impliqué dans les phénomènes
d’euphorie et de dépendance</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">"<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn32" name="_ftnref32" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">[32]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-hyphenate: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">De même, les
auteurs </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">James P. Burkett and Larry J. Young affirment que l’amour et la
dépendance à une drogue partagent de nombreux points en communs non seulement
en psychologie, mais également en neurobiologie :</span><u><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"></span></u></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">"<b><u>Human love is the most powerful of all emotions (...) Everything
about the partner attracts us, drawing us further into an irreversible
addiction. The psychology of human love and drug addiction share powerful
overlaps at virtually every level of the addictive process, from initial
encounters to withdrawal. A preponderance of evidence from human studies and
animal models now demonstrates that these overlaps extend to the level of
neurobiology as well</u></b>, where virtually every neurochemical system
implicated in addiction also participates in social attachment processes </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">(...)</span><b><u><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial Narrow";"> In a very real sense, we
may be addicted to the ones we love</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">"<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn33" name="_ftnref33" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">[33]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Optima LT Std"; vertical-align: baseline;">L'anthropologue Helen Fischer ajoute</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Optima LT Std";"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="vertical-align: baseline;">:</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";"></span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial Narrow";">« </span></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="t-157000"></a><span class="talk-transcriptfragment"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">"Qu'est-ce
qu'aimer?" (...)</span></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="t-173000"></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial Narrow";"> <span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="vertical-align: baseline;">Lorsque les choses vont bien, vous ressentez
une exaltation intense <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="t-176000"></a>et un profond désespoir
lorsqu'elles vont mal. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="t-179000"></a>Une vraie dépendance à cette
personne<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="t-182000"></a> (...)</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";"></span>
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 30.8pt 0.0001pt 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">Mais le principal trait de l'amour est le besoin : <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="t-216000"></a>un besoin intense d'être avec cette personne, pas seulement
sexuellement, mais émotionnellement. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="t-222000"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="t-265000"></a>(...)</span>
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 30.8pt 0.0001pt 1cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><u><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">On
a donc scanné leurs cerveaux en leur demandant de regarder une photo de leur
bien-aimé(e) puis une photo "neutre" <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="t-293000"></a>avec une
pause entre les deux. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="t-295000"></a>Ainsi nous pouvions
trouver...regarder le même cerveau en état de forte activité <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="t-301000"></a>et
en état de repos. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="t-303000"></a>Et nous avons trouvé que de nombreuses
régions du cerveau sont actives. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="t-305000"></a>En fait, une des zones
les plus actives <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="t-308000"></a>est la même que celle qui réagit lorsque
vous ressentez l'effet d'une injection de cocaïne. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="t-312000"></a>Et
c'est exactement ce qui se passe</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";"> »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn34" name="_ftnref34" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">[34]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<u><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">La
consommation d’antidépresseurs </span></u><u><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Optima LT Std";">ISRS
nuit à l’amour</span></u><u><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Ce
qui nuit véritablement à l'amour ce n'est pas de la dépendance affective, mais
la consommation grandissante d'antidépresseurs </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Optima LT Std";">ISRS (inhibiteurs sélectifs de la recapture de la
sérotonine)</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">. En effet, selon le psychiatre <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">J.
Anderson Thomson et</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>l</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Optima LT Std"; vertical-align: baseline;">'anthropologue
Helen Fischer</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Optima LT Std";">, la consommation
d'antidépresseur ISRS est un véritable tue-amour<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn35" name="_ftnref35" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: "Optima LT Std"; mso-fareast-language: HI; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[35]</span></span></span></span></a>.. En
augmentant le niveau de sérotonine, ces antidépresseurs entraînent une
diminution de dopamine associée à l'amour romantique. Ils affirment :</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Optima LT Std";"></span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial Narrow";">"<u>Because there
is a positive relationship between dopamine (associated with romantic love) and
testosterone (linked to sexual desire and arousal) and because there is a negative
relationship between serotonin and these catecholamines and the androgens, <b>serotonin-enhancing antidepressants can
also inhibits feelings of romantic love</b></u>. "<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn36" name="_ftnref36" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial Narrow";">[36]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">Les antidépresseurs </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Optima LT Std";">ISRS</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";"> mettent non seulement en péril les chances des personnes qui
en consomment de tomber en amour ou de demeurer en amour<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn37" name="_ftnref37" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn37;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: HI; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[37]</span></span></span></span></a>,
mais la littérature scientifique démontre, qu’en général, les antidépresseurs
ne sont ni sécuritaires ni efficaces et qu’ils font plus de mal que de bien. En
2012, les auteurs </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Paul W. Andrews, J. Anderson
Thomson, Ananda Amstadter and Michael C. Neale affirment :</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">"<b><u>It is widely believed that
antidepressant medications are both safe and effective; however, this belief
was formed in the absence of adequate scientific verification. The weight of
current evidence suggests that, in general, antidepressants are neither safe
nor effective; they appear to do more harm than good </u></b>(...) From a
legal, ethical, and public health perspective, it now seems prudent, on the
basis of existing evidence, for individual practitioners and professional
medical organizations to revise informed consent guidelines and reconsider the
status of antidepressants in standards of care for many diagnoses and as the
immediate front line treatment for depression. (...)"<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn38" name="_ftnref38" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">[38]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">Considérant que le Canada est
parmi l’un des pays qui consomment le plus d’antidépresseurs<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn39" name="_ftnref39" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn39;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: HI; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[39]</span></span></span></span></a>,
que 75% des patients qui en consomment sont, selon le psychiatre <span class="addmd">Joseph Glenmullen</span> de l'Université Harvard, sur ces
médicaments inutilement<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn40" name="_ftnref40" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn40;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: HI; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[40]</span></span></span></span></a>,
que les antidépresseurs </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Optima LT Std";">ISRS</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";"> mettent en péril les chances des personnes
qui en consomment de tomber en amour ou de demeurer en amour<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn41" name="_ftnref41" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn41;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: HI; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[41]</span></span></span></span></a>,
que la littérature scientifique démontre qu’en général les antidépresseurs ne
sont ni sécuritaires ni efficaces<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn42" name="_ftnref42" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn42;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: HI; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[42]</span></span></span></span></a>
et qu’ils font plus de mal que de bien<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftn43" name="_ftnref43" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn43;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: HI; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[43]</span></span></span></span></a>
alors il serait grandement temps de s’interroger sur leur surutilisation.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">En conclusion, je suis globalement d'accord
avec la définition que je donnais de l'amour lorsque j'avais à peine vingt ans
:</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";">"L'amour, ce
sentiment des plus nobles, est, et a toujours été insaisissable et irrationnel
à l'entendement ou à l'esprit humain. Paradoxalement, ce sentiment est si
simple en soi! L'amour est ce sentiment réciproque que deux individus
ressentent l'un pour l'autre et qui se manifeste comme une admiration et une
volonté de se consacrer et de se sacrifier corps et âme à cet individu que l'on
chérit, jusqu'en vouloir mourir pour lui. Car lorsqu'on aime, les actions que
l'on pose pour notre âme soeur ou bien aimé/e, sont gratuites et sans effort
presque. Notre vie gravite autour de la sienne et tout ce qui importe est son
bonheur. Je crois que ceux qui disent que lorsqu'on est en amour, on peut
déplacer des montagnes et « reach for the star » ont tout à fait raison.
Lorsqu'on aime vraiment, on aime davantage notre bien-aimé que soi. Être en
amour exige de l'empathie et lorsqu'on se donne de tout coeur et s'imbibe des
émotions émanant de notre bien-aimé, on en a arrive à un point où notre bonheur
prend source dans cette relation d'échange mutuel de sentiments. C'est ce qu'on
appelle la dépendance affective, et celle-ci n'est rien de moins qu'une
conséquence patente à l'amour ! Ceux qui ne croient pas à cela, c'est qu'ils
n'ont jamais connu l'amour; ce sont des gens égoïstes et égocentriques
incapables d'empathie et qui recherchent leur bonheur avant tout parce que
celui de ceux qui les entourent ne leur en procure pas; il ne leur en procure
pas, car ils sont fermés et récalcitrants à s'imbiber des émotions des autres;
d'où la raison pour laquelle je dis que ces gens sont apathiques ou en partie
certainement".</span></span>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 30.8pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: 2.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> Éric Folot, avocat et bioéthicien</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: 2.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: 2.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: 2.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: 2.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: HI; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> James P. Burkett
and Larry J. Young, "The behavioral, anatomical and pharmacological
parallels between social attachment, love and addiction" (november 2012)
224:1 Psychopharmacology 1, en ligne : </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3469771/"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3469771/</span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: HI; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Victor Hugo, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Les
misérables</i>, </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Hetzel, 1869.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: HI; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> Georg Wilhelm
Friedrich Hegel, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Principes de la
philosophie du droit ou droit naturel et science de l'état en abrégé</i>, Vrin
1993 au </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">para.158, n.11.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: HI; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> Erick Fromm, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Art of Loving</i>, Open Road Media,
2013.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: HI; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> Erick Fromm, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Erick Fromm reader : readings selected
and edited by Rainer Funk</i>, Open road media, 2014.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-ansi-language: FR;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: HI; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span><span class="addmd"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mary Ann Glendon, </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rights
talk: the impoverishment of political discourse</span></i><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, New York, Free Press, 1991</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> à la p.73.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: HI; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><span class="addmd"><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mary Ann Glendon, </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rights talk: the impoverishment of political discourse</span></i><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, New York,
Free Press, 1991</span><span style="font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: FR;"> à la p.73.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: FR;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: HI; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-ansi-language: FR;">« Dependent personality
disorder » <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Psychology Today</i>, en
ligne : </span><a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/conditions/dependent-personality-disorder"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-ansi-language: FR;">https://www.psychologytoday.com/conditions/dependent-personality-disorder</span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-ansi-language: FR;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: HI; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Vanessa Jackson, "An early history : African
american mental health", en ligne : </span><a href="http://academic.udayton.edu/health/01status/mental01.htm"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">http://academic.udayton.edu/health/01status/mental01.htm</span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: HI; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> USA, American
Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM), 2d ed.,</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Washington, D.C.,
American Psychiatric Association, 1968 à la p.10 (#302).</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: HI; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">USA, American Psychological Association,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>"Sexual orientation, homosexuality and
bisexuality", 2007, en ligne : </span><a href="https://leachpsychology.com/uploads/material_personal_sex_orient.pdf"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">https://leachpsychology.com/uploads/material_personal_sex_orient.pdf</span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: HI; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-ansi-language: FR;">Allen Frances, « Normality is an
endangered species : psychiatric fads and overdiagnosis » (July 06,
2010) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Psychiatric Times,</i> en
ligne : </span><a href="http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/blogs/dsm-5/normality-endangered-species-psychiatric-fads-and-overdiagnosis"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-ansi-language: FR;">http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/blogs/dsm-5/normality-endangered-species-psychiatric-fads-and-overdiagnosis</span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-ansi-language: FR;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: HI; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">John Rawls, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Théorie de la justice</i>, trad. par
Catherine Audard, Paris, Éditions du Seuil, 1997 à la p.29.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: HI; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">John Stuart Mill, De <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">la liberté, </i>trad. par Laurence Lenglet,
Paris, Éditions Gallimard, 1990 à la p.169.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: FR;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn15" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: HI; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[15]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">John Stuart Mill, De <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">la liberté, </i>trad. par Laurence Lenglet,
Paris, Éditions Gallimard, 1990 à la p.129.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn16" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: HI; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[16]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Erick Fromm, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The
sane society</i>, London, Routledge, </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">1991 aux pp.14-15.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-ansi-language: FR;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn17" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: HI; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[17]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> Bertrand
Russell, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Political Ideals</i>, Cosimo,
Inc., 2006 à la p.52</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn18" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: HI; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[18]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> Sigmund Freud, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Civilization and its discontents</i>,
translated from the german by Joan Riviere, 3rd edition, London, Hogarth Press,
1946 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">aux pp.141-142.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn19" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: HI; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[19]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Erick Fromm, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The sane society</i>, London, Routledge, </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">1991 aux
pp.71-74.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-ansi-language: FR;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn20" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: HI; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[20]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> Gandhi, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tous les hommes sont frères : vie et
pensées du Mahatma Gandhi d’après ses œuvres</i>, Éditions Gallimard,
Commission Française pour l’UNESCO, 1969 aux pp.205-206.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn21" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: HI; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[21]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Erick Fromm, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The sane society</i>, London, Routledge, </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">1991 aux pp.6 et
70.</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-ansi-language: FR;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn22" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: HI; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[22]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">American psychological association, "King's
challenge to the nation's social scientists"(January 1999) 30:1 APA
Monitor, en ligne : </span><a href="http://www.apa.org/monitor/features/king-challenge.aspx"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">http://www.apa.org/monitor/features/king-challenge.aspx</span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"></span></div>
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<div id="ftn23" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: HI; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[23]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Nassir Ghaemi, "Martin Luther King :
depressed and creatively maladjusted" (Januaru 16, 2012), Psychology
Today, en ligne : </span><a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/mood-swings/201201/martin-luther-king-depressed-and-creatively-maladjusted"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/mood-swings/201201/martin-luther-king-depressed-and-creatively-maladjusted</span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn24" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: HI; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[24]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Rose-Marie Charest, "Amour ou dépendance?" (18 mars 2011) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">La Presse</i>, en ligne : </span><a href="http://www.lapresse.ca/vivre/societe/201103/18/01-4380667-amour-ou-dependance.php"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: FR;">http://www.lapresse.ca/vivre/societe/201103/18/01-4380667-amour-ou-dependance.php</span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: FR;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn25" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: HI; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[25]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Yves Dalpé, "La
"dépendance affective" dans le couple, voyons donc!" (11
novembre 2012) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">La Presse</i>, en ligne : </span><a href="http://www.lapresse.ca/le-soleil/vivre-ici/coin-du-psy/201211/10/01-4592518-la-dependance-affective-dans-le-couple-voyons-donc.php"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">http://www.lapresse.ca/le-soleil/vivre-ici/coin-du-psy/201211/10/01-4592518-la-dependance-affective-dans-le-couple-voyons-donc.php</span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn26" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: HI; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[26]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Jocelyne Robert, "Et si on visait
l'interdépendance?" (20 avril 2009) Chatelaine, en ligne : </span><a href="http://fr.chatelaine.com/sante/couple-et-sexualite/et-si-on-visait-linterdependance/"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">http://fr.chatelaine.com/sante/couple-et-sexualite/et-si-on-visait-linterdependance/</span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn27" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: HI; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[27]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Marie-Claude Élie Morin, "</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Dépendance
affective : la clé du couple?" (22 décembre 2013) Magazine ELLE Québec, en
ligne : </span><a href="http://www.ellequebec.com/societe/amour-sexe/dependance-affective-la-cle-du-couple/a/82384#.VmxuxXvwoy4"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">http://www.ellequebec.com/societe/amour-sexe/dependance-affective-la-cle-du-couple/a/82384
- .VmxuxXvwoy4</span></a><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn28" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: HI; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[28]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> Sue Johnson,
"Hold me tight : love demands the reassurance of touch. Most fights are
really protests over emotional disconnection. Underneath the distress, partners
are desperate to know : Are you there for me?" (January 1, 2009) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Psychology Today</i>, en ligne : </span><a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/200901/hold-me-tight"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">https://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/200901/hold-me-tight</span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn29" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: HI; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[29]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: FR;">Heinz </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Kohut, "Letters 1978" in P<span class="addmd">aul H. Ornstein, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The search for the self : selected writings
of Heinz Kohut</i>. 4. 1978 - 1981, Volume 4, Partie 2</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> aux pp.572-573.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn30" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref30" name="_ftn30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: HI; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[30]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Russell Collins, "When Pop Psychology
hurts more than it helps", en ligne : </span><a href="http://www.noozhawk.com/noozhawk/print/102011_russell_collins_pop_psychology"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">http://www.noozhawk.com/noozhawk/print/102011_russell_collins_pop_psychology</span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn31" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref31" name="_ftn31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: HI; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[31]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> Glen O. Gabbard,
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Psychodynamic Psychiatry in Clinical
Practice</i>, v.5, American Psychiatric Pub, 2014 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">à la p.598.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn32" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref32" name="_ftn32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: HI; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[32]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";"> Université McGill, </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-ansi-language: FR;">en ligne : </span><a href="http://lecerveau.mcgill.ca/flash/i/i_04/i_04_p/i_04_p_des/i_04_p_des.html"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-ansi-language: FR;">http://lecerveau.mcgill.ca/flash/i/i_04/i_04_p/i_04_p_des/i_04_p_des.html</span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-ansi-language: FR;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn33" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref33" name="_ftn33" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: HI; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[33]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">James P. Burkett and Larry J. Young, "The
behavioral, anatomical and pharmacological parallels between social attachment,
love and addiction" (november 2012) 224:1 Psychopharmacology 1, en ligne :
</span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3469771/"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3469771/</span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-ansi-language: FR;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn34" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref34" name="_ftn34" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34;" title=""><span class="FootnoteCharacters"><sup><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="FootnoteCharacters"><sup><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: HI; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[34]</span></sup></span></span></span></sup></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> Helen Fisher,
"Why we love, why we cheat" (February 2006), en ligne : « </span><a href="http://www.ted.com/talks/helen_fisher_tells_us_why_we_love_cheat/transcript?language=en#t-192180"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">http://www.ted.com/talks/helen_fisher_tells_us_why_we_love_cheat/transcript?language=en#t-192180</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn35" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref35" name="_ftn35" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: HI; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[35]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-ansi-language: FR;">Voir aussi Helen Fisher, « Too hard
for science ? Are there drugs that kill love ? » (August 2,
2011) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Scientific American</i>, en ligne :
</span><a href="http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/assignment-impossible/httpblogsscientificamericancomassignment-impossible20110802too-hard-for-science-are-there-drugs-that-kill-love/"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-ansi-language: FR;">http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/assignment-impossible/httpblogsscientificamericancomassignment-impossible20110802too-hard-for-science-are-there-drugs-that-kill-love/</span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-ansi-language: FR;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn36" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref36" name="_ftn36" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn36;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: HI; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[36]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Helen E. Fisher and J. Anderson Thomson, "Lust,
Romance, Attachment : do the side-effects of serotonin-enhancing
antidepressants jeopardize romantic love, marriage and fertility?", in </span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Steven M. Platek,
</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Julian Paul
Keenan, </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Todd Kennedy
Shackelford,</span><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Evolutionary
Cognitive Neuroscience</span></i><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">,</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> Cambridge, MIT Press aux
pp.269-270. Voir aussi Paul W. Andrews, J. Anderson Thomson, Ananda Amstadter
and Michael C. Neale, "Primum non nocere : an evolutionary analysis of
whether antidepressants do more harm than good" (24 april 2012) Frontiers
in psychology, en ligne : </span><a href="http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00117/full"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00117/full</span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn37" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref37" name="_ftn37" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn37;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: HI; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[37]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-ansi-language: FR;">Helen Fisher, « Too hard for
science ? Are there drugs that kill love ? » (August 2, 2011) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Scientific American</i>, en ligne : </span><a href="http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/assignment-impossible/httpblogsscientificamericancomassignment-impossible20110802too-hard-for-science-are-there-drugs-that-kill-love/"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-ansi-language: FR;">http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/assignment-impossible/httpblogsscientificamericancomassignment-impossible20110802too-hard-for-science-are-there-drugs-that-kill-love/</span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-ansi-language: FR;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn38" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref38" name="_ftn38" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn38;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: HI; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[38]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Paul W. Andrews, J. Anderson Thomson, Ananda Amstadter
and Michael C. Neale, "Primum non nocere : an evolutionary analysis of
whether antidepressants do more harm than good" (24 april 2012) Frontiers
in psychology, en ligne : </span><a href="http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00117/full"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00117/full</span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn39" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref39" name="_ftn39" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn39;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: HI; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[39]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-ansi-language: FR;">« Le Canada, un des plus grands
consommateurs d’antidépresseurs » (22 novembre 2013) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Radio-Canada</i>, en ligne : </span><a href="http://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelles/societe/2013/11/22/006-ocde-antidepresseurs-augmentation.shtml"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-ansi-language: FR;">http://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelles/societe/2013/11/22/006-ocde-antidepresseurs-augmentation.shtml</span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-ansi-language: FR;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn40" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref40" name="_ftn40" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn40;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: HI; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[40]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";"> « In my experience, as many as 75% of
patients are needlessly on these drugs for mild, even trivial,
conditions » : <span class="addmd">Joseph Glenmullen</span>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Prozac Backlash: Overcoming the Dangers of
Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil, and Other Antidepressants with Safe, Effective
Alternatives</i>, Simon and Schuster, 2001 </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-ansi-language: FR;">à la p.11.</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn41" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref41" name="_ftn41" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn41;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: HI; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[41]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-ansi-language: FR;">Helen Fisher, « Too hard for
science ? Are there drugs that kill love ? » (August 2, 2011) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Scientific American</i>, en ligne : </span><a href="http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/assignment-impossible/httpblogsscientificamericancomassignment-impossible20110802too-hard-for-science-are-there-drugs-that-kill-love/"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-ansi-language: FR;">http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/assignment-impossible/httpblogsscientificamericancomassignment-impossible20110802too-hard-for-science-are-there-drugs-that-kill-love/</span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-ansi-language: FR;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn42" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref42" name="_ftn42" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn42;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: HI; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[42]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Paul W.
Andrews, J. Anderson Thomson, Ananda Amstadter and Michael C. Neale,
"Primum non nocere : an evolutionary analysis of whether antidepressants
do more harm than good" (24 april 2012) Frontiers in psychology, en ligne
: </span><a href="http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00117/full"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00117/full</span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-ansi-language: FR;"></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn43" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7671274545402013868#_ftnref43" name="_ftn43" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn43;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR-CA; mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: HI; mso-font-kerning: .5pt;">[43]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial Narrow";"> </span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Paul W.
Andrews, J. Anderson Thomson, Ananda Amstadter and Michael C. Neale,
"Primum non nocere : an evolutionary analysis of whether antidepressants
do more harm than good" (24 april 2012) Frontiers in psychology, en ligne
: </span><a href="http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00117/full"><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-ansi-language: FR; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00117/full</span></a><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-ansi-language: FR;"></span></div>
</div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7671274545402013868.post-26635567796959693682015-02-26T08:19:00.000-05:002015-09-23T18:32:36.303-04:00Pour un exercice responsable de la liberté d'expression : le cas Charlie Hebdo<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
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</xml><![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">« <b><u>La presse
représente une puissance considérable; mais, de même qu’un fleuve déchaîné
submerge des campagnes entières et ravages les récoltes, de même une plume sans
contrôle ne peut que tout détruire. Si le contrôle vient de l’extérieur, il est
encore plus nocif que s’il n’y en avait pas. Pour être profitable, il doit être
exercé par celui-là même qui écrit. Si cette ligne de conduite est correcte,
combien de journaux au monde résisteraient à ce critère de sélection? </u></b>»
(Gandhi).</span></div>
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<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">On pourrait penser
que le problème n’est pas chez ceux qui s’expriment, mais plutôt chez ceux qui
ne supportent pas que d’autres parlent. Mais penser ainsi signifierait que la
responsabilité morale n'est qu'unilatérale (ceux qui ne supportent pas que
d'autres parlent). Ceux qui s'expriment, ayant le droit de le faire, n'auraient
donc aucune responsabilité morale pour le contenu expressif ou le mode
d'expression employé. En tout respect, j'estime que c'est confondre le droit et
l'éthique. À ce sujet, citons Guy Rocher :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">"<b><u>Dans l'état
d'incertitude et de doute dans lequel nous vivons, le droit est maintenant
apparu comme un des substituts à la morale. C'est dans le droit que s'est
réfugiée la morale. C'est le droit qui maintenant nous dit ce qui est bien et
mal. Vous, éthiciens, êtes en train de vous faire dépasser par la droite - je
dis bien par la droite ! - c'est-à-dire par les juristes</u></b>. Où réglons-nous nos
problèmes moraux ? Chez les législateurs à qui nous demandons une législation
sur l'avortement, sur l'euthanasie. Qui allons-nous interroger pour obtenir
réponse à nos grandes questions morales ? Les tribunaux. C'est là que
collectivement et individuellement nous demandons la solution à nos dilemmes
moraux. Le seul consensus moral qui maintenant peut nous réunir, c'est dans et
par le droit qu'il s'effectue. Ce sont les juges et les législateurs, mal
préparés pour jouer ce rôle d'ailleurs, qui agissent comme guides moraux.
<b><u>L’éthique est en train de déraper vers le droit</u></b>. Ce qui fait la terrible force
du droit, c'est qu'il est simple en comparaison de l'éthique".</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Source</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> : Guy Rocher, « Le
défi éthique dans un contexte social et culturel en mutation » (1994) 16 Revue
Philosopher 11.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Ce n'est pas parce
que nous avons le droit de s'exprimer et d'employer n'importe quel mode
d'expression (autre que la violence) que nous sommes exempts de toute
responsabilité morale pour le contenu expressif ou le mode d'expression
employé. Les philosophes Jocelyn Maclure et Charles Taylor affirment :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">"<b><u>Just
because we have the right to do x does not mean that doing x is wise or
desirable. Is it not to be hoped that when publishing texts or artistic subject
matter we will first seek to understand how our speech act will be perceived by
others and to anticipate its impact on the social bond? A certain degree of
political stability and social cohesion can, of course, be achieved through the
institutionalization of fair collective rules, but the effectiveness of these
rules is only strengthened by what could be called an ethics of concern for the
other</u></b>".</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Source</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> : Jocelyn Maclure et
Charles Taylor, <i>Secularism and freedom of conscience</i>, Cambridge, Harvard
University Press, 2011 à la p.109.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Le professeur de
philosophie à l'Université de Montréal (désormais à McGill), M. Daniel Marc
Weinstock, affirmait également en 2006 :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">"Je vais vous
raconter une anecdote et je vais m’arrêter là-dessus. Au cours des dernières
semaines, c’était au moment de la crise des caricatures, on m’appelle de
Radio-Canada et on me dit : « On voudrait que vous fassiez partie d’un débat
sur nos ondes à propos de <b><u>“Est-ce que Charlie Hebdo avait raison ou non
de reproduire les caricatures?”». Et moi j’avais répondu « oui et non ». Oui,
il faut se battre pour avoir le droit de le faire, mais non, on doit parfois
regretter que les gens utilisent les droits qui leur sont consentis</u></b>".</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Source</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> : Daniel Marc
Weinstock, "Pour le multiculturalisme canadien, contre la laïcité
française : période de questions et de commentaires" dans Conseil du
statut de la femme, <i>Diversité de foi, égalité de droits : Actes du colloque
tenu les 23 et 24 mars 2006</i>, Québec, Bibliothèque nationale du Québec, 2006
à la p.115, en ligne : </span><a href="http://collections.banq.qc.ca/ark:/52327/bs58930"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">http://collections.banq.qc.ca/ark:/52327/bs58930</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Ma conception de la
liberté d'expression rejoint celle de Voltaire qui disait : "JE
DÉSAPPPROUVE CE QUE VOUS DITES, mais je défendrai jusqu'à ma mort votre droit
de le dire" (cité par la Cour d'appel du Québec dans l'arrêt Diffusion
Métromédia CMR inc. c. Bou Malhab, 2008 QCCA 1938). Bien que je défende le
droit d'employer la satire ou le sarcasme, j'estime que ces modes d'expression
(par ailleurs légaux) doivent, dans une société civilisée, libre et
démocratique qui repose sur le respect de la dignité humaine, être découragés.
C'est pourquoi je désapprouve leur utilisation. </span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Si je désapprouve
certains modes d'expression comme la satire, le sarcasme ou la violence,
j'estime, au contraire, qu'il ne devrait JAMAIS y avoir de limite à la critique
qui ne cherche pas à provoquer, mais à exprimer ses convictions profondes au
risque de tout ce qui peut arriver, c'est-à-dire une critique franche, honnête
qui vise à contribuer au débat d'idée et peut-être à faire changer les choses.
Dans sa préface de son livre intitulé "Animal Farm", George Orwell
affirmait :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">"The issue
involved here is quite a simple one: Is every opinion, however unpopular —
however foolish, even — entitled to a hearing? Put it in that form and nearly
any English intellectual will feel that he ought to say ‘Yes’. But give it a
concrete shape, and ask, ‘How about an attack on Stalin? Is <i>that</i>
entitled to a hearing?’, and the answer more often than not will be ‘No’, In
that case the current orthodoxy happens to be challenged, and so the principle
of free speech lapses. <b><u>Now, when one demands liberty of speech and of the
press, one is not demanding absolute liberty. There always must be, or at any
rate there always will be, some degree of censorship, so long as organised
societies endure</u></b><u>. But freedom, as Rosa Luxembourg [<i>sic</i>] said,
is ‘freedom for the other fellow’. The same principle is contained in the
famous words of Voltaire: ‘I detest what you say; I will defend to the death
your right to say it.’ If the intellectual liberty which without a doubt has
been one of the distinguishing marks of western civilisation means anything at
all, <b>it means that everyone shall have the right to say and to print what he
believes to be the truth, provided only that it does not harm the rest of the
community in some quite unmistakable way</b></u>. Both capitalist democracy and
the western versions of Socialism have till recently taken that principle for
granted. Our Government, as I have already pointed out, still makes some show
of respecting it. The ordinary people in the street-partly, perhaps, because
they are not sufficiently interested in ideas to be intolerant about them-still
vaguely hold that ‘I suppose everyone’s got a right to their own opinion.’ It
is only, or at any rate it is chiefly, the literary and scientific
intelligentsia, the very people who ought to be the guardians of liberty, who are
beginning to despise it, in theory as well as in practice".</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Source</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> : George
Orwell, "Orwell's Proposed Preface to ‘Animal Farm : the freedom of the
press, en ligne : </span><a href="http://orwell.ru/library/novels/Animal_Farm/english/efp_go"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">http://orwell.ru/library/novels/Animal_Farm/english/efp_go</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Le droit à la liberté
d'expression est un droit fondamental et un pilier de la démocratie. Néanmoins,
l'exercice de ce droit ne doit jamais nous faire oublier notre responsabilité
éthique pour les propos tenus et les conséquences qui en découlent. Dans un
texte de 2006 intitulé "The right to ridicule", le professeur de
droit Ronald Dworkin, qui défendait un droit illimité à la liberté
d’expression, affirmait néanmoins :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">« <b><u>The British
and most of the American press have been right, on balance, not to republish
the Danish cartoons that millions of furious Muslims protested against in
violent and terrible destruction around the world. Reprinting would very likely
have meant—and could still mean—more people killed and more property destroyed.
It would have caused many British and American Muslims great pain</u></b>
because they would have been told by other Muslims that the publication was
intended to show contempt for their religion, and though that perception would
in most cases have been inaccurate and unjustified, the pain would nevertheless
have been genuine. <u>True, readers and viewers who have been following the
story might well have wanted to judge the cartoons’ impact, humor, and
offensiveness for themselves, and the press might therefore have felt some
responsibility to provide that opportunity. <b>But the public does not have a
right to read or see whatever it wants no matter what the cost</b></u>, and the
cartoons are in any case widely available on the Internet. <b><u>Sometimes the press’s
self-censorship means the loss of significant information, argument,
literature, or art, but not in this case</u></b><u>. Not publishing may seem to
give a victory to the fanatics and authorities who instigated the violent
protests against them and therefore incite them to similar tactics in the
future. But there is strong evidence that the wave of rioting and
destruction—suddenly, four months after the cartoons were first published—was
orchestrated by Muslim leaders in Denmark and in the Middle East for larger
political reasons. If that analysis is correct, then keeping the issue boiling
by fresh republications would actually serve the interests of those responsible
and reward their strategies of encouraging violence</u> » (nos soulignés et
caractères gras).</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Source</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> : Ronald Dworkin,
"The right to ridicule", The New York Review of Books, March 23,
2006, en ligne : </span><a href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2006/mar/23/the-right-to-ridicule/"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2006/mar/23/the-right-to-ridicule/</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Selon la Cour suprême
du Canada, lorsqu'une personne s'abstient de s'exprimer, elle exerce sa liberté
d’expression, car le silence est en soi une forme d'expression. En conséquence,
l'autocensure pour des raisons éthiques n'est donc pas une menace à la liberté
d'expression, mais au contraire participe de son exercice. Dans l’arrêt <i>Slaight
communications inc. c. Davidson</i> (1989), la Cour suprême du Canada affirmait
:</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">« On ne peut nier, en
effet, que la liberté d'expression comporte nécessairement le droit de ne rien
dire ou encore le droit de ne pas dire certaines choses. <b><u>Le silence est
en soi une forme d'expression qui peut, dans certaines circonstances, exprimer
quelque chose plus clairement que des mots ne pourraient le faire</u></b> ».</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Source</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> : <i>Slaight
communications inc. c. Davidson</i>, [1989] 1 RCS 1038.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Le droit à la liberté
d'expression s'accompagne d'une responsabilité légale qui justifie l'imposition
de limites. Ces restrictions légales à la liberté d'expression prennent racine
dans la philosophie libérale d'Emmanuel Kant et de John Stuart Mill. </span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Source </span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">: Onora
O'Neill, "A right to offend?" (February 13, 2006) <i>The Guardian</i>,
en ligne : </span><a href="http://www.theguardian.com/media/2006/feb/13/mondaymediasection7"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">http://www.theguardian.com/media/2006/feb/13/mondaymediasection7</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">L'article 11 de la <i>Déclaration
des droits de l'homme et du citoyen de 1789</i> mentionnait :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">"<b>Art. 11. </b>La
libre communication des pensées et des opinions est un des droits les plus
précieux de l'Homme : tout Citoyen peut donc parler, écrire, imprimer
librement, <b><u>sauf à répondre de l'abus de cette liberté dans les cas
déterminés par la Loi</u></b>".</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> L'article 10(2)
de la <i>Convention européenne des droits de l'homme</i> mentionne également :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">"<b>Article 10 –
Liberté d'expression </b></span></div>
<div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">1. Toute personne a droit à la
liberté d'expression. Ce droit comprend la liberté d'opinion et la liberté
de recevoir ou de communiquer des informations ou des idées sans qu'il
puisse y avoir ingérence d'autorités publiques et sans considération de
frontière. Le présent article n'empêche pas les Etats de soumettre les
entreprises de radiodiffusion, de cinéma ou de télévision à un régime
d'autorisations.</span></blockquote>
</div>
<div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">2. L'exercice de ces libertés
comportant des devoirs et des responsabilités peut être soumis à certaines
formalités, conditions, restrictions ou sanctions prévues par la loi</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">, qui constituent des mesures
nécessaires, dans une société démocratique, à la sécurité nationale, à
l'intégrité territoriale ou à la sûreté publique, à la défense de l'ordre
et à la prévention du crime, à la protection de la santé ou de la morale,
à la protection de la réputation ou des droits d'autrui, pour empêcher la
divulgation d'informations confidentielles ou pour garantir l'autorité et
l'impartialité du pouvoir judiciaire".</span></blockquote>
</div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Par exemple, dans l'affaire
<i>Otto-Preminger-Institut c. Autriche</i> la Cour européenne des droits de
l'homme affirmait en 1994 :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">"<b>49. </b>
Ainsi que la Cour l’a déclaré à plusieurs reprises, la liberté d’expression
constitue l’un des fondements essentiels d’une société démocratique, l’une des
conditions primordiales de son progrès et de l’épanouissement de chacun. Sous
réserve du paragraphe 2 de l’article 10 (art. 10-2), elle vaut non seulement
pour les "informations" ou "idées" accueillies avec faveur
ou considérées comme inoffensives ou indifférentes, mais aussi pour celles qui
heurtent, choquent ou inquiètent l’Etat ou une fraction quelconque de la
population. Ainsi le veulent le pluralisme, la tolérance et l’esprit
d’ouverture sans lesquels il n’est pas de "société démocratique"
(voir notamment l’arrêt Handyside c. Royaume-Uni du 7 décembre 1976, série A no
24, p. 23, par. 49).</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Toutefois, ainsi que
le confirme le libellé lui-même du second paragraphe de l’article 10 (art.
10-2), quiconque exerce les droits et libertés consacrés au premier paragraphe
de cet article (art. 10-1) <b>assume "des devoirs et des
responsabilités".</b> Parmi eux - dans le contexte des opinions et
croyances religieuses - peut légitimement être comprise <b>une obligation
d’éviter autant que faire se peut des expressions qui sont gratuitement
offensantes pour autrui</b> et constituent donc une atteinte à ses droits et
qui, dès lors, ne contribuent à aucune forme de débat public capable de
favoriser le progrès dans les affaires du genre humain</span></u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Il en résulte qu’en
principe on peut juger nécessaire, dans certaines sociétés démocratiques, de
sanctionner, voire de prévenir, des attaques injurieuses contre des objets de
vénération religieuse, pourvu toujours que toute "formalité",
"condition", "restriction" ou "sanction" imposée
soit proportionnée au but légitime poursuivi (voir l’arrêt Handyside mentionné
ci-dessus, ibidem)".</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Source</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> : CEDH,
Otto-Preminger-Institut c. Autriche, 20 septembre 1994, n. 13470/87, en ligne :
</span><a href="http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/sites/fra/Pages/search.aspx#%7B%22fulltext%22:%5B%22Otto-Preminger%20Institut%20c.%20Autriche%22%5D,%22itemid%22:%5B%22001-62451%22%5D%7D"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/sites/fra/Pages/search.aspx#{%22fulltext%22:[%22Otto-Preminger%20Institut%20c.%20Autriche%22],%22itemid%22:[%22001-62451%22]}</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Finalement, en droit
canadien, l'article 1 de la <i>Charte canadienne des droits et libertés</i>
mentionne :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">"</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">1.</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> <b><u>La <cite><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Charte canadienne des droits et libertés</span></cite>
garantit les droits et libertés qui y sont énoncés. Ils ne peuvent être
restreints que par une règle de droit</u></b>, dans des limites qui soient
raisonnables et dont la justification puisse se démontrer dans le cadre d’une
société libre et démocratique".</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Par exemple, le <i>Code
criminel</i> canadien interdit le libelle blasphématoire (art.296), le libelle
diffamatoire (art.298) et la propagande haineuse (art.319). Le juriste anglais
William Blackstone affirmait dans son ouvrage intitulé "Commentaries on
the laws of England":</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">"<b><u>The
liberty of the press is indeed essential to the nature of a free state; but
this consists in laying no previous restraints upon publications, and not in
freedom from censure for criminal matter when published</u></b>. Every freeman
has an undoubted right to lay what sentiments he pleases before the public; to
forbid this is to destroy the freedom of the press, <b><u>but if he publishes
what is improper, mischievous, or illegal, he must take the consequence of his
own temerity (...) Thus the will of individuals is still left free; the abuse
only of that free will is the object of legal punishment</u></b>". </span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Source</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> : William
Blackstone, <i>Commentaries on the laws of England</i>, Book 4, Ch.11, no.13,
en ligne : </span><a href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/blackstone-commentaries-on-the-laws-of-england-in-four-books-vol-2#lf1387-02_label_2446"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">http://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/blackstone-commentaries-on-the-laws-of-england-in-four-books-vol-2#lf1387-02_label_2446</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Le droit à la liberté
d'expression (ou liberté de la presse) s'accompagne également d'une
responsabilité morale pour les conséquences prévisibles qui découlent des
propos tenus. Voltaire affirmait : "Il est de droit naturel de se servir
de sa plume comme de sa langue, <b><u>à ses périls, risques et fortunes</u></b>".
Le juriste Jean-Baptiste Treilhard affirmait également en 1809 que la liberté
de la presse est "<b><u>le droit d'imprimer ce qui ne nuit pas à autrui</u></b>".</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Et comme le
mentionnait en 1882 le juge Casault de la Cour supérieure dans la décision <i>Belleau
v. Mercier</i>, l'injure écrite est souvent plus dommageable que l'injure
verbale :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">"La seule
distinction entre l'injure verbale et l'injure écrite est que la dernière a
plus d'intensité, montre plus de préméditation et plus de malice, qu'elle a
plus de retentissement, et, pour cette raison, blesse plus grièvement, assure
aux blessures de plus longues et plus durables traces".</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> Source</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> : </span><a href="https://books.google.ca/books?id=jIsvAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA395&lpg=PA395&dq=belleau+v+mercier&source=bl&ots=m2ddADJip1&sig=1a3GPaSlwIwCZAbxjonqPb3P6Mc&hl=fr&sa=X&ei=Y4O1VPKlB4r5yQSmq4HgDA&ved=0CCQQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=belleau%20v%20mercier&f=false"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">https://books.google.ca/books?id=jIsvAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA395&lpg=PA395&dq=belleau+v+mercier&source=bl&ots=m2ddADJip1&sig=1a3GPaSlwIwCZAbxjonqPb3P6Mc&hl=fr&sa=X&ei=Y4O1VPKlB4r5yQSmq4HgDA&ved=0CCQQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=belleau%20v%20mercier&f=false</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">En conséquence, le
journaliste devrait, comme le pensait le juge Ramsay, "être tenu à une
responsabilité plus grande, parce qu'il peut faire plus de mal". La
Fédération internationale des journalistes (IFJ) mentionne d'ailleurs sur son
site :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">"Les principes
universels ont été approuvés par des syndicats et des associations de
journalistes venant de très différentes cultures et traditions. Le code
d’éthique de l’IFJ inclut les valeurs fondamentales du journalisme – la vérité,
l’indépendance <b><u>et la nécessité de minimiser les dommages</u></b>".</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Source</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> : Fédération
internationale des journalistes, <i>Éthique</i>, en ligne : </span><a href="http://www.ifj.org/fr/themes/ethique/"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">http://www.ifj.org/fr/themes/ethique/</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> Par exemple,
les lignes directrices éditoriales de la BBC proclament les valeurs suivantes :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">"<b><u>We must
therefore balance our presumption of freedom of expression with our
responsibilities</u></b>, for example to respect privacy, to be fair, <b><u>to
avoid unjustifiable offence and to provide appropriate protection for our
audiences from harm</u></b>". </span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Source</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> : BBC, Editorial
guidelines : the BBC's editorial values, en ligne : </span><a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/editorialguidelines/page/guidelines-editorial-values-introduction/"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">http://www.bbc.co.uk/editorialguidelines/page/guidelines-editorial-values-introduction/</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">En éthique, nous
sommes responsables des conséquences prévisibles de nos actes (et non seulement
des conséquences voulues et désirées). En conséquence, les bonnes intentions
qui sous-tendent et motivent les propos sarcastiques ou les écrits satiriques
ne suffisent pas à les justifier. Des propos ou des écrits blessants ou humiliants
qui portent atteinte à la dignité humaine nuisent à autrui et ne peuvent donc
être justifiés éthiquement par une intention bienveillante. Pour reprendre les
propos de la Cour suprême du Canada, « le "chemin" du crime, tout
comme celui de l'enfer, peut être pavé de bonnes intentions ».</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">En conséquence, il
faut <u>minimalement</u>, en éthique, évaluer les conséquences prévisibles qui
découlent des propos tenus en considérant une personne raisonnable dotée d’une
« résilience ordinaire ».</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Source</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> :<i> Mustapha c. Culligan
du Canada Ltée</i>, [2008] 2 RCS 114 aux paras.14 et 16, j. McLachlin (pour la
Cour). </span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><br />
<u>Mais idéalement</u>, il faut, en éthique, prendre la victime des propos ou
des écrits dans l'état où elle se trouve avec sa sensibilité propre. Je ferais
une analogie avec la "thin skull rule" en <i>common law</i> (voir
aussi l'article 226 du <i>Code criminel</i>) également applicable dans
l'évaluation de la gravité du préjudice en responsabilité civile. </span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> <b> </b></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Source </span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">: <i>Smithers c. R</i>.,
[1978] 1 RCS 506. Par exemple, voir <i>Arthur c. Gravel</i>, 1991 CanLII 3107
(QC CA).</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Cette règle
"signifie simplement que l'auteur du dommage assume les risques inhérents
à la qualité et à la personnalité de sa victime". Dans l'arrêt <i>Arthur
c. Gravel</i> (1991), le juge Jean-Louis Baudouin de la Cour d'appel du Québec
(dissident en l'espèce), qui devait se prononcer sur des injures prononcées par
M. André Arthur entraînant au sens de l'article 4 de la <i>Charte des droits et
libertés de la personne</i> une atteinte potentielle à la dignité, à l'honneur
et à la réputation de M. Raymond Gravel, affirmait :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">"<b><u>Par
contre, la simple participation d'une personne à la vie publique ne donne pas
le droit de l'abreuver d'injures, de l'atteindre dans sa vie privée lorsque les
faits n'ont aucune relation avec l'accomplissement des devoirs de la charge.
L'engagement en politique ne confère pas un permis de chasse à l'honneur et à
la réputation d'une personnalité publique. </u></b></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Certes, là
encore, une personnalité publique, et plus particulièrement une personnalité
politique, doit se montrer plus tolérante. En s'engageant ainsi, elle
doit en effet comprendre qu'elle pourra, de la part de ses adversaires, être
l'objet de plaisanteries, de satires, de railleries ou de sarcasmes et doit
accepter dans une certaine mesure ces "risques du métiers. Son degré de
tolérance doit donc être plus élevé. Il convient toutefois que l'on doit quand
même prendre la victime dans l'état où elle se trouve (ce que les juristes de <i>common
law</i> appellent le "thin skull rule") avec sa sensibilité et sa
personnalité propre et qu'être en politique n'exige pas nécessairement une
complète insensibilité</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">. Tout est donc ici finalement question de fait, de
milieu et de contexte".</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Source </span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">: <i>Arthur c. Gravel</i>,
1991 CanLII 3107 (QC CA).</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Selon la philosophe
Onora O'Neill les distinctions faites entre le droit d'offenser et de provoquer
et l'interdit de diffamer, d'insulter et d'intimider sont loin d'être claires.
Des caricatures peuvent être offensantes ou provocantes pour certains et
carrément insultantes ou diffamatoires pour d'autres :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">"<b><u>It is
standardly said that free speech must include a right to say things that are
offensive or provocative, but not rights to defame, insult, let alone
intimidate. These supposed distinctions are inevitably unclear because
interpretations of speech acts vary with audiences. Danes might read the
cartoons as no more than mildly provocative and offensive; many Muslims have
read them as insulting and defamatory (...) if we think of free speech as
exercised in communicating with audiences, and remember that audiences vary
greatly in the way they will read what is said and written, we may find reason
to be more circumspect</u></b>". </span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Source </span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">: Onora O'Neill,
"A right to offend?" (February 13, 2006) <i>The Guardian</i>, en
ligne : </span><a href="http://www.theguardian.com/media/2006/feb/13/mondaymediasection7"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">http://www.theguardian.com/media/2006/feb/13/mondaymediasection7</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Il n’est donc pas
étonnant que le philosophe libéral John Stuart Mill fût favorable à l’idée
d’interdire l'invective (injure, insulte) et le sarcasme dans les discussions
pourvu qu’elles soient interdites pour tous, c’est-à-dire autant pour ceux qui
défendent des idées à contre-courant et minoritaires (qui s’opposent au pouvoir
en place) que pour ceux qui défendent les idées reçues, dominantes et
majoritaires (qui défendent le pouvoir en place). Il était également d’avis que
l'invective (injure, insulte) et le sarcasme devaient autant que possible ne
pas être employés contre les personnes faibles et vulnérables. Il affirmait:</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">« With regard to
what is commonly meant by intemperate discussion, namely, invective, <u>sarcasm</u>,
personality, and the like, <u>the denunciation of these weapons would deserve
more sympathy if it were ever proposed to interdict them equally to both sides</u>;
but it is only desired to restrain the employment of them against the
prevailing opinion: against the unprevailing they may not only be used without
general disapproval, but will be likely to obtain for him who uses them the
praise of honest zeal and righteous indignation. <u>Yet whatever mischief
arises from their use, is greatest when they are employed against the
comparatively defenseless</u>; and what ever unfair advantage can be derived by
any opinion from this mode of asserting it, accrues almost exclusively to
received opinions ».</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Source </span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">: John Stuart Mill, <i>On
liberty</i>, p.31.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">En 2006, le
secrétaire général des Nations Unies, Kofi Annan, reconnaissait l'importance de
faire preuve de sensibilité éthique et d'empathie (donc d'éviter de blesser
gratuitement) lorsque l'on traite de sujets sensibles et de grandes importances
pour une fraction de la population :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">“<b><u>We are deeply
alarmed at the repercussions of the publication in Denmark several months ago
of insulting caricatures of the Prophet Mohammed and their subsequent
republication by some other European newspapers and at the violent acts that
have occurred in reaction to them</u></b>. </span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">The anguish in the
Muslim World at the publication of these offensive caricatures is shared by all
individuals and communities who recognize the sensitivity of deeply held
religious belief. In all societies there is a need to show sensitivity and
responsibility in treating issues of special significance for the adherents of
any particular faith, even by those who do not share the belief in question</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">. </span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">We fully uphold the
right of free speech. But we understand the deep hurt and widespread
indignation felt in the Muslim World. We believe freedom of the press entails
responsibility and discretion, and should respect the beliefs and tenets of all
religions</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">.
</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">But we also believe
the recent violent acts surpass the limits of peaceful protest. In particular,
we strongly condemn the deplorable attacks on diplomatic missions that have
occurred in Damascus, Beirut and elsewhere. Aggression against life and
property can only damage the image of a peaceful Islam. We call on the
authorities of all countries to protect all diplomatic premises and foreign
citizens against unlawful attack. </span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">These events make the
need for renewed dialogue, among and between communities of different faiths
and authorities of different countries, all the more urgent. We call on them to
appeal for restraint and calm, in the spirit of friendship and mutual respect.” </span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Source</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> : Kofi A. Annan,
Ekmeleddin Ihsanoglu and Javier Solana, "Joint UN, European Union,
Islamist conference statement shares anguish of muslim world at Mohammed
caricatures, but condemn violent responses" (February 7, 2006), en ligne: </span><a href="http://www.un.org/press/en/2006/sg2105.doc.htm"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">http://www.un.org/press/en/2006/sg2105.doc.htm</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">En 2008, le Comité
des droits de l'homme des Nations Unies reconnaissait l'importance de faire
preuve de sensibilité éthique et d'empathie (donc d'éviter de blesser
gratuitement) lorsque l'on traite de sujets sensibles et de grandes importances
pour une fraction de la population : </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">"Noting also the
final communiqué adopted by the Organization of the Islamic Conference at its
eleventh summit, in Dakar, in March 2008, in which the Organization expressed
concern at the systematically negative stereotyping of Muslims and Islam and
other divine religions, and denounced the overall rise in intolerance and
discrimination against Muslim minorities, which constitute an affront to human dignity
and run counter to the international human rights instruments,</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Recalling the joint
statement of the Organization of the Islamic Conference, the European Union and
the Secretary-General of 7 February 2006, in which they recognized the need, in
all societies, to show sensitivity and responsibility in treating issues of
special significance for the adherents of any particular faith, even by those
who do not share the belief in question</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> (...)</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Expresses its grave
concern at the recent serious instances of deliberate stereotyping of
religions, their adherents and sacred persons in the media</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> and by political
parties and groups in some societies, and at the associated provocation and
political exploitation".</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Source</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> : United Nations,
Human Rights Council, <i>Combating defamation of religions</i>, Resolution
7/19, March 27, 2008, en ligne : </span><a href="http://ap.ohchr.org/documents/E/HRC/resolutions/A_HRC_RES_7_19.pdf"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">http://ap.ohchr.org/documents/E/HRC/resolutions/A_HRC_RES_7_19.pdf</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">La sensibilité est l'une des deux dimensions de l'éthique. Hans Jonas affirme : </span></span></div>
<div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">« <u><b>L'éthique a une face objective et une face subjective, dont l'une a affaire à la raison et l'autre au sentiment</b>. Historiquement c'est tantôt l'une, tantôt l'autre qui se trouvait davantage au centre de la théorie éthique [...] Mais les deux faces sont mutuellement complémentaires et l'une et l'autre sont des parties intégrantes de l'éthique comme telle. <b>Si nous n'étions pas [...] réceptifs à l'appel de l'obligation grâce à un sentiment qui lui répond, même la preuve la plus contraignante de son droit [...] serait pourtant impuissante à transformer en force motivante ce qui est prouvé</b></u> ».</span></span></blockquote>
</div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><b>Source</b> : Hans Jonas, <i>Le principe responsabilité</i>, trad. par Jean Greisch, Manchecourt, Les Éditions du Cerf, 1998 à la p.169.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Jean-Jacques Rousseau souligne l’importance de la sensibilité dans les jugements éthiques: </span></span><br />
<div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">"<u>Mandeville a bien senti qu’avec toute leur morale les hommes n’eussent jamais été que des monstres, si la Nature ne leur eût donné la pitié à l’appui de la raison : mais il n’a pas vu que de cette seule qualité découlent toutes les vertus sociales qu’il veut disputer aux hommes » [...] « Il est donc bien certain que la pitié est un sentiment naturel [...] C’est elle, qui nous porte sans réflexion au secours de ceux que nous voyons souffrir : c’est elle qui, dans l’état de nature, tient lieu de lois, de moeurs, et de vertu, avec cet avantage que nul n’est tenté de désobéir à sa douce voix [...] <b>Quoiqu’il puisse appartenir à Socrate, et aux esprits de sa trempe, d’acquérir de la vertu par raison, il y a longtemps que le genre humain ne serait plus, si sa conservation n’eût dépendu que des raisonnements de ceux qui le composent</b></u>".</span></span></blockquote>
</div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><b>Source</b> : Jean-Jacques Rousseau, <i>Discours sur l’origine et les fondements de l’inégalité parmi les hommes</i>, Paris, Éditions Gallimard, 1965 aux pp.75-77.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: small;">Thomas Jefferson affirmait également que la nature (« she ») a placé la morale dans le coeur des hommes et non dans la raison : </span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: small;">« <u>Morals were too essential to the happiness of man to be risked on the incertain combinations of the Head. She laid their foundation therefore in sentiment, not in science</u> ».</span></blockquote>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><b>Source</b> :Thomas Jefferson, « Dialogue between my head and my heart », Thomas Jefferson's Letter to Maria Cosway, Paris, 12 octobre 1786.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Dans le document intitulé "External Review into Sexual Misconduct and Sexual Harassment in the Canadian Armed Forces" (2015), l'ancienne juge de la Cour suprême du Canada, Marie Deschamps, démontre l'importance de préserver sa sensibilité. Dans son rapport portant sur le harcèlement sexuel et les inconduites sexuelles dans l'armée canadienne, elle souligne que des commentaires sexistes poussent les femmes à développer des mécanismes de protection : comme </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">la désensibilisation et</span> la nécessité de développer une peau épaisse ("thick skin"). Elle affirme :</span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">"Amongst the NCMs, the use of language that belittles women is commonplace. Interviewees reported regularly being told of orders to “stop being pussies” and to “leave your purses at home”.Swear words and highly degrading expressions that reference women’s bodies are endemic. The use of the word “cunt”, for example, is commonplace, and rape jokes are tolerated. In response, women feel pressure to accept the sexualized environment or risk social exclusion. <b><u>Many develop informal coping mechanisms to protect themselves from persistent unwanted comments. Ultimately, many women report having to develop a thick skin and to becoming desensitized to a culture of sexually inappropriate conduct</u></b>".</span></blockquote>
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><b>Source</b> : Marie Deschamps (External Review Authority), </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><i>External Review into Sexual Misconduct and Sexual Harassment in the Canadian Armed Forces</i>, March 27 2015</span> aux pp.15-16, en ligne : <a href="http://www.forces.gc.ca/assets/FORCES_Internet/docs/en/caf-community-support-services-harassment/era-final-report-%28april-20-2015%29-eng.pdf">http://www.forces.gc.ca/assets/FORCES_Internet/docs/en/caf-community-support-services-harassment/era-final-report-%28april-20-2015%29-eng.pdf</a></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">M. David North,
secrétaire national du </span><a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_de_l%27%C3%A9galit%C3%A9_socialiste" title="Parti de l'égalité socialiste"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Parti de l'égalité socialiste</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> des États-Unis et
président du comité de rédaction international du </span><a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Socialist_Web_Site" title="World Socialist Web Site"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">World Socialist Web Site</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> est d'avis que Charlie Hebdo ne fait pas partie de la tradition des grands satiristes de l'époque des Lumières :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">"<u>Dans une
rubrique publiée mercredi dans le <i>Financial Times</i>, l’historien
libéral Simon Schama situe <i>Charlie Hebdo</i> dans la tradition
glorieuse de l’irrévérence journalistique qui «est l’élément de vie de la
liberté»</u>. Il rappelle les grands pamphlétaires européens qui ont vécu entre
le 16<sup>e</sup> et 19<sup>e</sup> siècle et qui soumettaient les
grands de ce monde à leur rigoureux mépris. Parmi leurs illustres cibles,
Schama nous rappelle qu’il y avait le duc d’Albe qui a noyé dans le sang la
lutte pour la liberté; le «roi soleil» Louis XIV; le premier ministre
britannique William Pitt et le prince de Galles. «La satire, écrit Schama, est
devenue l’oxygène de la politique, en provoquant de saines exclamations de
dérision dans les salons de thé et les auberges où les circulaient tous les
jours et toutes les semaines des caricatures.»</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Schama situe <i>Charlie
Hebdo</i> dans une tradition où il n’a pas lieu d’être. Tous les grands
satiristes auxquels Schama fait référence étaient des représentants du siècle
démocratique des Lumières et qui faisaient des puissants partisans corrompus
des privilèges aristocratiques les cibles de leur mépris. Dans sa
représentation implacablement dégradante des musulmans, <i>Charlie Hebdo</i> se
moque des pauvres et des faibles</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Parler clairement et
honnêtement du caractère sordide, cynique et dégradant de <i>Charlie Hebdo</i> ne
signifie pas approuver le meurtre de son personnel. Mais lorsque le slogan «Je
suis Charlie» est adopté et fortement promu par les médias comme étant le
slogan des manifestations de protestation, ceux qui n’ont pas été dépassés par
la propagande de l’Etat et des médias sont obligés de riposter: «Nous sommes
contre l’attaque perpétrée contre l’hebdomadaire, mais nous ne sommes pas – et
nous n’avons rien en commun – avec “Charlie”»</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">.</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Source </span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">: David North, Le
discours hypocrite de la "liberté d'expression" au lendemain de
l'attaque contre Charlie Hebdo (12 janvier 2015), en ligne : </span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://www.mondialisation.ca/le-discours-hypocrite-de-la-liberte-dexpression-au-lendemain-de-lattaque-contre-charlie-hebdo/5424215"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">http://www.mondialisation.ca/le-discours-hypocrite-de-la-liberte-dexpression-au-lendemain-de-lattaque-contre-charlie-hebdo/5424215
</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Terminons sur une
citation de Gandhi, disciple de la non-violence, que j'affectionne tout
particulièrement :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">« <b><u>La presse
représente une puissance considérable; mais, de même qu’un fleuve déchaîné
submerge des campagnes entières et ravages les récoltes, de même une plume sans
contrôle ne peut que tout détruire. Si le contrôle vient de l’extérieur, il est
encore plus nocif que s’il n’y en avait pas. Pour être profitable, il doit être
exercé par celui-là même qui écrit. Si cette ligne de conduite est correcte,
combien de journaux au monde résisteraient à ce critère de sélection?</u></b>
».</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Source</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> :<b> </b>Gandhi, <i>Tous
les hommes sont frères : vie et pensées du Mahatma Gandhi d’après ses
œuvres</i>, Éditions Gallimard, Commission Française pour l’UNESCO, 1969 aux
pp.60-61.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Éric Folot</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Avocat et bioéthicien</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">NB</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> : Les opinions émises dans ce blog sont
personnelles et celles-ci ne représentent pas le point de vue de mon
employeur. </span></span></div>
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</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Questions-réponses</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Question 1 </span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">
Faudrait-il faire le silence sur ces actes? Sur des personnes qui utilisent une
religion pour exercer un contrôle, voire le droit de vie et de mort sur ceux
qui n'adoptent pas la même pensée qu'eux, sur des dirigeants tyranniques, des
gouvernements qui nous manipulent et nous considèrent comme un troupeau de
moutons? Faut-il se comporter en mouton et ne rien dire? Parfois l'humour
sarcastique permet de dénoncer ces situations et sert de soupape collective
pour évacuer la frustration à ce qu'on ne peut changer. Mieux vaut utiliser un
crayon qu'une arme. Il faut parfois des images très fortes pour soit amener une
réflexion, soit servir d'exutoire à un sentiment d'indignation devant les
absurdités de la vie... Le sarcasme n'est pas de la pure méchanceté gratuite
même si étymologiquement l'origine du mot va dans ce sens, au fil du temps, les
mots perdent parfois leurs sens originel pour exprimer autre chose...je ne suis
pas toujours d'accord avec toutes les idées véhiculées mais je crois qu'elles
peuvent toutes être exprimées, après on a le choix de répondre ou d'ignorer.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Ma réponse</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Je comprends et
j'entends, mais personnellement je crois que l'on peut critiquer les religions
en s'abstenant de les ridiculiser, de mépriser leur dieu ou leurs prophètes et
d'humilier les croyants. La satire et le sarcasme ne sont que des modes
d'expression et ne sont pas les seuls. D'autres modes d'expression plus
authentiques, plus honnêtes et plus respectueux existent. On peut exprimer une
critique aussi acerbe en utilisant un ton respectueux et honnête. L'important
dans la liberté d'expression est de pouvoir exprimer l'idée que l'on souhaite
(n'importe quel contenu). Dans la mesure où il est possible d'exprimer le même
contenu par un mode d'expression plus respectueux de la dignité humaine
pourquoi s'évertuer à employer la satire ou le sarcasme. Par exemple, dans mon
mémoire de maîtrise en droit portant sur les décisions de fin de vie
(euthanasie et aide au suicide), j'ai vertement critiqué l'Église catholique en
relatant des faits et en soulevant des contradictions sans employer la satire
ou le sarcasme. Juridiquement, toute personne a le droit d'employer le
sarcasme. En revanche, éthiquement (donc idéalement) je suis d'avis (et il ne
s'agit que de mon opinion personnelle) que les gens devraient éviter d'y
recourir.Voici ce que je disais : </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">"l'Église
catholique condamne l'euthanasie. Aussi contradictoire que cela puisse
paraître, la Bible qui interdit de tuer (Deutéronome 5:17) cautionne, par
ailleurs, la mort par lapidation (Deutéronome 22:21 et suivants). « Saint
Thomas d’Aquin justifiait la peine de mort pour les hérétiques » selon John
Rawls. De plus, au Moyen Âge, l’Église (le Pape) a approuvé les croisades et la
chasse aux sorcières. John Ellard affirme : « There were eight Crusades in the
11th, 12th and 13th centuries. There were many massacres and there was much
chaos. Estimates of the numbers killed in the Crusades ranged from two million
to nine million. There was also the torture and the slaughter of witches. The
Bible gives the command ‘‘Thou shalt not suffer a witch to live’’ (Ex 22:18). Burning
alive was the usual fate ». Pour la religion chrétienne, il serait donc
éthiquement acceptable de tuer une personne qui ne désire pas mourir pour la
punir, mais il serait éthiquement inacceptable de tuer par compassion une
personne qui désire mourir pour soulager ses souffrances. Bref, « there have
always been reasons to be discovered for killing those who did not want to die,
and preventing the deaths of those who no longer wished to live. The reasons
were not based on logic, nor on compassion, but on moralities derived from
religious beliefs, or political goals ». Il peut exister des circonstances qui
justifient de ne pas respecter le commandement « ne pas tuer ». Par exemple,
Moïse, homme de Dieu, n’a pas respecté le commandement qu’il avait lui-même
proclamé dans les Tables de la Loi. L’Abbé Pierre affirme : « Il y a des
devoirs Absolus en eux-mêmes : par exemple, tu ne tueras pas. Dans le même
temps, je peux me trouver dans de telles circonstances que je ne voie pas
d’autre moyen de sauver une foule de gens menacés que de tuer. J’ai relu cet
épisode avec horreur : c’est Moïse, qui a fait massacrer trente mille
personnes, dit-on, à propos du veau d’or. À peine descendu du Sinaï, il apporte
la loi « tu ne tueras point », et son premier geste est d’en zigouiller trente
mille !".</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Source</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> : Eric Folot, <i>Étude
comparative France-Québec sur les décisions de fin de vie : le droit sous le
regard de l'éthique</i>, Maîtrise en droit, Université de Sherbrooke, hiver
2010 à la p.132, n.658.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Nous vivons dans une
société pluraliste et tolérante. Ce pluralisme et cette tolérance est le prix à
payer pour vivre dans un pays libre. Ronald Dworkin affirmait : </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">"Tolerance is a
cost we must pay for our adventure in liberty (...) Freedom is the cardinal,
absolute requirement of self-respect : no one treats his life as having any
intrinsic, objective importance unless he insists on leading that life himself,
not being ushered along it by others, no matter how much he loves or respects
or fears them". </span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Et c'est pour cette
raison que je crois que toute personne devrait avoir la liberté d'apprécier le
sarcasme. Néanmoins, je suis du même avis que Charles Taylor et je crois
également qu'il existe des "formes élevées" et des "formes
basses" de la liberté. Il affirmait : </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> "Comme
toute forme d'individualisme et de liberté, l'authenticité inaugure une époque
de « responsabilisation », si on me passe le terme. Par le fait même que cette
culture se développe, les gens deviennent plus responsables d'eux-mêmes. <b><u>C'est
une conséquence inévitable de tout accroissement de la liberté que les gens
puissent descendre plus bas ou monter plus haut [...] La nature d'une société
libre repose sur le fait qu'elle sera toujours le théâtre d'un conflit entre
les formes élevées et les formes basses de la liberté. On ne peut abolir ni
l'une ni l'autre, mais on peut en déplacer la ligne de partage</u></b>". </span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Source</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> : Charles Taylor, <i>Les
sources du moi : la formation de l’identité moderne</i>, trad. par<br />
Charlotte Melançon, Montréal, Les Éditions du Boréal, 1998 aux pp.98-99.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">J'ai donc espoir
qu'un jour il y aura de moins en moins de personne qui apprécie le sarcasme
(une forme basse de la liberté selon moi). </span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Prenons le cas de Gab
Roy et Mariloup Wolfe. Selon Raphaelle Savard, les propos de Gab Roy sur
Mariloup était de l'humour sarcastique... de l'humour vraiment ? Voici ses
propos :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">"</span><span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;">Gab Roy, un humoriste controversé, a rédigé une lettre offensante à l'égard
de Mariloup Wolfe lorsque cette dernière était au centre de rumeurs de
séparation avec son conjoint de longue date. Cette lettre suggérait les gestes
sexuels que l'auteur désirait faire subir à l'actrice. La lettre a rapidement
fait le tour du Québec et a créé un vent de révolte quant à son contenu.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;">Le jour de la femme, Mariloup Wolfe a décidé d'agir et de poursuivre Gab
Roy. Ce que j'ai lu sur le sujet dans la presse et les commentaires que j'ai
entendu ont été presque tous positifs, les gens saluaient le geste de l'actrice
qui dénonçait, selon eux, la culture du viol. Mike Ward, un humoriste avec un
humour «cru» est le seul à ma connaissance à s'être positionné contre la
poursuite. Voici un extrait de son message publié sur sa page facebook: </span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;">« Je ne connais pas Gab Roy mais je ne crois pas que son but en
écrivant la lettre était de blesser Mariloup Wolfe, je crois sincèrement que
son but était de faire rire ses lecteurs.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;">Est-ce qu’il a réussi? Non. Mais est-ce qu’il devrait payer 300 milles
dollars pour avoir écris un mauvais gag? Non plus. Si a chaque fois qu’on
écrivait un mauvais gag ça nous coûtait 300 milles, le gars qui a écrit la
série LOL ; ) aurait de sérieux trouble financier. »</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;">Pour ma part, je suis complètement en accord avec les propos de Mike Ward.
Oui, Gab Roy a fait une blague de mauvais goût qui n’aurait jamais dû être
écrite ou publiée. Son humour particulier plaît à un certain groupe
d’individus, et je crois aussi que son but était d’abord de les faire rire, pas
de blesser ou d’insulter qui que ce soit (...)</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="FR" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: FR;">L’humour est un monde complexe puisque personne ne partage les mêmes
références en ce qui a trait à ce qui est drôle et ce qui est de mauvais goût.
En parcourant la page de Gab Roy, on voit plusieurs de ses admirateurs qui
s’insurgent contre la poursuite ou son traitement sur le plateau de Tout le
monde en parle. Est-ce que ces individus se positionnent comme étant pour la
culture du viol? Personnellement, je ne crois pas. Je crois qu’ils appuient un
humoriste qu’ils apprécient dans ses bons coups comme dans ses erreurs". </span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Source</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> : Raphaelle Savard, <i>Mariloup
Wolfe et Gab Roy</i>, Éthique de la communication publique, Le blogue-forum
collectif des étudiants du cours "Éthique de la communication
publique", Université Laval, Québec (12 mars 2014), en ligne : </span><a href="http://ethiquedelacom.blogspot.ca/2014/03/marilou-wolfe-et-gab-roy.html"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">http://ethiquedelacom.blogspot.ca/2014/03/marilou-wolfe-et-gab-roy.html</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Le sarcasme est une
boîte de pandore, une pente glissante... si on s'y adonne on ne peut pas traçer
de limites tolérables... à chacun sa limite...le dossier Gab Roy-Mariloup Wolfe
est éloquent à ce sujet...</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Éric Folot</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Avocat et bioéthicien</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">NB</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> : Les opinions émises dans ce blog sont
personnelles et celles-ci ne représentent pas le point de vue de mon
employeur. </span>
</div>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Lire aussi les textes
suivants avec lesquels je suis d'accord</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> :</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Mustafa Caglayan,
"Norman Finkelstein : Charlie Hebdo n'est pas satirique, il est
sadique" (19 janvier 2015), en ligne : </span><a href="http://normanfinkelstein.com/2015/01/20/norman-finkelstein-charlie-hebdo-nest-pas-satirique-il-est-sadique/"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">http://normanfinkelstein.com/2015/01/20/norman-finkelstein-charlie-hebdo-nest-pas-satirique-il-est-sadique/</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Jocelyn Maclure,
"Le droit de "Charlie Hebdo" de critiquer, et le droit de
critiquer "Charlie Hebdo" (7 janvier 2015) L'actualité, en ligne : </span><a href="http://www.lactualite.com/blogues/le-blogue-politique/charlie-hebdo-la-puissance-des-images/"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">http://www.lactualite.com/blogues/le-blogue-politique/charlie-hebdo-la-puissance-des-images/</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Didier Fassin,
""Charlie": éthique de conviction contre éthique de
responsabilité" (19 janvier 2015) Libération, en ligne : </span><a href="http://www.liberation.fr/societe/2015/01/19/charlie-ethique-de-conviction-contre-ethique-de-responsabilite_1184055"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">http://www.liberation.fr/societe/2015/01/19/charlie-ethique-de-conviction-contre-ethique-de-responsabilite_1184055</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Jean-Pierre Proulx,
"Pour une éthique de la liberté d'expression" (16 janvier 2015) Le
Devoir, en ligne : </span><a href="http://www.ledevoir.com/societe/actualites-en-societe/429081/pour-une-ethique-de-la-liberte-d-expression"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">http://www.ledevoir.com/societe/actualites-en-societe/429081/pour-une-ethique-de-la-liberte-d-expression </span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">François Huguenin,
"Liberté d'expression, religions, caricatures : le décryptage de François
Huguenin" (20 janvier 2015) Le Figaro, en ligne : </span><a href="http://www.lefigaro.fr/vox/societe/2015/01/20/31003-20150120ARTFIG00093-liberte-d-expression-religions-caricatures-le-decryptage-de-francois-huguenin.php"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">http://www.lefigaro.fr/vox/societe/2015/01/20/31003-20150120ARTFIG00093-liberte-d-expression-religions-caricatures-le-decryptage-de-francois-huguenin.php</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Maiwen Leray,
"Je suis Charlie..., ou pas, disent mes élèves de lycée. Ils ont raison de
s'interroger" (16 janvier 2015) Le nouvel observateur (le plus), en ligne
: </span><a href="http://leplus.nouvelobs.com/contribution/1307216-je-suis-charlie-ou-pas-disent-mes-eleves-de-lycee-ils-ont-raison-de-s-interroger.html"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">http://leplus.nouvelobs.com/contribution/1307216-je-suis-charlie-ou-pas-disent-mes-eleves-de-lycee-ils-ont-raison-de-s-interroger.html</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Judith Lussier,
"L'âge de raison" (22 janvier 2015) Journal Metro, en ligne : </span><a href="http://journalmetro.com/opinions/prochaine-station/706900/lage-de-raison/"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">http://journalmetro.com/opinions/prochaine-station/706900/lage-de-raison/</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Lire les textes
suivants avec lequels je suis en désaccord</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> :</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Daniel Weinstock,
"The (messy) ethics of freedom of speech" (January 26, 2015) In due
course, en ligne : </span><a href="http://induecourse.ca/the-messy-ethics-of-freedom-of-speech/"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">http://induecourse.ca/the-messy-ethics-of-freedom-of-speech/</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Mathieu Bock-Côté,
"Liberté d'expression 101" (10 janvier 2015) Journal de Montréal, en
ligne : </span><a href="http://www.journaldemontreal.com/2015/01/10/liberte-dexpression-101"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">http://www.journaldemontreal.com/2015/01/10/liberte-dexpression-101</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7671274545402013868.post-28068011695829629762015-02-25T08:23:00.004-05:002015-02-25T08:27:00.623-05:00Humour sarcastique: entre le droit et l'éthique<!--[if !mso]>
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<![endif]--><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">« Faire
du mal joyeusement, aucune foule ne résiste à cette contagion. Toutes les
exécutions ne sont pas sur des échafauds, et des hommes, dès qu’ils sont
réunis, qu’ils soient multitude ou assemblée, ont toujours au milieu d’eux <u>un
bourreau tout prêt, qui est le sarcasme</u> » (Victor Hugo)</span><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/humour-sarcastique-entre-droit-ethique-16691.htm#_ftn1"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">[1]</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">.</span></span></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">« The
habit of irony, like that of sarcasm, spoils the character ; <u>it gradually
fosters the quality of a malicious superiority</u> ; one finally grows like a
snappy dog, that has learnt to laugh as well as to bite » (Nietzsche).</span></span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">« <u>Sarcasm
I now see to be, in general, the language of the Devil</u>; for which reason I
have, long since, as good as renounced it » (Thomas Carlyle )</span><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/humour-sarcastique-entre-droit-ethique-16691.htm#_ftn2"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">[2]</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">.</span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Entre le
droit et l’éthique</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Définition
du sarcasme</span></u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Le
dictionnaire étymologique définit le sarcasme ainsi : « from <i>sarkazo</i>,
to draw aside the flesh »</span><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/humour-sarcastique-entre-droit-ethique-16691.htm#_ftn3"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[3]</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. Par ailleurs, le « Oxford Dictionary » le définit
ainsi : « The use of irony to mock or convey contempt »</span><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/humour-sarcastique-entre-droit-ethique-16691.htm#_ftn4"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[4]</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. Le Centre national de ressources textuelles et lexicales parle de «
trait mordant d’ironie, de raillerie cruelle »</span><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/humour-sarcastique-entre-droit-ethique-16691.htm#_ftn5"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[5]</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. Ari Drucker affirme :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">« Sarcasm,
in contrast, depends for its effect on “the use of bitter, caustic and other
ironic language <b><u>directed against an individual</u></b>” (Oxford English
Dictionary). The main difference lies in the words “directed against an
individual”, while irony can be used neutrally, referring to a situation
without being directed at any specific individual, <b><u>sarcasm must have a
"victim"</u></b>, the person towards whom the sarcasm is directed. <b><u>Therefore,
it has also been regarded in the literature as aggressive humor</u></b> »</span><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/humour-sarcastique-entre-droit-ethique-16691.htm#_ftn6"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[6]</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">.</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">En
d’autres termes, le sarcasme est une forme d’humour agressif employé pour
véhiculer ou exprimer du mépris contre une personne désignée (une victime).
Selon Richard Chin, le sarcasme comporte deux faces : l’une drôle, l’autre
méchante. Il affirme :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">« Sarcasm
has a two-faced quality: it’s both funny and mean. This dual nature has led to
contradictory theories on why we use it. Some language experts suggest sarcasm
is used as a sort of gentler insult, a way to tone down criticism with
indirectness and humor. “How do you keep this room so neat?” a parent might say
to a child, instead of “This room is a sty.” <b><u>But others researchers have found
that the mocking, smug, superior nature of sarcasm is perceived as more hurtful
than a plain-spoken criticism. The Greek root for sarcasm, <i>sarkazein</i>,
means to tear flesh like dogs</u></b> »</span><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/humour-sarcastique-entre-droit-ethique-16691.htm#_ftn7"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[7]</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">.</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Notre
culture est pénétrée de sarcasme. Certains parlent de « Golden Age of
Sarcasm »</span><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/humour-sarcastique-entre-droit-ethique-16691.htm#_ftn8"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[8]</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. Les personnes qui ne comprennent pas le sarcasme seraient donc
socialement mésadaptées. Richard Chin affirme :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">« “Our
culture in particular is permeated with sarcasm,” says Katherine Rankin, a
neuropsychologist at the University of California at San Francisco. <b>“<u>People
who don’t understand sarcasm are immediately noticed. They’re not getting it.
They’re not socially adept</u> »</b> »</span><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/humour-sarcastique-entre-droit-ethique-16691.htm#_ftn9"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[9]</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">.</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Selon une
étude publiée en octobre 2014 dans la revue <i>Humor</i> (International
Journal of Humor Research), les femmes et les hommes préfèrent lorsque le
sarcasme est dirigé contre les hommes :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">« Results
show that, as predicted by Ariel and Giora (1998), <b><u>female participants fully
adopted a feminine point of view, enjoying sarcastic irony best when it was
directed by women at men and least when it was directed by women at women</u></b>.
Being more sexist, our male participants adopted a feminine point of view only
partially, enjoying sarcastic irony more when directed at men than directed at
women, regardless of the speaker's gender »</span><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/humour-sarcastique-entre-droit-ethique-16691.htm#_ftn10"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[10]</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">.</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Le droit et le sarcasme</span></u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">L’humour
sarcastique transmet un message et est donc protégé par la liberté d’expression
garantie par nos Chartes. Dans l’arrêt <i>Saskatchewan (Human Rights
Commission) c. Whatcott</i> (2013), le juge Rothstein affirmait, au nom de tous
les juges de la Cour suprême du Canada, que le caractère dénigrant, répugnant,
blessant et offensant de l’humour sarcastique (qui peut porter atteinte à
la dignité humaine et également inspirer des sentiments de supériorité) ne
saurait justifier une atteinte à la liberté d’expression. Dit autrement, le
législateur ne pourrait légalement interdire l’humour sarcastique, car cette
atteinte à la liberté d’expression ne saurait se justifier dans une société
libre et démocratique. Le juge Rothstein affirme :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">« <b><u>Les
formes d’expression qui critiquent et qui cultivent l’humour au détriment
d’autres personnes peuvent être dénigrantes au point de devenir
répugnantes. Les représentations qui rabaissent un groupe minoritaire ou
qui portent atteinte à sa dignité par des blagues, des railleries ou des
injures peuvent être blessantes. Toutefois, pour les raisons que j’ai
exposées, les idées offensantes ne suffisent pas pour justifier une atteinte à
la liberté d’expression</u></b>. Ces formes d’expression peuvent
inspirer des sentiments de dédain et de supériorité, mais elles n’exposent pas
le groupe ciblé à la haine »</span><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/humour-sarcastique-entre-droit-ethique-16691.htm#_ftn11"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[11]</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">.</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">L’éthique et le sarcasme</span></u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Selon
Dane Scott, professeur au centre d’éthique de l’Université de Montana, le
sarcasme n’est pas une forme d’humour, mais est destructif, moquant et
blessant. Il parle de « laughter of conflict ». Il
affirme :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">« </span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Humility and humor seem to be coworkers in
perfecting our character (…) Humor helps us to become better people by keeping
us humble in a positive way. It allows us to smile at our limitations, avoiding
despair. It is a form of constructive criticism that we welcome in the front
door. Humor allows us to relax our guarded ego. It humbles us without harming
us. However, not everything that makes us laugh is humorous—some things just
shouldn’t be funny. It might be useful to make a distinction between humor and
sarcasm (…) <b><u>The kind of laughter that helps us be come better people is not
sarcasm. The problem with sarcasm, as opposed to humor, is it laughs at
other people, not with them. While it is certainly entertaining and
sometimes useful to see pompous and self-important people brought down a notch
or two, it doesn’t do us any good</u>. </b>When Mark Twain remarked that, “Often it
does seem a pity that Noah and his party did not miss the boat” he includes
himself in the joke. Sarcasm is never sarcastic about itself. Its target is
other people. It is more a coworker of pride than humility, because it excludes
the one making the joke from the joke. <b><u>As one thinker notes: Sarcasm is
destructive, mocking and wounding; it’s the laughter of conflict. Sarcasm is
funny, but contemptuous. Humor, on the other hand, is self-effacing and
includes everyone in the joke </u></b>»</span><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/humour-sarcastique-entre-droit-ethique-16691.htm#_ftn12"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[12]</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">.</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Pour
reprendre les propos susmentionnés de la Cour suprême du Canada, le sarcasme
comporte un caractère dénigrant, répugnant, blessant et offensant qui peut
parfois inspirer des sentiments de supériorité. Nietzsche affirmait également :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">« <u><b>The
habit</b></u> of irony, like that <b><u>of sarcasm, spoils the character ; it gradually
fosters the quality of a malicious superiority</u></b> ; one finally grows like a
snappy dog, that has learnt to laugh as well as to bite »</span><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/humour-sarcastique-entre-droit-ethique-16691.htm#_ftn13"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[13]</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">.</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">En
éthique, nous sommes responsables des conséquences prévisibles de nos actes (et
non seulement des conséquences voulues et désirées). En conséquence, les
bonnes intentions qui sous-tendent et motivent les propos sarcastiques ne
suffisent pas à les justifier. Des propos blessants ou humiliants qui portent
atteinte à la dignité humaine ne peuvent donc être justifiés éthiquement par
une intention bienveillante. Pour reprendre les propos de la Cour suprême du
Canada, « le "chemin" du crime, tout comme celui de l'enfer,
peut être pavé de bonnes intentions »</span><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/humour-sarcastique-entre-droit-ethique-16691.htm#_ftn14"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[14]</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">En
conséquence, l’emploi de sarcasmes est, comme le soutient le Refuge pour les
femmes de l’ouest de l’île, un manque de respect</span><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/humour-sarcastique-entre-droit-ethique-16691.htm#_ftn15"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[15]</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. C’est pourquoi certaines personnes estiment que « la ligne est
parfois mince entre l’intimidation, l’humour noir et le sarcasme »</span><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/humour-sarcastique-entre-droit-ethique-16691.htm#_ftn16"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[16]</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. En effet, selon Mme Penny Pexman, qui étudie le sarcasme depuis 6 ans
et qui est professeure au département de psychologie à l’Université de Calgary,
« le sarcasme est l'un des éléments clés de l'intimidation ». Elle
affirme :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">« <b><u>« Les
adultes parlent sans arrêt avec sarcasme aux enfants et leur disent qu'ils ne
font que les taquiner », fait remarquer M<sup>me </sup>Pexman.
« En fait, la plupart des enfants jusqu'à l'âge de 10 ans, et même
parfois après, ne trouvent pas vraiment que le sarcasme soit drôle. Étant donné
que le sarcasme est l'un des éléments clés de l'intimidation, il est important
que </u><u>nous comprenions les facteurs qui aident les enfants à
l'interpréter</u><u>. »</u></b> »</span><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/humour-sarcastique-entre-droit-ethique-16691.htm#_ftn17"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[17]</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">.</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Par
exemple, la <i>Politique et plan d’action pour contrer l’intimidation 2012-2013
de l’école Saint-François-d’Assise</i> mentionne :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">« <b><u>Qu’est-ce
que l’intimidation?</u></b></span> </blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">L’intimidation
est l’utilisation de l’agression dans le but intentionnel de blesser une autre
personne :</span> </blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Les actes
d’intimidation répétés et volontaires ou encore un geste isolé, mais grave qui
peut être considéré comme de l’intimidation sont réalisés par une personne ou
un groupe d’individus.</span> </blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Nous y
retrouvons aussi un rapport de force qui a un effet négatif sur la victime.</span> </blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Physiquement
: Pousser, donner des coups de pied, frapper, pincer et pratiquer
d’autres formes de violence ou de menace.</span> </blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Verbalement
: Crier des noms, <b><u>user de sarcasme</u></b>, faire circuler de fausses rumeurs
(…) »</span><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/humour-sarcastique-entre-droit-ethique-16691.htm#_ftn18"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[18]</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">.</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">De même,
selon la Sécurité publique du Québec, les sarcasmes et les insultes peuvent
faire place à la violence</span><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/humour-sarcastique-entre-droit-ethique-16691.htm#_ftn19"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[19]</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> notamment la violence verbale</span><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/humour-sarcastique-entre-droit-ethique-16691.htm#_ftn20"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[20]</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Il n’est
donc pas étonnant que le philosophe libéral John Stuart Mill fût favorable à
l’idée d’interdire l’arme du sarcasme dans les discussions pourvu qu’elle soit
interdite pour tous, c’est-à-dire autant pour ceux qui défendent des idées à
contre-courant et minoritaires (qui s’opposent au pouvoir en place) que pour
ceux qui défendent les idées reçues, dominantes et majoritaires (qui défendent
le pouvoir en place). Il était également d’avis que l’arme du sarcasme devait
autant que possible ne pas être employée contre les personnes faibles et
vulnérables. Il affirmait :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">« With
regard to what is commonly meant by intemperate discussion, namely, invective, <b><u>sarcasm</u></b>,
personality, and the like, <b><u>the denunciation of these weapons would deserve
more sympathy if it were ever proposed to interdict them equally to both sides</u></b>;
but it is only desired to restrain the employment of them against the
prevailing opinion: against the unprevailing they may not only be used without
general disapproval, but will be likely to obtain for him who uses them the
praise of honest zeal and righteous indignation. <b><u>Yet whatever mischief
arises from their use, is greatest when they are employed against the
comparatively defenseless</u></b>; and what ever unfair advantage can be derived by
any opinion from this mode of asserting it, accrues almost exclusively to
received opinions »</span><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/humour-sarcastique-entre-droit-ethique-16691.htm#_ftn21"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[21]</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">.</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">La
féministe et humoriste Molly Ivins est également d’avis que le sarcasme ne se
justifie que lorsqu’il est employé par des personnes faibles et vulnérables
contre des personnes puissantes afin de rétablir un équilibre dans les rapports
de force. Elle affirme : </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">« <b><u>Satire is traditionally the weapon of the
powerless against the powerful. I only aim at the powerful. When satire is
aimed at the powerless, it is not only cruel -- it's vulgar</u></b> ».</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Alors que
le sarcasme devrait être employé par les personnes vulnérables contre les
puissants de ce monde, il est de nos jours généralement employé par les
humoristes contre les personnes vulnérables et au service des puissants. Le
philosophe François L'Yvonnet affirme :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">« Comment
définiriez-vous ce néo-humoriste?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">C'est un
personnage dont le rire est le fond de commerce et qui a pour spécialité de
tourner en dérision, c'est une machine à sarcasmes. Le propre de ce sarcasme,
c'est qu'il est le monopole de quelques-uns, et que c'est un sarcasme dont
l'humoriste est à la fois le juge et la partie, la norme et l'application.
C'est un humour intégré au sens où en parlaient les situationnistes: <b><u>ce
n'est plus une arme servant à lutter contre un pouvoir, c'est le système qui
produit sa propre dérision, interne, qui ne remet pas en cause un ordre, mais
qui l'entérine. La critique est devenue une manière d'entériner les choses</u></b>.
On organise des débats artificiels, par exemple sur Canal plus, qui n'ont
d'autre but que de faire la promotion masquée d'une doxa (…) <b><u>Les artistes
deviennent le bras séculier du pouvoir alors qu'ils devraient au contraire le
tenir à bonne distance. Il y a toujours eu des artistes proches du pouvoir,
mais à ce point-là, jamais</u></b> (…) les humoristes savent qu'ils ne prennent
aucun risque en se moquant des politiques, car le véritable pouvoir n'est plus
là. Le pouvoir, c'est l'argent, mais ça ils n'en rient pas. On n'a jamais vu
Guillon se moquer des propriétaires de Canal ou de TF1 (…) le sérieux est
irrémédiablement frappé d'excommunication du débat public »</span><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/humour-sarcastique-entre-droit-ethique-16691.htm#_ftn22"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[22]</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">.</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Plusieurs
professionnels condamnent également le sarcasme. Selon le psychologue Clifford
N. Lazarus, le sarcasme est de l’hostilité déguisée en humour et une forme
subtile d’intimidation. Il affirme :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">« </span><u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">If you want to be happier and improve your
relationships, cut out sarcasm since sarcasm is actually hostility disguised as
humour</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. Despite smiling outwardly, most
people who receive sarcastic comments feel put down and usually think the
sarcastic person is a jerk. Indeed, it’s not surprising that the origin
of the word sarcasm derives from the Greek word “sarkazein” which literally
means “to tear or strip the flesh off.” Hence, it’s no wonder that
sarcasm is often preceded by the word “cutting” and that it hurts (…) <b><u>After all,
when you come right down to it, sarcasm is a subtle form of bullying</u></b> (…)
don't hestate to tell others that you don't appreciate their sarcastic comments
because it's just thinly veiled hostility and unacceptable bullying »</span><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/humour-sarcastique-entre-droit-ethique-16691.htm#_ftn23"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[23]</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">.</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Pour sa
part, la sexologue Mériza Joly est d’avis qu’il y a toujours un brin de
méchanceté dans le sarcasme. Selon elle, rares sont les relations qui perdurent
dans cette attitude, car le sarcasme est un « vrai tue-amour ».
Elle affirme :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">« Le
sarcasme est un trait mordant d’ironie et de raillerie cruelle. « Il se
rapproche de l’humour noir, mais est plus acerbe là où l’humour noir cherche
plutôt à faire rire. Le sarcasme n’est pas toujours considéré comme une forme
d’humour. » <b><u>Il y a toujours un brin de méchanceté dans le sarcasme et
rares sont les relations qui perdurent dans cette attitude. Le sarcasme
remet en doute la pertinence de faire confiance à l’autre et au lieu de
susciter l’envie, il est un vrai tue-amour. Si vous persévérez dans cette
attitude, vous nuisez grandement au succès de votre relation</u></b> »</span><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/humour-sarcastique-entre-droit-ethique-16691.htm#_ftn24"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[24]</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">.</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Vanessa
Van Edwards affirme également : « <b><u>Sarcasm is not only hurtful, it is
also the least genuine mode of communication</u></b> »</span><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/humour-sarcastique-entre-droit-ethique-16691.htm#_ftn25"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[25]</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Selon le
Arizona Family Institute, les enfants apprennent à devenir sarcastiques en
imitant leurs parents :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">« <b><u>one
mother stated, “My kids are so sarcastic. They are constantly being rude
to each other and being sarcastic with me.” Then she asked, “Do you think they got
that from me?” The simple answer to that question is probably so.
Children generally learn how to interact with people by watching their parents
(and other adults) interact with them and with others. When parents use
sarcasm to release frustration or to point out what they think should be
obvious, they model using sarcasm for their children</u></b>. Sarcasm, by nature, is
insincere. Because of the way the brain develops in children, most children
under the age of 9 or 10 don’t understand that what is said is the opposite of
what is meant. Even so, if sarcasm is often used by the parents when they
interact with members of the family, even young children may start to use it
with those they interact with. <b><u>Today sarcasm is embedded into American culture.
When children are constantly exposed to sarcasm, they learn using sarcasm is
appropriate. However, when they use it with their parents, parents often
respond with, “Don’t you pull that attitude with me. Show some
respect.” If parents feel disrespected when their children use sarcasm
with them, isn’t it possible, or more likely probable, that their children may
feel disrespected when parents use sarcasm with them? When disrespect
begins with the parents, the children may feel justified in being disrespectful
as well. </u></b>»</span><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/humour-sarcastique-entre-droit-ethique-16691.htm#_ftn26"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[26]</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">.</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Pourquoi certaines personnes ont
recours au sarcasme ou à l’humour sarcastique ?</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Selon Ari
Drucker, ridiculiser ou se moquer d’une personne permet d’affirmer sa
supériorité. Cette explication prendrait racine dans la nature humaine. Il
affirme :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">“<b><u>Why
does male bonding rely on teasing and sarcasm, while female bonding relies on
sharing and supporting? Why did the men in our study find the settings in which
other men, their ingroup members, were being derided to be the most enjoyable?
Perhaps the answer to this lies deep in human nature (while not excluding the
possibility that these “natural” traits are results of socialization processes).
Steven Pinker, in his book “how the mind works” (1997), states - from an
evolutionary psychology point of view - that “Every human society acknowledges
some kind of superiority hierarchy, especially among males. Males strive to
achieve superiority using different methods, among humans as well as other
species</u></b>.” That is to say, men are competitive. Many studies of child
development have shown this trait to be typical even of boys at young ages,
e.g. Maltz and Borker (1982) researched children‟s play and showed that girls
use words to create and maintain relationships of closeness and equality, while
boys use words to assert their own position of dominance. <b><u>Men enjoy seeing
another man derided, since it only gets them one step closer to winning the
“Alpha Male” title</u></b>. Under the assumption that similarly to our female
participants, our male participants must also be aware of their being the
dominant group, it is plausible that their competitiveness is expressed only
towards other men. Therefore they found situations in which men were derided to
be more enjoyable than those in which women were derided (indicated in figure 2
by the blue line being above the red line). Competition with women, the
disempowered group, is of no interest to them. And the fact that they still
enjoyed it most when men were derided by other men rather than by women, is
perhaps due to the fact that in this particular setting they can fully identify
with the derider »</span><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/humour-sarcastique-entre-droit-ethique-16691.htm#_ftn27"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[27]</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">.</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Le
philosophe Nietzsche, qui est d'avis que le sarcasme favorise le développement
d'une supériorité malicieuse (voir la citation susmentionnée), affirmait
également :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">« <b><u>La
cruauté était la réjouissance préférée de l'humanité primitive (...) La
"méchanceté désintéressée" (...) apparaît chez elle, par principe,
comme un attribut normal de l'homme (...) Voir souffrir fait du bien, faire
souffrir plus de bien encore, voilà une vérité, mais une vieille et puissante vérité
capitale, humaine, trop humaine, à quoi du reste les singes déjà souscrivaient
peut-être : on raconte en effet que par l'invention de bizarres cruautés ils
annoncent déjà pleinement l'homme (...) Sans cruauté, point de réjouissance,
voilà ce que nous apprend la plus ancienne et la plus longue histoire de
l'homme »</u></b></span><b><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/humour-sarcastique-entre-droit-ethique-16691.htm#_ftn28"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[28]</span></a></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><b><u>. « Presque tout ce que nous appelons une civilisation supérieure repose
sur la spiritualisation et l'approfondissement de la cruauté ; voilà ma thèse
(...) Ce qui plaisait aux Romains à l'amphithéâtre, aux chrétiens dans l'extase
de la croix, aux Espagnols dans les autodafés ou les courses de taureaux, ce
qui plaît de nos jours aux Japonais qui se pressent en foule à la tragédie, à
l'ouvrier parisien qui a la passion des révolutions sanglantes (...) ce qu'ils
savourent tous (...) ce sont les breuvages épicés de la grande Circé dont le
nom est Cruauté (...). L'homme est le plus cruel des animaux. C'est en
assistant à des tragédies, à des combats de taureaux et à des crucifixions
qu'il s'est jusqu'à présent senti le plus heureux sur terre</u></b> »</span><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/humour-sarcastique-entre-droit-ethique-16691.htm#_ftn29"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[29]</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">.</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Conclusion</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">En somme,
le sarcasme est une forme d’humour agressif employé pour véhiculer ou exprimer
du mépris contre une personne désignée (une victime). Notre culture est à ce
point pénétrée de sarcasme que les personnes qui ne comprennent pas le sarcasme
seraient socialement mésadaptées. Selon une étude, les femmes et les hommes
préfèrent lorsque le sarcasme est dirigé contre les hommes.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">L’humour
sarcastique transmet un message et est donc protégé par la liberté d’expression
garantie par nos Chartes. Ainsi le caractère dénigrant, répugnant, blessant et
offensant de l’humour sarcastique ne saurait justifier une atteinte à la
liberté d’expression (comme le reconnaît la Cour suprême du Canada dans l'arrêt
<i>Whatcott</i> (2013) susmentionné).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Bien que
cet humour soit protégé par la liberté d’expression, il peut constituer un
manque de respect et porter atteinte à la dignité humaine (comme le reconnaît
la Cour suprême du Canada dans l'arrêt <i>Whatcott</i> (2013) susmentionné et
le Refuge pour les femmes de l’ouest de l’île). Il peut également inspirer des
sentiments de supériorité malicieuse comme le reconnaissent le philosophe
Nietzsche et la Cour suprême du Canada dans l'arrêt <i>Whatcott</i>
(2013) susmentionné. Selon Mme Penny Pexman, qui étudie le sarcasme depuis 6
ans et qui est professeure au département de psychologie à l’Université de
Calgary, « le sarcasme est l'un des éléments clés de
l'intimidation ». De même, selon la Sécurité publique du Québec, les
sarcasmes et les insultes peuvent faire place à la violence notamment la
violence verbale. Il n’est donc pas étonnant que le philosophe libéral John
Stuart Mill fût favorable à l’idée d’interdire l’arme du sarcasme dans les discussions.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Le cas de
Justin Carter aux États-Unis</span><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/humour-sarcastique-entre-droit-ethique-16691.htm#_ftn30"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[30]</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> démontre que le sarcasme est donc loin d'être anodin et qu’il est la
plupart du temps éthiquement condamnable. D'ailleurs, selon Dane Scott,
professeur au centre d’éthique de l’Université de Montana, le sarcasme n'est
pas de l'humour, mais est destructif, moquant et blessant. Il parle de
« laughter of conflict ». Selon le psychologue Clifford N. Lazarus,
le sarcasme est de l’hostilité déguisée en humour et une forme subtile
d’intimidation. Pour sa part, la sexologue Mériza Joly est d’avis qu’il y a
toujours un brin de méchanceté dans le sarcasme. Selon elle, rares sont les
relations qui perdurent dans cette attitude, car le sarcasme est un « vrai
tue-amour ». Pour terminer, citons Lawrence G. Lovasik qui résume bien mon
opinion sur le sarcasme. Il affirme :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">« <b><u>A
sarcastic person has a superiority complex that can be cured only by the
honesty of humility. Draw the line between innocent practical jokes and unkind,
dangerous, and malicious schemes against the feelings, principles, and good
nature of your friends. So-called practical jokes that interfere with another’s
work, or bring laughter down on his physical defects, or bring him into public
scorn, are evil and unkind. If you are guilty of this type of unkindness, make
a strong resolution that you will never consciously give pain to anyone</u></b> »</span><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/humour-sarcastique-entre-droit-ethique-16691.htm#_ftn31"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[31]</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">.</span></div>
</blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Éric
Folot</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Avocat et
bioéthicien</span></div>
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<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">NB</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> : Les opinions
émises dans ce blog sont personnelles et celles-ci ne représentent pas le point
de vue de mon employeur.</span></div>
<br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">À écouter</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> à l'émission française "Les grandes
questions" sur Cultre infos (France 5) le documentaire intitulé "La
tyrannie du sarcasme (Rire : tyrannie ou contre pouvoir ?)", en ligne : </span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qcH-oyi5aho"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qcH-oyi5aho</span></a></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/humour-sarcastique-entre-droit-ethique-16691.htm#_ftnref1"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[1]</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> Victor Hugo, <i>L’homme qui rit</i>, t.4, Paris, Librairie
Internationale, 1869 à la p.265.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/humour-sarcastique-entre-droit-ethique-16691.htm#_ftnref2"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[2]</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> Thomas Carlyle, <i>Sartor resartus. Heroes and hero-worship</i>, vol.1,
book 2, D. Estes and C.E. Lauriat, 1884 à la p.100.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/humour-sarcastique-entre-droit-ethique-16691.htm#_ftnref3"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[3]</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> William Grimshaw, <i>An etymological dictionary</i>, Printed by Lydia
R. Bailey, 1821.</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/humour-sarcastique-entre-droit-ethique-16691.htm#_ftnref4"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[4]</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> En ligne : </span><a href="http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/sarcasm"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/sarcasm</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/humour-sarcastique-entre-droit-ethique-16691.htm#_ftnref5"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[5]</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> En ligne : </span><a href="http://www.cnrtl.fr/lexicographie/sarcasme"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">http://www.cnrtl.fr/lexicographie/sarcasme</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/humour-sarcastique-entre-droit-ethique-16691.htm#_ftnref6"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[6]</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> Ari Drucker, <i>And they say women don’t have a sense of humour :
on gender and sarcasm</i>, Master thesis, Tel-Aviv University, october 2011 à
la p.3, en ligne : </span><a href="http://humanities.tau.ac.il/linguistics_eng/images/stories/Ari_Drucker_MA_2011.pdf"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">http://humanities.tau.ac.il/linguistics_eng/images/stories/Ari_Drucker_MA_2011.pdf</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/humour-sarcastique-entre-droit-ethique-16691.htm#_ftnref7"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[7]</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> Richard Chin, « The science of Sarcasm ? Yeah, Right (14 novembre
2011), en ligne : </span><a href="http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/the-science-of-sarcasm-yeah-right-25038/?no-ist"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/the-science-of-sarcasm-yeah-right-25038/?no-ist</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/humour-sarcastique-entre-droit-ethique-16691.htm#_ftnref8"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[8]</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> Roy Blount Jr., « Mark Twain : our original superstar »
(July 3, 2008) Time, en ligne : </span><a href="http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1820166,00.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1820166,00.html</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/humour-sarcastique-entre-droit-ethique-16691.htm#_ftnref9"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[9]</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> Richard Chin, « The science of Sarcasm ? Yeah, Right (14 novembre
2011), en ligne : </span><a href="http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/the-science-of-sarcasm-yeah-right-25038/?no-ist"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/the-science-of-sarcasm-yeah-right-25038/?no-ist</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/humour-sarcastique-entre-droit-ethique-16691.htm#_ftnref10"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[10]</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> Ari Drucker, Ofer Fein, Dafna Bergerbest and Rachel Giora, « On
sarcasm, social awareness and gender » (2014) 27 :4 Humor, en
ligne : </span><a href="http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/humr.2014.27.issue-4/humor-2014-0092/humor-2014-0092.xml"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/humr.2014.27.issue-4/humor-2014-0092/humor-2014-0092.xml</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/humour-sarcastique-entre-droit-ethique-16691.htm#_ftnref11"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[11]</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> <i>Saskatchewan (Human Rights Commission) c. Whatcott</i>, [2013] 1 RCS
467 au para.90, j. Rothstein (pour la Cour).</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/humour-sarcastique-entre-droit-ethique-16691.htm#_ftnref12"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[12]</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> Dane Scott, « Humor and humility » (July 24, 2008), en
ligne : </span><a href="http://www.umt.edu/ethics/imx/radioessays/comment_Humor%20and%20Humility.pdf"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">http://www.umt.edu/ethics/imx/radioessays/comment_Humor
and Humility.pdf</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/humour-sarcastique-entre-droit-ethique-16691.htm#_ftnref13"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[13]</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> Friedrich Nietzsche, Human all to human, au para.372, en
ligne : </span><a href="http://www.lexido.com/EBOOK_TEXTS/HUMAN_ALL_TOO_HUMAN_BOOK_ONE_.aspx?S=372"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">http://www.lexido.com/EBOOK_TEXTS/HUMAN_ALL_TOO_HUMAN_BOOK_ONE_.aspx?S=372</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/humour-sarcastique-entre-droit-ethique-16691.htm#_ftnref14"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[14]</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> <i>R. c. Kelly</i>, [1992] 2 RCS 170, j. McLachlin.</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/humour-sarcastique-entre-droit-ethique-16691.htm#_ftnref15"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[15]</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> Refuge pour les femmes de l’ouest de l’île, « Les signes
précurseurs et les débuts d’une relation abusive », en ligne : </span><a href="http://refugepourlesfemmesdelouestdelile.org/accueil/les-signes-precurseurs-et-les-debuts-dune-relation-abusive/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">http://refugepourlesfemmesdelouestdelile.org/accueil/les-signes-precurseurs-et-les-debuts-dune-relation-abusive/</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/humour-sarcastique-entre-droit-ethique-16691.htm#_ftnref16"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[16]</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> Christian Caron, « Intimidation envers les élus : une
situation tolérable » (22 octobre 2014) Le SherbrookeExpress, en
ligne : </span><a href="http://www.lejournaldesherbrooke.ca/2014/10/22/intimidation-envers-les-elus--une-situation-tolerable"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">http://www.lejournaldesherbrooke.ca/2014/10/22/intimidation-envers-les-elus--une-situation-tolerable</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> . Voir aussi les Mythes et faits de
l’intimidation, en ligne : </span><a href="http://www.bullying.org/external/documents/Bullying_Myths-Facts_Pamphlet_French.pdf"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">http://www.bullying.org/external/documents/Bullying_Myths-Facts_Pamphlet_French.pdf</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/humour-sarcastique-entre-droit-ethique-16691.htm#_ftnref17"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[17]</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> Conseil de recherches en sciences humaines, « Recherche sur le
sarcasme : comme si c’était nouveau ! » (13 avril 2006), en
ligne : </span><a href="http://www.sshrc-crsh.gc.ca/society-societe/stories-histoires/story-histoire-fra.aspx?story_id=20"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">http://www.sshrc-crsh.gc.ca/society-societe/stories-histoires/story-histoire-fra.aspx?story_id=20</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/humour-sarcastique-entre-droit-ethique-16691.htm#_ftnref18"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[18]</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> Politique et plan d’action pour contrer l’intimidation 2012-2013 de
l’école Saint-François-d’Assise, en ligne : </span><a href="http://st-francois.csvdc.qc.ca/wp-content/uploads/sites/36/2014/12/Politique-intimidation-12-13.pdf"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">http://st-francois.csvdc.qc.ca/wp-content/uploads/sites/36/2014/12/Politique-intimidation-12-13.pdf</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. Voir aussi </span><a href="http://education.alberta.ca/francais/parents/aesinfoparentsens/intimidation.aspx"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">http://education.alberta.ca/francais/parents/aesinfoparentsens/intimidation.aspx</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> . Voir aussi A. Wayne MacKay, <i>Rapport de la
Commission d’étude sur l’intimidation et la cyberintimidation de la Nouvelle-Écosse</i>,
29 février 2012 à la p.13.</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/humour-sarcastique-entre-droit-ethique-16691.htm#_ftnref19"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[19]</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> André Corbeij, « Battu à son école parce qu’il fait du patin
artistique » (21 avril 2012), en ligne : </span><a href="http://fr.canoe.ca/infos/quebeccanada/archives/2012/04/20120421-223725.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">http://fr.canoe.ca/infos/quebeccanada/archives/2012/04/20120421-223725.html</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/humour-sarcastique-entre-droit-ethique-16691.htm#_ftnref20"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[20]</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> Sécurité publique du Québec, « Relations amoureuses et
violence », en ligne : </span><a href="http://www.securitepublique.gouv.qc.ca/police/prevention-criminalite/ados/relations-amoureuses-violentes.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">http://www.securitepublique.gouv.qc.ca/police/prevention-criminalite/ados/relations-amoureuses-violentes.html</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/humour-sarcastique-entre-droit-ethique-16691.htm#_ftnref21"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[21]</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> John Stuart Mill, <i>On Liberty</i> (« Of the liberty of thought
and discussion ») à la p.31.</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/humour-sarcastique-entre-droit-ethique-16691.htm#_ftnref22"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[22]</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> Eugénie Bastien, « Comicocratie : pourquoi les humoristes
sont devenus tout puissants » (21 février 2014) Le Figaro, en ligne :
</span><a href="http://www.lefigaro.fr/vox/societe/2014/02/21/31003-20140221ARTFIG00364-comicocratie-pourquoi-les-humoristes-sont-devenus-tout-puissant.php"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">http://www.lefigaro.fr/vox/societe/2014/02/21/31003-20140221ARTFIG00364-comicocratie-pourquoi-les-humoristes-sont-devenus-tout-puissant.php</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/humour-sarcastique-entre-droit-ethique-16691.htm#_ftnref23"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[23]</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> Clifford N. Lazarus, « Think sarcasm is funny ? Think again (June
26, 2012), en ligne : </span><a href="http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/think-well/201206/think-sarcasm-is-funny-think-again"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/think-well/201206/think-sarcasm-is-funny-think-again</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/humour-sarcastique-entre-droit-ethique-16691.htm#_ftnref24"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[24]</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> Mériza Joly, « « Un éléphant dans le salon » : 5
problèmes de couples » (2 décembre 2013) : n ligne : </span><a href="http://merizajolysexologue.wordpress.com/2013/12/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">http://merizajolysexologue.wordpress.com/2013/12/</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/humour-sarcastique-entre-droit-ethique-16691.htm#_ftnref25"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[25]</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> </span><a href="http://www.scienceofpeople.com/2011/12/sarcasm-why-it-hurts-us/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">http://www.scienceofpeople.com/2011/12/sarcasm-why-it-hurts-us/</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/humour-sarcastique-entre-droit-ethique-16691.htm#_ftnref26"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[26]</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> Arizona Family Institute, « The effect of sarcasm on
children », en ligne :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<a href="http://www.arizonafamilyinstitute.com/the-effects-of-sarcasm-on-children/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">http://www.arizonafamilyinstitute.com/the-effects-of-sarcasm-on-children/</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"></span></div>
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on gender and sarcasm</i>, Master thesis, Tel-Aviv University, october 2011 à
la p.21, en ligne : </span><a href="http://humanities.tau.ac.il/linguistics_eng/images/stories/Ari_Drucker_MA_2011.pdf"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">http://humanities.tau.ac.il/linguistics_eng/images/stories/Ari_Drucker_MA_2011.pdf</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">.</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/humour-sarcastique-entre-droit-ethique-16691.htm#_ftnref28"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[28]</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> <i>Friedrich Nietzsche, La généalogie de la morale, trad. par Henri
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<a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/humour-sarcastique-entre-droit-ethique-16691.htm#_ftnref30"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[30]</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> Doug Gross, « Teen in jail for months over « sarcastic »
facebook threat » (July 3, 2013), en ligne : </span><a href="http://www.cnn.com/2013/07/02/tech/social-media/facebook-threat-carter/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">http://www.cnn.com/2013/07/02/tech/social-media/facebook-threat-carter/</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/humour-sarcastique-entre-droit-ethique-16691.htm#_ftnref31"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[31]</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> Lawrence G. Lovasik, <i>The Hidden Power of Kindness: A Practical
Handbook for Souls Who Dare to Transform the World, One Deed at a Time</i>,
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7671274545402013868.post-42560907700489092492015-02-25T08:10:00.006-05:002015-02-25T08:12:26.005-05:00La dignité humaine (partie 3) : « dignité » vs « dignité humaine »<!--[if !mso]>
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<![endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Introduction </span></b><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
Dans les parties 1 et 2, nous avons tenté d'établir la pertinence et
l'importance du concept de dignité humaine. Il convient maintenant de
distinguer et de définir les concepts de « dignité » et de « dignité humaine »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref1"></a><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/dignite-humaine-partie-%C2%AB-dignite-13811.htm#_ftn1" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref1;"><span style="color: blue;">[1]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref1;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref1;"></span>.</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Définition
des concepts de « dignité » et de « dignité humaine » </span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
Le terme « dignité » n'est pas exclusivement applicable à l'être humain et peut
être employé pour qualifier des animaux, des plantes et même des objets
inanimés<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref2"></a><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/dignite-humaine-partie-%C2%AB-dignite-13811.htm#_ftn2" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref2;"><span style="color: blue;">[2]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref2;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref2;"></span>.
Par exemple, en Suisse, l'art.120 para.2 de la <i>Constitution fédérale de la
Confédération Suisse</i> réfère à la dignité des organismes vivants<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref3"></a><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/dignite-humaine-partie-%C2%AB-dignite-13811.htm#_ftn3" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref3;"><span style="color: blue;">[3]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref3;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref3;"></span>.
Le présent texte porte exclusivement sur la « dignité humaine ».</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
Le terme « dignité humaine » se distingue de l'usage général que l'on fait de
nos jours du terme « dignité » lorsque l'on réfère, par exemple, à la dignité
d'une fonction<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref4"></a><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/dignite-humaine-partie-%C2%AB-dignite-13811.htm#_ftn4" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref4;"><span style="color: blue;">[4]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref4;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref4;"></span>.
Il se distingue également du terme « dignité » employé dans l'Antiquité.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">La
« dignité »</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
Le terme « dignité » existe depuis l'Antiquité gréco-romaine<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref5"></a><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/dignite-humaine-partie-%C2%AB-dignite-13811.htm#_ftn5" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref5;"><span style="color: blue;">[5]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref5;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref5;"></span>.
Il vient des mots latins <i>dignus</i> et <i>dignitas</i> qui signifient «
digne d'honneur et d'estime »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref6"></a><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/dignite-humaine-partie-%C2%AB-dignite-13811.htm#_ftn6" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref6;"><span style="color: blue;">[6]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref6;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref6;"></span>.
Il référait, dans l'Antiquité, au rang, à la hiérarchie, au statut
social, à la charge ou à la fonction occupée, à un titre, à l'excellence et au
pouvoir<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref7"></a><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/dignite-humaine-partie-%C2%AB-dignite-13811.htm#_ftn7" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref7;"><span style="color: blue;">[7]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref7;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref7;"></span>.
La « dignité » impliquait donc l'admiration, l'excellence et la distinction<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref8"></a><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/dignite-humaine-partie-%C2%AB-dignite-13811.htm#_ftn8" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref8;"><span style="color: blue;">[8]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref8;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref8;"></span>.
Par conséquent, seuls certains individus, qui avaient les qualités, les mérites
ou les aptitudes recherchées, la possédaient<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref9"></a><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/dignite-humaine-partie-%C2%AB-dignite-13811.htm#_ftn9" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref9;"><span style="color: blue;">[9]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref9;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref9;"></span>.
Elle opérait des distinctions entre les individus et c'est pourquoi, dans
l'Antiquité grecque<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref10"></a><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/dignite-humaine-partie-%C2%AB-dignite-13811.htm#_ftn10" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref10;"><span style="color: blue;">[10]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref10;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref10;"></span>
et romaine<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref11"></a><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/dignite-humaine-partie-%C2%AB-dignite-13811.htm#_ftn11" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref11;"><span style="color: blue;">[11]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref11;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref11;"></span>,
tous les êtres humains n'étaient pas égaux devant la loi. En effet, pour une
même infraction à la loi romaine, il n'existait pas, selon Teresa Iglesias, de
peine uniforme pour tous les contrevenants. La sévérité de la peine était
déterminée en fonction de la « dignitas » du contrevenant<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref12"></a><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/dignite-humaine-partie-%C2%AB-dignite-13811.htm#_ftn12" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref12;"><span style="color: blue;">[12]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref12;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref12;"></span>.
En ce sens, la « dignité » de l'Antiquité n'était donc pas compatible avec les
idéaux démocratiques d'égalité, de liberté et de tolérance<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref13"></a><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/dignite-humaine-partie-%C2%AB-dignite-13811.htm#_ftn13" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref13;"><span style="color: blue;">[13]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref13;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref13;"></span>. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
En effet, une société démocratique où tous les êtres humains sont égaux en
droit et devant la loi est contraire à la conception de la société que se
faisait le philosophe de l'Antiquité grecque Aristote (384 av. J.-C. - 322 av.
J.-C.) qui fondait la société sur des rapports inégalitaires et hiérarchiques<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref14"></a><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/dignite-humaine-partie-%C2%AB-dignite-13811.htm#_ftn14" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref14;"><span style="color: blue;">[14]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref14;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref14;"></span>.
Mette Lebech explique :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">« <b><u>A
society in which everyone would be equal according to a basic degree of dignity
by virtue of their shared humanity, would be contrary to Aristotle's
understanding of society</u></b> »<a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/dignite-humaine-partie-%C2%AB-dignite-13811.htm#_ftn15" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref15;"><span style="color: blue;">[15]</span></span></a>. </span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Selon
Aristote, tous les hommes ne sont pas nés égaux. Il existe, selon lui, des
inégalités naturelles entre les hommes. Certains sont nés pour commander,
d'autres pour obéir<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref16"></a><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/dignite-humaine-partie-%C2%AB-dignite-13811.htm#_ftn16" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref16;"><span style="color: blue;">[16]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref16;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref16;"></span>.
Selon lui, l'égalité signifiait un traitement égal pour des personnes égales et
un traitement inégal pour des personnes inégales<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref17"></a><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/dignite-humaine-partie-%C2%AB-dignite-13811.htm#_ftn17" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref17;"><span style="color: blue;">[17]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref17;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref17;"></span>.
Dans sa conception de la justice, il considérait donc qu'il était juste, pour
une même infraction, qu'un esclave reçoive une peine plus sévère qu'un homme
libre. Il affirme :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">« Ce
n'est pas juste en effet pour un domestique par rapport à un homme libre ; car
si le domestique frappe l'homme libre, il n'est pas juste qu'il reçoive le même
nombre de coups, mais il doit en recevoir plus »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref18"></a><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/dignite-humaine-partie-%C2%AB-dignite-13811.htm#_ftn18" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref18;"><span style="color: blue;">[18]</span></span></a>.</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Aristote
conseilla également à Alexandre le Grand de traiter les Grecs comme des égaux
et des membres de la famille et les barbares comme des inégaux et des animaux<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref19"></a><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/dignite-humaine-partie-%C2%AB-dignite-13811.htm#_ftn19" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref19;"><span style="color: blue;">[19]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref19;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref19;"></span>.
Dans sa conception de l'État, Aristote réservait les meilleures choses à une
minorité et traitait la majorité des individus comme de simples moyens au
service de cette minorité. Bertrand Russell explique :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">« <b>It
is held that what is best is essentially only for the few, magnanimous men and
philosophers. Most men, it would seem to follow, are mainly means for the
production of a few rulers and sages<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref20"></a><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/dignite-humaine-partie-%C2%AB-dignite-13811.htm#_ftn20" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref20;"><span style="color: blue;">[20]</span></span></a>
(...) Can we regard as morally satisfactory a community which, by its essential
constitution, confines the best things to a few, and requires the majority to
be content with the second-best ? Plato and Aristotle say yes, and Nietzsche
agrees with them. Stoics, Christians, and democrats say no »</b></span></u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref21"></a><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/dignite-humaine-partie-%C2%AB-dignite-13811.htm#_ftn21" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref21;"><span style="color: blue;">[21]</span></span></a>.</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Aristote
approuvait d'ailleurs l'esclavage qu'il considérait à la fois comme indispensable
et avantageux<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref22"></a><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/dignite-humaine-partie-%C2%AB-dignite-13811.htm#_ftn22" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref22;"><span style="color: blue;">[22]</span></span></a>.
Il affirmait :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">« <b><u>Il
faut examiner (...) s'il est meilleur et juste pour quelqu'un d'être esclave,
ou si cela ne l'est pas, tout esclavage étant contre nature</u>. Or le problème
n'est pas difficile, la raison le montre aussi bien que les faits l'enseignent.
<u>Car commander et être commandé font partie non seulement des choses
indispensables, mais aussi des choses avantageuses</u></b> »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref23"></a><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/dignite-humaine-partie-%C2%AB-dignite-13811.htm#_ftn23" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref23;"><span style="color: blue;">[23]</span></span></a>.</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Jean-Jacques
Rousseau disait :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">« <b><u>Aristote
(...) dit aussi que les hommes ne sont point naturellement égaux, mais que les
uns naissent pour l'esclavage et les autres pour la domination</u></b> »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref24"></a><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/dignite-humaine-partie-%C2%AB-dignite-13811.htm#_ftn24" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref24;"><span style="color: blue;">[24]</span></span></a>.</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Selon
Bernard Williams, Aristote jugeait l'esclavage non seulement nécessaire, mais
également justifiable éthiquement. Williams affirme :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">« <b><u>Aristotle's
argument is an ex post attempt to justify a somewhat modified version of
slavery, Greek slavery. Now, it's not irrelevant that the arguments are terrible.
Even by the going standards, they were terrible arguments. The fact they're
terrible is connected with the fact that they are a manifest rationalization of
something that already exists, and the best argument he can think of is that
one simply fails to fit the practice (…) Aristotle's account is absolute sheer
humbug, it's rubbish. It's an attempt to turn into a form of reason what is in
fact an argument that is based upon the functionality of violence for a certain
way of life (...) I think I'm quoting Nietzsche, more or less, when I say that
there is actually one thing worse than slavery which is to think slavery is
justified. To try to justify it actually makes it worse, because you add to the
violence of slavery the humbug of pretending that it isn't based on violence</u> </b>»<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref25"></a><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/dignite-humaine-partie-%C2%AB-dignite-13811.htm#_ftn25" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref25;"><span style="color: blue;">[25]</span></span></a>.</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Or comme
l'affirmait si éloquemment Abraham Lincoln, l'esclavage est profondément
antidémocratique :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">« <b><u>As I
would not be a slave, so I would not be a master. This expresses my idea of
democracy. Whatever, differs from this, to the extent of the difference, is no
democracy</u> </b>» <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref26"></a><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/dignite-humaine-partie-%C2%AB-dignite-13811.htm#_ftn26" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref26;"><span style="color: blue;">[26]</span></span></a>.</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Aristote
approuvait également la subordination des femmes<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref27"></a><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/dignite-humaine-partie-%C2%AB-dignite-13811.htm#_ftn27" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref27;"><span style="color: blue;">[27]</span></span></a>.
En somme, Charles Taylor résume :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">«<b> Nous
avons trop conscience qu'il a existé et qu'il existe des sociétés et des modes
d'échange social qui sont corrompus ou incompatibles avec la justice et la
dignité humaine. Et nous ne sommes guère encouragés à suivre la voie aristotélicienne,
si nous nous souvenons que le Staginite lui-même a justifié l'esclavage pour ne
rien dire de la subordination des femmes</b> »</span></u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/dignite-humaine-partie-%C2%AB-dignite-13811.htm#_ftn28" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref28;"><span style="color: blue;">[28]</span></span></a>.</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">La
« dignité humaine »</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
Les expressions « dignité humaine » et « dignité de l'homme » ont, en
revanche, une existence plus récente et furent utilisées pour la première fois
à l'époque des lumières il y a moins de deux cents ans<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref29"></a><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/dignite-humaine-partie-%C2%AB-dignite-13811.htm#_ftn29" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref29;"><span style="color: blue;">[29]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref29;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref29;"></span>
lorsque l'idée de loi naturelle fut formulée en droit subjectif (droit naturel)<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref30"></a><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/dignite-humaine-partie-%C2%AB-dignite-13811.htm#_ftn30" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref30;"><span style="color: blue;">[30]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref30;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref30;"></span>.
Néanmoins, l'idée même de « dignité humaine » (qui préexiste l'usage du terme)
a une existence plus ancienne qui remonte à la philosophie stoïcienne<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref31"></a><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/dignite-humaine-partie-%C2%AB-dignite-13811.htm#_ftn31" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref31;"><span style="color: blue;">[31]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref31;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref31;"></span>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
Par opposition à la « dignité » de l'Antiquité, la « dignité humaine » est
caractéristique de tous les êtres humains et commande, par conséquent, une
application universelle et inconditionnelle indépendante de toute distinction
fondée sur le statut social, la charge ou la fonction occupée, l'excellence et
le pouvoir<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref32"></a><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/dignite-humaine-partie-%C2%AB-dignite-13811.htm#_ftn32" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref32;"><span style="color: blue;">[32]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref32;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref32;"></span>.
En ce sens, les notions de « dignité » et de « dignité humaine » sont
antinomiques. La notion de « dignité » qui est l'apanage d'une minorité est
aristocratique<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref33"></a><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/dignite-humaine-partie-%C2%AB-dignite-13811.htm#_ftn33" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref33;"><span style="color: blue;">[33]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref33;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref33;"></span>
alors que la notion de « dignité humaine » qui est universelle et intrinsèque à
tous les êtres humains est démocratique<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref34"></a><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/dignite-humaine-partie-%C2%AB-dignite-13811.htm#_ftn34" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref34;"><span style="color: blue;">[34]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref34;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref34;"></span>.
Herbert Spiegelberg explique :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">« <b><u>Human
dignity is a very different matter. It implies the very denial of an
aristocratic order of dignities. For it refers to the minimum dignity which
belongs to every human being qua human. It does not admit of any degrees. It is
equal for all humans. It cannot be gained or lost. In this respect human
dignity as a species of dignity differs fundamentally from the genus</u></b> »<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref35"></a><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/dignite-humaine-partie-%C2%AB-dignite-13811.htm#_ftn35" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref35;"><span style="color: blue;">[35]</span></span></a>.</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span></span><span style="font-size: small;">Aristote reconnaissait lui-même qu'il existait à
son épôque des grands penseurs qui étaient d'avis que l'esclavage "n'est
pas juste", "repose sur la force", que "le pouvoir du
maître est contre nature" et que "c'est par convention que l'un est
esclave et l'autre libre".</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Source</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> : Aristote, <i>Les politiques</i>, trad. par
Pierre Pellegrin, 2<sup>e</sup> éd., Paris, Flammarion, 1993 à la p.95 (I, 3,
1253b).</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> <span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Éric
Folot, avocat et bioéthicien</span> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<![endif]--><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 115%;">NB</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 115%;"> : Les opinions émises dans ce blog sont
personnelles et celles-ci ne représentent pas le point de vue de mon employeur.</span></span> </span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn1"></a><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/dignite-humaine-partie-%C2%AB-dignite-13811.htm#_ftnref1" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn1;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[1]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn1;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn1;"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
Thomas Hobbes soulignait l'importance en philosophie de définir les concepts
employés : Thomas Hobbes, <i>Léviathan</i>, trad. par Gérard Mairet, Paris,
Éditions Gallimard, 2000 aux pp.95, n.1, 104, 116.</span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn2"></a><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/dignite-humaine-partie-%C2%AB-dignite-13811.htm#_ftnref2" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn2;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[2]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn2;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn2;"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
Aurel Kolnai, « Dignity » (1976) 51:197 Philosophy 251 à la p.254. Voir
également : Daryl Pullman, <i>Human dignity and the foundations of liberalism</i>,
Doctoral thesis in philosophy unpublished, University of Waterloo, 1990 à la
p.9 ; Anne Mette Maria Lebech, <i>The identification of human dignity :
hermeneutic, eidetic and constitutional analyses in the light of Edith Stein's
phenomenology</i>, Doctoral thesis in philosophy published, Katholieke
Universiteit Leuven, 2005 à la p.9 ; George Kateb, <i>Human Dignity</i>,
Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 2011 à la p.117 ; Canada, Comité
consultatif canadien de la biotechnologie, <i>Brevetabilité des formes de vie
supérieures et enjeux connexes : Rapport adressé au Comité de coordination
ministériel de la biotechnologie du Gouvernement du Canada</i>, Ottawa, Comité
consultatif canadien de la biotechnologie, juin 2002 à la p.11.</span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn3"></a><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/dignite-humaine-partie-%C2%AB-dignite-13811.htm#_ftnref3" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn3;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[3]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn3;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn3;"></span><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
Federal Constitution of the Swiss Confederation</span></i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> (1998), en ligne : <http://www.admin.ch/ch/e/rs/c101.html>.
Cette législation est conforme au préambule de la <i>Charte mondiale de la
nature</i> (1982) : <i>Charte mondiale de la nature,</i> Rés. AG 37/7, Doc.Off.
A.G.N.U., 37<sup>e</sup> sess., supp. n°49, Doc. NU A/37/7 (1982) 19 à la p.20.
Elle est également conforme au préambule de la <i>Convention sur la diversité
biologique</i> (1992) : <i>Convention sur la diversité biologique</i> (1992),
en ligne : <http://www.cbd.int/convention/text/>. Pour une opinion
favorable à l'extension du terme « dignité » aux plantes et aux animaux, voir
Florianne Koechlin, « The dignity of plants » (2009) 4:1 Plant signaling &
behavior 78 à la p.79 ; Shawn H.E. Harmon, « Of plants and people : why do we
care about dignity ? » (2009) 10:9 European molecular biology organization
reports 946 à la p.948. Pour une opinion défavorable, voir Simcha Lev-Yadun, «
Bioethics : on the road to absurd land » (2008) 3:8 Plant signaling &
behavior 612 à la p.612. Voir également Alison Abbott, « Swiss 'dignity' law is
threat to plant biology » (2008) 452:7190 Nature 919 à la p.919.</span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn4"></a><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/dignite-humaine-partie-%C2%AB-dignite-13811.htm#_ftnref4" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn4;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[4]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn4;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn4;"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
Pour des exemples, voir : Immanuel Kant, <i>The metaphysics of morals</i>,
trad. par Mary Gregor, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1991 à la p.138
(au para.328) ; Blaise Pascal, <i>Pensées</i>, Paris, Librairie générale
française, 1962 au para.206 (à la p.110) ; Yale Law School, The Avalon Project,
« English Bill of Rights 1689 », en ligne :
<http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/england.asp>.</span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn5"></a><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/dignite-humaine-partie-%C2%AB-dignite-13811.htm#_ftnref5" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn5;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[5]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn5;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn5;"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
Antoon de Baets, « A successful utopia : The doctrine of human dignity » (2007)
7 <i>Historein: A Review of the Past and</i> <i>Other Stories </i>(Athens) 71 à
la p.71 ; Teresa Iglesias, « Bedrock truths and the dignity of the individual »
(2001) 4:1 LOGOS 114 à la p.120 ; Adam Schulman, « Bioethics and the questions
of human dignity » in The President's Council on Bioethics, <i>Human Dignity
and Bioethics</i>, Washington DC, 2008 à la p.6.</span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn6"></a><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/dignite-humaine-partie-%C2%AB-dignite-13811.htm#_ftnref6" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn6;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[6]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn6;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn6;"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
Adam Schulman, « Bioethics and the questions of human dignity » in The
President's Council on Bioethics, <i>Human Dignity and Bioethics</i>,
Washington DC, 2008 à la p.6 ; Christopher McCrudden, « Human dignity and
judicial interpretation of human rights » (2008) 19:4 E. J. I. L. 655 aux
pp.656-657 ; Teresa Iglesias, « Bedrock truths and the dignity of the
individual » (2001) 4:1 LOGOS 114 à la p.120.</span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn7"></a><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/dignite-humaine-partie-%C2%AB-dignite-13811.htm#_ftnref7" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn7;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[7]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn7;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn7;"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
Teresa Iglesias, « Bedrock truths and the dignity of the individual » (2001)
4:1 LOGOS 114 à la p.120.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn8"></a><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/dignite-humaine-partie-%C2%AB-dignite-13811.htm#_ftnref8" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn8;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[8]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn8;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn8;"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
Adam Schulman, « Bioethics and the questions of human dignity » in The
President's Council on Bioethics, <i>Human Dignity and Bioethics</i>,
Washington DC, 2008 à la p.6 ; Herbert Spiegelberg, « Human Dignity : A
Challenge to contemporary philosophy » (1971) 9:1 World Futures 39 à la p.42.</span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn9"></a><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/dignite-humaine-partie-%C2%AB-dignite-13811.htm#_ftnref9" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn9;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[9]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn9;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn9;"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
Adam Schulman, « Bioethics and the questions of human dignity » in The
President's Council on Bioethics, <i>Human Dignity and Bioethics</i>,
Washington DC, 2008 à la p.7 ; Teresa Iglesias, « Bedrock truths and the
dignity of the individual » (2001) 4:1 LOGOS 114 à la p.120.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn10"></a><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/dignite-humaine-partie-%C2%AB-dignite-13811.htm#_ftnref10" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn10;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[10]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn10;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn10;"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
Georg Friedrich Schömann, <i>Antiquités grecques</i>, trad. par C. Galuski,
t.1, Paris, Alphonse Picard, 1884 à la p.207.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn11"></a><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/dignite-humaine-partie-%C2%AB-dignite-13811.htm#_ftnref11" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn11;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[11]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn11;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn11;"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
Teresa Iglesias, « Bedrock truths and the dignity of the individual » (2001)
4:1 LOGOS 114 aux pp.120-121.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn12"></a><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/dignite-humaine-partie-%C2%AB-dignite-13811.htm#_ftnref12" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn12;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[12]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn12;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn12;"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
Teresa Iglesias, « Bedrock truths and the dignity of the individual » (2001)
4:1 LOGOS 114 aux pp.120-121.</span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn13"></a><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/dignite-humaine-partie-%C2%AB-dignite-13811.htm#_ftnref13" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn13;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[13]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn13;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn13;"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
Adam Schulman, « Bioethics and the questions of human dignity » in The
President's Council on Bioethics, <i>Human Dignity and Bioethics</i>,
Washington DC, 2008 à la p.7 ; Anne Mette Maria Lebech, <i>The identification
of human dignity : hermeneutic, eidetic and constitutional analyses in the
light of Edith Stein's phenomenology</i>, Doctoral thesis in philosophy
published, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 2005 à la p.28.</span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn14"></a><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/dignite-humaine-partie-%C2%AB-dignite-13811.htm#_ftnref14" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn14;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[14]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn14;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn14;"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
Pour Aristote, l'égalité signifiait un traitement égal pour des personnes
égales et un traitement inégal pour des personnes inégales : Orlando Patterson,
« Beyond Compassion : Selfish reasons for being unselfish » (2002) 131:1 <i>Daedalus</i>
26 à la p.27.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn15"></a><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/dignite-humaine-partie-%C2%AB-dignite-13811.htm#_ftnref15" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn15;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[15]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn15;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn15;"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
Anne Mette Maria Lebech, <i>The identification of human dignity : hermeneutic,
eidetic and constitutional analyses in the light of Edith Stein's</i> <i>phenomenology</i>,
Doctoral thesis in philosophy published, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 2005 à
la p.28. Voir aussi Bertrand Russell, <i>History of western philosophy</i>, 2<sup>nd</sup>
ed., New York, Routledge, 2004 aux pp.177 et 183.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn16"></a><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/dignite-humaine-partie-%C2%AB-dignite-13811.htm#_ftnref16" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn16;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[16]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn16;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn16;"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
Aristote, <i>Les politiques</i>, trad. par Pierre Pellegrin, 2<sup>e</sup> éd.,
Paris, Flammarion, 1993 aux pp.87 (I, 2, 1252a) et 99 (I, 5, 1254a) ; Thomas
Hobbes, <i>Léviathan</i>, trad. par Gérard Mairet, Paris, Éditions Gallimard,
2000 à la p.261 ; Gaelle Fiasse, « Droit naturel, finalité, nature et esclavage
chez Aristote » dans Louis-Léon Christians et al., éd., <i>Droit naturel :
relancer l'histoire ?</i>, vol.2 de Collection Droit et Religion, Bruxelles,
Bruylant, 2008 aux pp.144 et 146 ; Sir David Ross, <i>Aristotle</i>, 6<sup>e</sup>
ed., London, Routledge, 1995 aux pp.253-254.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn17"></a><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/dignite-humaine-partie-%C2%AB-dignite-13811.htm#_ftnref17" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn17;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[17]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn17;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn17;"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
Orlando Patterson, « Beyond Compassion : Selfish reasons for being unselfish »
(2002) 131:1 <i>Daedalus</i> 26 à la p.27.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn18"></a><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/dignite-humaine-partie-%C2%AB-dignite-13811.htm#_ftnref18" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn18;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[18]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn18;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn18;"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
Aristote, <i>Les grands livres d'éthique (la grande morale)</i>, trad. par
Catherine Dalimier, Paris, Arléa, 1992 à la p.115 (1194a).</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn19"></a><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/dignite-humaine-partie-%C2%AB-dignite-13811.htm#_ftnref19" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn19;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[19]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn19;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn19;"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
Voir les propos du vice-président de la Cour internationale de justice, M.
Ammoun : Opinion individuelle de M. Ammoun dans<i> Conséquences juridiques pour
les États de la présence continue de l'Afrique du Sud en Namibie (sud-ouest
africain) nonobstant la résolution 276 (1970) du Conseil de sécurité</i>, Avis
consultatif, </span><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">[</span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">1971</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">]</span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> C.I.J. rec. 16 à la p.77, n.2.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn20"></a><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/dignite-humaine-partie-%C2%AB-dignite-13811.htm#_ftnref20" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn20;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[20]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn20;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn20;"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
Bertrand Russell, <i>History of western philosophy</i>, 2<sup>nd</sup> ed., New
York, Routledge, 2004 à la p.177.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn21"></a><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/dignite-humaine-partie-%C2%AB-dignite-13811.htm#_ftnref21" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn21;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[21]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn21;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn21;"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
Bertrand Russell, <i>History of western philosophy</i>, 2<sup>nd</sup> ed., New
York, Routledge, 2004 aux pp.171-172.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn22"></a><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/dignite-humaine-partie-%C2%AB-dignite-13811.htm#_ftnref22" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn22;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[22]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn22;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn22;"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
Aristote, <i>Les politiques</i>, trad. par Pierre Pellegrin, 2<sup>e</sup> éd.,
Paris, Flammarion, 1993 aux pp.99 et 102 (I, 5, 1254a) et (I, 5, 1254-b) ;
Aristote, <i>Éthique de Nicomaque</i>, trad. par Jean Voilquin, Paris,
Flammarion, 1992 à la p.249 (VIII, IX) ; Jean-Jacques Rousseau, <i>Du contrat
social</i>, Paris, Éditions Flammarion, 1992 à la p.31 ; Sir David Ross, <i>Aristotle</i>,
6<sup>e</sup> ed., London, Routledge, 1995 à la p.253 ; Michael J. Sandel, <i>Justice
: What's the right thing to do ?</i>, New York, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2009
aux pp.200 et 202 ; Gaelle Fiasse, « Droit naturel, finalité, nature et
esclavage chez Aristote » dans Louis-Léon Christians et al., éd., <i>Droit
naturel : relancer l'histoire ?</i>, vol.2 de Collection Droit et Religion,
Bruxelles, Bruylant, 2008 à la p.153.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn23"></a><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/dignite-humaine-partie-%C2%AB-dignite-13811.htm#_ftnref23" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn23;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[23]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn23;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn23;"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
Aristote, <i>Les politiques</i>, trad. par Pierre Pellegrin, 2<sup>e</sup> éd.,
Paris, Flammarion, 1993 à la p.99 (I, 5, 1254a). Aristote qualifiait l'esclave
« <u>d'instrument vivant</u> » (nos soulignés) : Aristote, <i>Éthique de
Nicomaque</i>, trad. par Jean Voilquin, Paris, Flammarion, 1992 à la p.249
(VIII, IX).</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn24"></a><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/dignite-humaine-partie-%C2%AB-dignite-13811.htm#_ftnref24" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn24;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[24]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn24;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn24;"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
Jean-Jacques Rousseau, <i>Du contrat social</i>, Paris, Éditions Flammarion,
1992 à la p.31.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn25"></a><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/dignite-humaine-partie-%C2%AB-dignite-13811.htm#_ftnref25" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn25;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[25]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn25;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn25;"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
Bernard Williams, « Seminar with Bernard Williams » (1999) 6:3-4 Ethical
Perspectives 243 aux pp.254-255, en ligne : </span><a href="http://www.ethical-perspectives.be/page.php?LAN=E&FILE=ep_detail&ID=24&TID=254"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">http://www.ethical-perspectives.be/page.php?LAN=E&FILE=ep_detail&ID=24&TID=254</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn26"></a><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/dignite-humaine-partie-%C2%AB-dignite-13811.htm#_ftnref26" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn26;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[26]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn26;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn26;"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
Mario Matthew Cuomo and Harold Holzer, <i>Lincoln on Democracy</i>, New York,
Fordham University Press, 2004 à la p.xxxix.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn27"></a><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/dignite-humaine-partie-%C2%AB-dignite-13811.htm#_ftnref27" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn27;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[27]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn27;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn27;"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
Aristote, <i>Les grands livres d'éthique (la grande morale)</i>, trad. par
Catherine Dalimier, Paris, Arléa, 1992 à la p.117 ; Aristote, <i>Les politiques</i>,
trad. par Pierre Pellegrin, 2<sup>e</sup> éd., Paris, Flammarion, 1993 aux
pp.127 (I, 12, 1259-a), 128 (I, 12, 1259-b) et 131 (I, 13, 1260-a). Voir aussi
Charles Taylor, <i>Les sources du moi : la formation de l’identité moderne</i>,
trad. par Charlotte Melançon, Montréal, Les Éditions du Boréal, 1998 à la p.96
; Michael J. Sandel, <i>Justice : What's the right thing to do ?</i>, New York,
Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2009 à la p.200 ; Anne Mette Maria Lebech, <i>The
identification of human dignity : hermeneutic, eidetic and constitutional
analyses in the light of Edith Stein's phenomenology</i>, Doctoral thesis in
philosophy published, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 2005 à la p.27. Aristote
condamnait également « <i>les habitudes homosexuelles</i> » : Aristote, <i>Éthique
de Nicomaque</i>, trad. par Jean Voilquin, Paris, Flammarion, 1992 à la p.205
(VII, V). Il approuvait aussi l'avortement : Aristote, <i>Les politiques</i>,
trad. par Pierre Pellegrin, 2<sup>e</sup> éd., Paris, Flammarion, 1993 à la
p.508 (VII, 16, 1335-b). Et approuvait l'infanticide : Aristote, <i>Les
politiques</i>, trad. par Pierre Pellegrin, 2<sup>e</sup> éd., Paris,
Flammarion, 1993 à la p.507 (VII, 16, 1335-b) ; Peter Singer, <i>Questions
d'éthique pratique</i>, trad. par Max Marcuzzi, Paris, Bayard Éditions, 1997
aux pp.94, 169 et 343.</span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn28"></a><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/dignite-humaine-partie-%C2%AB-dignite-13811.htm#_ftnref28" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn28;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[28]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn28;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn28;"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
Charles Taylor, <i>Les sources du moi : la formation de l’identité moderne</i>,
trad. par Charlotte Melançon, Montréal, Les Éditions du Boréal, 1998 à la p.96.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn29"></a><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/dignite-humaine-partie-%C2%AB-dignite-13811.htm#_ftnref29" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn29;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[29]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn29;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn29;"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
Herbert Spiegelberg, « Human Dignity : A Challenge to contemporary philosophy »
(1971) 9:1 World Futures 39 à la p.42 ; Daryl Pullman, « Universalism,
particularism and the ethics of dignity » (2001) 7:3 Christian Bioethics 333 à
la p.337.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn30"></a><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/dignite-humaine-partie-%C2%AB-dignite-13811.htm#_ftnref30" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn30;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[30]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn30;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn30;"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
Herbert Spiegelberg, « Human Dignity : A Challenge to contemporary philosophy »
(1971) 9:1 World Futures 39 à la p.43 ; Daryl Pullman, <i>Human dignity and the
foundations of liberalism</i>, Doctoral thesis in philosophy unpublished, University
of Waterloo, 1990 à la p.35.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn31"></a><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/dignite-humaine-partie-%C2%AB-dignite-13811.htm#_ftnref31" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn31;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[31]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn31;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn31;"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
Herbert Spiegelberg, « Human Dignity : A Challenge to contemporary philosophy »
(1971) 9:1 World Futures 39 à la p.42 ; Anne Mette Maria Lebech, <i>The
identification of human dignity : hermeneutic, eidetic and constitutional
analyses in the light of Edith Stein's phenomenology</i>, Doctoral thesis in
philosophy published, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 2005 à la p.18.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn32"></a><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/dignite-humaine-partie-%C2%AB-dignite-13811.htm#_ftnref32" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn32;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[32]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn32;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn32;"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
Teresa Iglesias, « Bedrock truths and the dignity of the individual » (2001)
4:1 LOGOS 114 à la p.120.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn33"></a><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/dignite-humaine-partie-%C2%AB-dignite-13811.htm#_ftnref33" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn33;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[33]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn33;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn33;"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
Peter Augustine Lawler, « The human dignity conspiracy » (2009) The
intercollegiate review 40 à la p.41 ; Herbert Spiegelberg, « Human Dignity : A
Challenge to contemporary philosophy » (1971) 9:1 World Futures 39 aux pp.55-56
; Antoon de Baets, « A successful utopia : The doctrine of human dignity »
(2007) 7 <i>Historein: A Review of the Past and</i> <i>Other Stories </i>(Athens)
71 à la p.71 ; Adam Schulman, « Bioethics and the questions of human dignity »
in The President's Council on Bioethics, <i>Human Dignity and Bioethics</i>,
Washington DC, 2008 à la p.7.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn34"></a><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/dignite-humaine-partie-%C2%AB-dignite-13811.htm#_ftnref34" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn34;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[34]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn34;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn34;"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
Herbert Spiegelberg, « Human Dignity : A Challenge to contemporary philosophy »
(1971) 9:1 World Futures 39 aux pp.55-56 ; Antoon de Baets, « A successful
utopia : The doctrine of human dignity » (2007) 7 <i>Historein: A Review of the
Past and</i> <i>Other Stories </i>(Athens) 71 à la p.71 ; Adam Schulman, «
Bioethics and the questions of human dignity » in The President's Council on
Bioethics, <i>Human Dignity and Bioethics</i>, Washington DC, 2008 à la p.7.
Mais selon Jeremy Waldron, la notion de « dignité humaine » réfère également au
rang. Il soutient que le rang élevé qui était jadis accordé à quelques-uns par
l'usage de la notion de « dignité » est, par l'usage de la notion de « dignité
humaine », désormais accordé à tous les êtres humains : Jeremy Waldron, «
Lecture 1: Dignity and rank », The Tanner lectures on human values, University
of California (Berkeley), April 2009 aux pp.28- ; Jeremy Waldron, « Lecture 2:
Law, dignity and self-control », The Tanner lectures on human values,
University of California (Berkeley), April 2009 à la p.29. Au soutien de la
thèse de Waldron voir : John Locke, <i>Of Civil Government : The Second
Treatise</i>, Rockville, Wildside Press, 2008 aux pp.2-3 (chap II, 4) ; John
Locke, <i>Traité du gouvernement civil</i>, trad. par David Mazel, Paris,
Flammarion, 1984 à la p.173 (chap.II, 4).</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn35"></a><a href="http://www.legavox.fr/blog/ethos/dignite-humaine-partie-%C2%AB-dignite-13811.htm#_ftnref35" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn35;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">[35]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn35;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn35;"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
Herbert Spiegelberg, « Human Dignity : A Challenge to contemporary philosophy »
(1971) 9:1 World Futures 39 à la p.56.</span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7671274545402013868.post-58489167200335792552015-02-24T15:40:00.004-05:002016-02-14T15:55:32.176-05:00La dignité humaine (partie 2) : son importance<!--[if !mso]>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Par notre
remise en cause des principales critiques du concept de dignité humaine (partie
1), nous avons établi sa pertinence et son utilité. Il convient maintenant
d'établir l'importance du concept de dignité humaine par une exploration de la
« nature humaine » permettant de décrire « les hommes tels qu'ils sont »</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">1</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. Dans
cette description des « hommes tels qu'ils sont », nous serons guidés par le
Discours de Rousseau sur l’origine et les fondements de l’inégalité parmi les
hommes qui est, selon George Kateb, l'une des plus grandes anthropologies
philosophiques</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">2</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. Une
compréhension adéquate et véritable de la nature humaine permettra de mettre en
lumière l'importance du concept de dignité humaine</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">3</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
notamment pour les personnes faibles et vulnérables dont la condition commande,
selon la Commission de la réforme du droit du Canada, une protection
particulière</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">4</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. </span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">La nature humaine</span></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Notre
description de la nature humaine s'inscrit dans le courant politique
antinaturaliste qui réfute le courant naturaliste d'Aristote</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">5</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> selon
lequel la société est naturelle</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">6</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">, les
hommes sont naturellement inégaux et certains hommes ont une autorité naturelle
sur leur semblable</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">7</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. Le
courant antinaturaliste</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">8</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
soutient, au contraire, que la société est artificielle et résulte d'un contrat
social</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">9</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">, que
dans cette société tous les hommes sont des associés</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">10</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">, qu'ils
sont tous nés libres et égaux</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">11</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> et que
les conventions sont la seule base « d'autorité légitime parmi les hommes »</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">12</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. Ce
courant est également connu pour être à l'origine des droits naturels</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">13</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. </span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">L'être humain tel qu'il est</span></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Jean-Jacques
Rousseau, qui est l'un des représentants du courant antinaturaliste et que
Samuel Fleischacker considère comme le plus grand écrivain de l'histoire de la
pensée politique après Platon</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">14</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">,
affirmait que la connaissance de la nature humaine est « la plus utile et la
moins avancée de toutes les connaissances humaines »</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">15</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. Ses
propos prennent de nos jours une importance grandissante, car comme le rappelle
Max Scheler, « jamais dans l'histoire telle que nous la connaissons, l'homme
n'a été autant qu'aujourd'hui un problème pour lui-même »</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">16</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. </span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Selon
Rousseau, l'être humain est naturellement bon</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">17</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> et
partage avec les autres animaux un instinct altruiste, un sentiment naturel de
pitié</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">18</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. Et de
la pitié découle toutes les vertus sociales. Il affirme : </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">«
<b><u>Quoiqu’il puisse appartenir à Socrate, et aux esprits de sa trempe, d’acquérir
de la vertu par raison, il y a longtemps que le genre humain ne serait plus, si
sa conservation n’eût dépendu que des raisonnements de ceux qui le composent</u></b> »</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">19</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. </span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Cette
seule vertu naturelle précède l'usage de la raison et se traduit par « une
répugnance innée à voir souffrir son semblable »</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">20</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. Cette
vertu naturelle qui « nous porte sans réflexion au secours de ceux que nous
voyons souffrir »</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">21</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> est,
selon Rousseau, partiellement étouffée en société par notre amour-propre (notre
égoïsme) engendré par la raison</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">22</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Selon
d'autres philosophes, l'être humain partage également avec les animaux un
instinct égoïste</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">23</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> et une
propension naturelle à la domination</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">24</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> et à la
cruauté</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">25</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">.
Nietzsche affirme :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">« <u><b>La
cruauté était la réjouissance préférée de l'humanité primitive (...) La
"méchanceté désintéressée" (...) apparaît chez elle, par principe,
comme un attribut normal de l'homme (...) Voir souffrir fait du bien, faire
souffrir plus de bien encore, voilà une vérité, mais une vieille et puissante
vérité capitale, humaine, trop humaine, à quoi du reste les singes déjà souscrivaient
peut-être : on raconte en effet que par l'invention de bizarres cruautés ils
annoncent déjà pleinement l'homme (...) Sans cruauté, point de réjouissance,
voilà ce que nous apprend la plus ancienne et la plus longue histoire de
l'homme</b></u> »</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">26</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. </span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Pour
reprendre les propos de Blaise Pascal, <span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">l'être <span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">humain</span></span> est donc, par nature, ni ange ni bête
et à la fois capable de bien et d<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">e mal. <span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">Dans <i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">L</span>a République</i>, P</span>laton décri<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">vait l'être humain ainsi :</span></span></span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">"<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">Façonne donc <span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">la forme unique d'un animal composite et polycépha<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">le, possédant à la fois les têtes d'animaux paisibles et d'animaux féroces, d<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">isposées en <span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">cercle, et accorde-lui le pouvoir de se transformer et de développer toutes ces formes par lui-même (...) Modèle à présent une autre forme<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">, celle d'un lion, puis celle d'un homme, mais fais en sorte que le premier soit beaucoup plus grand, et que le second vienne en deuxième<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"> <span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">(...) Attache maintenant ensemble ces trois formes<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">, en les réunissant en une seule, de manière qu'elles s'ajustent pour ainsi dire naturellement les unes avec les autres <span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">(...) Façonne en<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">suite un recouvrement extérieur<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">, l'image d'un être unique<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">, celle d'un être humain, de telle sorte que quelqu'un qui ne pourrait voi<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">r les formes contenues à l'intérieur<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">, mais ne pourrait que saisir l'apparence extérieur, croie voir un être vivant unique, un être humain" (IX, 588c-588d).</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span> </span></blockquote>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Comme
animal évolué</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">27</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">, l'être
humain se distingue notamment des autres animaux moins par sa raison</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">28</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> et ses
lumières, que par le fait qu'il soit le seul animal indéterminé</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">29</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">, maître
de lui-même</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">30</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">,
conscient de soi</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">31</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">, capable
de se percevoir dans le futur</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">32</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> et
surtout capable de liberté</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">33</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> (« la
plus noble des facultés de l'homme »</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">34</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> selon
Rousseau), de moralité</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">35</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> et de
perfectibilité</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">36</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. Avec
Rousseau et Kant</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">37</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">, nous
croyons également que l'être humain se distingue essentiellement des autres
animaux par sa liberté (dont la liberté morale) et sa faculté de se
perfectionner . </span><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Rousseau affirme :</span></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">« Tout animal a des idées puisqu'il a des sens, il
combine même ses idées jusqu'à un certain point, et l'homme ne diffère à cet
égard de la Bête que du plus ou moins. Quelques Philosophes ont même avancé
qu'il y a plus de différence de tel homme à tel homme que de tel homme à telle
bête. <b><u>Ce n'est donc pas tant l'entendement qui fait parmi les animaux la
distinction spécifique de l'homme que sa qualité d'agent libre</u></b>. La Nature
commande à tout animal, et la Bête obéit. L'homme éprouve la même impression, mais
il se reconnaît libre d'acquiescer, ou de résister ; et c'est surtout dans la
conscience, de cette liberté que se montre la spiritualité de son âme »</span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">.</span><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> </span></span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Dans son livre intitulé "Good natured : The origins of Right and Wrong in humans and other animals" (1996), Frans De Wa<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">al affirme : </span></span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">"Even if animals other than ourselves act in ways tantamount to moral<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"> </span>behavior, their behavior does not necessarily rest on deliberations of<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"> </span>the kind we engage in. It is hard to believe that animals weigh their<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"> </span>own interests against the rights of others, that they develop a vision<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"> </span>of the greater good of society, or that they feel lifelong guilt about<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"> </span>something they should not have done<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">".</span></span></blockquote>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">En raison
de son indétermination, l'être humain doit se réaliser. Karl Jaspers explique :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">« Sa
liberté lui donne des chances de devenir encore ce qu'il est capable d'être, de
réaliser son être le plus authentique. Il lui est donné, avec sa liberté, de
pouvoir user de sa vie comme d'un matériau »</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">38</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> .</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Confucius
affirmait d'ailleurs : </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">« L'homme
doit devenir homme. Car l'être humain n'est pas semblable aux animaux, qui sont
comme ils sont, leurs instincts ordonnant leur vie sans pensée consciente.
L'homme est encore pour lui-même une tâche »</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">39</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> .</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">En
conséquence, l'être humain doit s'élever à l'état d'homme qui est le rang le
plus élevé qu'un être humain puisse acquérir</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">40</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. Les
titres honorifiques qui ne sont accessibles qu'à certains peuvent être perdus
alors que l'état d'homme, qui est accessible à tous, est le seul rang qu'on ne
puisse perdre</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">41</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">.
Rousseau affirme :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">« En
sortant de mes mains, il ne sera, j'en conviens, ni magistrat, ni soldat, ni
prêtre ; il sera premièrement homme »</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">42</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. </span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Blaise
Pascal ajoute :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">« Il faut
qu'on n'en puisse dire, ni : "Il est mathématicien", ni
"prédicateur", ni "éloquent", mais : "Il est honnête
homme". Cette qualité universelle me plaît seule »</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">43</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">.</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Être
humain est, selon Rousseau, notre premier devoir</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">44</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. Les
propos de Rousseau sont imprégnés de sagesse :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">« <b><u>Du rang
de roi, qu'un lâche, un méchant, un fou peut remplir comme un autre, il monte à
l'état d'homme, que si peu d'hommes savent remplir</u></b></span><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">45</span></sup></a></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><b><u> (...) Un
métier à mon fils ! mon fils artisan ! Monsieur, y pensez-vous ? J'y pense
mieux que vous, madame, qui voulez le réduire à ne pouvoir jamais être qu'un
lord, un marquis, un prince, et peut-être un jour moins que rien : moi, je lui
veux donner un rang qu'il ne puisse perdre, un rang qui l'honore dans tous les
temps ; je veux l'élever à l'état d'homme ; et, quoi que vous en puissiez dire,
il aura moins d'égaux à ce titre qu'à tous ceux qu'il tiendra de vous </u></b>»</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">46</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. </span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Bien
entendu, en se réalisant, l'être humain peut monter très haut (en se perfectionnant
moralement) ou descendre très bas (en rompant avec la loi, la justice et la
vertu)</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">47</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> dans
l'échelle de l'humanité</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">48</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. Pour
reprendre les propos de Blaise Pascal, il est donc, par nature, ni ange ni bête
et à la fois capable de bien et de mal</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">49</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. Comme
Emmanuel Kant l'a si bien dit sa dignité (sa valeur intrinsèque et inestimable)
réside dans sa capacité à la moralité</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">50</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. Bien
que cette dignité, qui l'élève au-dessus des autres animaux</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">51</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">,
l'intime ou lui commande de se comporter moralement</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">52</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">,
l'histoire de l'humanité nous enseigne malheureusement que les êtres humains se
sont, dans les faits, comportés méchamment plus souvent qu'autrement</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">53</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. En
effet, le moraliste et philosophe Emmanuel Kant observe que très peu d'êtres
humains en société sont intéressés à se perfectionner moralement et à devenir
des hommes de bien. Il observe, au contraire, beaucoup de folie, de vanité
puérile et de méchanceté. Ses propos font réfléchir :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">« <b><u>On ne
peut se défendre d'une certaine humeur, quand on regarde la présentation de
leurs faits et gestes sur la grande scène du monde, et quand, de-ci de-là, à
côté de quelques manifestations de sagesse pour des cas individuels, on ne voit
en fin de compte dans l'ensemble qu'un tissu de folie, de vanité puérile,
souvent aussi de méchanceté puérile et de soif de destruction. Si bien que, à
la fin, on ne sait plus quel concept on doit se faire de notre espèce si
infatuée de sa supériorité</u></b> »</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">54</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. </span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Le
philosophe Friedrich Nietzsche soutient d'ailleurs la thèse que « ce que nous
appelons une civilisation supérieure repose sur la spiritualisation et
l'approfondissement de la cruauté »</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">55</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. Il
affirme :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">« <b><u>Presque
tout ce que nous appelons une civilisation supérieure repose sur la
spiritualisation et l'approfondissement de la cruauté ; voilà ma thèse (...) Ce
qui plaisait aux Romains à l'amphithéâtre, aux chrétiens dans l'extase de la
croix, aux Espagnols dans les autodafés ou les courses de taureaux, ce qui
plaît de nos jours aux Japonais qui se pressent en foule à la tragédie, à
l'ouvrier parisien qui a la passion des révolutions sanglantes (...) ce qu'ils
savourent tous (...) ce sont les breuvages épicés de la grande Circé dont le
nom est Cruauté (...)</u></b></span><b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">56</span></sup></a><u><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. L'homme
est le plus cruel des animaux. C'est en assistant à des tragédies, à des
combats de taureaux et à des crucifixions qu'il s'est jusqu'à présent senti le
plus heureux sur terre</span></u></b><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">57</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> ». </span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Le
scientifique Charles Darwin observe également que l'être humain ne se distingue
pas des autres animaux dans le penchant qu'il a pour la domination et la
cruauté et observe que, chez l'être humain comme chez les animaux, « <b><u>le plus
fort détruit toujours le plus faible</u></b> »</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">58</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. Par
conséquent, les rapports de force et de domination qui existent entre les
animaux existent également entre les humains. Adolf Hitler, qui louait un culte
à la force, affirmait : </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">« <b><u>Il
sentira dès lors que dans un monde (...) où la force règne, partout et seule,
en maîtresse de la faiblesse qu'elle contraint à la servir docilement, ou
qu'elle brise, l'homme ne peut pas relever de lois spéciales</u></b> »</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">59</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">D'ailleurs
pour certains, comme Nietzsche et Hitler, le rôle du plus fort est de dominer </span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">60</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">! </span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Rapports de force entre les êtres
humains</span></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Par
exemple, ces rapports de force et de domination ont, selon Jean-Jacques
Rousseau qui est considéré par Samuel Fleischacker comme le plus grand écrivain
de l'histoire de la pensée politique après Platon</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">61</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">, présidé
à la formation de nos sociétés. Les riches (les forts) voulurent dominer les
pauvres (les faibles)</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">62</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. Le
riche, dont la vie et la propriété étaient constamment en danger, et qui « seul
contre tous, et ne pouvant à cause des jalousies mutuelles s'unir avec ses
égaux contre des ennemis unis par l'espoir commun du pillage »</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">63</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">,
convainquit le pauvre, par des « raisons spécieuses », de créer une société
pour garantir sa survie, accroître sa force (en créant un État de droit) et
dominer plus efficacement le pauvre. Les propos de Rousseau sont percutants :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">«
"Unissons-nous", leur dit-il, "pour garantir de l'oppression les
faibles, contenir les ambitieux, et assurer à chacun la possession de ce qui
lui appartient : Instituons des règlements de Justice et de paix auxquels tous
soient obligés de se conformer, qui ne fassent acception de personne, et qui
réparent en quelque sorte les caprices de la fortune en soumettant également le
puissant et le faible à des devoirs mutuels (...) Telle fut, ou dut être
l'origine de la Société et des Lois, qui donnèrent de nouvelles entraves au
faible et de nouvelles forces au riche, détruisirent sans retour la liberté
naturelle, fixèrent pour jamais la Loi de la propriété et de l'inégalité (...)
et pour le profit de quelques ambitieux assujettirent désormais tout le Genre
humain au travail, à la servitude et à la misère »</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">64</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Adam
Smith reconnaît également cette volonté de domination des riches qu'il formule
en maxime : « <b><u>Tout pour nous et rien pour les autres</u></b> »</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">65</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. Cette
vile maxime a été, selon Adam Smith, de tous les âges « celle des maîtres de
l'espèce humaine »</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">66</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. Il
soutient également que le gouvernement civil a été « institué pour défendre les
riches contre les pauvres ». Adam Smith affirme : </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">« <b><u>Le gouvernement civil
(...) est, dans la réalité, institué pour défendre les riches contre les
pauvres, ou bien, ceux qui ont quelque propriété contre ceux qui n'en ont point</u></b>
»</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">67</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Rousseau renchérit en affirmant que tout le corpus législatif reflète cette
réalité et que « <u>l'esprit universel des lois de tous les pays est de
favoriser toujours le fort contre le faible, et celui qui a contre celui qui
n'a rien</u> »</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">68</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. Il ajoute
: </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">« <b><u>Dans le fait les lois sont toujours utiles à ceux qui possèdent et
nuisibles à ceux qui n'ont rien</u></b> »</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">69</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">D'un
regard désintéressé, Rousseau n'observe dans la société que « <u>la violence
des hommes puissants et l'oppression des faibles</u> »</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">70</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. Il en
conclut que « toujours la multitude sera sacrifiée au petit nombre »</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">71</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> et qu'il
n'existera jamais de véritable démocratie Il affirme : </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">« <b><u>A prendre le terme
dans la rigueur de l'acception, il n'a jamais existé de véritable démocratie,
et il n'en existera jamais. Il est contre l'ordre naturel que le grand nombre
gouverne et que le petit soit gouverné</u></b> »</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">72</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Au
soutien de ses propos deux remarques de principe s'imposent sur la notion de
démocratie. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Premièrement,
selon Aristote, dans une véritable démocratie les pauvres (qui sont
majoritaires) « ont la souveraineté sur les gens aisés »</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">73</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. Or les
propos de John Locke (qui affirme que la propriété est la principale raison de
l'institution d'un gouvernement civil)</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">74</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> et
d'Adam Smith (qui affirme que le gouvernement civil a été institué pour
défendre les riches contre les pauvres)</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">75</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
démontrent, selon le professeur Émile Perreau-Saussine, que notre société est
gouvernée par les riches et qu'elle est davantage une oligarchie qu'une
démocratie</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">76</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Deuxièmement,
dans une véritable démocratie la volonté du peuple est, comme en témoigne
l'art.21(3) de la <i>Déclaration universelle des droits de l'homme</i>, « le
fondement de l'autorité des pouvoirs publics »</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">77</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. Par
conséquent, le peuple (composé de personnes physiques détentrices d'un droit de
vote) est souverain. Or dans les faits, les riches multinationales et les grandes
entreprises (des personnes morales, c'est-à-dire des fictions juridiques que le
père de l'utilitarisme, Jeremy Bentham, condamnait férocement l'usage</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">78</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">)
empiètent, selon John Kenneth Galbraith, sur la souveraineté des États</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">79</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. Dans son livre intitulé "In search <span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">of</span> human nature" (2002), Mary E. Clark<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"> cite Noreena Hertz et </span>affirme également : "<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">C</span>orporate power has become so great it can<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"> </span>dictate policy to national governments<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">".</span> <span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">Or c</span>et
empiétement est, selon Ronald Dworkin, illégitime. Il affirme :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">« <b>Les
individus ont des droits, dont dépendent leur dignité et leur intégrité, à
jouer un rôle dans le gouvernement de la nation ; les entreprises n'en ont pas</b>
»</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">80</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Et cet
empiétement sur la souveraineté des États par ces riches multinationales n'est
pas sans conséquence, car comme nous le rappelle Adam Smith « l'intérêt
particulier de ceux qui exercent une branche particulière de commerce ou de
manufacture est toujours, à quelques égards, différent et même contraire à celui
du public »</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">81</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. </span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Rapports de force entre les États</span></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Les
rapports de force et de domination qui existent entre les individus gouvernent
également les rapports entre les États</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">82</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> qui
sont, dans les faits, inégaux à plusieurs points de vue</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">83</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> et qui
sont, entre eux, dans un état de nature</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">84</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. Bien
que la <i>Charte des Nations Unies</i> proclame dans son préambule sa foi dans
l'égalité des nations grandes et petites</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">85</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">, que
l'égalité soit « l'axiome du système juridique international moderne »</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">86</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> et qu'il
existe des conventions internationales pour garantir les droits de l'homme, les
États les plus forts et les plus puissants ne s'y sentent pas liés</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">87</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. C'est
ainsi que l'on s'aperçoit du fossé qui sépare le droit et la morale sur papier
de leur mise en oeuvre dans la réalité. Rousseau en témoigne : </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">« <b><u>J'ouvre
les livres de droit et de morale, j'écoute les savants et les jurisconsultes et
pénétré de leurs discours insinuants, je déplore les misères de la nature,
j'admire la paix et la justice établies par l'ordre civil, je bénis la sagesse
des institutions publiques et me console d'être homme en me voyant citoyen.
Bien instruit de mes devoirs et de mon bonheur, je ferme le livre, sors de la
classe, et regarde autour de moi : je vois des peuples infortunés gémissant
sous un joug de fer, le genre humain écrasé par une poignée d'oppresseurs, une
foule accablée de peine et affamée de pain, dont le riche boit en paix le sang
et les larmes, et partout le fort armé contre le faible du redoutable pouvoir
des lois</u> </b>»</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">88</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Et cette
attitude est de tous les âges. En 415 Av-J.C., l'historien Thucydides, que
Rousseau considérait comme « le vrai modèle des historiens »</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">89</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">,
rapporte les propos que tinrent les Athéniens aux Melians :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">« <b><u>You
know as well as we do that right, as the world goes, is only in question
between equals in power, while the strong do what they can and the weak suffer
what they must</u> </b>»</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">90</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">En 1998,
Jack Goldsmith, professeur de droit à l'Université Harvard, mentionnait que les
États-Unis (la plus grande puissance mondiale) refusent de se soumettre aux
conventions internationales des droits de l'homme tout en exhortant, par
ailleurs, les autres nations à embrasser et à respecter ces dites conventions.
Pour quelle raison refusent-ils de s'y soumettre ? Goldsmith répond : <u>parce
qu'ils peuvent</u></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">91</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. Ce
manque de considération de la part des États-Unis pour le droit international
n'est pas nouveau. En 2009, Christopher J. Borgen affirme : </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">« In
2005, the National Defense Strategy promulgated by the Department of Defense
warned that: "Our strength as a nation state will continue to be
challenged by those who employ a strategy of the weak using international fora,
judicial processes, and terrorism." This was not just inartful turn of
phrase but was U.S. policy. It was emblematic of an attitude of the Bush
Administration that international law, far from being important to uphold, was
a threat to the United States and its interests »</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">92</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Noam
Chomsky qualifie d'ailleurs les États-Unis d'État voyou</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">93</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. Au
soutien de ses propos, il donne notamment comme exemple l'affaire <i>Nicaragua
c. États-Unis</i> (1986)</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">94</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. Cette
affaire est, selon Alain Pellet, une illustration particulièrement claire d'un
État démuni et faible (en l'occurrence le Nicaragua) qui, devant la puissance
des États-Unis, chercha « le secours du droit contre la force »</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">95</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. Dans
cette affaire, les États-Unis furent condamnés par la Cour internationale de
justice pour « emploi illicite de la force » et pour avoir violé la
souveraineté du Nicaragua en finançant les contras</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">96</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. La Cour
intima les États-Unis « de mettre immédiatement fin et de renoncer à tout acte
constituant une violation des obligations juridiques »</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">97</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. Les
États-Unis refusèrent d'obtempérer à la décision de la Cour et continuèrent
impunément à financer les contras au Nicaragua</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">98</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. </span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">L'être humain tel qu'il devrait
être</span></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Ce
portait de la nature humaine représente l'être humain tel qu'il est plus
souvent qu'autrement et non tel qu'il devrait être. Selon Allen W. Wood et
Susan Neiman, Kant lui-même fait cette distinction entre la manière dont les
êtres humains devraient être traités et la manière dont ils sont, dans les
faits, traités</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">99</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. Et la
dignité humaine, qui confère à l'être humain une égale valeur intrinsèque pour
sa capacité unique à agir moralement</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">100</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> a, selon
Susan Neiman, un caractère normatif qui dicte à l'être humain ce qu'il devrait
être. Elle affirme : </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">« <b><u>The idea of human dignity is a demand on the world,
not a fact about it</u> </b>»</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">101</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">La
dignité humaine commande un égal respect et garantit à tous les êtres humains
des droits civils et politiques et des droits économiques, sociaux et culturels</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">102</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> qui,
selon Onora O'Neill, servent notamment à renforcer et à donner du pouvoir aux
faibles</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">103</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. La
reconnaissance de ces droits vise ainsi à abolir les rapports de force</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">104</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> qui,
selon Philip Hallie, sont au centre de la dynamique de cruauté et de
l'oppression . Il affirme : </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">« <u><b>The
power of the majority and the weakness of a minority were at the center of the
institutional cruelty of slavery and of Nazi anti-Semitism. The whites not only
outnumbered the blacks in America, but had economic and political ascendency
over them (...) Cruelty then (...) is a kind of power relationship, an
imbalance of power wherein the stronger party becomes the victimizer and the
weaker becomes the victim. And (...) the opposite of cruelty lay in a situation
where there is no imbalance of power</b> </u>»</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">105</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. </span></div>
</blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">La
dignité humaine exige par conséquent de corriger, par une justice distributive</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">106</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> et la
reconnaissance de droits économiques, sociaux et culturels, le déséquilibre de
pouvoir entre les riches et les pauvres</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">107</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> en
aplanissant les inégalités socio-économiques résultant pour une bonne part des
inégalités naturelles (force physique, intelligence, talent) et des inégalités
politiques (avantages sociaux et économiques tels que l'origine sociale et
familiale des individus) parmi les hommes</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">108</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. Selon
Rawls, les inégalités naturelles et politiques sont arbitraires d'un point de
vue moral (ou imméritées) et appellent, pour cette raison, à des compensations</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">109</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. John
Rawls explique :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">« <b><u>Personne
ne mérite ses capacités naturelles supérieures ni un point de départ plus
favorable dans la société (...) La répartition naturelle n'est ni juste ni
injuste ; il n'est pas non plus injuste que certains naissent dans certaines
positions sociales particulières. Il s'agit seulement de faits naturels. Ce qui
est juste ou injuste par contre, c'est la façon dont les institutions traitent
ces faits</u></b> »</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">110</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. </span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Pour
Rousseau</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">111</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">, Kant</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">112</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> et Rawls</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">113</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">, les
inégalités socio-économiques sont injustes. La dignité humaine commande ainsi,
au nom d'une théorie de la justice comme équité</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">114</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">, de nous
élever au-delà de notre personne et de nos intérêts particuliers afin
d'embrasser la fraternité humaine</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">115</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. </span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Conclusion</span></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">En somme,
la dignité humaine est un hommage à la nature humaine pour sa capacité à la
moralité. Bien que l'être humain ait un penchant naturel pour la domination et
que l'oppression et les rapports de force entre êtres humains ne soient pas
rares, la dignité humaine a un caractère normatif qui commande, indépendamment
des faits </span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">116</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">, un égal
respect et garantis à tous les êtres humains des droits qui servent notamment,
selon Onora O'Neill, à renforcer et à donner du pouvoir aux plus faibles. Cette
préoccupation pour les plus faibles et les plus vulnérables, « <b><u>dont les droits
peuvent être plus facilement violés ou ignorés</u></b> »</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">117</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> et qui
sont plus souvent qu'autrement la cible d'oppression et d'abus en raison des
rapports de force auxquels ils sont dans les faits assujettis, illustre
l'importance de la dignité humaine </span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">118</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> .</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">NB : </span></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Les opinions émises dans ce blog sont personnelles
et celles-ci ne représentent pas le point de vue de mon employeur.<b> </b></span></div>
<br />
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</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">1 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Expression empruntée à Rousseau : Jean-Jacques
Rousseau, Du contrat social, Paris, Éditions Flammarion, 1992 à la p.27. John
Rawls reprends les propos de Rousseau dans l'ouvrage suivant : John Rawls, The
law of peoples : with "The idea of public reason revisited", 3d ed.,
Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 2000 aux pp.7 et 13. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">2 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">George Kateb, Human Dignity, Cambridge, Harvard
University Press, 2011 à la p.135. </span></div>
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</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">3 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Selon Allen W. Wood, Emmanuel Kant avait lui-même
reconnu l'importance de bien comprendre la nature humaine. Ce n'est qu'en
étudiant la nature humaine que Kant réalisa l'importance de fonder a priori et
non empiriquement les concepts moraux, dont celui de dignité : Allen W. Wood,
Kant's ethical thought, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1999 aux
pp.9-11. Voir aussi George Kateb, Human Dignity, Cambridge, Harvard University
Press, 2011 aux pp.48 et 173. </span></div>
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</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">4 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Canada, Commission de réforme du droit du Canada,
Euthanasie, aide au suicide et interruption de traitement, Document de travail
28, Ottawa, Ministre des Approvisionnements et Services Canada, 1982 à la p.45.
Voir aussi l'art.48 de la Charte des droits et libertés de la personne ;
Instituts de recherche en santé du Canada, Conseil de recherches en sciences
naturelles et en génie du Canada et Conseil de recherches en sciences humaines
du Canada, Énoncé de politique des trois conseils : Éthique de la recherche
avec des êtres humains, Travaux publics et Services gouvernementaux Canada,
2005 à la p.i.5. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">5 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Au sujet du courant naturaliste, voir A. John
Simmons, « Theories of the State » in The Cambridge companion to early modern
philosophy, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2007 à la p.251. Pour une
virulente critique du courant naturaliste d'Aristote, voir Thomas Hobbes,
Léviathan, trad. par Gérard Mairet, Paris, Éditions Gallimard, 2000 à la p.913
(chap.46). Voir aussi à la p.287 (chap.17). </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">6 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Aristote, Les politiques, trad. par Pierre
Pellegrin, 2e éd., Paris, Flammarion, 1993 à la p.92 (I, 2, 1253-a). </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">7 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Aristote, Les politiques, trad. par Pierre
Pellegrin, 2e éd., Paris, Flammarion, 1993 à la p.99 (I, 5, 1254-a). </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">8 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Au sujet du courant antinaturaliste, voir A. John
Simmons, « Theories of the State » in The Cambridge companion to early modern
philosophy, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2007 aux pp.253-254. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">9 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">A. John Simmons, « Theories of the State » in The
Cambridge companion to early modern philosophy, Cambridge, Cambridge University
Press, 2007 à la p.254. </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">10 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Du contrat social, Paris, Éditions
Flammarion, 1992 à la p.39 (I, VI). </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">11 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">A. John Simmons, « Theories of the State » in The
Cambridge companion to early modern philosophy, Cambridge, Cambridge University
Press, 2007 à la p.253. Voir, par exemple, la Déclaration de l'Indépendance du
4 juillet 1776 (États-Unis) : Yale Law School, The Avalon Project, «
Declaration of Independence », en ligne :
<http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/declare.asp>. Voir aussi l'art.1
de la Déclaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen de 1789 : France,
Assemblée nationale, « Déclaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen de 1789
», en ligne : <http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/histoire/dudh/1789.asp
>. Voir aussi l'art.1 de la Déclaration universelle des droits de l'homme :
Organisation des Nations Unies, « Déclaration universelle des droits de l'homme
», en ligne : <http://www.un.org/fr/documents/udhr/index.shtml>. </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">12 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Expression empruntée à Rousseau : Jean-Jacques
Rousseau, Du contrat social, Paris, Éditions Flammarion, 1992 à la p.33 (I,
IV). De manière générale, voir A. John Simmons, « Theories of the State » in
The Cambridge companion to early modern philosophy, Cambridge, Cambridge
University Press, 2007 aux pp.253-254 ; Charles Taylor, Les sources du moi : la
formation de l’identité moderne, trad. par Charlotte Melançon, Montréal, Les
Éditions du Boréal, 1998 à la p.117. Voir aussi Thomas Hobbes, Léviathan, trad.
par Gérard Mairet, Paris, Éditions Gallimard, 2000 aux pp.287-289 et 339 ; John
Locke, Traité du gouvernement civil, trad. par David Mazel, Paris, Flammarion,
1984 aux pp.250-251 (aux paras.95-96) ; Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Du contrat
social, Paris, Éditions Flammarion, 1992 aux pp.33 (I, IV) et 39 (I, VI).
Emmanuel Kant et John Rawls appartiennent également à ce courant
antinaturaliste du contrat social : Michael J. Sandel, Justice : What's the
right thing to do ?, New York, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2009 à la p.139 ;
John Rawls, Théorie de la justice, trad. par Catherine Audard, Paris, Éditions
du Seuil, 1997 à la p.37. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">13 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">On doit distinguer les droits naturels (désormais
intitulé droits de l'homme ou droits de la personne) de la loi naturelle : A.
John Simmons, « Theories of the State » in The Cambridge companion to early
modern philosophy, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2007 aux pp.255-256 ;
Charles Taylor, Les sources du moi : la formation de l’identité moderne, trad.
par Charlotte Melançon, Montréal, Les Éditions du Boréal, 1998 aux pp.25-26 ;
Richard Tuck, « The dangers of natural rights » (1996-1997) 20 Harv.J.L.&
Pub.Pol'y 683 à la p.684 ; Michael P. Zuckert « Do natural rights derive from
natural law ? » (1996-1997) 20 Harv.J.L.& Pub.Pol'y 695 à la p.719 ; James
Griffin, On human rights, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2008 aux pp.1, 9-13.
Au sujet des droits naturels, voir par exemple la Déclaration de l'Indépendance
du 4 juillet 1776 (États-Unis) : Yale Law School, The Avalon Project, «
Declaration of Independence », en ligne :
<http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/declare.asp>. Voir aussi l'art.2
de la Déclaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen de 1789 : France,
Assemblée nationale, « Déclaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen de 1789
», en ligne : <http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/histoire/dudh/1789.asp
>. Voir aussi le préambule de la Déclaration universelle des droits de
l'homme : Organisation des Nations Unies, « Déclaration universelle des droits
de l'homme », en ligne :
<http://www.un.org/fr/documents/udhr/index.shtml>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">14 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Samuel Fleischacker, A short history of
distributive justice, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 2005 à la p.55. </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">15 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Discours sur l’origine et
les fondements de l’inégalité parmi les hommes, Paris, Éditions Gallimard, 1965
à la p.31. </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">16 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Max Scheler, La situation de l'homme dans le monde,
trad. par M. Dupuy, Paris, Éditions Montaigne, 1951 à la p.17. </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">17 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Émile ou de l’éducation,
Paris, Garnier-Flammarion, 1966 aux pp.111 et 308. Voir aussi Jean-Jacques
Rousseau, Discours sur l’origine et les fondements de l’inégalité parmi les
hommes, Paris, Éditions Gallimard, 1965 à la p.158 (notes). Emmanuel Kant lui a
été reconnaissant d'avoir osé affirmer cela : voir Emmanuel Kant, Leçons
d'éthique, trad. par Luc Langlois, Paris, Librairie générale française, 1997 à
la p.194. Kant ajoute que c'est cette prédisposition au bien qui nous rend
dignes de respect : Immanuel Kant, The metaphysics of morals, trad. par Mary
Gregor, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1991 à la p.236 (au para.441). </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">18 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Discours sur l’origine et
les fondements de l’inégalité parmi les hommes, Paris, Éditions Gallimard, 1965
à la p.74. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">19 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Discours sur l’origine et
les fondements de l’inégalité parmi les hommes, Paris, Éditions Gallimard, 1965
aux pp.75 et 77. De même, selon Arthur Schopenhauer, la pitié est « l'unique
source des actions moralement bonnes » [nos italiques] : Arthur Schopenhauer,
Le fondement de la morale, trad. par A. Burdeau, Paris, Aubier-Montaigne, 1978
aux pp.119 et 147. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">20 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Discours sur l’origine et
les fondements de l’inégalité parmi les hommes, Paris, Éditions Gallimard, 1965
à la p.74. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">21 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Discours sur l’origine et
les fondements de l’inégalité parmi les hommes, Paris, Éditions Gallimard, 1965
à la p.77. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">22 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Discours sur l’origine et
les fondements de l’inégalité parmi les hommes, Paris, Éditions Gallimard, 1965
aux pp.76 et 103. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">23 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Reinhold Niebuhr, Moral man and immoral society : a
study in ethics and politics, New York, Scribner, 1960 à la p.25. La raison
peut à la fois servir à justifier cet égoïsme, mais également à l'accroître :
Reinhold Niebuhr, Moral man and immoral society : a study in ethics and
politics, New York, Scribner, 1960 à la p.41. Le danger avec l'être humain est
donc qu'il peut trouver des justifications pour tout. Peter Singer paraphrase
Benjamin Franklin qui affirmait que « l'un des avantages d'être une
"créature raisonnable" est qu'on peut trouver une raison pour tout ce
qu'on veut » [nos italiques] : Peter Singer, Questions d'éthique pratique,
trad. par Max Marcuzzi, Paris, Bayard Éditions, 1997 à la p.77. </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">24 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Thomas Hobbes, Léviathan, trad. par Gérard Mairet,
Paris, Éditions Gallimard, 2000 aux pp.187-188 ; Thomas Hobbes, Le citoyen ou
les fondements de la politique, trad. par Samuel Sorbière, Paris, Flammarion,
1982 aux pp.95 et 98 ; Emmanuel Kant, « Idée d'une histoire universelle au
point de vue cosmopolitique (1784) » dans La philosophie de l'histoire
(opuscules), trad. par Stephane Piobetta, Paris, Aubier-Montaigne, 1947 à la
p.65 ; John Stuart Mill, Nature, the Utility of religion, and Theism, 3rd ed.,
London, Longmans, Green, Reader, and Dyer, 1874 aux pp.56-57 ; John Stuart
Mill, Considerations on representative government, London, Parker, son, and
Bourn, 1861 à la p.82 ; John Locke, « Lettre sur la tolérance (1686) » dans
Lettre sur la tolérance et autres textes, trad. par Jean Le Clerc, Paris,
Flammarion, 1992 à la p.163 ; Blaise Pascal, Pensées, Paris, Librairie générale
française, 1962 à la p.138 ; Adam Smith, Recherches sur la nature et les causes
de la richesse des nations, trad. par Germain Garnier, t.1, Paris, Flammarion,
1991 à la p.480 (III, II) ; Friedrich Nietzsche, La généalogie de la morale,
trad. par Henri Albert, Paris, Mercure de France, 1964 à la p.111 ; Max
Horkheimer et Theodor W. Adorno, La dialectique de la raison, trad. par Éliane
Kaufholz, Paris, Éditions Gallimard, 1974 à la p.57 ; Reinhold Niebuhr, Moral
man and immoral society : a study in ethics and politics, New York, Scribner,
1960 aux pp.18, 46-47 ; C. Northcote Parkinson, L'évolution de la pensée
politique, trad. par Louis Évrard, t.2, Paris, Éditions Gallimard, 1965 aux
pp.31-32 ; John Kenneth Galbraith et Nicole Salinger, Tout savoir ou presque
sur l'économie, trad. par Nicole Salinger, Paris, Éditions du Seuil, 1978 à la
p.63 ; Yale Law School, The Avalon Project, Alexander Hamilton, « The
Federalist Papers : No.6 », en ligne :
<http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/fed06.asp>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">25 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Voir les propos d' Arnold Toynbee : Arnold Toynbee
and Daisaku Ikeda, Choose life : a dialogue, London, Oxford University Press,
1976 aux pp.201-202. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">26 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Friedrich Nietzsche, La généalogie de la morale,
trad. par Henri Albert, Paris, Mercure de France, 1964 aux pp.90-91. </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">27 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">L'être humain est un animal évolué comme en
témoigne Darwin : Charles Darwin, The descent of man, and selection in relation
to sex, vol.1, New York, D. Appleton and company, 1872 à la p.4. </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">28 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">L'être humain est doué de raison : Aristote,
Éthique de Nicomaque, trad. par Jean Voilquin, Paris, Flammarion, 1992 aux
pp.32 (I, VII), 45 et 47 (I, XIII) et 281 (IX, IX) ; Thomas Hobbes, Léviathan,
trad. par Gérard Mairet, Paris, Éditions Gallimard, 2000 aux pp.132 et 286 ;
Emmanuel Kant, Anthropologie, trad. par J. Tissot, Paris, Librairie
philosophique de Ladrange, 1863 à la p.1 ; Max Horkheimer et Theodor W. Adorno,
La dialectique de la raison, trad. par Éliane Kaufholz, Paris, Éditions
Gallimard, 1974 à la p.268 ; Ted Honderich, The Oxford companion to philosophy,
Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1995 à la p.377. </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">29 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, Oration on the
dignity of man, trad. par A. Robert Caponigri, Washington, Regnery Publishing
Inc., 1999 aux pp.7-8 ; Jacques Rousseau, Discours sur l’origine et les
fondements de l’inégalité parmi les hommes, Paris, Éditions Gallimard, 1965 aux
pp.56-57 ; Emmanuel Kant, « Conjectures sur les débuts de l'histoire humaine
(1786) » dans La philosophie de l'histoire (opuscules), trad. par Stephane
Piobetta, Paris, Aubier-Montaigne, 1947 à la p.157. Emmanuel Lévinas affirme
que « selon Fichte, l'homme originairement n'est rien » [nos italiques] :
Emmanuel Lévinas, « Quelques réflexions sur la philosophie de l'hitlérisme »,
en ligne : <http://www.anti-rev.org/textes/Abensour97a/index.html> ;
Thomas de Koninck, De la dignité humaine, Paris, P.U.F., 1995 aux pp.132-. </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">30 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Du contrat social, Paris,
Éditions Flammarion, 1992 à la p.136 (IV, II) ; Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Émile ou
de l’éducation, Paris, Garnier-Flammarion, 1966 à la p.426. Voir aussi Immanuel
Kant, The metaphysics of morals, trad. par Mary Gregor, Cambridge, Cambridge
University Press, 1991 à la p.208 (au para.408) ; John Rawls and Barbara
Herman, Lectures on the history of moral philosophy, Cambridge, Harvard
University Press, 2000 à la p.204. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">31 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">« La conscience de soi, propriété qui distingue
l'homme de tous les autres animaux » [nos italiques] : Emmanuel Kant, « Annonce
de la prochaine conclusion d'un traité de paix perpétuelle en philosophie »
dans Vers la paix perpétuelle, Que signifie s'orienter dans la pensée ?
Qu'est-ce que les lumières ? et autres textes, Paris, Flammarion, 1991 à la
p.136 ; Emmanuel Kant, Anthropologie, trad. par J. Tissot, Paris, Librairie
philosophique de Ladrange, 1863 aux pp.9-10. Voir également Christine M.
Korsgaard, « The authority of reflection » in Onora O'Neill, dir., Christine M.
Korsgaard, The sources of normativity, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press,
2010 à la p.92 ; George Kateb, Human Dignity, Cambridge, Harvard University
Press, 2011 aux pp.162-163 ; Reinhold Niebuhr, Moral man and immoral society :
a study in ethics and politics, New York, Scribner, 1960 à la p.25. Mais Peter
Singer affirme que certains animaux (non humains) sont conscients d'eux-mêmes :
Peter Singer, Questions d'éthique pratique, trad. par Max Marcuzzi, Paris,
Bayard Éditions, 1997 aux pp.114-119. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">32 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Emmanuel Kant, « Conjectures sur les débuts de
l'histoire humaine (1786) » dans La philosophie de l'histoire (opuscules),
trad. par Stephane Piobetta, Paris, Aubier-Montaigne, 1947 à la p.159. </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">33 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">« L'homme seul est libre (...) La liberté est ce
qui constitue la valeur de l'homme » [nos italiques] : Emmanuel Kant, Leçons
d'éthique, trad. par Luc Langlois, Paris, Librairie générale française, 1997
aux pp.233 et 404. Kant affirme que les êtres humains sont « arbitria libera »
: Immanuel Kant, The metaphysics of morals, trad. par Mary Gregor, Cambridge,
Cambridge University Press, 1991 aux pp.41-42 (aux paras.213-214) ; Onora
O'Neill, Constructions of reason: explorations of Kant's practical philosophy,
Cambridge University Press, 1989 à la p.72. Les animaux sont « dépourvus de
lumières et de liberté » : Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Discours sur l’origine et les
fondements de l’inégalité parmi les hommes, Paris, Éditions Gallimard, 1965 à
la p.37. Kant affirme que les animaux sont « arbitria bruta » : Immanuel Kant,
The metaphysics of morals, trad. par Mary Gregor, Cambridge, Cambridge
University Press, 1991 aux pp.41-42 (para.213-214) ; Onora O'Neill,
Constructions of reason: explorations of Kant's practical philosophy, Cambridge
University Press, 1989 à la p.72. Kant ajoute que seuls les êtres raisonnables
sont capables de se donner des fins : Immanuel Kant, The metaphysics of morals,
trad. par Mary Gregor, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1991 à la p.195
(au para.392) ; Allen W. Wood and Onora O'neill, « Kant on duties regarding
nonrational nature » (1998) 72 Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society,
Supplementary Volumes 189 à la p.189 ; Michael J. Sandel, Justice : What's the
right thing to do ?, New York, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2009 à la p.109. </span></div>
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</span><br />
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</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">34 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Discours sur l’origine et
les fondements de l’inégalité parmi les hommes, Paris, Éditions Gallimard, 1965
à la p.113. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">35 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Seul l'être humain a « la perception du bien, du
mal, du juste, de l'injuste et des autres notions de ce genre » [nos italiques]
: Aristote, Les politiques, trad. par Pierre Pellegrin, 2e éd., Paris,
Flammarion, 1993 à la p.92 (I, 2, 1253a). La moralité n'est possible, selon
Kant, que pour les êtres raisonnables conscients d'eux-mêmes et capables de
liberté : Emmanuel Kant, « Compte rendu de l'Essai d'une introduction à la
doctrine des moeurs pour tous les hommes sans distinction de religion » dans
Vers la paix perpétuelle, Que signifie s'orienter dans la pensée ? Qu'est-ce
que les lumières ? et autres textes, Paris, Flammarion, 1991 à la p. 156 ;
Emmanuel Kant, Fondements de la métaphysique des moeurs, trad. par Victor
Delbos, Paris, Classiques de la philosophie, 1993 à la p.130. Peter Singer
reconnaît également que seul l'être humain est éthiquement responsable et
capable de moralité : Peter Singer, Questions d'éthique pratique, trad. par Max
Marcuzzi, Paris, Bayard Éditions, 1997 à la p.77. Voir aussi George Kateb,
Human Dignity, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 2011 aux pp.13 et 109. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">36 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Kant affirme que le perfectionnement moral est un
devoir individuel qui nous rend dignes de l'humanité que l'on représente. Voir
Immanuel Kant, The metaphysics of morals, trad. par Mary Gregor, Cambridge,
Cambridge University Press, 1991 aux pp.191-192 (au para.387) ; Emmanuel Kant,
Leçons d'éthique, trad. par Luc Langlois, Paris, Librairie générale française,
1997 à la p.408 ; Emmanuel Kant, « Conjectures sur les débuts de l'histoire
humaine (1786) » dans La philosophie de l'histoire (opuscules), trad. par
Stephane Piobetta, Paris, Aubier-Montaigne, 1947 à la p.161. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">37 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Jacques Rousseau, Discours sur l’origine et les
fondements de l’inégalité parmi les hommes, Paris, Éditions Gallimard, 1965 aux
pp.56-58. Emmanuel Kant affirme : « L’autonomie est donc un principe de la
dignité de la nature humaine et de toute nature raisonnable » [nos italiques] :
Emmanuel Kant, Fondements de la métaphysique des moeurs, trad. par Victor
Delbos, Paris, Classiques de la philosophie, 1993 à la p.115. Kant ajoute que
l'être humain « découvrit en lui un pouvoir de se choisir à lui-même sa propre
conduite, et de ne pas être lié comme les autres animaux à une conduite unique
» [nos italiques] : Emmanuel Kant, « Conjectures sur les débuts de l'histoire
humaine (1786) » dans La philosophie de l'histoire (opuscules), trad. par
Stephane Piobetta, Paris, Aubier-Montaigne, 1947 à la p.157. D'autres auteurs
partagent l'opinion de Rousseau et de Kant : George Kateb, Human Dignity,
Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 2011 aux pp.134-135 ; Denis Gingras, René
Cassin et les droits de l'homme, thèse de doctorat en philosophie, Université
Laval, 1996 à la p.212. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">38 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Karl Jaspers, Introduction à la philosophie, trad.
par Jeanne Hersch, Paris, Union générale d'éditions, 1965 à la p.69. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">39 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Karl Jaspers, Les Grands philosophes : ceux qui ont
donné la mesure de l'humain : Socrate, Bouddha, Confucius, Jésus, trad. par C.
Floquet, J. Hersch, N. Naef et X. Tilliette, Paris, Union Générale d'Editions,
1966 aux pp.225-226. Voir également Aristote, Les politiques, trad. par Pierre
Pellegrin, 2e éd., Paris, Flammarion, 1993 à la p.90 (I, 2, 1252b). </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">40 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Kant affirmait que l'homme doit devenir homme par
la discipline et la culture : Emmanuel Kant, Traité de pédagogie, trad. par
Jules Barni, Paris, Félix Alcan éditeur, 1886 à la p.39 ; Emmanuel Kant, « Idée
d'une histoire universelle au point de vue cosmopolitique (1784) » dans La
philosophie de l'histoire (opuscules), trad. par Stephane Piobetta, Paris,
Aubier-Montaigne, 1947 à la p.72 ; Emmanuel Kant, Leçons d'éthique, trad. par
Luc Langlois, Paris, Librairie générale française, 1997 à la p.409. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">41 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Émile ou de l’éducation,
Paris, Garnier-Flammarion, 1966 à la p.254. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">42 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Émile ou de l’éducation,
Paris, Garnier-Flammarion, 1966 à la p.42. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">43 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Blaise Pascal, Pensées, Paris, Librairie générale
française, 1962 aux pp.33-34 (au para.40). </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">44 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Émile ou de l’éducation,
Paris, Garnier-Flammarion, 1966 à la p.92. Voir aussi : Jean-Jacques Rousseau,
Émile ou de l’éducation, Paris, Garnier-Flammarion, 1966 à la p.42 ; Blaise
Pascal, Pensées, Paris, Librairie générale française, 1962 aux pp.33-34 (au
para.40) ; Henry D. Thoreau, Désobéir, Paris, Éditions de l’herne, 1994 à la
p.47 ; Arnold Toynbee and Daisaku Ikeda, Choose life : a dialogue, London,
Oxford University Press, 1976 à la p.75. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">45 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Émile ou de l’éducation,
Paris, Garnier-Flammarion, 1966 à la p.252. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">46 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Émile ou de l’éducation,
Paris, Garnier-Flammarion, 1966 à la p.254. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">47 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Aristote affirme : « De même, en effet, qu'un homme
accompli est le meilleur des animaux, de même aussi quand il a rompu avec loi
et justice est-il le pire de tous (...) Il est le plus impie et le plus féroce
quand il est sans vertu » [nos italiques] : Aristote, Les politiques, trad. par
Pierre Pellegrin, 2e éd., Paris, Flammarion, 1993 aux pp.92-93 (I, 2, 1253a).
Comme exemple voir : Marquis de Sade, Les infortunes de la vertu, Paris, Union
générale d'éditions, 1968 à la p.148. Le danger avec l'être humain, c'est qu'il
peut trouver des justifications pour tout. Peter Singer paraphrase Benjamin
Franklin qui affirmait que « l'un des avantages d'être une "créature
raisonnable" est qu'on peut trouver une raison pour tout ce qu'on veut »
[nos italiques] : Peter Singer, Questions d'éthique pratique, trad. par Max
Marcuzzi, Paris, Bayard Éditions, 1997 à la p.77. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">48 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Jacques Rousseau, Discours sur l’origine et les
fondements de l’inégalité parmi les hommes, Paris, Éditions Gallimard, 1965 à
la p.58 ; Arnold Toynbee and Daisaku Ikeda, Choose life : a dialogue, London,
Oxford University Press, 1976 à la p.17. Hans Jonas affirme que « dans son
histoire, "l'homme" s'est déjà montré avec ses hauts et ses bas, sa
grandeur et sa misère, son sublime et son ridicule » : Hans Jonas, Pour une
éthique du futur, trad. par Sabine Cornille et Philippe Ivernel, Paris,
Éditions Payot & Rivages, 1998 à la p.89. Ce que Charles Taylor appelle «
les formes élevées et les formes basses de la liberté » : Charles Taylor,
Grandeur et misère de la modernité, trad. par Charlotte Melançon, Montréal,
Éditions Bellarmin, 1992 à la p.99. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">49 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Blaise Pascal affirme : « Il ne faut pas que
l'homme croie qu'il est égal aux bêtes, ni aux anges, ni qu'il ignore l'un et
l'autre, mais qu'il sache l'un et l'autre. L'homme n'est ni ange ni bête, et le
malheur veut que qui veut faire l'ange fait la bête » [nos italiques] : Blaise
Pascal, Pensées, Paris, Librairie générale française, 1962 à la p.151 (aux
paras. 328-329) (voir aussi à la p.92 au para.176). Pascal ajoute : « Que
l'homme maintenant s'estime son prix. Qu'il s'aime, car il y a en lui une
nature capable de bien ; mais qu'il n'aime pas pour cela les bassesses qui y
sont » [nos italiques] : Blaise Pascal, Pensées, Paris, Librairie générale
française, 1962 à la p.151 (au para 331). </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">50 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Kant affirme : « La moralité, ainsi que l’humanité,
en tant qu’elle est capable de moralité, c’est donc là ce qui seul a de la
dignité » [nos italiques] : Emmanuel Kant, Fondements de la métaphysique des
moeurs, trad. par Victor Delbos, Paris, Classiques de la philosophie, 1993 à la
p.113. Voir aussi George Kateb, Human Dignity, Cambridge, Harvard University
Press, 2011 à la p.13 ; Denis Gingras, René Cassin et les droits de l'homme,
thèse de doctorat en philosophie, Université Laval, 1996 à la p.198. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">51 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">George Kateb, Human Dignity, Cambridge, Harvard
University Press, 2011 aux pp.3 et 6. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">52 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Charles Taylor affirme : « Parce que nous possédons
ce statut qui est incomparablement supérieur à tout ce qui existe dans la
nature, nous avons l'obligation de vivre conformément à celui-ci. En un sens,
on peut formuler le principe fondamental qui sous-tend toute la théorie éthique
de Kant à peu près ainsi : nous devons vivre conformément à ce que nous sommes
vraiment, c'est-à-dire des agents rationnels » [nos italiques] : Charles
Taylor, Les sources du moi : la formation de l’identité moderne, trad. par Charlotte
Melançon, Montréal, Les Éditions du Boréal, 1998 à la p.458. </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">53 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">« Les hommes sont méchants ; une triste et
continuelle expérience dispense de la preuve » [nos italiques] : Jacques
Rousseau, Discours sur l’origine et les fondements de l’inégalité parmi les
hommes, Paris, Éditions Gallimard, 1965 à la p.158, n.9 ; Emmanuel Kant, « Vers
la paix perpétuelle : esquisse philosophique » dans Vers la paix perpétuelle,
Que signifie s'orienter dans la pensée ? Qu'est-ce que les lumières ? et autres
textes, Paris, Flammarion, 1991 à la p.90 ; Immanuel Kant, Religion and
rational theology, trad. par Allen W. Wood and George Di Giovanni, Cambridge,
Cambridge University Press, 1996 aux pp.79-81 (6:32-6:33) ; Montaigne, « De la
liberté de conscience » dans Oeuvres complètes, Paris, Éditions du Seuil, 1967
à la p.277 (livre II, chap.19) ; Arthur Schopenhauer, Ils corrompent nos têtes,
Strasbourg, Éditions Circé, 1991 aux pp.17-18 ; Arnold Toynbee and Daisaku
Ikeda, Choose life : a dialogue, London, Oxford University Press, 1976 aux
pp.306-307 ; George Kateb, Human Dignity, Cambridge, Harvard University Press,
2011 aux pp.5 et 112. Le 20e siècle a connu ses moments de barbarie et de
sauvagerie : Charles Taylor, Les sources du moi : la formation de l’identité
moderne, trad. par Charlotte Melançon, Montréal, Les Éditions du Boréal, 1998
aux pp.497-498 ; Thomas de Koninck, De la dignité humaine, Paris, P.U.F., 1995
à la p.148. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">54 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Emmanuel Kant, « Idée d'une histoire universelle au
point de vue cosmopolitique (1784) » dans La philosophie de l'histoire
(opuscules), trad. par Stephane Piobetta, Paris, Aubier-Montaigne, 1947 à la
p.60 ; Emmanuel Kant, Leçons d'éthique, trad. par Luc Langlois, Paris,
Librairie générale française, 1997 à la p.409 ; Charles Taylor, Les sources du
moi : la formation de l’identité moderne, trad. par Charlotte Melançon,
Montréal, Les Éditions du Boréal, 1998 à la p.459. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">55 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Friedrich Nietzsche, Ainsi parlait Zarathoustra,
trad. par Marthe Robert, Paris, Union générale d'édition, 1958 à la p.207.Voir
aussi Arnold Toynbee and Daisaku Ikeda, Choose life : a dialogue, London,
Oxford University Press, 1976 à la p.306. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">56 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Friedrich Nietzsche, Par delà le bien et le mal,
trad. par Geneviève Bianquis, Aubier, Éditions Montaigne, 1951 aux pp.167-168
(para.229). </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">57 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Friedrich Nietzsche, Ainsi parlait Zarathoustra,
trad. par Marthe Robert, Paris, Union générale d'édition, 1958 à la p.207. </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">58 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Charles Darwin, Voyage d'un naturaliste autour du
monde fait à bord du navire le Beagle de 1831 à 1836, Paris, C. Reinwald et
cie, 1873 à la p.465. </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">59 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf : mon combat, trad. par J.
Gaudefroy-Demombynes et A. Calmettes, Paris, Nouvelles Éditions Latines, 1934 à
la p.243. </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">60 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Friedrich Nietzsche, Par delà le bien et le mal,
trad. par Geneviève Bianquis, Aubier, Éditions Montaigne, 1951 à la p.209 (au
para.259) ; Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf : mon combat, trad. par J.
Gaudefroy-Demombynes et A. Calmettes, Paris, Nouvelles Éditions Latines, 1934
aux pp.243 et 284. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">61 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Samuel Fleischacker, A short history of
distributive justice, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 2005 à la p.55. </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">62 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Jacques Rousseau, Discours sur l’origine et les
fondements de l’inégalité parmi les hommes, Paris, Éditions Gallimard, 1965 aux
pp.104-106. Voir aussi Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Du contrat social, Paris,
Éditions Flammarion, 1992 à la p.29 (I, I) ; Alexis de Tocqueville, De la
Démocratie en Amérique, t.1, Paris, Flammarion, 1981 à la p.360. Selon
Nietzsche, il n'y a jamais eu de contrat social, car les plus forts se sont
emparés de la population pour la commander : Friedrich Nietzsche, La généalogie
de la morale, trad. par Henri Albert, Paris, Mercure de France, 1964 aux
pp.122-123. </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">63 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Jacques Rousseau, Discours sur l’origine et les
fondements de l’inégalité parmi les hommes, Paris, Éditions Gallimard, 1965 à
la p.104. </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">64 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Jacques Rousseau, Discours sur l’origine et les
fondements de l’inégalité parmi les hommes, Paris, Éditions Gallimard, 1965 aux
pp.104-106. Voir aussi Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Du contrat social, Paris,
Éditions Flammarion, 1992 à la p.29 (I, I) ; Alexis de Tocqueville, De la
Démocratie en Amérique, t.1, Paris, Flammarion, 1981 à la p.360. Selon
Nietzsche, il n'y a jamais eu de contrat social, car les plus forts se sont
emparés de la population pour la commander : Friedrich Nietzsche, La généalogie
de la morale, trad. par Henri Albert, Paris, Mercure de France, 1964 aux
pp.122-123. </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">65 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Adam Smith, Recherches sur la nature et les causes
de la richesse des nations, trad. par Germain Garnier, t.1, Paris, Flammarion,
1991 à la p.506 (III, IV). Voir aussi Noam Chomsky, Profit over people :
neoliberalism and global order, New York, Seven Stories Press, 1999 à la p.52 ;
Noam Chomsky, The prosperous few and the restless many, Berkeley, Odonian
Press, 1993 à la p.70. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">66 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Adam Smith, Recherches sur la nature et les causes
de la richesse des nations, trad. par Germain Garnier, t.1, Paris, Flammarion,
1991 à la p.506 (III, IV). </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">67 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Adam Smith, Recherches sur la nature et les causes
de la richesse des nations, trad. par Germain Garnier, t.2, Paris, Flammarion,
1991 à la p.337 (V, I, 2). Adam Smith ajoute : « Laws and government may be
considered (...) as a combination of the rich to oppress the poor, and preserve
to themselves the inequality of the goods » [nos italiques] : Adam Smith, «
Lectures on Jurisprudence » in Glasgow edition of the works and correspondence,
vol.5, Indianapolis, Liberty Fund, 1982 à la p.196. Voir aussi Arthur
Schopenhauer, Ils corrompent nos têtes, Strasbourg, Éditions Circé, 1991 à la
p.18. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">68 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Émile ou de l’éducation,
Paris, Garnier-Flammarion, 1966 à la p.307. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">69 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Du contrat social, Paris,
Éditions Flammarion, 1992 à la p.47. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">70 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Jacques Rousseau, Discours sur l’origine et les
fondements de l’inégalité parmi les hommes, Paris, Éditions Gallimard, 1965 à
la p.37. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">71 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Émile ou de l’éducation,
Paris, Garnier-Flammarion, 1966 à la p.307. </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">72 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Du contrat social, Paris,
Éditions Flammarion, 1992 à la p.95 (III, IV). Voir aussi Robert Michels,
Political parties : A sociological study of the oligarchical tendencies of
modern democracy, trad. par Eden and Cedar Paul, Kitchener, Batoche Books, 2001
aux pp.240-241. </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">73 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Aristote, Les politiques, trad. par Pierre
Pellegrin, 2e éd., Paris, Flammarion, 1993 à la p.417 (VI, 2, 1317a). Voir
aussi Aristote, Les politiques, trad. par Pierre Pellegrin, 2e éd., Paris,
Flammarion, 1993 aux pp.231-232 (III, 8, 1279b) ; Platon, La République, trad.
par Georges Leroux, Paris, Flammarion, 2002 à la p.423 (VIII, 557a). Voir
également C. Northcote Parkinson, L'évolution de la pensée politique, trad. par
Louis Évrard, t.2, Paris, Éditions Gallimard, 1965 aux pp.38 et 40. </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">74 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">John Locke, Traité du gouvernement civil, trad. par
David Mazel, Paris, Flammarion, 1984 à la p.249 (au para.94) ; Bertrand
Russell, History of western philosophy, 2nd ed., New York, Routledge, 2004 à la
p.571. </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">75 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Adam Smith, Recherches sur la nature et les causes
de la richesse des nations, trad. par Germain Garnier, t.2, Paris, Flammarion,
1991 à la p.337 (V, I, 2). </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">76 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Emile Perreau-Saussine, « What remains of socialism
» in Values in public life : aspects of common goods, Berlin, LIT Verlag
Münster, 2008 à la p.20. Voir aussi Arnold Toynbee and Daisaku Ikeda, Choose
life : a dialogue, London, Oxford University Press, 1976 à la p.175. Selon
Jeffrey A. Winters et Benjamin I. Page, les États-Unis sont à la fois une
démocratie et une oligarchie : Jeffrey A. Winters and Benjamin I. Page, «
Oligarchy in the United States ? » (2009) 7:4 Perspectives on Politics 731 à la
p.731 ; Jeffrey A. Winters, Oligarchy, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press,
2011 aux pp.210-211. Pour une définition du terme « oligarchie », voir
Aristote, Les politiques, trad. par Pierre Pellegrin, 2e éd., Paris,
Flammarion, 1993 aux pp. 231-232, 287-288 (III, 8, 1279b, IV, 4, 1290a-1290b).
Voir aussi la Loi d'airain de l'oligarchie : Robert Michels, Political parties
: A sociological study of the oligarchical tendencies of modern democracy,
trad. par Eden and Cedar Paul, Kitchener, Batoche Books, 2001 aux pp.225-. </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">77 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Organisation des Nations Unies, « Déclaration
universelle des droits de l'homme », en ligne :
<http://www.un.org/fr/documents/udhr/index.shtml>. Voir aussi Renvoi
relatif à la sécession du Québec, [1998] 2 R.C.S. 217 au para.61 ; Figueroa c.
Canada (Procureur général), [2003] 1 R.C.S. 912 au para.30 ; Henri Brun et Guy
Tremblay, Droit Constitutionnel, 4e éd., Cowansville, Les Éditions Yvon Blais,
2002 à la p.91. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">78 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Le juriste Lon L. Fuller affirme à propos de
Bentham : « {Bentham was almost unremitting in his attacks. He detected
everywhere "the pestilential breath of Fiction"."In English law,
fiction is a syphilis, which runs in every vein, and carries into every part of
the system the principle of rottenness"."Fiction of use to justice ?
Exactly as swindling is to trade"."The most pernicious and basest
sort of lying" [...] "It has never been employed but with a bad
effect"} » : Lon L. Fuller, Legal fictions, Stanford, Stanford University
Press, 1967 aux pp.1, 2, 3 et 9. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">79 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">John Kenneth Galbraith et Nicole Salinger, Tout
savoir ou presque sur l'économie, trad. par Nicole Salinger, Paris, Éditions du
Seuil, 1978 aux pp.85-86 (voir également les pp.65, 67 et 82). </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">80 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Ronald Dworkin et Myriam Dennehy, « Une décision
menaçante pour la démocratie : La Cour suprême et le financement des campagnes
électorales » (2011) 163 Le Débat 61 à la p.68. </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">81 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Adam Smith, Recherches sur la nature et les causes
de la richesse des nations, trad. par Germain Garnier, t.1, Paris, Flammarion,
1991 à la p.336 (I, XI, conclusions). </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">82 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Mohammed Bedjaoui, « Introduction » in
International law : achievements and prospects, Boston, Martinus Nijhoff
Publishers, 1991 aux pp.15-16. En 1995, dans l'arrêt Portugal c. Australie, le
juge Skubiszewski de la Cour internationale de justice a repris dans sa
dissidence les propos de M. Bedjaoui : Opinion individuelle de M. Skubiszewski
dans Affaire relative au Timor oriental (Portugal c. Australie), [1995] C.I.J.
rec. 90 à la p.238. « In fact that is the world we live in (...) It is a
world where those with power, believing they have right on their side, impose
their sense of justice on others. This simple reality of international
existence is often described simplistically as "might makes right" »
[nos italiques] : Robert Kagan, Of paradise and power : America and Europe in
the new world order, New York, Vintage Books, 2004 à la p.131. </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">83 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">R. c. Hape, [2007] 2 R.C.S. 292 au para.44 ; Robert
Kagan, Of paradise and power : America and Europe in the new world order, New
York, Vintage Books, 2004 à la p.131. </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">84 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">John Locke, Traité du gouvernement civil, trad. par
David Mazel, Paris, Flammarion, 1984 à la p.321 (au para.183) ; Jean-Jacques
Rousseau, Discours sur l’origine et les fondements de l’inégalité parmi les
hommes, Paris, Éditions Gallimard, 1965 aux pp.106-107. « Cet état de guerre »
où les États sont « à la recherche incessante d'un nouveau prétexte » :
Emmanuel Kant, « Vers la paix perpétuelle : esquisse philosophique » dans Vers
la paix perpétuelle, Que signifie s'orienter dans la pensée ? Qu'est-ce que les
lumières ? et autres textes, Paris, Flammarion, 1991 aux pp.89 et 91. Les États
sont, selon Reinhold Niebuhr, aussi égoïstes que les individus : Reinhold
Niebuhr, Moral man and immoral society : a study in ethics and politics, New
York, Scribner, 1960 à la p.84. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">85 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Charte des Nations Unies : Charte des Nations
Unies, 26 juin 1945, C.N.U.C.I.O, vol. 15, p. 365. </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">86 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">R. c. Hape, [2007] 2 R.C.S. 292 au para.44. Voir
aussi l'art.2(1) de la Charte des Nations Unies : Charte des Nations Unies, 26
juin 1945, C.N.U.C.I.O, vol. 15, p. 365. </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">87 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">William A. Fletcher, « Howard J. Trienens Visiting
Scholar Program : International human rights and the role of the United States
» (2010) 104:1 Northwestern University Law Review 293 à la p.306 ; Christopher
Wall, « Human rights and economic sanctions : the new imperialism » (1998-1999)
22 Fordham Int'l L.J. 577 à la p.601 ; Noam Chomsky, Rogue states : the rule of
force in world affairs, Cambridge, MA South End Press, 2000 à la p.1. </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">88 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Principes du droit de la
guerre : Écrits sur la paix perpétuelle, Paris, Vrin, 2008 à la p.69. </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">89 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Émile ou de l’éducation,
Paris, Garnier-Flammarion, 1966 à la p.311. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">90 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Thucydides, The History of the Peloponnesian War,
trad. par Richard Crawley, vol.5, London, Longsman, Green and co, 1874 à la
p.397. Voir également C. Northcote Parkinson, L'évolution de la pensée politique,
trad. par Louis Évrard, t.2, Paris, Éditions Gallimard, 1965 à la p.31. </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">91 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Jack Goldsmith, « International Human Rights Law
& the United States Double Standard » (1998) 1:2 The Green Bag An
Entertaining Journal of Law 365 aux pp.366 et 371 ; William A. Fletcher, «
Howard J. Trienens Visiting Scholar Program : International human rights and
the role of the United States » (2010) 104:1 Northwestern University Law Review
293 aux pp.293-294. Nietzsche affirme : « Celui qui sait commander, celui dont
la nature a fait un "maître", celui qui se montre puissant dans son
oeuvre et dans son geste - qu'importe à celui-là les traités ! » : Friedrich
Nietzsche, La généalogie de la morale, trad. par Henri Albert, Paris, Mercure
de France, 1964 à la p.123. </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">92 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Christopher J. Borgen, « Hearts and minds and laws
: legal compliance and diplomatic persuasion » (2008-2009) 50 S.Tex.L.Rev. 769
à la p.778. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">93 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Noam Chomsky, Rogue states : the rule of force in
world affairs, Cambridge, MA South End Press, 2000 aux pp.1-11, 17. </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">94 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Affaire des activités militaires et paramilitaires
au Nicaragua et contre celui-ci (Nicaragua c. États-Unis d'Amérique), [1986]
C.I.J. rec. 14. </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">95 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Alain Pellet, « Le glaive et la balance : Remarques
sur le rôle de la C.I.J. en matière de maintien de la paix et de la sécurité
internationales » dans Shabtai Rosenne, Yoram Dinstein et Mala Tabory,
International law at a time of perplexity : essays in honour of Shabtai
Rosenne, Dordrecht, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1989 à la p.544. </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">96 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Affaire des activités militaires et paramilitaires
au Nicaragua et contre celui-ci (Nicaragua c. États-Unis d'Amérique), [1986]
C.I.J. rec. 14 aux pp.128 et 146-147. Voir également la résolution de
l'Assemblée générale des Nations Unies à ce sujet : Arrêt rendu par la Cour
internationale de Justice le 27 juin 1986 dans l'affaire des activités
militaires et paramilitaires au Nicaragua et contre celui-ci : nécessité d'une
application immédiate, Rés. AG 41/31, Doc.Off. A.G.N.U., 41e sess., supp. n°49,
Doc. NU A/41/31 (1986) 24. Voir aussi Noam Chomsky, Failed states : the abuse
of power and the assault on democracy, New York, Metropolitan Books/ Henry Holt
and Company, 2006 à la p.65 ; Noam Chomsky, The culture of terrorism, Boston,
South End Press, 1988 à la p.69. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">97 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Affaire des activités militaires et paramilitaires
au Nicaragua et contre celui-ci (Nicaragua c. États-Unis d'Amérique), [1986]
C.I.J. rec. 14 à la p.149. </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">98 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Noam Chomsky, Rogue states : the rule of force in
world affairs, Cambridge, MA South End Press, 2000 à la p.17. Or voir l'article
94(1) de la Charte des Nations Unies : Charte des Nations Unies, 26 juin 1945,
C.N.U.C.I.O, vol. 15, à la p.365, R.T. Can. 1945 n°7. </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">99 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Allen W. Wood, Kant's ethical thought, Cambridge,
Cambridge University Press, 1999 aux pp.8-9 ; Susan Neiman, The unity of reason
: Rereading Kant, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1994 à la p.108. </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">100 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Kant affirme : « La moralité, ainsi que l’humanité,
en tant qu’elle est capable de moralité, c’est donc là ce qui seul a de la
dignité » [nos italiques] : Emmanuel Kant, Fondements de la métaphysique des
moeurs, trad. par Victor Delbos, Paris, Classiques de la philosophie, 1993 à la
p.113. Voir aussi George Kateb, Human Dignity, Cambridge, Harvard University
Press, 2011 à la p.13 ; Denis Gingras, René Cassin et les droits de l'homme,
thèse de doctorat en philosophie, Université Laval, 1996 à la p.198. Susan
Neiman ajoute : « Kant concludes, nothing is more reprehensible than subjecting
the limits of what ought to be done to those which circumscribe what is done »
[nos italiques] : Susan Neiman, The unity of reason : Rereading Kant, Oxford,
Oxford University Press, 1994 à la p.112. Mais cette capacité à agir moralement
est limitée par les ressources matérielles et financières d'une personne. Pour
reprendre les paroles de Bert Brecht : « D'abord vient la bouffe, ensuite la
morale » : Hans Jonas, Le principe responsabilité, trad. par Jean Greisch,
Manchecourt, Les Éditions du Cerf, 1998 à la p.320. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">101 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Susan Neiman, Moral clarity : a guide for grown-up
idealists, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2008 à la p.147. C'est pourquoi on n'a
pas besoin, selon George Kateb, d'aimer l'humanité pour croire en la dignité
humaine : George Kateb, Human Dignity, Cambridge, Harvard University Press,
2011 à la p.xiii. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">102 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">La dignité humaine commande le respect des droits
de l'homme : Ronald Dworkin, Justice for Hedgehogs, Cambridge, Harvard
University Press, 2011 à la p.330 ; Emmanuel Kant, Fondements de la
métaphysique des moeurs, trad. par Victor Delbos, Paris, Classiques de la
philosophie, 1993 à la p.106 ; Emmanuel Kant, Leçons d'éthique, trad. par Luc Langlois,
Paris, Librairie générale française, 1997 à la p.331. Depuis la Déclaration
universelle des droits de l'homme de 1948, les droits de l'homme embrassent
également les droits économiques, sociaux et culturels (les droits de la
deuxième génération) : Denis Gingras, René Cassin et les droits de l'homme,
thèse de doctorat en philosophie, Université Laval, 1996 à la p.185 ; Rhoda E.
Howard and Jack Donnelly, « Human Dignity, Human Rights, and Political Regimes
» (1986) 80:3 The American Political Science Review 801 à la p.802. Voir aussi
les articles 22 à 28 et, en particulier, les articles 22 et 23 de cette
Déclaration : Organisation des Nations Unies, « Déclaration universelle des
droits de l'homme », en ligne : <http://www.un.org/fr/documents/udhr/index.shtml>.
</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">103 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Onora O'Neill, « Children's Rights and Children's
Lives » (1988) 98:3 Ethics 445 à la p.460. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">104 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Peter Singer souligne avec justesse que ce n'est
pas parce qu'il existe « une loi naturelle selon laquelle le plus fort domine
le plus faible » que cette loi naturelle est juste : Peter Singer, Questions
d'éthique pratique, trad. par Max Marcuzzi, Paris, Bayard Éditions, 1997 aux
pp.77-78. Voir aussi George Kateb, Human Dignity, Cambridge, Harvard University
Press, 2011 à la p.23. Voir également les propos de Charles Darwin dans sa
lettre du 4 mai 1860 adressée à Charles Lyell : Frederick Burkhardt, The correspondence
of Charles Darwin, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1985 à la p.189. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">105 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Philip Hallie, « From cruelty to goodness » (1981)
11:3 The Hastings Center Report 23 aux pp.24-25. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">106 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Ronald Dworkin, Justice for Hedgehogs, Cambridge,
Harvard University Press, 2011 aux pp.2-3, 349 et 355 ; Daryl Pullman, Human
dignity and the foundations of liberalism, Doctoral thesis in philosophy
unpublished, University of Waterloo, 1990 à la p.162. Cette justice
distributive doit respecter le « principe de différence » qui est le deuxième
principe de justice défini par John Rawls dans son livre intitulé « Théorie de
la justice » : John Rawls, Théorie de la justice, trad. par Catherine Audard,
Paris, Éditions du Seuil, 1997 aux pp.41 et 132. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">107 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Ce déséquilibre qui, selon Plutarque, « est la plus
ancienne et la plus fatale des maladies des républiques » : John Kenneth
Galbraith, « L'art d'ignorer les pauvres » Le Monde diplomatique (Octobre
2005), en ligne : monde-diplomatique.fr <http://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2005/10/GALBRAITH/12812>.
Voir aussi Jacob S. Hacker and Paul Pierson, Winner-take-all politics : how
Washington made the rich richer-and turned its back on the middle class, Simon
and Schuster, 2010 à la p.75 ; Arnold Toynbee and Daisaku Ikeda, Choose life :
a dialogue, London, Oxford University Press, 1976 à la p.288. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">108 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">À propos des inégalités naturelles et politiques
parmi les hommes, voir Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Discours sur l’origine et les
fondements de l’inégalité parmi les hommes, Paris, Éditions Gallimard, 1965 à
la p.43. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">109 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">John Rawls, Théorie de la justice, trad. par
Catherine Audard, Paris, Éditions du Seuil, 1997 aux pp.131-133 ; Michael J.
Sandel, Justice : What's the right thing to do ?, New York, Farrar, Straus and
Giroux, 2009 à la p.157. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">110 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">John Rawls, Théorie de la justice, trad. par
Catherine Audard, Paris, Éditions du Seuil, 1997 aux pp.132-133. </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">111 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">George Kateb, Human Dignity, Cambridge, Harvard
University Press, 2011 à la p.136 ; Allen W. Wood, Kant's ethical thought,
Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1999 à la p.7. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">112 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Allen W. Wood, Kant's ethical thought, Cambridge,
Cambridge University Press, 1999 à la p.7 ; Immanuel Kant, The metaphysics of
morals, trad. par Mary Gregor, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1991 à la
p.248 (au para.454). </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">113 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">John Rawls, Théorie de la justice, trad. par
Catherine Audard, Paris, Éditions du Seuil, 1997 aux pp.131-133 ; Michael J.
Sandel, Justice : What's the right thing to do ?, New York, Farrar, Straus and
Giroux, 2009 à la p.157. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">114 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">La dignité humaine réclame la justice et non
l'inverse. Daryl Pullman affirme : « Persons are not the objects of dignity and
respect because justice demands it ; rather justice is demanded because of the
intrinsic dignity of persons » [nos italiques] : Daryl Pullman, Human
dignity and the foundations of liberalism, Doctoral thesis in philosophy
unpublished, University of Waterloo, 1990 à la p.19. La théorie de la justice
comme équité est la théorie de la justice de John Rawls : John Rawls, Théorie
de la justice, trad. par Catherine Audard, Paris, Éditions du Seuil, 1997 à la
p.37. Cette théorie de la justice est compatible avec la dignité humaine qui
commande de traiter chaque être humain comme une fin en soi. En effet, John
Rawls affirme : « La théorie du contrat en tant que telle définit donc une
façon de concevoir comment les hommes doivent être traités comme des fins et
pas seulement comme des moyens » [nos italiques] : John Rawls, Théorie de la
justice, trad. par Catherine Audard, Paris, Éditions du Seuil, 1997 à la p.210.
</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">115 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Rawls affirme : « Le principe de différence
représente, en réalité, un accord pour considérer la répartition des talents
naturels comme un atout pour toute la collectivité, dans une certaine mesure,
et pour partager l'accroissement des avantages socio-économiques que cette
répartition permet par le jeu de ses complémentarités (...) Le principe de
différence (...) semble bien correspondre à une signification naturelle de la
fraternité » [nos italiques] : John Rawls, Théorie de la justice, trad. par
Catherine Audard, Paris, Éditions du Seuil, 1997 aux pp.132 et 136. </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">116 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Comme l'affirmait Kant, rien n'est plus
répréhensible que de soumettre les limites de ce qui doit être fait à ce qui se
fait : Susan Neiman, The unity of reason : Rereading Kant, Oxford, Oxford
University Press, 1994 à la p.112. </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">117 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Canada, Commission de réforme du droit du Canada,
Euthanasie, aide au suicide et interruption de traitement, Document de travail
28, Ottawa, Ministre des Approvisionnements et Services Canada, 1982 à la p.45.
</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">118 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">La Commission de la réforme du droit
du Canada souligne que le droit doit avoir un « préjugé favorable » à l'égard
des personnes faibles et vulnérables : Canada, Commission de réforme du droit
du Canada, Euthanasie, aide au suicide et interruption de traitement, Document
de travail 28, Ottawa, Ministre des Approvisionnements et Services Canada, 1982
à la p.45.</span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7671274545402013868.post-41648629086605828592015-02-24T08:35:00.000-05:002016-02-14T15:20:34.642-05:00La dignité humaine (partie 1) : ses détracteurs<!--[if !mso]>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
Le concept de dignité humaine est vague et ambigu<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="top1"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><sup><span style="color: blue;">1</span></sup></span><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;">. Pour
certains, il s'apparente davantage à une notion creuse, une notion fourre-tout,
une coquille vide dont le sens est à la merci d'interprétations diverses et
opportunistes</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><sup><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">2</span></sup></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. Il est
souvent utilisé comme un argument massue (« knock-out argument ») pour trancher
des débats éthiques et pour faire taire des opinions divergentes</span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><sup><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">3</span></sup></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. Alors
qu'on ne peut logiquement invoquer un même principe pour défendre une chose et
son contraire, il est également utilisé « pour soutenir des revendications
contradictoires »</span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><sup><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">4</span></sup></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. En
somme, il est entaché par une surutilisation et une mauvaise utilisation</span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><sup><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">5</span></sup></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. Pour
ces raisons, le concept a essuyé plusieurs critiques</span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><sup><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">6</span></sup></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">.
Certains détracteurs affirment que la dignité humaine est un concept inutile et
à ce point ambigu que l'on devrait le rejeter. Nous examinerons le bien-fondé
de cette assertion. Nous examinerons les critiques des représentants de
certains courants philosophiques et psychologiques que l'on a repérées dans la
littérature. Sans prétendre toutefois les réfuter, nous tenterons d'ébranler
leurs fondements et de les fragiliser. Nous commencerons par la critique du
psychologue et représentant du courant béhaviorisme B.F. Skinner, suivi de
celle du philosophe utilitariste et représentant du darwinisme James Rachels,
de la philosophe et représentante du courant bioéthique Ruth Macklin, du
psychologue cognitiviste Steven Pinker et du philosophe et représentant du
courant utilitariste de préférence Peter Singer.</span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Les détracteurs du concept de dignité humaine</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">1. B.F.
Skinner</span></b></span><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
En 1971, dans son livre <i>Beyond freedom and dignity</i>, le psychologue B.F.
Skinner attaque directement les valeurs de liberté, de responsabilité et de
dignité</span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><sup><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">7</span></sup></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. Il
soutient que le comportement des individus est conditionné par leur
environnement, que le libre arbitre est, de ce fait, une illusion</span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><sup><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">8</span></sup></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> et que
les individus ne sont donc pas responsables de leurs actes</span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><sup><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">9</span></sup></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. En
réaction à ce livre, E. M. Adams affirme que Skinner a proclamé la mort de
l'homme digne et libre</span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><sup><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">10</span></sup></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. </span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
Noam Chomsky réfute violemment l'argumentation de Skinner et soutient qu'il est
absurde de conclure de l'idée que la liberté est limitée par l'environnement
que l'autonomie et le libre arbitre sont une illusion. Il s'agit, selon Noam
Chomsky, d'un raccourci de l'esprit qui demande à être démontré et justifié
scientifiquement. Il affirme : </span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">« <b><u>It would be absurd to conclude merely from the
fact that freedom is limited, that “autonomous man” is an illusion (...) It
would be hard to conceive of a more striking failure to comprehend even the
rudiments of scientific thinking</u></b> »</span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><sup><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">11</span></sup></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. </span></span></div>
</blockquote>
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<span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Les
observations du psychiatre Viktor Frankl, sur les prisonniers des camps de
concentration à Auschwitz, viennent étayer ceux de Chomsky :</span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">« <b><u>The experiences of camp life show that man does
have a choice of action</u></b> (...) The mental reactions of the inmate of a
concentration camp must seem more to us than the mere expression of certain
physical and sociological conditions. Even though conditions such as lack of
sleep, insufficient food and various mental stresses may suggest that the
inmates were bound to react in certain ways, <b><u>in the final analysis it becomes
clear the the sort of person the prisoner became was the result of an inner
decision, and not the result of camp influences alone. Fundamentally,
therefore, any man can, even under such circumstances, decide what shall become
of him (...) He may retain his human dignity even in a concentration camp</u></b> »</span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><sup><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">12</span></sup></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. </span></span></div>
</blockquote>
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<span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">2. James
Rachels</span></b></span><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
En 1990, dans son livre <i>Created from animals : the moral implications of
darwinism</i>, le philosophe James Rachels ébranle les deux principaux
fondements sur lesquels repose, selon lui, la dignité humaine, à savoir que
l'être humain a été créé à l'image de Dieu (le théisme)</span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><sup><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">13</span></sup></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> et que
l'être humain est le seul animal raisonnable</span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><sup><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">14</span></sup></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. Si l'on
prend le darwinisme au sérieux, nous devons, selon lui, accepter la conclusion
que le théisme, qui défend la thèse que l'homme a été créé à l'image de Dieu,
n'est plus une option raisonnable et valable</span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><sup><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">15</span></sup></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. En
effet, la théorie scientifique de l'évolution par sélection naturelle de Darwin
est incompatible avec la doctrine religieuse du créationnisme qui soutient que
l'être humain a été créé par Dieu</span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><sup><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">16</span></sup></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. De
même, le darwinisme doit également, selon lui, conduire au rejet de l'idée que
l'homme est le seul animal raisonnable</span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><sup><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">17</span></sup></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. En
effet, il affirme que pour Darwin les capacités rationnelles de l'être humain
sont le fruit de la sélection naturelle et que l'être humain ne se distingue
donc des autres animaux que par degré</span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><sup><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">18</span></sup></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. Ainsi,
James Rachels soutient que Darwin a déconstruit ce fondement de la dignité
humaine en démontrant qu'il existe d'autres animaux avec des habilités
rationnelles ou des facultés mentales</span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><sup><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">19</span></sup></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. </span></span></div>
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Après avoir ébranlé les deux seuls fondements de la dignité humaine, il
en conclut que la dignité humaine n'a plus de fondement valide</span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><sup><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">20</span></sup></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. Or nous
ne croyons pas que la conclusion qu'il tire de son raisonnement soit juste et
qu'elle conduise inéluctablement au rejet de l'idée de dignité humaine. En
effet, la dignité humaine ne repose pas, selon nous, sur l'idée que l'être
humain est le seul être vivant doué de raison</span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><sup><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">21</span></sup></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">, mais
sur l'idée, partagée par Jean-Jacques Rousseau et Emmanuel Kant, qu'il est le
seul être raisonnable, dont l'existence est connue , capable de liberté et
d'autonomie morale (de liberté morale)</span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><sup><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">22</span></sup></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. Ce qui
fait dire à Jean-Jacques Rousseau, considéré par Arthur Schopenhauer comme le «
plus grand des moralistes modernes »</span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><sup><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">23</span></sup></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> et par
Emmanuel Kant comme le « Newton du monde moral »</span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><sup><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">24</span></sup></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">, que ce
n'est pas l'entendement qui distingue l'homme des animaux, mais sa qualité
d'agent libre</span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><sup><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">25</span></sup></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">.
Rousseau affirme :</span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">« Tout animal a des idées puisqu'il a des sens, il
combine même ses idées jusqu'à un certain point, et l'homme ne diffère à cet
égard de la Bête que du plus ou moins. Quelques Philosophes ont même avancé
qu'il y a plus de différence de tel homme à tel homme que de tel homme à telle
bête. <b><u>Ce n'est donc pas tant l'entendement qui fait parmi les animaux la
distinction spécifique de l'homme que sa qualité d'agent libre</u></b>. La Nature
commande à tout animal, et la Bête obéit. L'homme éprouve la même impression, mais
il se reconnaît libre d'acquiescer, ou de résister ; et c'est surtout dans la
conscience, de cette liberté que se montre la spiritualité de son âme »</span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><sup><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">26</span></sup></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. </span></span></div>
</blockquote>
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<span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">La
dignité humaine ne réside donc pas dans la raison, comme le prétend James
Rachels, mais dans la liberté et dans la capacité morale dont l'être humain est
l'unique dépositaire.</span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">3. Ruth
Macklin</span></b></span><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
En 2003, la philosophe Ruth Macklin affirme que la dignité humaine est un
concept vague, qu'il ne signifie pas davantage que le respect de la personne et
de son autonomie et que, par conséquent, il est inutile</span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><sup><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">27</span></sup></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. </span></span></div>
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Selon Roberto Andorno, l'analyse de Mme Macklin est insatisfaisante pour trois
raisons</span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><sup><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">28</span></sup></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. </span></span></div>
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Premièrement, le fait que le concept de dignité soit vague n'est pas une justification
suffisante pour le rejeter ou le reléguer aux oubliettes, car plusieurs
concepts employés en bioéthique sont vagues et imprécis</span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><sup><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">29</span></sup></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. C'est
le cas par exemple des concepts de justice, d'équité, de droit, d'autonomie et
du respect de la personne</span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><sup><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">30</span></sup></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. De
plus, son imprécision devrait nous inciter à le préciser et à le développer et
non à l'abandonner</span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><sup><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">31</span></sup></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. </span></span></div>
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Deuxièmement, le concept de respect de la personne ne nous permet pas, sans le
recours au concept de dignité, d'expliquer pourquoi les êtres humains ont droit
au respect</span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><sup><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">32</span></sup></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. </span></span></div>
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Troisièmement, assimiler la dignité à l'autonomie exclut de la communauté
morale tous les êtres humains qui ne sont pas autonomes incluant les personnes
inaptes (les personnes accidentées, les personnes malades ou les personnes
âgées non autonomes), non rationnelles (les embryons, les foetus, les nouveaux
nés et les handicapés mentaux) ou décédées</span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><sup><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">33</span></sup></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. </span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">4. Steven
Pinker</span></b></span><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"></span></span></div>
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En 2008, le psychologue Steven Pinker affirme que le concept de dignité humaine
est ambigu, assimilable à l'autonomie et qu'il est relatif, fongible et
possiblement nuisible</span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><sup><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">34</span></sup></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. </span></span></div>
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Il considère que le concept de dignité est relatif et que l'on devrait plutôt
employer le concept d'autonomie. Or le concept d'autonomie est également
relatif. Le même concept d'autonomie peut référer à deux notions fort
différentes : à l'autonomie morale de Kant (« liberté de la volonté ») ou à
l'autonomie personnelle (« liberté de choix »). À cet égard, Joseph Raz affirme
: </span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">« Personal autonomy, which is a particular ideal of
individual well-being should not be confused with the only very indirectly
related notion of moral autonomy. The latter originates with Kantian idea that
morality consists of self-enacted principles (...) Personal autonomy, by
contrast, is essentially about the freedom of persons to choose their own life
»</span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><sup><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">35</span></sup></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. </span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Selon la notion à laquelle on réfère, le suicide,
par exemple, sera contraire (autonomie morale) ou non (autonomie personnelle) à
l'autonomie. </span></span></div>
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Il affirme également que le concept de dignité est fongible . Selon Pinker, il
nous arrive tous, à certains moments, de renoncer volontairement à notre
dignité en vue de satisfaire d'autres biens. Au soutien de cette affirmation,
il donne deux exemples de comportements indignes : celui de sortir d'une petite
voiture et celui d'avoir une relation sexuelle. Or sortir d'une petite voiture
ou avoir une relation sexuelle ne peut, quelle que soit notre conception de la
dignité humaine, être considéré comme indigne et on ne peut y voir un
renoncement à la dignité humaine. </span></span></div>
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Pour finir, Pinker affirme que le concept de dignité est dangereux . Au soutien
de cette affirmation, il affirme que les répressions politiques et religieuses
sont souvent justifiées au nom d'une conception particulière de la dignité. Il
ajoute que le totalitarisme résulte souvent de l'imposition d'une conception
unique de la dignité humaine par un dictateur à sa population. Or cet argument
est, selon nous, fallacieux et trompeur, car on ne peut donner un exemple
d'abus et d'instrumentalisation pour discréditer le concept. En effet, l'usage
abusif d'un concept ne peut être une justification suffisante pour le
supprimer. Autrement, il faudrait également supprimer le concept d'autonomie.
En effet, pour certains, le concept d'autonomie a été idéalisé et est devenu
tyrannique au point d'occuper une trop grande place dans les débats éthiques</span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><sup><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">36</span></sup></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. Or il
ne viendrait à personne l'idée de reléguer l'important concept d'autonomie aux
oubliettes. </span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">5. Peter
Singer</span></b></span><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"></span></span></div>
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En 2009, le philosophe utilitariste Peter Singer récuse l'idée selon laquelle
l'être humain a quelque chose de distinctif qui lui donne un statut moral
spécial, une valeur intrinsèque, une dignité</span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><sup><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">37</span></sup></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. Il
rejette notamment comme fondement de cette dignité la philosophie morale
kantienne qui ne peut, selon lui, assurer à tous les êtres humains une dignité</span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><sup><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">38</span></sup></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. Il
soutient, en effet, que selon la philosophie kantienne, les êtres humains qui
ne sont pas, dans les faits, pleinement autonomes n'ont pas de dignité</span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><sup><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">39</span></sup></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. Il en
conclut que d'élever tous les êtres humains de l'espèce humaine à un statut
moral supérieur, sans raison valable, constitue une forme de discrimination à
l'égard des autres espèces. Il nomme cette discrimination « spécisme » qu'il
considère aussi condamnable que le racisme et le sexisme</span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><sup><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">40</span></sup></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. </span></span></div>
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Les philosophes Christine M. Korsgaard, Onora O'Neill et Allen W. Wood ne
partagent pas son interprétation de la philosophie morale kantienne et croient,
au contraire, que selon cette philosophie, tous les êtres humains, quel que
soit leur état, sont des personnes et ont une dignité</span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><sup><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">41</span></sup></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. Mais à
supposer que Peter Singer ait raison et que Kant (ou la philosophie morale
kantienne) n'attribue de dignité qu'aux êtres humains pleinement autonomes dans
les faits et exclut de la communauté morale certains êtres humains, le
philosophe Bernard Williams ne croit pas que le « spécisme » soit préjudiciable
au même titre que le racisme et le sexisme. Il soutient plutôt l'idée que ce
privilège accordé à l'espèce humaine est de l'humanisme et n'est, par
conséquent, pas un préjudice ou une discrimination</span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><sup><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">42</span></sup></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. </span></span></div>
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Alors que Peter Singer prétend vouloir élever le statut des animaux et non
abaisser celui des humains</span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><sup><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">43</span></sup></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">, sa
réfutation du concept de dignité humaine le conduit à adopter une vision
graduée du statut moral des êtres humains et des animaux non humains</span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><sup><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">44</span></sup></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> et le
force à conclure que les vies humaines ne sont pas toutes d'égale valeur</span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><sup><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">45</span></sup></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> et que
certains êtres humains ont le même statut moral que les animaux non humains. Sa
réfutation du concept de dignité humaine conduit donc, selon nous, à
l'abaissement du statut moral de l'être humain. Le génie universel, Blaise
Pascal, affirmait que c'est mépriser les hommes que de les égaler aux bêtes</span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><sup><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">46</span></sup></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. Les
propos du philosophe utilitariste James Rachels viennent étayer l'affirmation
de Pascal. Il reconnaît, en toute honnêteté intellectuelle, que la suppression
du concept de dignité entraîne inévitablement un abaissement du statut moral de
l'être humain. Il affirme :</span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">« The abandonment of lofty conceptions of human
nature, and grandiose ideas about the place of humans in the scheme of things,
inevitably diminishes our moral status (...) This means that human life will,
in a sense, be devalued, while the value granted to non-human life will be
increased »</span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><sup><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">47</span></sup></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Par exemple, il n'existe pas, pour Peter Singer, de
différence de statut moral entre un enfant, un être humain gravement handicapé
mental (qui ressent de la douleur, mais qui n'a pas conscience de lui-même) et
un animal non humain (disons une souris ; qui ressent de la douleur, mais qui
n'a pas conscience d'elle-même)</span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><sup><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">48</span></sup></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. Il va
même jusqu'à affirmer, dans l'un de ces articles, que certains animaux non
humains (comme le chien ou le porc) peuvent avoir un statut moral supérieur à
un enfant gravement handicapé mental</span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><sup><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">49</span></sup></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. Ainsi,
à supposer qu'il soit juste et légitime de faire des expérimentations
scientifiques douloureuses sur des souris, alors il n'existe pas, selon Singer,
de raisons de préférer d'utiliser des souris plutôt que des enfants ou des
êtres humains gravement handicapés mentaux</span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><sup><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">50</span></sup></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. De
plus, selon Singer, il est juste et éthiquement acceptable de faire subir des
expérimentations douloureuses à une douzaine d'animaux pour sauver des milliers
de personnes</span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><sup><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">51</span></sup></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">.
Logiquement (Singer est reconnu pour sa cohérence logique), il serait donc
juste et éthiquement acceptable, selon le raisonnement de Singer, de faire
subir des expérimentations scientifiques douloureuses à une dizaine d'enfants
ou d'êtres humains gravement handicapés mentaux, qui ont le même statut moral
que les animaux non humains, pour sauver des milliers de personnes. </span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Conclusion </span></b></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
En somme, l'être humain se distingue des animaux non humains par sa liberté et
sa capacité morale. Ces caractéristiques dont il est le seul dépositaire lui
confèrent une dignité, c'est-à-dire un statut moral supérieur aux animaux non
humains. Cette dignité permet également d'expliquer pourquoi les êtres humains
sont titulaires de droits. Pour ces raisons, on ne peut rejeter le concept de
dignité humaine. Selon George Kateb, le concept de dignité humaine est
nécessaire</span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><sup><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">52</span></sup></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. Il
soutient, en effet, l'idée que l'être humain appartient à une espèce supérieure
aux autres espèces animales en raison des caractéristiques uniques qu'il
possède. Il affirme :</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">« <b><u>(...) if only for the sake of the truth, the
reduction of the human species to a merely natural and animal species must be
fought (...) I have no species snobbery, or try not to. Human stature must be
affirmed in vanquishing snobbery toward animals by magnanimity. That we are a
higher species must be said because the facts about unique human traits and
attributes rebut the theories of reductive science</u></b> »</span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><sup><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">53</span></sup></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. </span></span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
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<span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">De même, plusieurs auteurs ne partagent pas l'opinion
de tous ces détracteurs et croient que le concept de dignité humaine est
indispensable</span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><sup><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">54</span></sup></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. Pour
certains, ce concept est particulièrement important dans une démocratie</span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><sup><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">55</span></sup></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
pluraliste</span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><sup><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">56</span></sup></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> qui
défend les droits de la personne</span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><sup><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">57</span></sup></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. Selon
George P. Fletcher la dignité humaine est la pierre angulaire de tout système
juridique civilisé</span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><sup><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">58</span></sup></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. Mette
Lebech résume :</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
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<span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">« One of the more important things we believe when
we 'believe' in human dignity, is that it is not an arbitrary, accidental,
accessory or even unjustified idea, but that it has a necessity about it,
available to and encompassing all human beings (...) {People with contrary
worldviews, believers, atheists, communists, social democrats, liberals,
conservatives, share the sense of necessity (...) We all seem well aware of the
advantages of having a well-grounded sense of human dignity ; its function as a
legal criterion is in the interest of all ; it allows for a pan-cultural
foundation for ethics and indeed of law ; and the ethical standard it provides
for respectful behaviour seems available to every human individual around the
globe »</span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><sup><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">59</span></sup></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. </span></span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
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<span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Daryl Pullman ajoute que certains libéraux et
communautariens partagent un intérêt pour la dignité humaine</span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><sup><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">60</span></sup></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> et que
toute théorie éthique valide doit postuler explicitement ou implicitement la
dignité humaine</span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><sup><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">61</span></sup></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> La
dignité humaine est à ce point généralement admise qu'elle constitue à la fois
le fondement des droits de l'homme et le principe dynamique des démocraties
pluralistes modernes</span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=701494180274395656#1"><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"><sup><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">62</span></sup></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: top1;"></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">Ér</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">ic Folot</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Avocat et <span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">B</span>ioéthicien</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
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</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br /></span></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">1 </span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Daryl
Pullman, Human dignity and the foundations of liberalism, Doctoral thesis in
philosophy unpublished, University of Waterloo, 1990 à la p.1. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">2
</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Arthur Schopenhauer, Le Fondement
de la morale, trad. par A. Burdeau, Aubier-Montaigne, 1978 à la p.69. Voir
également : Arthur Schopenhauer, Parerga et Paralipomena : aphorismes sur la
sagesse dans la vie, trad. par J.-A. Cantacuzène, Paris, Librairie Germer
Baillière, 1880 à la p.117. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
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</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">3
</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Ronald Dworkin, Justice for
Hedgehogs, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 2011 à la p.204 ; Peter Singer,
« Animal liberation : all animals are equal » in Louis P. Pojman, The moral
life : an introductory reader in ethics and literature, 2nd ed., Oxford, Oxford
University Press, 2004 à la p.874. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">4
</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Certains invoquent la dignité
pour condamner éthiquement l'euthanasie et d'autres l'invoquent pour la
défendre : Roberto Andorno, « La notion de dignité humaine est-elle superflue
en bioéthique ? » (2005) 16 Revue générale de droit médical 95. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">5
</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Ronald Dworkin, Justice for
Hedgehogs, Harvard University Press, 2011 à la p.204 ; Roberto Andorno, « La
notion de dignité humaine est-elle superflue en bioéthique ? » (2005) 16 Revue
générale de droit médical 95. Par exemple, Adolf Hitler, cité par William L.
Shirer, affirmait : « The highest purpose of a folkish state is concern for the
preservation of those original racial elements which bestow culture and create
the beauty and dignity of a higher mankind » [nos italiques] : William L.
Shirer, The rise and fall of the Third Reich : a history of Nazi Germany, New
York, Simon & Schuster, 1990 à la p.89. Voir aussi United States of
America, George W. Bush, « President Bush delivers graduation speech at West
Point : Remarks by the President at 2002 graduation exercise of the United
States military academy », United States military academy, West Point, New
York, June 1, 2002 ; United States of America, George W. Bush, « Statement of
H. E. Mr. George W. Bush, President of the United States of America », 2005
World Summit, September 14, 2005. Selon Stéphane Hessel, George W. Bush a fait
reculé les droits de l'homme : Stéphane Hessel, Indignez-vous, Montpellier,
Indigène, 2010 à la p.21. </span></div>
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</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">6
</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Cette liste est non exhaustive :
Burrhus Frederic Skinner, Beyond freedom and dignity, Hackett Publishing, 2002
aux pp.21 et 200 ; James Rachels, Created from animals : the moral implications
of darwinism, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1990 à la p.171 ; Helga Kuhse, «
Is there a tension between autonomy and dignity ? », in P. Kemp, J. Rendtorff
and N. Mattson Johansen (eds), Bioethics and Biolaw Volume II : Four Ethical
Principles, Copenhagen, Rhodes International Science and Art Publishers and
Centre for Ethics and Law, 2000 à la p.74 ; Ruth Macklin, « Dignity is a useless
concept » (2003) 327 British Medical Journal 1419 ; Steven Pinker, « The
stupidity of dignity » The New Republic (May 28, 2008) ; Peter Singer, «
Speciesism and moral status » (2009) 40:3-4 Metaphilosophy 567 aux pp. 568,
573, 579, 580 et 581 ; Alasdair Cochrane, « Undignified bioethics » (2010) 24:5
Bioethics 234 à la p.234. </span></div>
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</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">7
</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Burrhus Frederic Skinner, Beyond
freedom and dignity, Indianapolis, Hackett Publishing, 2002 aux pp.21, 200. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">8
</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Burrhus Frederic Skinner, Beyond
freedom and dignity, Indianapolis, Hackett Publishing, 2002 à la p.200. Si tel
était le cas, nous vivrions dans un monde déshumanisé contraire à la dignité
humaine similaire au « meilleur des mondes » imaginé par Aldous Huxley : George
Kateb, Human Dignity, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 2011 aux pp.41
et 84 ; Leon R. Kass, Life, Liberty and the Defense of Dignity, New York,
Encounter Books, 2002 à la p.9 ; Aldous Huxley, Le meilleur des mondes, trad.
par Jules Castier, Paris, Le livre de poche, 1967. </span></div>
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</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">9
</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Burrhus Frederic Skinner, Beyond
freedom and dignity, Indianapolis,Hackett Publishing, 2002 aux pp.21 et 184. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
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</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">10
</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">E.M. Adams, « Skinner on freedom
and dignity » (1973) 11:1-2 The southern journal of philosophy 3 à la p.3. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">11
</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Noam Chomsky, « The case against
B.F. Skinner » (1971) 17:11 The New York review of books December 30, 1971.
Voir aussi Steven Pinker, Comprendre la nature humaine, Paris, Odile Jacob,
2005 aux pp.206-207. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">12
</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Viktor E. Frankl, « The human
search for meaning : reflections on Auschwitz » in Louis P. Pojman, The moral
life : an introductory reader in ethics and literature, 2nd ed., Oxford, Oxford
University Press, 2004 aux pp.631-632. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">13
</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">James Rachels, Created from animals
: the moral implications of darwinism, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1990 à
la p.171. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">14
</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">James Rachels, Created from
animals : the moral implications of darwinism, Oxford, Oxford University Press,
1990 à la p.171. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">15
</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">James Rachels, Created from
animals : the moral implications of darwinism, Oxford, Oxford University Press,
1990 à la p.171. Mais Friedrich Nietzsche affirme que l'érosion de ce fondement
a commencé bien avant avec Copernic : Friedrich Nietzsche, La généalogie de la
morale, trad. par Henri Albert, Paris, Mercure de France, 1964 aux pp. 234-235.
Voir aussi David Luban, Legal Modernism, Ann Arbor, University of Michigan
Press, 1997 à la p.18. </span></div>
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</span><br />
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</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">16
</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">James Rachels, Created from
animals : the moral implications of darwinism, Oxford, Oxford University Press,
1990 aux pp.126-128. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">17
</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">James Rachels, Created from
animals : the moral implications of darwinism, Oxford, Oxford University Press,
1990 à la p.171. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">18
</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">James Rachels, Created from
animals : the moral implications of darwinism, Oxford, Oxford University Press,
1990 aux pp.132-133. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">19
</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">James Rachels, Created from
animals : the moral implications of darwinism, Oxford, Oxford University Press,
1990 aux pp.132-133. et 171. </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">20
</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">James Rachels, Created from
animals : the moral implications of darwinism, Oxford, Oxford University Press,
1990 à la p.171. </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">21
</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Il n'est pas le seul être vivant
doué de raison : Charles Darwin, The descent of man, and selection in relation
to sex, vol.1, New York, D. Appleton and company, 1872 aux pp.34, 44-45 ; James
Rachels, Created from animals : the moral implications of darwinism, Oxford,
Oxford University Press, 1990 à la p.133. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">22
</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Emmanuel Kant, Fondements de la
métaphysique des moeurs, trad. par Victor Delbos, Paris, Classiques de la
philosophie, 1993 à la p.115 ; Emmanuel Kant, « Conjectures sur les débuts de
l'histoire humaine (1786) » dans La philosophie de l'histoire (opuscules),
trad. par Stephane Piobetta, Paris, Aubier-Montaigne, 1947 à la p.157. </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">23
</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Arthur Schopenhauer, Le Fondement
de la morale, trad. par A. Burdeau, Aubier-Montaigne, 1978 à la p.162. </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">24
</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Emmanuel Kant, Leçons d'éthique,
trad. par Luc Langlois, Paris, Librairie générale française, 1997 à la p.14 ;
Eric Volant, Des morales : crises et impératifs, Montréal, Les Éditions
Paulines, 1985 à la p.104. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">25
</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Discours
sur l’origine et les fondements de l’inégalité parmi les hommes, Paris,
Éditions Gallimard, 1965 à la p.57. Voir aussi George Kateb, Human Dignity,
Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 2011 aux pp.11 et 171. Kant soutien la
même idée : Emmanuel Kant, « Idée d'une histoire universelle au point de vue
cosmopolitique (1784) » dans La philosophie de l'histoire (opuscules), trad.
par Stephane Piobetta, Paris, Aubier-Montaigne, 1947 aux pp.62-63. Sur Kant,
voir aussi Michael J. Sandel, Justice : What's the right thing to do ?, New
York, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2009 à la p.108 ; Allen W. Wood, Kant's
ethical thought, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1999 aux pp.241-242. </span></div>
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</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">26
</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Discours
sur l’origine et les fondements de l’inégalité parmi les hommes, Paris,
Éditions Gallimard, 1965 à la p.57. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">27
</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Ruth Macklin, « Dignity is a
useless concept » (2003) 327 British Medical Journal 1419 à la p.1420. </span></div>
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</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">28
</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Roberto Andorno, « La notion de
dignité humaine est-elle superflue en bioéthique ? » (2005) 16 Revue générale
de droit médical 95. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">29
</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Roberto Andorno, « La notion de
dignité humaine est-elle superflue en bioéthique ? » (2005) 16 Revue générale
de droit médical 95. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">30
</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Roberto Andorno, « La notion de
dignité humaine est-elle superflue en bioéthique ? » (2005) 16 Revue générale
de droit médical 95. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">31
</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Roberto Andorno, « La notion de
dignité humaine est-elle superflue en bioéthique ? » (2005) 16 Revue générale
de droit médical 95. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">32
</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Roberto Andorno, « La notion de
dignité humaine est-elle superflue en bioéthique ? » (2005) 16 Revue générale
de droit médical 95. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">33
</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Roberto Andorno, « La notion de
dignité humaine est-elle superflue en bioéthique ? » (2005) 16 Revue générale
de droit médical 95. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">34
</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Steven Pinker, « The stupidity of
dignity » The New Republic (May 28, 2008). </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">35
</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Joseph Raz, The morality of
freedom, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1986 à la p.370, n.2. Voir aussi Michael J.
Sandel, Justice : What's the right thing to do ?, New York, Farrar, Straus and
Giroux, 2009 à la p.106. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">36
</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Selon Marry Ann Glendon,
l'idéalisation du concept d'autonomie a notamment pour effet pervers d'envoyer
le message que la dépendance est à éviter pour soi et à mépriser ches les
autres : Mary Ann Glendon, Rights talk : the impoverishment of political
discourse, New York, Free Press, 1991 à la p.73. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">37
</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Peter Singer, « Speciesism and
moral status » (2009) 40:3-4 Metaphilosophy 567 aux pp.573-574. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">38
</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Peter Singer, « Speciesism and
moral status » (2009) 40:3-4 Metaphilosophy 567 à la p.574. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">39
</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Peter Singer, « Speciesism and
moral status » (2009) 40:3-4 Metaphilosophy 567 aux pp.573-574. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">40
</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Peter Singer, « Speciesism and
moral status » (2009) 40:3-4 Metaphilosophy 567 à la p.573. Pour l'origine du
mot, voir : Richard Dudley Ryder, Victims of science : the use of animals in
research, London, National Anti-Vivisection Society, 1983. Voir aussi Peter
Singer, Questions d'éthique pratique, trad. par Max Marcuzzi, Paris, Bayard
Éditions, 1997 aux pp.63, 66 et 93. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">41
</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Pour les propos de Christine M.
Korsgaard : Christine M. Korsgaard, « Fellow Creatures : Kantian ethics and our
duties to animals », The Tanner lectures on human values, University of
Michigan, February 6, 2004 aux pp.81-82 ; Christine M. Korsgaard, Creating the
kingdom of ends, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1996 à la p.352.Pour
les propos d'Onora O'neill : Allen W. Wood and Onora O'neill, « Kant on duties
regarding nonrational nature » (1998) 72 Proceedings of the Aristotelian
Society, Supplementary Volumes 189 aux pp.198 et 221 ; Onora O'Neill, Towards
justice and virtue: a constructive account of practical reasoning, Cambridge,
Cambridge University Press, 1996 aux pp.91-93. Pour les propos d'Allen W. Wood
: Allen W. Wood and Onora O'neill, « Kant on duties regarding nonrational
nature » (1998) 72 Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, Supplementary
Volumes 189 à la p.198 ; Allen W. Wood, Kant's ethical thought, Cambridge,
Cambridge University Press, 1999 à la p.144. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">42
</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Bernard Williams, Ethics and the limits
of philosophy, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1985 à la p.118. Voir aussi
Bernard Williams, « The human prejudice » in Philosophy as a Humanistic
Discipline, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2008 aux pp.135- ; Robert
Nozick, Socratic puzzles, Harvard University Press, 1997 aux pp.307-308 ; Carl
Cohen « The case against animal rights » in Louis P. Pojman, The moral life :
an introductory reader in ethics and literature, 2nd ed., Oxford, Oxford
University Press, 2004 aux pp.881-882. </span></div>
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</span><br />
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</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">43
</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Peter Singer, Questions d'éthique
pratique, trad. par Max Marcuzzi, Paris, Bayard Éditions, 1997 à la p.83. Voir
aussi Peter Singer, « Animal liberation : all animals are equal » in Louis P.
Pojman, The moral life : an introductory reader in ethics and literature, 2nd
ed., Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2004 à la p.874. </span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">44
</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Peter Singer, « Speciesism and
moral status » (2009) 40:3-4 Metaphilosophy 567 à la p.568. </span></div>
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</span><br />
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</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">45
</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Peter Singer, « Speciesism and
moral status » (2009) 40:3-4 Metaphilosophy 567 à la p.581. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">46
</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Blaise Pascal, Pensées, Paris,
Librairie générale française, 1962 à la p.134 (au para.276). </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">47
</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">James Rachels, Created from
animals : the moral implications of darwinism, Oxford, Oxford University Press,
1990 aux pp.5, 186 et 205. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
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</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">48
</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Peter Singer, Questions d'éthique
pratique, trad. par Max Marcuzzi, Paris, Bayard Éditions, 1997 à la p.67. </span></div>
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</span><br />
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</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">49
</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Peter Singer, « Sanctity of life
or quality of life ? » (1983) 72:1 Pediatrics 128 à la p.129. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">50
</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Peter Singer, Questions d'éthique
pratique, trad. par Max Marcuzzi, Paris, Bayard Éditions, 1997 à la p.67. Peter
Singer place dans la même catégorie et sur un même pied d'égalité, « les
animaux non humains, les enfants et les personnes gravement handicapées
mentales », car tous ressentent de la douleur, mais aucun de ces êtres vivants
n'a conscience de soi et de ce qui va lui arriver : Peter Singer, Questions
d'éthique pratique, trad. par Max Marcuzzi, Paris, Bayard Éditions, 1997 à la
p.67. Or une étude récente démontre que même les crustacés (par exemple le
homard) ressentent probablement de la douleur : Robert W. Elwood, Stuart Barr and
Lynsey Patterson, « Pain and stress in crustaceans ? » (2009) 118 Applied
animal behavior science 128. Voir également Thomas Eisner, For love of insects,
Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 2005 aux pp.249-253. Est-ce à dire que les
enfants et les êtres humains gravement handicapés mentaux ont le même statut
moral qu'un homard ? </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">51
</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Peter Singer, Questions d'éthique
pratique, trad. par Max Marcuzzi, Paris, Bayard Éditions, 1997 à la p.74. </span></div>
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</span><br />
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</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">52
</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">George Kateb, Human Dignity,
Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 2011 aux pp.1-2. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">53
</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">George Kateb, Human Dignity,
Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 2011 aux pp.122 et 179 (voir aussi aux
pp.3-4). </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">54
</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Isaiah Berlin était certainement
l'un des grands défenseurs de la dignité humaine, voir les trois articles
suivants qui en témoignent : Isaiah Berlin, « On human dignity : a letter to
George Kennan » (2002) 226:3 The New Republic January 28, 2002 ; Richard
Horton, « Rediscovering human dignity » (2004) 364:9439 The Lancet 1081 à la
p.1082 ; Peter Birks, « The academic and the practitioner » (1998) 18:4 Legal
Studies 397 à la p.397. Voir également tous ces autres auteurs qui défendent le
concept de dignité humaine : Arnold Toynbee dans Arnold Toynbee and Daisaku
Ikeda, Choose life : a dialogue, London, Oxford University Press, 1976 à la
p.15 ; George Kateb, Human Dignity, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 2011
aux pp.xii, 1, 3, 4 et 122 ; Ronald Dworkin, Justice for Hedgehogs, Cambridge,
Harvard University Press, 2011 à la p.204 ; George P. Fletcher, « Human Dignity
as a constitutional value » (1984) 22 University of Western Ontario law review
171 à la p.174 ; James Griffin, On human rights, Oxford, Oxford University
Press, 2008 à la p.21 ; Jeremy Waldron, « Lecture 1: Dignity and rank », The Tanner
lectures on human values, University of California (Berkeley), April 2009 aux
pp.1-2 et 21 ; Charles Taylor, Philosophical papers, Vol.2, Cambridge,
Cambridge University Press, 1985 à la p.290 ; Charles Taylor, Multiculturalisme
: différence et démocratie, trad. par Denis-Armand Canal, Paris, Éditions
Flammarion, 2009 aux pp.43-44, 61 ; Jürgen Habermas, The future of human
nature, Cambridge, Polity Press, 2003 à la p.33 ; Jürgen Habermas, « The
concept of human dignity and the realistic utopia of human rights » (2010) 41:4
Metaphilosophy 464 à la p.466 ; Patrick Lee et Robert P. George, « The nature
and basis of human dignity » in The President's Council on Bioethics, Human
Dignity and Bioethics, Washington DC, 2008 à la p.409 ; Martha Nussbaum, « Human
dignity and political entitlements » in The President's Council on Bioethics,
Human Dignity and Bioethics, Washington DC, 2008 à la p.351 ; David Gelernter,
« The irreducibly religious character of human dignity » in The President's
Council on Bioethics, Human Dignity and Bioethics, Washington DC, 2008 à la
p.387 ; Rebecca Dresser, « Human Dignity and the seriously ill patient » in The
President's Council on Bioethics, Human Dignity and Bioethics, Washington DC,
2008 aux pp.505-508 ; David Luban, « Human Dignity, Humiliation, and Torture »
(2009) 19:3 Kennedy Institutes of Ethics Journal 211 ; Herbert Spiegelberg, «
Human Dignity : A Challenge to contemporary philosophy » (1971) 9:1 World
Futures 39 à la p.39 ; Corliss Lamont, The philosophy of humanism, 8th ed.,
Amherst, Humanity Press, 1997 aux pp.320-321 ; Leon R. Kass, Life, Liberty and
the Defense of Dignity, New York, Encounter Books, 2002 aux pp.246-248 ; Deryck
Beyleveld and Roger Brownsword, Human dignity in bioethics and biolaw, Oxford,
Oxford University Press, 2001 et Roger Brownsword, « Cells, Superman, and the
Report of the Select Committee » (2002) 65:4 The Modern Law Review 568 à la
p.576 ; Roberto Andorno, « La notion de dignité humaine est-elle superflue en
bioéthique ? » (2005) 16 Revue générale de droit médical 95 ; Richard Horton, «
Rediscovering human dignity » (2004) 364 :9439 The Lancet 1081 à la p.1081 ;
Michael Marmot, « Dignity and inequality » (2004) 364:9439 The Lancet 1019
pp.1020-1021 ; Matti Häyry, « Another look at dignity » (2004) 13 Cambridge
Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 7 à la p.12 ; Doris Schroeder, « Dignity : Two
riddles and four concepts » (2008) 17 Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics
230 à la p.237 ; Richard E. Ashcroft, « Making sense of dignity » (2005) 31 J.
Med. Ethics 679 à la p.681 ; Jonathan Sacks, The dignity of difference : how to
avoid the clash of civilizations, Continuum International Publishing Group,
2002 à la p.195 ; Thomas E. Hill, « A kantian perspective on moral rules »
(1992) 6 Ethics 285 à la p.302 ; Dalaï-Lama, Sagesse ancienne, monde moderne :
éthique pour le nouveau millénaire, trad. par Éric Diacon, Paris, Librairie
Arthème Fayard, 1999 à la p.246 ; Gandhi, Tous les hommes sont frères : vie et
pensées du Mahatma Gandhi d’après ses oeuvres, trad. par Guy Vogelweith,
Commission Française pour l’UNESCO, Paris, Éditions Gallimard, 1969 aux pp.184
et 254 ; Martin Luther King, La force d’aimer, trad. par Jean Bruls, 7e éd,
Paris, Édition Casterman, 1966 aux pp.105, 117, 149, 152 et 158 ; Vatican, Congrégation
pour la doctrine de la foi, « Instruction dignitas personae sur certaines
questions de bioéthique » (8 septembre 2008), en ligne:<
http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20081208_dignitas-personae_fr.html>.
</span></div>
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</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">55
</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Anne Mette Maria Lebech, The
identification of human dignity : hermeneutic, eidetic and constitutional
analyses in the light of Edith Stein's phenomenology, Doctoral thesis in
philosophy published, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 2005 à la p.25. Voir
aussi Charles Taylor, Multiculturalisme : différence et démocratie, trad. par
Denis-Armand Canal, Paris, Éditions Flammarion, 2009 à la p.44 ; Charles
Taylor, Grandeur et misère de la modernité, trad. par Charlotte Melançon,
Montréal, Éditions Bellarmin, 1992 aux pp.63-64. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">56
</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Selon Herbert Spiegelberg, la
dignité humaine est l'une des rares valeurs communes dans notre société
pluraliste : Herbert Spiegelberg, « Human Dignity : A Challenge to contemporary
philosophy » (1971) 9:1 World Futures 39 à la p.62. </span></div>
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</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">57
</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Ronald Dworkin, Taking rights
seriously, Harvard University Press, 1978 à la p.198. Voir aussi George Kateb,
Human Dignity, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 2011 à la p.42. </span></div>
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</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">58
</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">George P. Fletcher, « Human
Dignity as a constitutional value » (1984) 22 University of Western Ontario law
review 171 à la p.174. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">59
</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Mette Lebech, On the problem of
human dignity : a hermeneutical and phenomenological investigation, Wurzburg,
Königshausen & Neumann, 2009 à la p.18. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">60
</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Daryl Pullman, Human dignity and
the foundations of liberalism, Doctoral thesis in philosophy unpublished,
University of Waterloo, 1990 à la p.4. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span><br />
<hr align="center" size="2" width="80%" />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
</span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">61
</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Daryl Pullman, Human dignity and
the foundations of liberalism, Doctoral thesis in philosophy unpublished,
University of Waterloo, 1990 aux pp.24 et 88. Voir aussi Anne Mette Maria
Lebech, The identification of human dignity : hermeneutic, eidetic and
constitutional analyses in the light of Edith Stein's phenomenology, Doctoral
thesis in philosophy published, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 2005 à la p.1 ;
Christopher L. Eisgruber and Lawrence G. Sager, « Chips off our block ? A reply
to Berg, Greenawalt, Lupu and Tuttle » (2006-2007) 85 Tex. L. Rev. 1185 à la p.1277.
</span></div>
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</span><br />
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</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="1"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/null"><span style="mso-bookmark: 1;"><b><span style="color: blue;">62 </span></b></span><span style="mso-bookmark: 1;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: 1;"></span>Anne Mette Maria Lebech, The
identification of human dignity : hermeneutic, eidetic and constitutional
analyses in the light of Edith Stein's phenomenology, Doctoral thesis in
philosophy published, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 2005 à la p.1.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">NB</span></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> : Les opinions émises dans ce blog sont
personnelles et celles-ci ne représentent pas le point de vue de mon employeur.</span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7671274545402013868.post-63103828868210025162015-02-24T08:27:00.003-05:002015-02-24T08:29:59.516-05:00Un utilitariste authentique demanderait l'abolition dans la loi de la fiction juridique de « personne morale » <b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Introduction</span></b><br />
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Les utilitaristes sont généralement reconnus
pour être hostiles aux « fictions ». D'un point de vue utilitariste, les
concepts de « droits naturels » et de « dignité humaine » sont considérés comme
des fictions et répudiés. Dans le présent texte, je tenterai de démontrer qu'un
utilitariste, fidèle à ses convictions et aux enseignements du père fondateur
de l'utilitarisme, Jeremy Bentham, condamnerait l'usage de la fiction juridique
de « personne morale » et en en demanderait l'abolition dans la loi.</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">1) <u>Les « fictions » : les droits naturels et
la dignité humaine</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">a) Les droits naturels </span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Jeremy Bentham, le père fondateur de
l'utilitarisme, considérait le concept de « droit naturel » comme une « fiction
» et le répudiait : </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">« Right is a child of law; <b><u>from real laws
come real rights, but from imaginary law, from laws of nature, come imaginary
rights (...) Natural rights is simple non-sense : natural and imprescriptible
rights, rhetorical nonsense, nonsense upon stilts</u></b> ». </span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Source :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> Jeremy Bentham and John Bowring, <i>The
works of Jeremy Bentham</i>, Edinburgh, William Tait, 1843 à la p.501.</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">John Stuart Mill répudiait également ce
concept de « droit naturel » et affirmait : </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">« Il convient de remarquer que je renonce à
tout avantage que je pourrais tirer au cours de mon argumentation de <u>l’idée
d’un droit abstrait</u>, indépendant de l’utilité. Je considère l’utilité comme
le critère absolu dans toutes les questions éthiques ».</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Source : </span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">John Stuart Mill, <i>De la liberté</i>,
trad. par Laurence Lenglet, Paris, Éditions Gallimard, 1990 à la p. 76.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">b) La dignité humaine</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Plusieurs utilitaristes répudient et sont
également hostiles au concept philosophique de « dignité humaine » selon lequel
tous les êtres humains ont une égale valeur intrinsèque. Selon l'utilitariste
Peter Singer, ce concept est une « fiction ». Il affirme :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">« The other cost involved in maintaining the
belief in the equal value of all human life falls on those parents who feel
like John’s mother, whom I quoted above. If some parents believe that it is in
the best interests of their profoundly mentally retarded child and of their
family that their child should not live, then they should not be compelled,
because it is important for us all to maintain <b><u>the fiction that every human
life is of equal value</u></b>, to accept medical treatment for their child in
order to make that child live, and in some circumstances—especially if the
child is suffering—they should have the option of euthanasia to end the child’s
life (...) So when it comes to making choices for what kind of child we want to
have, very few among us believe that all human lives are equally worth having,
and that it doesn’t really matter what level of cognitive ability your child
will have. Most of us prefer to have a child with normal cognitive abilities
when we have that choice.When it comes to the crunch, <b><u>the fiction that we
believe in the equal value of all human life</u></b> breaks down, here as in other
areas of life-and-death decision making ». </span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Source :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> À ce sujet, voir Peter Singer, «
Speciesism and moral status » (2009) 40:3-4 Metaphilosophy 567 aux pp.573-574,
579-580. Voir aussi James Rachels, <i>Created from animals : the moral
implications of darwinism</i>, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1990 à la
p.171.</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Selon Jacques Maritain, la répudiation de la
dignité humaine et la répudiation des droits naturels vont de pair. Il affirme
: </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">« <b><u>If the affirmation of the intrinsic
value and dignity of man is nonsense, the affirmation of the natural rights of
man is nonsense also</u></b> ».</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Source :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> Jacques Maritain, <i>Man and the
state</i>, Washington D.C., Catholic University of America Press, 1998 à la
p.97.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">2) <u>Les fictions juridiques : « la personne
morale »</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">
</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Lon L. Fuller, professeur de droit à
l'Université Harvard, définit la notion de « fiction juridique » ainsi :</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">« <b><u>Probably no lawyer would deny that
judges and writers on legal topics frequently make statements they know to be
false. These statements are called “fictions” (...) A fiction is either (1) a
statement propounded with a complete or partial consciousness of its falsity,
or (2) a false statement recognized as having utility</u></b> ».</span></div>
</blockquote>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Source :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> Lon L. Fuller, <i>Legal Fictions</i>,
Stanford, Stanford University Press, 1967 aux pp. 1, 2, 3 et 9.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Jeremy Bentham, le père de la théorie éthique
utilitariste, était radicalement contre l'usage de « fictions juridiques
». Lon L. Fuller reprend ses propos :</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">« <u><b>Bentham was almost unremitting in his
attacks. He detected everywhere “the pestilential breath of Fiction”. “In English
law, fiction is a syphilis, which runs in every vein, and carries into every
part of the system the principle of rottenness”. “Fiction of use to justice ?
Exactly as swindling is to trade”. “The most pernicious and basest sort of
lying” [...] “It has never been employed but with a bad effect” [...]</b> </u>».</span></div>
</blockquote>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Source :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> Lon L. Fuller, <i>Legal Fictions</i>,
Stanford, Stanford University Press, 1967 aux pp. 1, 2, 3 et 9.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Dolores Dooley reprend également les propos
de Bentham : </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">« Bentham talks at length about the prevalent
use and abuse of legal fictions :</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">"<b><u>Things were blatantly, falsely
described, straightforward falsehoods were accepted in court and not allowed to
be traversed. In this way, the proceedings were rendered mysterious to anyone
but the initiates of the craft</u>" (legal profession).</b></span></div>
<b>
</b><br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<b>
</b><br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Bentham repudiated the use of legal fictions
as 'obviously alien to anyone with a natural belief in clarity, truth and
consistency'. The phrase 'the pestilential breath of fiction' appeared in
Bentham's Fragment on Government published in 1776. Later in his Scotch Reform
of 1807, Bentham defined legal fiction as 'a wilful falsehood, uttered by a
judge, for the purpose of giving injustice the colour of justice'.</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> ».</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Source :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> Dolores Dooley, <i>Equality in
Community: Sexual Equality in the Writings of William Thompson and Anna Doyle
Wheeler</i>, Cork University Press, 1996 à la p.132.</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> Sur le site « Internet Encyclopedia of
Philosophy », il est également mentionné : </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">« <b><u>Bentham hoped to eliminate legal
fictions as far as possible from the law</u></b> ».</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Source :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy,
Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832), en ligne : http://www.iep.utm.edu/bentham/</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">John Stuart Mill condamnait également l'usage
de fictions juridiques !</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Source :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> Voir John Stuart Mill, <i>L’utilitarisme</i>,
trad. par Georges Tanesse, Paris, Garnier-Flammarion, 1968 à la p.38. </span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Conclusion</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">En somme, compte tenu de l'hostilité des
utilitaristes pour les « fictions » dont les « fictions juridiques », on se
serait attendu en toute logique à ce qu'ils répudient également le concept
juridique de « personne morale ». <u>Or à notre connaissance aucun utilitariste
n'a condamné l'usage de ce concept en n'en a demandé l'abolition dans la loi.</u>
</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Pourtant la « personne morale », dotée d'une
« personnalité juridique » en vertu de l'article 298 du <i>Code civil du Québec</i>,
est une fiction juridique. L'article 352 (Livre 1er, Titre 11e, Chapitre 1er)
de l'ancien Code civil, le <i>Code civil du Bas-Canada</i>, disposait : </span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">« <u><b>Toute
corporation légalement constituée forme une personne fictive ou morale (...)</b></u><b>
</b>».</span></div>
</blockquote>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Source :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> Le Code civil du Bas-Canada à
l'article 352 (p.57), en ligne : http://archive.org/details/cihm_10769</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">D'ailleurs, Jeremy Bentham distinguait «
l'entité réelle » de « l'entité fictive » et seule une personne physique est
une entité réelle :</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">« <b><u>By a real entity, understand a
substance, an object, the existence of which is made known to us by one or more
of our five senses. A real entity is either a person or a thing,</u> a
substance rational, or a substance not rational. <u>By a fictitious entity,
understand an object, the existence of which is feigned by the imagination,
feigned for the purpose of discourse, and which, when so formed, is spoken of
as a real one</u></b> ».</span></div>
</blockquote>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Source :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> Jeremy Bentham and Sir John Bowring, <i>The
Works of Jeremy Bentham</i>, Volume 8, W. Tait, 1843 à la p.325.</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Étant entendu que le concept juridique de «
personne morale » est une « fiction juridique » et que les utilitaristes sont
farouchement hostiles et opposés aux « fictions juridiques » tels qu'en font
foi les témoignages de Jeremy Bentham et John Stuart Mill, alors un
utilitariste, fidèle à ses convictions et aux enseignements du père fondateur
de l'utilitarisme Jeremy Bentham, condamnerait l'usage de ce concept et en
demanderait l'abolition dans la loi. </span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Éric Folot</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Avocat et bioéthicien</span><br />
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personnelles et celles-ci ne représentent pas le point de vue de mon employeur.</span></span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7671274545402013868.post-65374899209258408372015-02-24T08:16:00.001-05:002016-02-17T15:10:42.648-05:00« Aide médicale à mourir » : un voile de propagande<div style="text-align: justify;">
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débat interminable sur la fin de vie, autant ceux qui sont défavorables à la
légalisation de l’euthanasie volontaire que ceux qui y sont favorables usent
d’un langage voilé et d’euphémismes afin de rechercher, d’une manière
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Les
personnes qui sont défavorables à la légalisation de l’euthanasie volontaire
assimilent l’euthanasie volontaire au meurtre. Bien que cette affirmation soit
valable en droit, elle perd toute crédibilité en éthique en dehors de toute
perspective religieuse. Ces mêmes personnes affirment que lors de l’arrêt d’un
traitement vital, la cause de la mort n’est pas l’arrêt de traitement (qu’ils
assimilent à une omission plutôt qu’à une action), mais la nature qui suit son
cours.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">En
revanche, ceux qui sont favorables à la légalisation de l’euthanasie tiennent à
dissocier autant que faire se peut les termes d’« euthanasie
volontaire » et « suicide », car le mot « suicide » a
toujours été péjoratif et chargé émotionnellement. Or pour le patient qui
souffre d’insupportables douleurs ou souffrances et qui demande la mort, ces
deux gestes sont identiques sur les plans éthique et légal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Le
professeur de droit Glanville Williams affirmait d’ailleurs : </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">« Under
the present law, voluntary euthanasia would […] be regarded as suicide in the
patient who consents and murder in the doctor who administers ».</span></div>
</blockquote>
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<b>Source </b>: Glanville Williams, <i>The sanctity of life and the criminal law</i>, New York, Knopf, 1957 à la p.318. <span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Par
conséquent, une euthanasie volontaire est un suicide pour le patient qui la
demande. Il est donc fallacieux de tenter de les dissocier. Pour qualifier le
geste de mettre fin à la vie d’une personne à sa demande expresse, ces mêmes
personnes usent d’un voile sémantique et d’euphémismes en préférant employer
des termes tels que l’« aide médicale à mourir » plutôt que les
termes d’« euthanasie volontaire ». Cette décision peut s’expliquer
par le fait que l’expression « aide médicale à mourir » véhicule, par
l’usage des termes « aide » et « médicale », un sens
positif et mélioratif du geste de donner la mort alors que le terme
« euthanasie », qui est selon certain entaché d’un sens péjoratif en
raison de ses liens étroits avec le programme d’euthanasie nazi (Aktion T4),
véhicule un sens négatif, péjoratif et dépréciatif de ce même geste (geste de
donner la mort).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">En somme,
affubler la réalité d’un voile sémantique afin d’en masquer la véritable nature
nuit et obscurcit davantage le débat qu’il ne l’éclaire. À ce propos, George
Orwell affirmait : </span></div>
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<blockquote class="tr_bq">
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">« If
thought corrupts language, <u><b>LANGUAGE CAN ALSO CORRUPT THOUGHT</b></u> ».</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Source :</span></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> George Orwell, « Politics and the English
language » in Sonia Orwell and Ian Angus, George Orwell : In front of
your nose, 1946-1950, vol.4, Boston, David R. Godine Publisher, 2000 à la
p.137.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Cette technique de manipulation (nommée "<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">rebranding") es<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">t fréquem<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">ment </span></span>utilisé<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">e pour "blanchir" un terme à connotation négative</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">. Par exempl<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">e, après le procès de Nuremberg en 194<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">5</span>, le terme "eug<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">enic" a été <span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">remplac<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">é par les termes "social </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">biology, family planning, genetic counselling<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"> (...)"</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>. L'auteur </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">Michael Kohlman </span></span></span></span></span></span></span>affirme :</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">"After the Nuremburg Trials revealed the racial bias of American-style eugenics, organized eugenics went underground or was rebranded as social biology, family planning, genetic counselling and so forth, to avoid the links with the euthanasia and sterilization campaigns of Nazi race-hygiene programs that culminated in the Holocaust".</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></blockquote>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><b>Source</b> : Michael Kohlman, "The sociological roots of eugenics : demographic, ethnographic<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"> and educational solutions to the racial crises i<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">n progressive America</span></span>", One World in Dialogue, Volume 3, Number 2, 2015 en ligne : <a href="http://ssc.teachers.ab.ca/SiteCollectionDocuments/OneWorldInDialogue/OneWorldinDialogue_2015Vol3No2/Kohlman%20Article_OneWorld%20inDialogue2015Vol3No2.pdf">http://ssc.teachers.ab.ca/SiteCollectionDocuments/OneWorldInDialogue/OneWorldinDialogue_2015Vol3No2/Kohlman%20Article_OneWorld%20inDialogue2015Vol3No2.pdf</a> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<br />
Dans le même ordre d'idée, le terme "sociobiology" qui avait une connotation négative a été remplacé par le terme "evolutionary psychology". Le philosophe et bioéthicien Peter Singer affirme :<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
"Those parts of sociobiology that relate to human beings are now referred to as "evolutionary psychology." Although the application of sociobiology to human beings was fiercely opposed by some researchers, the development of evolutionary psychology has had a calmer reception. To that extent, the rebranding has been a resounding success, although one could also argue, less cynically, that the growing acceptance of evolutionary psychology is due to the merits of the studies it has produced, rather than the change of name".</blockquote>
</div>
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<b>Source </b>: Peter Singer, <i>The expanding circle : ethics, evolution and moral progress</i>, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2011 à la p.xii.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">Or</span> cette
stratégie de manipulation, ce voile de propagande qui est jeté sur nos yeux est
précisément le genre de voile qui devrait nous indigner, car comme l’affirme
Noam Chomsky « la propagande est à la société démocratique ce que la
matraque est à l’État totalitaire ». Il explique :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">« Reinhold
Niebuhr, chef de file des théologiens (...) soutenait que la faculté de
raisonner est très peu répandue, que seul, un nombre restreint de personnes la
possède. La plupart des gens se laissent dominer par leurs émotions et leurs
impulsions. <b><u>Ceux d’entre nous, expliquait-il, qui possèdent la faculté de
raisonner doivent créer des "illusions nécessaires" et des
"simplifications abusives, mais émotionnellement convaincantes" pour
maintenir plus ou moins dans la bonne direction les simples d’esprit naïfs
(...) Harold Lasswell (...) expliquait qu’il n’était pas souhaitable de
succomber "au dogme démocratique selon lequel les gens sont les meilleurs
juges quand il s’agit de leurs propres intérêts", car ils ne le sont pas.
Nous sommes les meilleurs juges en matière de bien commun, estimait-il. Par
conséquent, par simple souci de morale, il est indispensable de faire en sorte
que les gens n’aient aucune possibilité d’agir en fonction de leur appréhension
fausse des choses</u></b>. Dans ce qu’on qualifie de nos jours d’État totalitaire
ou d’État policier, c’est une tâche facile. Il suffit de brandir une matraque
au-dessus de leurs têtes et de leur en asséner un bon coup s’ils s’écartent du
droit chemin. Cependant, à mesure qu’une société devient plus libre et se
démocratise, on est forcé d’abandonner cette option. Il faut donc recourir aux
techniques de propagande. La logique est très simple. <u><b>La propagande est à la
société démocratique ce que la matraque est à l’État totalitaire</b></u> ».</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Source :</span></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> Noam Chomsky et Robert W. McChesney, <i>Propagande,
médias et démocratie</i>, trad. par Liria Arcal, Montréal, Les Éditions Écosociété,
2000 aux pp.26-28).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Le 28
mars 2013, Danielle Blondeau, professeure à la Faculté des sciences infirmières
à l'Université Laval, affirme dans sa conférence intitulée « L'aide médicale à
mourir : une forme d'euthanasie ? » :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">« <b><u>J'ai
relevé une citation de George Orwell qui dit que « si la pensée corrompt le
langage, le langage aussi corrompra la pensée ». Pis ca je le fais pour me
faire plaisir parce que je trouve pourquoi dire "aide médicale à
mourir"? Pourquoi pas dire "euthanasie" ? Parce que les lois qui
décriminalisent l'assistance au suicide et l'euthanasie utilisent le terme
"d'euthanasie". Puis je me dis pourquoi on dit "aide médicale à
mourir"? Est-ce que c'est comme une façon de passer plus librement je ne
sais pas. Mais je sais qu'il y a sûrement des intentions derrière le choix du
langage</u></b> ».</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Source</span></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> : Danielle Blondeau, « L'aide médicale à mourir :
une forme d'euthanasie ? » (28 mars 2013)(</span><a href="http://www.youtube.com/channel/UCFYJQWqbVz_F-dV2m7z8BuQ?feature=watch"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Institut d'éthique appliquée (IDÉA) de
l'Université Laval</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">)</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> en ligne : </span><a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=01EjKZeFcHQ"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=01EjKZeFcHQ</span></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Le
juriste Wesley J. Smith affirme également :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">"<b><u>Sophistry,
redefinition of terms, blurring vital distinctions, postmodern deconstruction of
words–such are the weapons wielded by assisted suicide ideologues as they work
unceasingly to undermine Hippocratic medical values and promote suicide as a
“medical treatment</u></b>.”</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Here in
California, the assisted suicide pushing attorney, Kathryn Tucker, has filed a
lawsuit seeking a declaration that assisted suicide isn’t assisted suicide when
a terminally ill persons kill themselves with an overdose of drugs
provided by a doctor. From the complaint:</span></div>
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">"21.
California’s Assisted Suicide Statute provides that “[e]very person who
deliberately aids, or advises, or encourages another to commit suicide, is
guilty of a felony.” This statute does not reference physicians providing aid
in dying to terminally ill, mentally competent persons.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">22. “Aid
in dying” is a recognized term of art for the medical practice of providing a
mentally competent, terminally ill patient with a prescription for medication
that the patient may choose to ingest in order to bring about a peaceful death
if the patient finds his dying process unbearable. It is recognized that what
is causing the death of a patient choosing aid in dying is the underlying terminal
illness".</span></div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">This is
utter nonsense; Dadaism as a legal theory.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">The case
should be laughed out of court. But I can’t predict
judicial hilarity: The case was filed in San Francisco, and not by
accident. Anything can happen within that city’s limits.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">This
redefinitional thrust was rejected out of hand in Connecticut a few years ago.
But it succeeded at the trial court level in New Mexico (now on appeal),
and so, <b><u>I can’t say that California won’t legalize assisted suicide by
simply calling it something else.</u></b></span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
I <i>can say</i> that if redefinitional legalization happens, the law is
not only an ass but a profoundly corrupt ass. If courts can
legalize an act that a constitutional statute clearly and unequivocally
bans through blatant word prestidigitation, we are no longer free.</span></u></b></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
Or to put it another way: You can paste wings on a dung beetle and call it a
butterfly, but it is still a dung beetle with wings pasted on.
However, if courts call the modified insect a butterfly, our system of
ordered liberty is over</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">".</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Source</span></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> : Wesley J. Smith, "Human exceptionalism :
"aid in dying" IS assisted suicide" (February 11, 2015), online
: </span><a href="http://www.nationalreview.com/human-exceptionalism/398408/aid-dying-assisted-suicide-wesley-j-smith"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">http://www.nationalreview.com/human-exceptionalism/398408/aid-dying-assisted-suicide-wesley-j-smith</span></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">La directrice exécutive </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Kathryn Tucker du
"Disability Rights Legal Center" et le </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">directeur exécuti</span>f </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">David Leven du "End of Life Choices New York" affirment :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">"Aid
in Dying Language Matters </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Words
matter. Aid in dying is the term now widely accepted in law and medicine to
describe the practice of a physician prescribing medication to a terminally
ill, mentally competent patient who may choose to ingest it to end suffering
they find unbearable, and achieve a peaceful death</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. The American Public Health Association and the
American Medical Women’s Association have accepted this term.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">It is
inappropriate and inaccurate to use the value laden, pejorative terms “assisted
suicide” or “physician assisted suicide” to describe aid in dying. Opponents of
the practice use this biased terminology to equate aid in dying with criminal
acts, and imply a social stigma</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Those who
choose aid in dying do not want to die, and they are not suicidal</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">. They want to live, but will soon be dead from
terminal illnesses. What is causing their deaths is their disease. Dying
patients reject the terms “assisted suicide” and “suicide” as insulting and
derogatory. In states where aid in dying is permitted by statute, Oregon,
Washington and Vermont, these terms are specifically rejected, and it is
explicitly recognized that actions comporting with the laws do not constitute
“suicide” or “assisted suicide.” <b><u>Similarly, in Montana and New Mexico,
which permit the practice by court decision, the courts have recognized a right
to “aid in dying,” not “assisted suicide”</u></b>.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Medical,
health policy and mental health professionals recognize that the terms
"suicide" and "assisted suicide" are inaccurate, biased and
pejorative in this context. Thus, mainstream relevant and respected
organizations have rejected the term “assisted suicide.” These include the
American Public Health Association, American Medical Women’s Association,
American Academy of Hospice and Palliative Medicine, the American College of
Legal Medicine and the American Medical Students Association. They have
variously stated that “suicide” terminology is “emotionally charged,”
“inaccurate and inappropriate,” and “unfairly colors the issue.</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Aid in
dying is the accepted accurate and value neutral term. It should be used in all
communications by the media and others, in media stories and in headlines, on
the issue to avoid what might appear to be media bias</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">". </span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Source</span></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> :</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> Kathryn Tucker and </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">David Leven</span></span>, "</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Aid
in Dying Language Matters", en ligne :</span> </span><a href="http://endoflifechoicesny.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/LanguageMatters.pdf"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">http://endoflifechoicesny.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/LanguageMatters.pdf</span></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Le 27
septembre 2013, Pierre Pelchat affirme dans un article du journal Le
Soleil :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">"Le
tiers des personnes interrogées interprète l’aide médicale à mourir comme étant
la demande par le patient d’une injection entraînant la mort. Trois personnes
sur 10 croient plutôt qu’il s’agit de soulager des symptômes par les soins
palliatifs. Le troisième groupe, soit près de 40 % des sondés, associe
l’aide médicale à mourir « à l’interruption de l’acharnement thérapeutique
ou au suicide assisté ».</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">« <b><u>Cette
forte dispersion des réponses démontre l’ambiguïté qui entoure l’expression
"aide médicale à mourir"</u></b> », selon la firme de sondage".</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Source :</span></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> Pierre Pelchat, "Aide médicale à
mourir : les Québécois confus" (27 septembre 2013) Le Soleil, en
ligne : </span><a href="http://www.lapresse.ca/le-soleil/actualites/sante/201309/27/01-4694026-aide-medicale-a-mourir-les-quebecois-confus.php"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">http://www.lapresse.ca/le-soleil/ac...</span></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><u>J’invite
également le lecteur à lire les articles suivants</u> :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">« Lettres
- L’euthanasie et les mots plus doux à l’oreille » (26 mars 2012) dans le
journal Le Devoir : </span><a href="http://www.ledevoir.com/societe/actualites-en-societe/346235/lettres-l-euthanasie-et-les-mots-plus-doux-a-l-oreille"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">http://www.ledevoir.com/societe/act...</span></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">« Euthanasie :
un vent anti-démocratique » (26 mars 2012) dans le journal Le
Soleil : </span><a href="http://www.cyberpresse.ca/le-soleil/opinions/points-de-vue/201203/26/01-4509474-euthanasie-un-vent-anti-democratique.php"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">http://www.cyberpresse.ca/le-soleil...</span></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Margaret Somerville de
l’Université McGill intitulé « Quebec is trying to legalize euthanasia by
calling it something else. It’s still wrong » : </span><a href="http://www.theglobeandmail.com/commentary/quebec-is-trying-to-legalize-euthanasia-by-calling-it-something-else-its-still-wrong/article12664211/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">http://www.theglobeandmail.com/comm...</span></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Eric Folot</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Avocat et bioéthicien </span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">NB : </span></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Les opinions émises dans ce blog sont
personnelles et celles-ci ne représentent pas le point de vue de mon employeur.<b>
</b></span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7671274545402013868.post-33524023159490099302015-02-20T09:21:00.001-05:002015-02-20T09:23:44.998-05:00Bill 52 (medical aid in dying) : letter to MPs <div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;"><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;">Dear members
of parliament,</span></span><br />
<br />
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;">You will eventually be asked to vote on the adoption of Bill 52 (An Act
respecting end-of-life care). So that you can make a free and informed choice
of conscience, it seems to me important to emphasize the predictable legal
consequences following the adoption of the bill.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;">The aim of this letter is not to criticize the bill or to examine its
ethical or legal foundations, but to remind you the eminent moral and political
responsibility that you will have to endorse. Responsibility in ethics means,
as Max Weber pointed out, that every person is responsible for the predictable
and foreseeable consequences of his actions.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;">The bill provides a claim right to voluntary medical euthanasia at the
end of life (or "medical aid in dying") exclusively for adults
capable of giving consent to care excluding, therefore, the minors and the
incompetent adults. This safeguard was inserted into the bill to protect the
vulnerable. This intent is commendable and should be welcomed. Nevertheless, in
our constitutional democracy the legislature does not have all the powers and
cannot legislate in disregard for Canadian and Quebec charters of rights and
freedoms which "set limits to the legislature". Therefore, any
legislation must respect the rights and freedoms guaranteed by the charters.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;">Yet in his brief of September 2013, the Quebec Commission on Human
Rights concluded that the inaccessibility to medical euthanasia at the end of
life for minors and incompetent adults may violate their rights and freedoms
guaranteed by the Quebec Charter in a way that cannot be justify under section
9.1 of the Charter. If the legal analysis of the Commission is right (which is
predictable but uncertain), the bill, which must conform to the charters, cannot
legalize the voluntary medical euthanasia without legalizing at the same time,
by respect for the rights and freedoms guaranteed by the Charter, the
non-voluntary medical euthanasia of incompetent adults and minors. Appalled by
this conclusion, the former Minister of health of the liberal party, Yves
Bolduc, opposed in conscience to these results on October 4th, 2013 during the
particular consultations on the bill and recommended not to pass this law.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;">If you vote in favor of the bill legalizing the voluntary medical
euthanasia then you must be aware that it is likely that certain paragraphs of
the article of the bill, which limits the right to medical aid in dying to
capable adults and assured persons, be declared unconstitutional by the courts
thereby causing unwanted openness to non-voluntary medical euthanasia of
incompetent adults and minors. Therefore, if you vote in favor of the bill and
this article is declared unconstitutional then you will be responsible for the
legalization of voluntary euthanasia and non-voluntary euthanasia and Quebec
citizens will be entitled to conclude that you approve and morally endorse the
legalization of both voluntary euthanasia and non-voluntary euthanasia.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;">However, if the article of the bill is not declared unconstitutional by
the courts, it is still likely that the legalization of non-voluntary
euthanasia of incompetent adults and minors will proceeds by a future
legislative amendment. Unfortunately, there is a link between the state of
Quebec's public finances and the legalization of euthanasia for certain
categories of vulnerable people. Indeed, according to Jean-Louis Baudouin, a
former judge of the Court of Appeal of Quebec, </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;">"<u><b>the explosion of health
care costs and the resulting economic pressure may favor euthanasia programs
for certain categories of people more vulnerable, whose preservation
compromises the finances of the state</b></u>"(our translation). </span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;">A large part of
this explosion of health care costs will come from the ageing population of
Quebec. According to Ménard 2005 report on the sustainability of the health
care system, the ageing of Quebec’s population is "the third fastest of
industrialized countries after Japan and Italy". The report adds :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;">"<u>The age groups called to grow most quickly are the ones for
which the use of social services and health cares is the highest. The resources
per capita dedicated to the elderly aged 65 or more are about 3.7 times higher
than the average of age groups. For people aged 85 or more, it is 7.7 times
more per capita than the average population. <b>The concentration of health
care and social services spending at the end of life is particularly obvious
for the services mainly offered to the elderly in loss of autonomy (...) which
costs drastically increase from age 70</b></u>"(our translation).</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;">Some commentators argue that there is a wide consensus in favor of
voluntary euthanasia at the end of life. On the contrary, the Supreme Court of
Canada in Rodriguez decision (1993) and the Court of Appeal of British Columbia
in Carter decision (2013) are of the opinion that such consensus does not
exist. But assuming that there is a real and genuine consensus in favor of
voluntary medical euthanasia, it is reasonable to argue without fear of being
wrong that such a consensus does not exist for non-voluntary medical
euthanasia. Furthermore, the famous jurist and liberal philosopher Ronald
Dworkin reminds us of the importance not to blindly adhere to an apparent moral
consensus. In our law, all human beings including the elderly in loss of
autonomy and those who are not conscious and self-aware, have an intrinsic
right to life which flows from human dignity. Yet this human dignity is,
according to the article 1 of the bill, one of the two ethical and legal
principles on which rests the ethical and legal legitimacy of the medical aid
in dying. Liberal philosopher Martha Nussbaum recalls the importance of
protecting the sanctity of human life of all human beings : </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;">"<b><u>The Nazis, we know, were great naturalists and animal
lovers. What they appear to have lacked was a sense of the sanctity of human
life</u></b>". </span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;">To conclude, I cannot overemphasize the eminent moral responsibility you
will be asked to assume for the predictable consequences ensuing from the
adoption of bill 52. I trust your judgment and I appeal to your conscience and
moral sense. I also urge all political parties to allow their members to vote
freely according to their conscience without regard to party lines.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;">Eric Folot</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;">Lawyer and bioethicist</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;">These are all reliable sources :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;">1) The abuse :</span></b><br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;">In its report of August 25 2009, the Human Rights Committee of the
United Nations denounces the extent of euthanasia and assisted suicide in the
Netherlands and highlights the gap that exist between the reality and the
safeguards provided by the law of 2002 which decriminalized voluntary
euthanasia :</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;">"<b><u>The Committee remains concerned at the extent of euthanasia and
assisted suicides in the State party. Under the law on the Termination of Life
on Request and Assisted Suicide, although a second physician must give an opinion,
a physician can terminate a patient’s life without any independent review by a
judge or magistrate to guarantee that this decision was not the subject of
undue influence or misapprehension</u></b>".</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;">Source</span></b><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;"> : United Nations, Human rights
committee, Considerations of reports submitted by states parties under article
40 of the covenant : concluding observations of the human rights committee,
ninety-sixth session, Netherlands, 25 august 2009, par.7 (CCPR/C/NLD/CO/4).</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;">2) Link between the economy (finance) and the legalization of euthanasia
:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;">According to Jean-Louis Baudouin, a former judge of the Court of Appeal
of Quebec, </span><br />
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;">"the explosion of health care costs and the resulting economic
pressure may favor euthanasia programs for certain categories of people more
vulnerable, whose preservation compromises the finances of the state"(our
translation).</span></u></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;">A large part of this explosion of health care costs will come
from the ageing population of Quebec. According to Ménard 2005 report on the
sustainability of the health care system, the ageing of Quebec’s population is
"the third fastest of industrialized countries after Japan and
Italy". The report adds :</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;">"The age groups called to grow most quickly are the ones for which
the use of social services and health cares is the highest. The resources per
capita dedicated to the elderly aged 65 or more are about 3.7 times higher than
the average of age groups. For people aged 85 or more, it is 7.7 times more per
capita than the average population. The concentration of health care and social
services spending at the end of life is particularly obvious for the services
mainly offered to the elderly in loss of autonomy (...) which costs drastically
increase from age 70"(our translation).</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;">Robert Evans, a professor of economics at the University of British
Columbia, recognizes that non-voluntary euthanasia would be a way to improve
the country's finances, but believe that it would NOT BE THE BEST WAY:</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;">"<b><u>I would not suggest that the best way to improve the fiscal
situation of Canada is to introduce a non-voluntary program of euthanasia for
people over the age of 70</u></b>".</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;">Source :</span></b><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;"> Senate of Canada, Special Senate
Committee on Aging , IMPLICATIONS OF AN AGING SOCIETY IN CANADA, Testimony of
Mr. Robert Evans, December 10 2007, p.2: 34, online: </span><a href="http://www.parl.gc.ca/Content/SEN/Committee/392/agei/02eva-e.htm?Language=E&Parl=39&Ses=2&comm_id=600"><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;">http://www.parl.gc.ca/Content/SEN/Committee/392/agei/02eva-e.htm?Language=E&Parl=39&Ses=2&comm_id=600</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;">In its predictions and foreseeable scenarios for the years 2007 to 2036,
the "Development, Concepts and Doctrine Center" (DCDC) of the
Ministry of Defence of the United Kingdom stresses that euthanasia of the
elderly could become the political instrument to serve the young to reduce the economic
burden of care for the elderly. I quote:</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;"> « Declining youth populations in Western societies could become
increasingly dissatisfied with their economically burdensome ‘baby-boomer’
elders, among whom much of societies’ wealth would be concentrated. Resentful
at a generation whose values appear to be out of step with tightening resource
constraints, the young might seek a return to an order provided by more
conservative values and structures. This could lead to a civic renaissance,
with strict penalties for those failing to fulfil their social obligations. <b><u>IT
MIGHT ALSO OPEN THE WAY TO POLICIES WHICH PERMIT EUTHANASIA AS A MEANS TO
REDUCE THE BURDEN OF CARE FOR THE ELDERLY</u></b> ».</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;">Source </span></b><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;">: United Kingdom, Ministry of
Defence, Development, Concepts and Doctrine Center, T<i>he DCDC Global
Strategic Trends Programme : 2007-2036</i>, 3d ed., 2007 à la p.79, en ligne : </span><a href="http://www.cuttingthroughthematrix.com/articles/strat_trends_23jan07.pdf"><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;">http://www.cuttingthroughthematrix.com/articles/strat_trends_23jan07.pdf</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;">See also:</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;">Japan is considering euthanasia as a solution to the economic burden
posed by population aging on society.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;">See the following article : Annabel Claix , "A Japanese minister
asks its citizens to die , and quickly" (January 22 2013), online : </span><a href="http://www.ibtimes.com/japans-finance-minister-suggests-elderly-should-die-quickly-ease-health-care-burdens-1031418"><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;">http://www.ibtimes.com/japans-finance-minister-suggests-elderly-should-die-quickly-ease-health-care-burdens-1031418</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;">Already in 1958, Glanville Williams , who was vice-president of the
"Voluntary Euthanasia Society" and regarded as "Britain's
foremost scholar of criminal law", stated :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<u><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;">"Kamisar expresses distress at a concluding remark in my book in
which I advert to the possibility of old people becoming an overwhelming burden
on mankind. I share his feeling that there are profoundly disturbing
possibilities here ; <b>and if I had been merely a propagandist</b>, intent
upon securing agreement for a specific measure of law reform, <b>I should have
done wisely to have omitted all reference to this subject</b>. Since, however,
I am merely an academic writer, trying to bring such intelligence as I have to
bear on moral and social issues, I deemed the topic too important and
threatening to leave without a word"</span></u><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;">.</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;">Source :</span></b><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;"> Glanville Williams, «
"Mercy- Killing" Legislation - A Rejoinder » (1958) 43 (1) Minn. L.
Rev. 1 p.11 .</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">
</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;">Eric Folot</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;">Lawyer and bioethicist</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7671274545402013868.post-29750542271834513242015-02-20T08:59:00.001-05:002015-02-20T09:01:27.036-05:00Les conséquences juridiques prévisibles du projet de loi 52 sur les soins de fin de vie : vous avez une lourde responsabilité morale <div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Chers députés,</span></span><br />
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Vous serez
éventuellement appelés à voter sur l’adoption du projet de loi 52 (Loi
concernant les soins de fin de vie). Afin que vous puissiez faire un choix
libre et éclairé en conscience, il m’apparaît important d’insister sur les
conséquences juridiques prévisibles découlant de l’adoption du projet de loi.</span></div>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">La présente ne vise
donc pas à critiquer le projet de loi ou à interroger ses fondements éthiques
ou juridiques, mais à vous rappeler l’éminente responsabilité morale et
politique qui vous incombe en tant que député et que vous serez appelé à
endosser. La responsabilité en éthique signifie, comme le soulignait Max Weber,
que toute personne est responsable des conséquences prévisibles de ses actes.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Le projet de loi
confère un droit créance à l’euthanasie médicale volontaire en fin de vie (ou
« aide médicale à mourir ») exclusivement aux personnes majeures et
aptes à consentir aux soins excluant, de ce fait, les mineurs et majeurs
inaptes. Cette balise a été introduite dans le projet de loi par prudence et
afin de protéger les personnes vulnérables. Cette intention du législateur est
louable et doit être salué. Néanmoins, dans notre démocratie constitutionnelle
le législateur n’a pas tous les pouvoirs et ne peut légiférer en faisant fi des
chartes canadienne et québécoise des droits et libertés qui « imposent des
limites au législateur ». En conséquence, toute législation doit être
conforme aux droits et libertés garantis par les Chartes.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Or dans son mémoire
de septembre 2013, la Commission des droits de la personne conclut que
l’inaccessibilité à l’euthanasie médicale en fin de vie pour les mineurs et les
majeurs inaptes risque de porter atteinte à leurs droits et libertés garantis
par la Charte québécoise d’une manière qui ne peut être sauvegardée en vertu de
son article 9.1. Si l’analyse juridique de la Commission est juste (ce qui est
prévisible, mais incertain), le projet de loi, qui doit être conforme aux
Chartes, ne peut légaliser l’euthanasie médicale volontaire sans légaliser du
même souffle, au nom des droits et libertés garantis par la Charte,
l’euthanasie médicale non volontaire des personnes inaptes et vulnérables.
Atterré par ce constat, l’ex-ministre de la Santé du parti libéral, Yves
Bolduc, s’opposait en conscience le 4 octobre 2013 lors des consultations
particulières sur le projet de loi et recommandait de ne pas passer cette loi.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Si vous votez en
faveur du projet de loi légalisant l’euthanasie médicale volontaire alors vous
devez être conscients qu’il est prévisible que certains paragraphes de
l’article du projet de loi, qui limite le droit à l’aide médicale à mourir aux
personnes majeures, aptes et assurées, soient déclarés inconstitutionnels par
les tribunaux entraînant de ce fait une ouverture non désirée à l’euthanasie
médicale non volontaire des personnes inaptes et des mineurs. Par conséquent,
si vous votez en faveur du projet de loi et que cet article est déclaré
inconstitutionnel alors vous serez responsables de la légalisation de
l’euthanasie volontaire et de l’euthanasie non volontaire et les citoyens du
Québec pourront légitimement conclure que vous appuyez et cautionnez moralement
la légalisation de l’euthanasie volontaire et de l’euthanasie non volontaire.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Si l’article du
projet de loi n’est pas déclaré inconstitutionnel par les tribunaux, il y a de
fortes chances que la légalisation de l’euthanasie non volontaire des personnes
inaptes procède par un futur amendement législatif. Il existe un lien entre
l’état des finances publiques du Québec et la légalisation de l’euthanasie pour
certaines catégories de personnes plus vulnérables (inaptes). En effet, selon
Jean-Louis Baudouin, ancien juge de la Cour d’appel du Québec,</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">« <u><b>l’explosion
des coûts de la santé et la pression économique qui en résulte risquent de
favoriser des programmes d’euthanasie pour certaines catégories de personnes
plus vulnérables, dont le maintien en vie obère les finances de l’État</b> </u>».</span></div>
</blockquote>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Par conséquent, on ne
saurait faire l’économie de certaines données factuelles relatives au
vieillissement de la population du Québec et à l’augmentation des dépenses de
santé qui en résulte. Selon le rapport Ménard de 2005 sur la pérennité du
système de santé, le vieillissement de la population du Québec est « le
troisième plus rapide des pays industrialisés après le Japon et
l’Italie ». Le rapport ajoute :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">« <u>Les groupes
d’âge appelés à croître le plus rapidement sont ceux pour lesquels
l’utilisation des services sociaux et de santé est la plus élevée. Les
ressources par habitant consacrées aux personnes âgées de 65 ans ou plus sont
d’environ 3,7 fois plus élevées que pour la moyenne des groupes d’âge. Pour les
personnes de 85 ans ou plus, c’est 7,7 fois plus par habitant que pour la
moyenne de la population. La concentration des dépenses de santé et de services
sociaux à la fin de la vie est particulièrement évidente pour les services
offerts principalement aux personnes âgées en perte d’autonomie (…) dont les
coûts augmentent de façon fulgurante à partir de 70 ans </u>».</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Certains
commentateurs affirment qu’il existe un large consensus en faveur de
l’euthanasie volontaire en fin de vie. Au contraire, la Cour suprême du Canada
dans l’arrêt Rodriguez (1993) et la Cour d’appel de la Colombie-Britannique
dans l’affaire Carter (2013) sont d’avis qu’un tel consensus n’existe pas. Mais
à supposer qu’il existe un véritable et authentique consensus en faveur de
l’euthanasie médicale volontaire, il est raisonnable de soutenir sans risque de
se tromper qu’un tel consensus n’existe pas pour l’euthanasie médicale non
volontaire. De plus, le célèbre juriste et philosophe libéral Ronald Dworkin
nous rappelle l’importance de ne pas adhérer aveuglément à un consensus moral
apparent. Dans notre droit, tous les êtres humains, même ceux qui n’ont plus
conscience d’eux-mêmes, ont un droit intrinsèque à la vie qui découle de la
dignité humaine. Or cette dignité humaine est, selon l’article 1 du projet de
loi, l’un des deux principes éthiques et juridiques sur lequel repose la
légitimité éthique et juridique de l’aide médicale à mourir. La philosophe
libérale Martha Nussbaum rappelle l’importance de protéger le caractère sacré
de la vie de tous les êtres humains :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">« <b><u>The Nazis,
we know, were great naturalists and animal lovers. What they appear to have
lacked was a sense of the sanctity of human life </u></b>».</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">En somme, je ne
saurais trop insister sur l’éminente responsabilité morale que vous serez appelé
à assumer pour les conséquences juridiques et sociales prévisibles découlant de
l’adoption du projet de loi 52. J’ai confiance en votre jugement et j’en
appelle à votre conscience morale. J’exhorte également tous les partis
politiques à autoriser leurs députés à voter librement selon leur conscience
sans tenir compte de la ligne de parti.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Éric Folot</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Avocat et Bioéthicien</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<u><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Lien entre les
finances et l'euthanasie </span></b></u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">M. Robert Evans,
professeur d’économie à l'Université de la Colombie-Britannique, reconnaît que
l'euthanasie non volontaire serait un moyen pour améliorer les finances du
pays, mais qu'il ne serait PAS LE MEILLEUR MOYEN :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">"<b><u>I would
not suggest that the best way to improve the fiscal situation of Canada is to
introduce a non-voluntary program of euthanasia for people over the age of 70</u></b>".</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Source</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> : Sénat du Canada,
Comité sénatorial spécial sur le vieillissement, INCIDENCES DU VIEILLISSEMENT
DE LA SOCIÉTÉ CANADIENNE, Témoignage de M. Robert Evans, 10 décembre 2007, à la
p.2:34, en ligne : </span><a href="http://www.google.ca/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CCsQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parl.gc.ca%2FContent%2FSEN%2FCommittee%2F392%2Fagei%2F02eva-e.htm%3FLanguage%3DE%26Parl%3D39%26Ses%3D2%26comm_id%3D600&ei=UWKSUvLiKePr2wXApICoCA&usg=AFQjCNFA8Tooz5nJa66egEVToYUKyqVe-g&sig2=GxmYzRPD9bWZDtLTGuosiA&bvm=bv.56988011,d.b2I"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">http://www.google.ca/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CCsQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parl.gc.ca%2FContent%2FSEN%2FCommittee%2F392%2Fagei%2F02eva-e.htm%3FLanguage%3DE%26Parl%3D39%26Ses%3D2%26comm_id%3D600&ei=UWKSUvLiKePr2wXApICoCA&usg=AFQjCNFA8Tooz5nJa66egEVToYUKyqVe-g&sig2=GxmYzRPD9bWZDtLTGuosiA&bvm=bv.56988011,d.b2I</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Voir aussi :</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Dans ses prédictions
et les scénarios prévisibles qu’il entrevoit pour les années 2007 à 2036, le «
Development, Concepts and Doctrine Center » (DCDC) du Ministère de la défense
du Royaume-Uni souligne que l’euthanasie des personnes âgées pourrait devenir
l’instrument politique dont se servirait les plus jeunes pour réduire le
fardeau économique que représente les soins dispensés aux personnes âgées. Je
cite :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">« Declining youth
populations in Western societies could become increasingly dissatisfied with
their economically burdensome ‘baby-boomer’ elders, among whom much of
societies’ wealth would be concentrated. Resentful at a generation whose values
appear to be out of step with tightening resource constraints, the young might
seek a return to an order provided by more conservative values and structures.
This could lead to a civic renaissance, with strict penalties for those failing
to fulfil their social obligations. <b><u>IT MIGHT ALSO OPEN THE WAY TO
POLICIES WHICH PERMIT EUTHANASIA AS A MEANS TO REDUCE THE BURDEN OF CARE FOR
THE ELDERLY</u></b> ».</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Source</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> : United Kingdom,
Ministry of Defence, Development, Concepts and Doctrine Center, <i>The DCDC
Global Strategic Trends Programme : 2007-2036</i>, 3d ed., 2007 à la p.79, en
ligne : </span><a href="http://www.cuttingthroughthematrix.com/articles/strat_trends_23jan07.pdf"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">http://www.cuttingthroughthematrix.com/articles/strat_trends_23jan07.pdf</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Voir aussi : </span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Le Japon envisage
l’euthanasie comme une solution au fardeau économique que fait peser le
vieillissement de la population sur la société japonsaise.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Voir l’article suivant
: Annabel Claix, « Un ministre japonais prie ses concitoyens de mourir, et vite
» (22 janvier 2013), en ligne : </span><a href="http://www.7sur7.be/7s7/fr/1505/Monde/article/detail/1566553/2013/01/22/Un-ministre-japonais-prie-ses-concitoyens-de-mourir-et-vite.dhtml"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">http://www.7sur7.be/7s7/fr/1505/Monde/article/detail/1566553/2013/01/22/Un-ministre-japonais-prie-ses-concitoyens-de-mourir-et-vite.dhtml</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Déjà en 1958,
Glanville Williams, qui fut vice-président de la « Voluntary Euthanasia Society
» et considéré comme "Britain's foremost scholar of criminal law",
affirmait : </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">« <u><b>Kamisar expresses
distress at a concluding remark in my book in which I advert to the possibility
of old people becoming an overwhelming burden on mankind. I share his feeling
that there are profoundly disturbing possibilities here ; and if I had been
merely a propagandist, intent upon securing agreement for a specific measure of
law reform, I should have done wisely to have omitted all reference to this
subject. Since, however, I am merely an academic writer, trying to bring such
intelligence as I have to bear on moral and social issues, I deemed the topic
too important and threatening to leave without a word</b></u>".</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Source</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> : Glanville
Williams, « “Mercy-Killing” Legislation – A Rejoinder », (1958) 43(1) Minn. L.
Rev. 1 à la p.11.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Voir aussi mon texte intitulé "</span>Le côté obscur de l’euthanasie : une histoire chargée".</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Éric Folot</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Avocat et Bioéthicien</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7671274545402013868.post-49186718514270157732015-02-20T08:46:00.005-05:002015-02-20T08:53:13.059-05:00L’euthanasie est un meurtre <!--[if !mso]>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">
« <u>Il ne saurait y avoir d’autorité contre les lois</u> » (John
Locke) </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">« <u>La loi prime</u>
» </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">(<i>Lac d’Amiante du
Québec Ltée c. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="QuickMark"></a>2858-0702 Québec Inc.</i>, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="reflex-caselaw-119181013"></a> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[2001] 2 R.C.S. 743
au para.37, juge Lebel (pour la Cour))</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">"l’ancienne
maxime latine <i>nullum crimen sine lege, nulla poena sine lege</i> — <u>il n’y
a de crime ou de peine qu’en conformité avec une loi</u> qui est certaine, sans
ambiguïté et non rétroactive"</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">(<i>R. c. Levkovic</i>,
2013 CSC 25, [2013] 2 R.C.S. 204 au para.2, j. Fish (pour la Cour))</span></div>
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" /></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Certains sont d’avis
que "<u>l’euthanasie n’est pas un meurtre</u>".</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">J’estime, au
contraire, que l’euthanasie est un meurtre dans l’état actuel du droit. Dans
mon mémoire de maîtrise en droit de la santé de l’Université de Sherbrooke, je
mentionnais que l’euthanasie est punissable sous le chef d’accusation de
meurtre.</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Source</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> : Éric Folot, <i>Étude
comparative France-Québec sur les décisions de fin de vie : le droit sous
le regard de l’éthique</i>, Collection Minerve, Cowansville, Éditions Yvon
Blais, 2012 aux pp.82-83.</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Considérant
l’importance du sujet pour la protection du public, qui doit pouvoir savoir ce
qui constitue une infraction criminelle afin de régler sa conduite en
conséquence (<span style="color: black;">principe fondamental de sécurité
juridique)</span>, j’estime qu’il est mon devoir comme officier de justice
(article 2 de la <i>Loi sur le Barreau</i>) de soutenir le respect de la loi (<span style="color: black;">article 2.01 du <i>Code de déontologie des avocats</i>)</span>
et d’informer adéquatement la population de l’état actuel du droit concernant
l’euthanasie. La Cour suprême du Canada affirme :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">« <u><b>On ne
saurait trop insister sur le rôle essentiel que l’avocat est appelé à jouer
dans notre société. L’avocat est un officier de justice. Par son serment
d’office, il affirme solennellement qu’il remplira les devoirs de sa profession
avec honnêteté, fidélité et justice et qu’il se conformera aux diverses
dispositions législatives qui régissent son exercice (…) En vertu de l’art.
2.06 de son <i>Code de déontologie des avocats</i>, il a le devoir de servir la
justice et de soutenir l’autorité des tribunaux. Il doit donc s’acquitter de
ses obligations professionnelles avec intégrité</b></u> et préserver l’impartialité
et l’indépendance du tribunal ».</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Source </span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">: <i>Fortin c.
Chrétien</i>, 2001 CSC 45, [2001] 2 RCS 500 au para.49, j. Gonthier (pour la
Cour).</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Ce devoir
d’informer adéquatement la population de l’état actuel du droit concernant
l’euthanasie est d'autant plus important qu'en vertu de l'article 19 du <i>Code
criminel</i>, « nul n'est censé ignorer la loi » (<i>R. c. McIntosh</i>,
[1995] 1 RCS 686 au para.38). </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">La Commission de réforme du droit du Canada précise que</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">« La règle de droit,
surtout en matière de droit criminel, doit aussi avoir un certain degré de
prévisibilité dans son application. Il est normal qu’une personne puisse
raisonnablement prédire l’interprétation que donneraient les tribunaux aux
règles générales contenues au <i>Code criminel</i> et qui règlent sa conduite
dans la société ». </span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Source</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> : Canada,
Commission de réforme du droit du Canada, <i>Euthanasie, aide au suicide et
interruption de traitement</i>, Document de travail 28, Ottawa, Ministre des
Approvisionnements et Services Canada, 1982 à la p.9. Voir aussi <i>R. c.
Labaye</i>, 2005 CSC 80 au para.2, j. McLachlin (pour la majorité).</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Afin d’étayer ma
position, 1) je procéderai méthodiquement en suivant la hiérarchie des sources
du droit (Loi-jurisprudence-doctrine) en commençant avec la loi qui est la
première et la principale source du droit criminel et 2) je démontrerai ensuite
que l’absence de poursuite ou de condamnation pour meurtre ne permet pas
logiquement et juridiquement de conclure que l’euthanasie n’est pas un meurtre
en droit.</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<u><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Les sources du droit</span></b></u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<u><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Loi</span></b></u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Le <i>Code criminel</i>
n’est pas une loi comme les autres. En plus d’être une loi d’ordre public de
direction, il constitue en soi un « code des valeurs fondamentales de
notre société ». Par conséquent, « la conduite du contrevenant doit
être punie parce qu’elle a porté atteinte au code des valeurs fondamentales de
notre société qui sont constatées dans notre droit pénal substantiel ».</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Source</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> : <i>R. c.
Latimer, 2001 CSC 1 au para.86 (la Cour) ; R. c. M. (C.A.)</i>, [1996] 1 RCS
500 au para.81, j. Lamer (pour la Cour).</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">L’article 229 du <i>Code
criminel</i> définit l’infraction de meurtre ainsi :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">« L’homicide
coupable est un meurtre dans l’un ou l’autre des cas suivants : a) la
personne qui cause la mort d’un être humain : (i) ou bien a l’intention de
causer sa mort,(...) ».</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Selon la Cour suprême
du Canada, l'exigence de l'intention (<i>mens rea</i>) dans le cas d'un meurtre
au </span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">deuxième degré est la
« la prévision subjective de la mort, qui représente le plus sérieux
niveau de culpabilité </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">morale ». </span>
</div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></b></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Source</span></b><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> : R. c. Latimer,
2001 CSC 1 au para.82 (la Cour);R. c. Nette</span></i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">, 2001 CSC 78 aux paras.47 et 87, </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">j. l'Heureux-Dubé et
Arbour (pour tous les juges).</span>
</div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Or l’euthanasie se
définit, selon le Barreau du Québec (2010), comme « un acte qui consiste à
provoquer intentionnellement la mort d’autrui pour mettre fin à ses
souffrances ». </span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Source </span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">: Barreau du Québec, <i>Pour
des soins de fin de vie respectueux des personnes</i>, Mémoire présenté à la
Commission spéciale sur la question de mourir dans la dignité, Bibliothèque et
Archives nationales du Québec, septembre 2010 à la p.8.</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Cette définition de
l’euthanasie satisfait aux deux éléments de l’infraction de meurtre prévue à
l’article 229 du <i>Code criminel </i>à savoir une personne qui cause la mort
d’un être humain (<i>actus reus</i>) avec l’intention de causer sa mort (<i>mens
rea</i>). </span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Les mobiles ayant
incité à poser le geste (par exemple la compassion pour les douleurs ou
souffrances de la personne), aussi louables soient-ils, ne suppriment pas
l’intention et ne peuvent servir à s’exonérer de sa responsabilité criminelle.</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Source</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> : <i>R. </i>c. <i>Lewis</i>,
[1979] 2 R.C.S. 821 ;<i> R. c. Latimer, 2001 CSC 1 au para.82 (la Cour).</i></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Même l’euthanasie
volontaire (avec le consentement du patient apte) est un meurtre. En effet, le
consentement de la personne euthanasiée est sans incidence sur la qualification
criminelle de l’acte et sur la responsabilité criminelle de l’auteur. L’article
14 du <i>Code criminel</i> dispose :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">"Nul n’a le
droit de consentir à ce que la mort lui soit infligée, et un tel consentement
n’atteint pas la responsabilité pénale d’une personne par qui la mort peut être
infligée à celui qui a donné ce consentement".</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Dans l’arrêt <i>R c.
Jobidon</i> (1991), la Cour suprême du Canada affirme que </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">« l’article 14
exclut d’une manière absolue le consentement à la mort, et ce, dans tous les
cas ». Elle ajoute : « l’autonomie n’est pas la seule valeur que
notre droit cherche à protéger ».</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Source</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> : <i>R. c.
Jobidon</i>, 1991 2 R.C.S. 714. Voir aussi Canada, Commission de réforme du
droit du Canada, <i>Euthanasie, aide au suicide et interruption de traitement</i>,
Document de travail 28, Ottawa, Ministre des Approvisionnements et Services
Canada, 1982 à la p.21.</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<u><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Jurisprudence</span></b></u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">En octobre 1993,
Robert Latimer tue sa fille Tracy, atteinte de paralysie cérébrale grave, par
intoxification au monoxyde de carbone pour mettre fin à ses souffrances. En
effet, aux dires de la Cour suprême, celle-ci « souffre énormément, et sa
douleur ne peut pas être soulagée par les médicaments ». L’acte consistait
à provoquer intentionnellement la mort de sa fille pour mettre fin à ses
souffrances ce qui correspond parfaitement à la définition d’euthanasie
susmentionnée.</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Source</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> : L'acte posé
par Latimer était une euthanasie : Groupe d’experts de la Société royale du
Canada, <i>Prise de décisions en fin de vie</i>, La Société royale du Canada,
novembre 2011 à la p.42 (voir note 167) ; Trudo Lemmens and Bernard Dickens,
« Canadian law on euthanasia : contrasts and comparisons” (2001) 8
European Journal of Health Law 135 ; Julia Nicol, Marlisa Tiedemann et Dominique
Valiquet, <i>Étude générale : L’euthanasie et l’aide au suicide au Canada</i>,
Division des affaires juridiques et législatives, Service d’information et de
recherche parlementaires, Bibliothèque du Parlement, 3 décembre 2010 à la p.5,
en ligne : </span><a href="http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2010/bdp-lop/bp/2010-68-fra.pdf"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2010/bdp-lop/bp/2010-68-fra.pdf</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">M. Latimer fut
déclaré coupable de meurtre au deuxième degré en première instance et la Cour
suprême du Canada a confirmé cette déclaration de culpabilité. La Cour précise
que « les plus graves conséquences possible ont découlé d’un acte dont
l’intentionnalité est la plus grave et la plus moralement coupable ». La
Cour envoie également un message clair et fort à toute personne désirant
commettre une euthanasie : « enlever la vie d’une autre personne est
le crime le plus grave en droit criminel ».</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Source</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> : <i>R. c.
Latimer</i>, 2001 CSC 1 aux paras.5, 71 et 84 (la Cour).</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<u><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Doctrine</span></b></u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">En 1982, la
Commission de réforme du droit du Canada affirmait :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">« Le droit
canadien, comme d’ailleurs la plupart des autres systèmes juridiques, <b>prohibe
donc l’euthanasie active ou positive, la considérant comme un meurtre pur et
simple</b> » (nos caractères gras).</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Source</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> : Canada, Commission
de réforme du droit du Canada, <i>Euthanasie, aide au suicide et interruption
de traitement</i>, Document de travail 28, Ottawa, Ministre des
Approvisionnements et Services Canada, 1982 à la p.21.</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">En 1995, le Comité
sénatorial spécial sur l’euthanasie et l’aide au suicide affirmait :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">« Aux termes du
Code criminel, toute forme d'euthanasie est illégale au Canada; c'est également
le cas dans les autres pays. <b>Les actes d'euthanasie constituent un meurtre
au premier degré ou au deuxième degré au Canada</b>, bien qu'ils puissent faire
l'objet de poursuites sous des chefs d'accusation autres que le meurtre et que
cela se soit effectivement produit » (nos caractères gras).</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Source </span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">: Canada, Sénat du
Canada, <i>De la vie et de la mort</i>, Rapport du Comité sénatorial spécial sur
l’euthanasie et l’aide au suicide, Ottawa, Ministre des Approvisionnements et
Services Canada, 1995en ligne : </span><a href="http://www.parl.gc.ca/content/sen/committee/351/euth/rep/lad-f.htm"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">http://www.parl.gc.ca/content/sen/committee/351/euth/rep/lad-f.htm</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">En 1995, Me
Jean-Louis Baudouin, ancien juge de la Cour d’appel du Québec, affirmait :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">« <b>Jusqu’ici
le législateur canadien prohibe l’euthanasie et la traite comme un meurtre au
premier degré</b> puisqu’il y a mort, intention de causer la mort et préméditation »
(nos caractères gras).</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Source</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> : Jean-Louis
Baudouin, « Chronique – Situation légale et jurisprudentielle entourant les
volontés de </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">fin de vie » (1995)
Repères.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span>
<br />
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">En 2010, le Barreau
du Québec affirmait :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">"Nous ne
traiterons pas de la question énoncée par la Commission de « l’aide à mourir »,
puisque celle-ci ne correspond à aucun concept juridique distinct. Cette notion
est contenue dans les concepts d’euthanasie et d’aide au suicide. Le terme «
euthanasie » n’existe pas en droit. Il ne correspond à aucun concept juridique
particulier. Par contre, la Commission le définit comme « un acte qui consiste
à provoquer intentionnellement la mort d’autrui pour mettre fin à ses
souffrances ». <b>De ce fait, les dispositions du Code criminel sur l’homicide,
soit le fait de causer la mort d’une autre personne, peuvent inclure ce concept</b>"
(nos caractères gras). </span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Source </span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">: Barreau du Québec, <i>Pour
des soins de fin de vie respectueux des personnes</i>, Mémoire présenté à la
Commission spéciale sur la question de mourir dans la dignité, Bibliothèque et
Archives nationales du Québec, septembre 2010 à la p.8.</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">En 2011, le groupe d’experts de la Société
royale du Canada affirmait :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">« L’euthanasie
volontaire, tout comme l’aide au suicide, est nettement illégale au
Canada. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Elle est interdite en
vertu de l’article 229 du <i>Code criminel</i>. La question du motif importe peu et celle du
consentement (de la personne ou du fondé de pouvoir) ne peut servir de</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> motif de défense (…) <b>Quiconque
commet une euthanasie volontaire pourrait être reconnu coupable de meurtre au
premier degré ou au second degré (…) Comme dans le cas de l’aide au suicide, la
loi est claire en matière d’euthanasie volontaire</b> » (nos caractères
gras).</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Source</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> : Groupe d’experts de la Société royale
du Canada, <i>Prise de décisions en fin de vie</i>, La Société royale du
Canada, novembre 2011 à la p.42.</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Voir également
Margaret Somerville (2001), Jocelyn Grant Downie (2004), Jean-Claude Hébert
(2006), Pierre Deschamps (2006), Patrice Garant (2009), Danielle Chalifoux
(1998 et 2010), la Commission de l’éthique, de la science et de la technologie
(2010), le Comité national d’éthique sur le vieillissement et les changements
démographiques (2010) et Julia Nicol, Marlisa Tiedemann et Dominique Valiquet, <i>Étude
générale : L’euthanasie et l’aide au suicide au Canada</i>, Division des
affaires juridiques et législatives, Service d’information et de recherche
parlementaires, Bibliothèque du Parlement, 3 décembre 2010 à la p.5, en
ligne : </span><a href="http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2010/bdp-lop/bp/2010-68-fra.pdf"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2010/bdp-lop/bp/2010-68-fra.pdf</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<u><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">L’absence de
poursuite ou de condamnation pour meurtre ne permet pas logiquement et
juridiquement de conclure que l’euthanasie n’est pas un meurtre en droit</span></b></u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Il faut distinguer
entre les prescriptions de la loi (le droit ou <i>de jure</i>) de son
application ou de son inapplication dans les faits par les tribunaux (les faits
ou <i>de facto</i>. Jocelyn Grant Downie affirme avec raison :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">“<b>In theory,
euthanasia constitutes first or second degree murder</b>. In practice, however,
it is almost always dealt with as administering a noxious thing or
manslaughter. The Criminal Code is being tempered by the exercise of prosecutorial
discretion. <u>Euthanasia is <i>de jure</i> murder but <i>de facto</i> a
considerably less serious crime</u>”(nos caractères gras).</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;">Source : </span></b><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;">Jocelyn Grant Downie, <i>Dying
Justice: A Case for Decriminalizing Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide in Canada</i>,
Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 2004à la p.38.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Plusieurs raisons
peuvent expliquer l’écart entre les prescriptions de la loi et son
application : l’absence de poursuite, le manque de preuves, l’accusé peut
plaider coupable à des accusations réduites (par exemple au chef d’accusation
reprochant d’avoir administrer une substance délétère). De même, un jury peut
refuser d’appliquer la loi. La Cour suprême du Canada affirme à cet
égard :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">« Il est établi
depuis longtemps en droit criminel anglo canadien que, dans un procès devant
un juge et un jury, le rôle du juge consiste à dire le droit et celui du jury à
appliquer ce droit aux faits de l'espèce (…) <u>Certes, il est vrai que le jury
jouit <i>de facto</i> du pouvoir de ne pas tenir compte des règles de droit que
lui dicte le juge</u>. Nous ne pouvons pénétrer dans la salle des délibérations
du jury. Le jury n'a jamais à expliquer les raisons qui sous tendent son
verdict (…) <u>Mais reconnaître ce fait est très loin de suggérer qu'un avocat
peut encourager un jury à méconnaître une loi qui ne lui plaît pas ou à lui
dire qu'il a le droit de le faire</u>. ».</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Source</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> :<i> R. c.
Morgentaler</i>, [1988] 1 RCS 30 aux paras.59 et 61, j. Dickson et Lamer.</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Dans l’arrêt <i>R c.
Latimer</i> (2001), la Cour suprême du Canada précise ce pouvoir très
exceptionnel du jury de refuser d’appliquer la loi :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">« L’expression
« annulation par le jury » vise la situation rare où le jury choisit
en connaissance de cause de ne pas appliquer la loi et acquitte le défendeur
malgré la force de la preuve qui pèse contre lui. L’annulation par le jury est
un concept inusité en droit criminel, car elle reconnaît effectivement qu’il
peut arriver que le jury décide, dans de très rares cas, de ne pas
appliquer la loi. Cela semble s’expliquer par le fait qu’une loi sévère
ou l’application sévère d’une loi engendre parfois de l’oppression"</span></u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">.</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Source</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> : <i>R. c.
Latimer</i> aux paras.57-58,68. </span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Cependant, bien que
l’annulation de l’effet de la loi par le jury soit possible, elle est, selon la
Cour suprême, contraire ou « antinomique au droit ».</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Source</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> : Jean-Claude
Hébert, « Le jury : un canard boiteux ? » (2003) Revue du
Barreau à la p.331.</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Selon le Barreau du
Québec et le Comité de juristes experts, l’absence <u>dans les faits</u> de
condamnation pour meurtre ne signifie pas que l’euthanasie n’est pas <u>en
droit</u> un meurtre et n’exclut donc pas la possibilité de futures
condamnations pour meurtre :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">« En général,
les rares cas où les médecins ont été poursuivis, soit pour avoir pratiqué
l’euthanasie, soit pour avoir aidé leur patient à se suicider, révèlent une
attitude extrêmement favorable des jurys à leur égard. <u>Par contre, le fait
que le processus judiciaire a, jusqu’à ce jour, été très favorable aux médecins
ne signifie pas pour autant qu’un médecin ne puisse plus faire l’objet de
poursuite criminelle pour meurtre ou aide au suicide en cas de décès de son
patient. En effet, il existe tout de même des cas où les règles du droit
criminel ont été appliquées de façon plus rigoureuse</u> ».</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Source </span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">: Barreau du Québec, <i>Pour
des soins de fin de vie respectueux des personnes</i>, Mémoire présenté à la
Commission spéciale sur la question de mourir dans la dignité, Bibliothèque et
Archives nationales du Québec, septembre 2010 à la p.22 ; Comité de juristes
experts, <i>Mettre en œuvre les recommandations de la Commission spéciale de
l’Assemblée nationale sur la question de mourir dans la dignité</i>, janvier
2013 à la p.34.</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Eric Folot, avocat et bioéthicien </span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></u><u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">L'aide médicale a
mourir est de l'euthanasie selon le Barreau du Québec (2010), la Commission
spéciale sur la question de mourir dans la dignité (2012), le comité de
juristes experts (2013) et la Procureure générale du Québec (2014)</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"></span>
</div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Le Barreau du Québec affirmait en 2010</span></u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">"Nous ne
traiterons pas de la question énoncée par la Commission de « l’aide à mourir »,
puisque celle-ci ne correspond à aucun concept juridique distinct. Cette notion
est contenue dans les concepts d’euthanasie et d’aide au suicide".</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Source</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> : Barreau du Québec,
Pour des soins de fin de vie respectueux des personnes, Mémoire présenté à la
Commission spéciale sur la question de mourir dans la dignité, Bibliothèque et
Archives nationales du Québec, septembre 2010 à la p.8.</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Dans son rapport de mars 2012, la Commission
spéciale sur la question de mourir dans la dignité affirmait</span></u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> : </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvuxuFoVz3VxZazDtgCGFmgvy7N_gIQHp-LW7O9e6eYNgbYzTMEZ55rcetpeAvJEVzUuo-8ncGPUnIN-ubj8G5UxMOgQXpb4EnTWMUWZ_-Oqas25gEmD2zF9gsGdwFYaOh9S1_xdOgLHpB/s1600/le-droit-997c3.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">"Le Collège des
médecins a conclu qu’il « existe des situations exceptionnelles, des douleurs
incoercibles ou une souffrance interminable, par exemple, où l’euthanasie
pourrait être considérée comme l’étape ultime, nécessaire pour assurer jusqu’à
la fin des soins de qualité ». Cette approche innovatrice, fruit d’un travail
de réflexion de plus de trois ans, délaisse le terrain habituel du débat sur la
légalisation de l’euthanasie pour le replacer dans le contexte des soins
appropriés de fin de vie. C’est d’ailleurs en ces termes, selon le Collège, que
se présente le problème entre le médecin et son patient. (...) D’après des
témoins, la raison d’être de la médecine est incompatible avec l’euthanasie.
Envisager celle-ci comme un soin constitue tout simplement une aberration,
puisque abréger la vie ne peut être synonyme de soulager ou de soigner. Nous
comprenons cette opinion, mais nous estimons que l’euthanasie est pratiquée
dans un souci de compassion et comme moyen ultime pour soulager, à sa demande,
un patient de ses souffrances insupportables et constantes, lorsque tous les
autres moyens qu’il juge acceptables se sont avérés insuffisants. <u>Ainsi,
l’euthanasie pourrait bel et bien faire partie du continuum de soins de fin de
vie</u>".</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Source</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> : Québec, Commission
spéciale sur la question de mourir dans la dignité, <i>Rapport</i>, mars 2012
aux pp.60-61. </span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Le comité de juristes experts affirmait en
2013</span></u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">
:</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">"Nous utilisons
l’expression « aide médicale à mourir » pour inclure à la fois les concepts
d’euthanasie et d’aide au suicide, dans le contexte exclusif d’une relation
patient médecin". </span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Source</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> : Comité de juristes
experts, Mettre en œuvre les recommandations de la Commission spéciale de
l’Assemblée nationale sur la question de mourir dans la dignité, janvier 2013 à
la p.7.</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Dans son mémoire à la Cour suprême du Canada,
dans l'arrêt Lee Carter, et al. c. Procureur général du Canada, et al (2014),
la Procureure générale du Québec affirmait</span></u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">"En premier
lieu, la Procureure générale du Québec note que l'expression « aide médicale à
mourir », en raison des dispositions contestées dans le présent pourvoi, fait
généralement référence aux pratiques, dans un contexte médical, du suicide
assisté et de l'euthanasie volontaire".</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Source</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> : Mémoire de la
Procureure générale du Québec devant la Cour suprême du Canada dans l'arrêt Lee
Carter, et al. c. Procureur général du Canada, et al, dossier 35591, 1er août
2014 à la p.2, en ligne :
http://www.scc-csc.gc.ca/factums-memoires/35591/FM040_Intervener_Attorney-General-of-Quebec.pdf</span></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Eric Folot, avocat et bioéthicien </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">NB</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> : Les opinions émises dans ce blog sont
personnelles et celles-ci ne représentent pas le point de vue de mon employeur.</span>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7671274545402013868.post-51295872608218922332015-02-19T09:30:00.001-05:002015-02-20T08:38:09.618-05:00Le côté obscur de l’euthanasie : une histoire chargée<!--[if !mso]>
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<![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Le terme
« euthanasie » a une histoire chargée. Voici un bref rappel :</span><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Au début
du 20e siècle, aux États-Unis, l’influence du mouvement eugéniste américain
était très grande. En 1912, le « Committee on sterilization and other
means for eliminating defective strains from human population » publia un
rapport. Ce rapport proposa notamment la stérilisation forcée (à la p.464 au
point #2) et l’euthanasie involontaire (à la p.464 au point #8) comme solutions
envisageables pour éliminer les êtres humains indésirables ("<u><b>PEOPLE DEEMED
UNWORTHY OF LIFE</b></u>") ce qui inclut les faibles d’esprit, les pauvres, les
criminels, les handicapés physiques et mentaux... etc. Voici ce qu’en dit Edwin
Black :</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">« Of
course euthanasia was merely a euphemism - actually a misnomer. Eugenicists did
not see euthanasia as a "merciful killing" of those in pain, but
rather a "painless killing" of <b><u>PEOPLE DEEMED UNWORTHY OF LIFE</u></b>. The
method most whispered about, and publicly denied, but never out of mind, was a
"lethal chamber" » (Edwin Black, p.247).</span></div>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Mais le
comité qui rédigea le rapport énoncé ci-haut jugea que la population américaine
n’était pas prête à accepter l’euthanasie involontaire et recommanda plutôt la
stérilisation forcée (Edwin Black, p.60).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Sources :</span></b><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">1. Le
rapport susmentionné : Bleeker Van Wagenen, <i>Preliminary Report of the
Committee of the Eugenic Section of the American Breeders Association to Study
and to Report on the Best Practical Means for Cutting Off the Defective
Germ-Plasm in the Human Population</i>, The eugenics education society, 1912 à la
p.464 ; disponible en ligne : </span><a href="http://readingroom.law.gsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1073&context=buckvbell"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">http://readingroom.law.gsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1073&context=buckvbell</span></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">2. Edwin
Black, <i>War Against the Weak : Eugenics and America’s Campaign to Create a
Master Race</i>, New York, Four Walls Eight Windows, 2003 aux pp.60 et 247.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Par voie
de conséquence, des lois sur la stérilisation forcée des « arriérés
mentaux » ont été adoptées dans plus de trente États américains. Voici ce
qu’en dit la Cour suprême du Canada :</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">« Plus
de trente états ont adopté des lois prévoyant la stérilisation obligatoire des
arriérés mentaux (..) La constitutionnalité de ces lois a été contestée devant
la Cour suprême des États-Unis dans l’arrêt de principe Buck v. Bell, 274 U.S.
200 (1927) [...] La Cour, à la majorité, a autorisé la stérilisation de
celle-ci malgré les prétentions selon lesquelles une telle attitude violait
l’application régulière de la loi quant au fond et quant à la forme ainsi que
la protection égale des droits des handicapés. Cet arrêt a constitué le sommet
de la théorie eugénique comme l’atteste le jugement frappant du juge Holmes. Il
donne le ton à la p. 207 : [TRADUCTION]</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Nous
avons vu plus d’une fois que le bien-être public peut demander aux meilleurs
citoyens de donner leurs vies. Il serait étrange qu’on ne puisse pas demander à
ceux qui minent déjà la force de l’état de faire ces sacrifices moins
importants, qui souvent ne sont pas perçus comme tels par ceux qui sont visés,
pour faire en sorte que l’on ne soit pas submergés par l’incompétence. Il est
mieux pour tout le monde si, au lieu d’attendre d’exécuter la progéniture
dégénérée pour des crimes ou de les laisser souffrir de la faim en raison de
leur imbécillité, la société peut empêcher ceux qui sont manifestement
déficients de se reproduire. Le principe sur lequel se fonde la vaccination
obligatoire est suffisamment général pour permettre de couper les trompes de
Fallope. [...] Trois générations d’imbéciles, c’est suffisant ».</span></div>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Sources :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">1. L’arrêt
de la Cour suprême du Canada : <i>E.(Mme) c. Eve</i>, [1986] 2 R.C.S. 388 aux
paras.56-57.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">2. Voir
aussi Edwin Black, <i>War Against the Weak : Eugenics and America’s Campaign
to Create a Master Race</i>, New York, Four Walls Eight Windows, 2003 aux
pp.xv-xvi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><b>NB</b> :
Au Canada, « Deux provinces, l’Alberta et la Colombie-Britannique, ont
déjà eu des lois prévoyant la stérilisation des déficients mentaux
(...) ».</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Source :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><i>E.(Mme)
c. Eve</i>, [1986] 2 R.C.S. 388 au para.78.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">La
stérilisation forcée s’est poursuivie aux États-Unis plusieurs décades après le
procès de Nuremberg (1945-1946) intenté contre les chefs nazis pour crimes
contre l’humanité. Edwin Black affirme : </span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">« For decades after
Nuremberg labeled eugenic methods genocide and crime against humanity, America
continued to forcibly sterilize and prohibit eugenically undesirable
marriages ».</span></div>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Source :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Edwin
Black, <i>War Against the Weak : Eugenics and America’s Campaign to Create a
Master Race</i>, New York, Four Walls Eight Windows, 2003 à la p.xvii.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Plusieurs
institutions de prestige contribuèrent au mouvement eugénique. Edwin Black
mentionne notamment : « the Carnegie Institution, the Rockfeller
Foundation, the Harriman railroad fortune, Harvard University, Princeton
University, Yale University, Stanford University (...) ».</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Source :</span></b><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Edwin
Black, <i>War Against the Weak : Eugenics and America’s Campaign to Create a
Master Race</i>, New York, Four Walls Eight Windows, 2003 aux pp.xxi-xxii.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Le
mouvement eugénique américain influença fortement Adolf Hitler. Voici ce qu’en
dit Edwin Black :</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">« <b><u>The
movement was called eugenics. It was conceived at the onset of the twentieth
century and implemented by America’s wealthiest, most powerful and most learned
men against the nation’s most vulnerable and helpless. Eugenicists sought to
methodically terminate all the racial and ethnic groups, and social classes,
they disliked or feared</u></b>. It was nothing less than America’s legalized campaign
to breed a super race - and not just any super race. Eugenicists wanted a
purely Germanic and Nordic super race, enjoying biological dominion over all
others. Nor was America’s crusade a mere domestic crime. <b><u>Using the power of
money, prestige and international academic exchanges, American eugenicists
exported their philosophy to nations throughout the world, including Germany.
Decades after a eugenics campaign of mass sterilization and involuntary
incarceration of "defectives" was institutionalized in the United
States, the American effort to create a super Nordic race came to the attention
of Adolf Hitler</u></b> ».</span></div>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Source :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Edwin
Black, <i>War Against the Weak : Eugenics and America’s Campaign to Create a
Master Race</i>, New York, Four Walls Eight Windows, 2003 à la p.7.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">En effet,
Hitler affirmait :</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">« Celui
qui n’est pas sain, physiquement et moralement, et par conséquent <b><u>N’A PAS DE
VALEUR AU POINT DE VUE SOCIAL</u></b>, ne doit pas perpétuer ses maux dans le corps de
ses enfants [...] Si, pendant six cents ans, les individus dégénérés
physiquement ou souffrant de maladies mentales étaient mis hors d’état
d’engendrer, l’humanité serait délivrée de maux d’une gravité incommensurable
(...) C’est une faiblesse de conserver, chez des malades incurables, la
possibilité chronique de contaminer leurs semblables, encore sains. <u><b>CECI
CORRESPOND À UN SENTIMENT D’HUMANITÉ SELON LEQUEL ON LAISSERAIT MOURIR CENT
HOMMES POUR NE PAS FAIRE MAL À UN INDIVIDU</b></u>. Imposer l’impossibilité pour des
avariés de reproduire des descendants avariés, c’est faire oeuvre de la plus
claire raison ; c’est l’acte le plus humanitaire, lorsqu’il est appliqué
méthodiquement, que l’on puisse accomplir vis-à-vis de l’humanité ». </span></div>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Source :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Adolf
Hitler, <i>Mein Kampf : mon combat</i>, trad. par J. Gaudefroy-Demombynes et A.
Calmettes, Paris, Nouvelles Éditions Latines, 1934 aux pp.254 et 402-403.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Ainsi, en
Allemagne, le régime nazi a initié en septembre 1939 le programme d’euthanasie
Aktion T4 dont l’objectif était de tuer les personnes handicapées physiques et
mentales et toute personne dont on jugeait que la vie ne valait pas ou ne
valait plus la peine d’être vécue. Plus de 200 000 personnes auraient ainsi été
tuées.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Source :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Michael
Berenbaum, « T4 program », en ligne : britannica.com /</span><a href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/714411/T4-Program"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">www.britannica.com/EBchecked...</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">L’objectif
de ce programme était donc la « <b><u>SUPPRESSION DES VIES INDIGNES D’ÊTRES
VÉCUES » ("NOT WORTH LIVING")</u></b>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Source :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Adolf
Hitler, <i>Mein Kampf : mon combat</i>, trad. par J. Gaudefroy-Demombynes et A.
Calmettes, Paris, Nouvelles Éditions Latines, 1934 à la p.3.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Évidemment,
la Commission spéciale sur la question de mourir dans la dignité ne recommande
QU’UNE légalisation extrêmement bien encadrée de l’euthanasie VOLONTAIRE. Il
est néanmoins important de souligner que les principaux intellectuels et
partisans de la légalisation de l’euthanasie ne limitent pas leurs écrits et
leurs propos à l’euthanasie volontaire. Par exemple, le professeur de droit
Glanville Williams,« described as Britain’s foremost scholar of criminal
law » et qui fut vice-président de la « Voluntary Euthanasia
Society », était favorable à la stérilisation eugénique forcée et affirma
en 1958 :</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">« <u><b>The
author is QUITE RIGHT in thinking that a body of opinion would favour the
legalization of the INVOLUNTARY euthanasia of hopelessly defective infants, and
some day a proposal of this kind may be put forward. The proposal would have
distinct limits, just as the proposal for voluntary euthanasia of incurable
sufferers has limits</b></u> ».</span></div>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Sources :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">1. Sur
le fait que Glanville Williams était favorable à la stérilisation eugénique,
voir Neil M. Gorsuch, <i>The Future of Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia</i>,
Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2009 à la p.39.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">2. Pour
les propos de Glanville Williams, voir Glanville Williams,
« "Mercy-Killing" Legislation-A Rejoinder » (1958) 43:1
Minn. L Rev. 1 aux pp.11-12.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">De même,
les célèbres philosophes et éthiciens utilitaristes, James Rachels et Peter
Singer, qui sont parmi les intellectuels les plus influents du mouvement en faveur
de la légalisation de l’euthanasie volontaire, sont également favorables à
l’euthanasie non volontaire.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">James
Rachels affirme:</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">« <b><u>The
slippery-slope argument could be formulated to say, ‘If voluntary euthanasia is
accepted, then we will inevitably be pushed to accepting (some forms of)
non-voluntary euthanasia as well’. THIS IS PROBABLY TRUE</u></b> [...] But, for all the
reasons we have considered, there is nothing wrong with accepting (some forms
of) non-voluntary euthanasia ».</span></div>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Source :</span></b><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">James
Rachels, <i>The end of life : euthanasia and morality</i>, Oxford, Oxford
University Press, 1986 aux pp.179-180.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Peter
Singer affirme :</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">« <b><u>Comme
nous l’avons vu, l’euthanasie est non volontaire quand le sujet n’a jamais eu
la capacité de choisir de vivre ou de mourir</u></b>. C’est le cas du nourrisson
gravement handicapé ou d’un être humain plus âgé qui aurait un grave handicap
mental depuis sa naissance (...) À bien des égards, ces êtres humains ne
diffèrent pas beaucoup des nourrissons invalides. Ils ne sont ni conscients d’eux-mêmes,
ni rationnels, ni autonomes. <b><u>Considérer leur droit à la vie ou le respect de
leur autonomie n’a pas grand sens pour eux. S’ils ne ressentaient rien du tout
et ne pouvaient plus jamais rien ressentir, ils n’auraient aucune valeur
intrinsèque (...) Nous avons vu qu’on peut justifier de mettre fin à la vie
d’un être humain qui n’a pas la possibilité de donner son consentement</u></b> ».</span></div>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Source :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Peter
Singer, <i>Questions d’éthique pratique</i>, trad. par Max Marcuzzi, Paris, Bayard
Éditions, 1997 aux pp.176 185 et 187.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<u><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Une fois
l’euthanasie volontaire légalisée, l’euthanasie non volontaire est la prochaine
étape !</span></b></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Qu’est-ce
que l’euthanasie volontaire ?</span></u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">L’euthanasie
est volontaire « lorsqu’elle est pratiquée conformément aux voeux d’une
personne capable, que ces voeux aient été exprimés de vive voix ou au moyen
d’une directive préalable valide ».</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Qu’est-ce
que l’euthanasie non volontaire ?</span></u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">L’euthanasie
est non volontaire « lorsqu’elle est pratiquée sans qu’on connaisse les
voeux du patient, soit parce qu’il a toujours été incapable, soit parce qu’il
l’est devenu sans avoir laissé de directive préalable ».</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Source :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> Canada, Sénat du Canada, De la vie et de la mort,
Rapport du Comité sénatorial spécial sur l’euthanasie et l’aide au suicide,
Ottawa, Ministre des Approvisionnements et Services Canada, 1995.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">L’euthanasie
volontaire et non volontaire sont-elles éthiquement justifiables ?</span></u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Plusieurs
éthiciens justifient éthiquement l’euthanasie volontaire et non volontaire. Par
exemple, Peter Singer, titulaire de la chaire de bioéthique à l’Université de
Princeton, affirme :</span></div>
<blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">« <b><u>Nous
pouvons simplement dire que l’euthanasie n’est justifiable que si ceux que l’on
tue</u></b> :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">1. <b><u>n’ont
pas la capacité de consentir à la mort parce que la capacité de comprendre le
choix entre leur propre existence continuée ou la non-existence leur fait
défaut</u></b> ;</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">2. <b><u>ont la
capacité de choisir entre continuer de vivre ou mourir et de prendre la
décision de mourir en connaissance de cause, de manière volontaire et
ferme</u></b> ».</span></div>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Source :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> Peter Singer, <i>Questions d’éthique pratique</i>, trad.
par Max Marcuzzi, Paris, Bayard Éditions, 1997 à la p.193.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><b>NB</b> :
Au point #1, Peter Singer décrit l’euthanasie non volontaire et au point #2, il
décrit l’euthanasie volontaire.</span></div>
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<u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">À qui
s’adresse l’euthanasie volontaire et à qui s’adresse l’euthanasie non
volontaire ?</span></u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">L’euthanasie
volontaire s’adresse à tous les êtres humains (personnes) autonomes,
c’est-à-dire capables de prendre des décisions fondamentales de manière libre
et éclairée.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">En
revanche, l’euthanasie non volontaire concerne tous les êtres humains qui ne
sont pas autonomes et qui ont perdu leur capacité « de façon
irréversible ». Ce qui inclut les nourrissons (ou nouveaux-nés), les
enfants et les adultes gravement handicapés mentaux, les enfants et les adultes
qui ont perdu leur autonomie suite à un accident et finalement les personnes
âgées qui ont perdu leur autonomie en raison « du grand âge ».</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Source :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> Peter Singer, <i>Questions d’éthique pratique</i>, trad.
par Max Marcuzzi, Paris, Bayard Éditions, 1997 aux pp.67 et 185.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Ces êtres
humains qui ne sont pas autonomes ne sont pas, selon Peter Singer, des
"personnes" (au sens moral) et n’ont pas de droit moral à la vie. Par
conséquent, mettre fin à leur vie sans douleur n’est pas mal selon Peter
Singer.</span></div>
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<u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Mais
pourquoi voudrait-on légaliser l’euthanasie non volontaire ?</span></u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">À propos
des nourrissons handicapés, Peter Singer nous en donne une raison :
« Leurs vies ne valent pas autant la peine d’être vécues que la vie des
personnes non handicapées ». Il affirme :</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">« C’est
pourquoi, selon le point de vue utilitariste total, si tuer le nourrisson
hémophile n’a pas d’effets néfastes sur d’autres personnes, le tuer sera
justifié. Pour le point de vue utilitariste total, l’enfant est remplaçable,
comme les animaux qui ne sont pas conscients d’eux-mêmes […] On peut objecter
que remplacer un foetus ou un nouveau-né est mal parce que cet acte laisse
penser aux personnes handicapées que <b><u>LEURS VIES NE VALENT PAS AUTANT LA PEINE
D’ÊTRE VÉCUES QUE LA VIE DES PERSONNES NON HANDICAPÉES. MAIS C’EST SE VOILER LA
FACE QUE DE NE PAS RECONNAÎTRE QUE C’EST BIEN LE CAS EN GÉNÉRAL</u></b> ».</span></div>
</blockquote>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Source :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> Peter Singer, <i>Questions d’éthique pratique</i>, trad.
par Max Marcuzzi, Paris, Bayard Éditions, 1997 aux pp.180-183.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">À propos
des enfants et des adultes gravement handicapés mentaux, des enfants et des
adultes qui ont perdu leur autonomie suite à un accident, des personnes âgées
qui ont perdu leur autonomie en raison « du grand âge », il
affirme :</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">« À
bien des égards, ces êtres humains ne diffèrent pas beaucoup des nourrissons
invalides. Ils ne sont ni conscients d’eux-mêmes, ni rationnels, ni autonomes.
<b><u>CONSIDÉRER LEUR DROIT À LA VIE ou le respect de leur autonomie N’A PAS GRAND
SENS POUR EUX. S’ils ne ressentaient rien du tout et ne pouvaient plus jamais
rien ressentir, ILS N’AURAIENT AUCUNE VALEUR INTRINSÈQUE</u></b> (...) ».</span></div>
</blockquote>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Source :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> Peter Singer, <i>Questions d’éthique pratique</i>, trad.
par Max Marcuzzi, Paris, Bayard Éditions, 1997 à la p.185.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">La
célèbre philosophe Mary Warnock nous donne une autre raison. Elle
affirme :</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">« "IF
YOU’RE DEMENTED, you’re wasting people’s lives – your family’s lives – and
YOU’RE WASTING THE RESOURCES OF THE NATIONAL HEALTH SERVICE. "I’m
absolutely, fully in agreement with the argument that if pain is insufferable,
then someone should be given help to die, but I feel there’s a wider argument
that if somebody absolutely, desperately wants to die because they’re a burden
to their family, or the state, then I think they too should be allowed to die.
"Actually I’ve just written an article called ’A Duty to Die ?’ for a
Norwegian periodical. I wrote it really suggesting that there’s nothing wrong
with feeling you ought to do so for the sake of others as well as
yourself." She went on : "If you’ve an advance directive,
appointing someone else to act on your behalf, if you become incapacitated,
then I think there is a hope that your advocate may say that you would not wish
to live in this condition so please try to help her die. "I think that’s
the way the future will go, putting it rather brutally, you’d be licensing
people to put others down." ».</span></div>
</blockquote>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Sources :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> Martin Beckford, « Baroness Warnock :
Dementia sufferers may have a ’duty to die’ » The Telegraph (september 18,
2008) ; Jackie Macadam, « A duty to die ? » in « Life
and Work », Edinburgh, Church of Scotland, 2008 aux pp.24-25. Voir aussi
Steve Doughty, « Old people with dementia have a duty to die and should be
pushed towards death, says Baroness Warnock » Dailymail (september 20,
2008).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Or ces
motifs économiques sont précisément ceux qui ont justifié le programme
d’euthanasie nazi Aktion T4. Michael Berenbaum affirme :</span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">« Nazi
German effort—framed as a euthanasia program—to kill incurably ill, physically
or mentally disabled, emotionally distraught, and elderly people. Adolf Hitler
initiated this program in 1939 [...] <b><u>A new bureaucracy, headed by physicians,
was established with a MANDATE TO KILL ANYONE DEEMED TO HAVE A “LIFE UNWORTHY
OF LIVING.”</u></b> Some physicians active in the study of eugenics, who saw Nazism as
“applied biology,” enthusiastically endorsed this program. <b><u>However, THE
CRITERIA FOR INCLUSION in this program were not exclusively genetic, nor were
they necessarily based on infirmity. An important criterion WAS ECONOMIC. Nazi
officials assigned people to this program largely based on their ECONOMIC
PRODUCTIVITY. The Nazis referred to the program’s victims as “BURDENSOME LIVES”
and “USELESS EATERS"</u></b> [...] Pseudoscientific rationalizations for the
killing of the “unworthy” were bolstered by economic considerations [...] The
total number killed under the T4 Program, including this covert phase, may have
reached 200,000 or more [...] ».</span></div>
</blockquote>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Source : </span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Michael
Berenbaum, « T4 program », en ligne : britannica.com /</span><a href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/714411/T4-Program"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">www.britannica.com/EBchecked...</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">>.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Dans ses
prédictions et les scénarios prévisibles qu’il entrevoit pour les années 2007 à
2036, le « Development, Concepts and Doctrine Center » (DCDC) du
Ministère de la défense du Royaume-Uni souligne que l’euthanasie des personnes
âgées pourrait devenir l’instrument politique dont se servirait les plus jeunes
pour réduire le fardeau économique que représente les soins dispensés aux
personnes âgées. Je cite :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">« <u><b>Declining
youth populations in Western societies could become increasingly dissatisfied
with their economically burdensome ‘baby-boomer’ elders, among whom much of
societies’ wealth would be concentrated</b></u>. Resentful at a generation whose values
appear to be out of step with tightening resource constraints, the young might
seek a return to an order provided by more conservative values and structures.
This could lead to a civic renaissance, with strict penalties for those failing
to fulfil their social obligations. <u><b>It might also open the way to policies
which permit euthanasia as a means to reduce the burden of care for the
elderly</b></u> ».</span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Source :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> United Kingdom, Ministry of Defence, Development, Concepts
and Doctrine Center, <i>The DCDC Global Strategic Trends Programme :
2007-2036</i>, 3d ed., 2007 à la p.79, en ligne : </span><a href="http://www.google.ca/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CGMQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cuttingthroughthematrix.com%2Farticles%2Fstrat_trends_23jan07.pdf&ei=starT7TWDMXDgQfRrYnLAQ&usg=AFQjCNHFMkv0O4mg1xw7psWtg4V2Zis9ww"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">http://www.google.ca/url?sa=t&r...</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"></span></div>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Selon Me Jean-Louis Baudouin, ancien juge de la Cour d'appel du Québec :</span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
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<span style="font-size: small;">« <u><b>L'explosion des coûts de la santé et la pression économique qui en
résulte risquent de favoriser des programmes d'euthanasie pour certaines
catégories de personnes plus vulnérables, dont le maintien en vie obère
les finances de l'État </b></u>». </span></div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b>Source</b> : Jean-Louis Baudouin, "Rapport de synthèse : Congrès de l'Association Henri-Capitant-2009-Journées Suisses 7-12 juin 2009" (2009-2010) 40 R.D.U.S. 365, en ligne : <a href="https://www.usherbrooke.ca/droit/fileadmin/sites/droit/documents/RDUS/volume_40/Baudouin.pdf">https://www.usherbrooke.ca/droit/fileadmin/sites/droit/documents/RDUS/volume_40/Baudouin.pdf</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Par conséquent, on ne saurait faire
l'économie de certaines données factuelles relatives au vieillissement
de la population du Québec et à l'augmentation des dépenses de santé qui
en résulte. Selon le rapport Ménard de 2005 sur la pérennité du système
de santé, le vieillissement de la population du Québec est « le
troisième plus rapide des pays industrialisés après le Japon et l'Italie
». Le rapport ajoute :</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-size: small;">« Les groupes d'âge appelés à croître le plus rapidement sont ceux
pour lesquels l'utilisation des services sociaux et de santé est la plus
élevée. Les ressources par habitant consacrées aux personnes âgées de
65 ans ou plus sont d'environ 3,7 fois plus élevées que pour la moyenne
des groupes d'âge. Pour les personnes de 85 ans ou plus, c'est 7,7 fois
plus par habitant que pour la moyenne de la population. La concentration
des dépenses de santé et de services sociaux à la fin de la vie est
particulièrement évidente pour les services offerts principalement aux
personnes âgées en perte d'autonomie (...) dont les coûts augmentent de
façon fulgurante à partir de 70 ans ».</span></blockquote>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><b>Source</b> : Comité de travail sur la pérennité du système de santé et des services sociaux du Québec, <i>Pour sortir de l'impasse : la solidarité entre nos générations</i>, 2005, en ligne : <a href="http://www.bibliotheque.assnat.qc.ca/01/MONO/2005/07/818789/Tome_1_ex_1.pdf">http://www.bibliotheque.assnat.qc.ca/01/MONO/2005/07/818789/Tome_1_ex_1.pdf</a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="taille_courante" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Le 13 février 2014,</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> la Belgique est devenu "le premier pays au monde à légaliser sans fixer de condition d'âge, l'euthanasie pour les enfants et adolescents atteints de maladie incurable et affrontant « des souffrances insupportables »".</span></span></div>
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"><br />
Source : </span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Jean-Pierre Stroobants, « La Belgique légalise l'euthanasie pour les mineurs » (9 mai 2012), Le Monde en ligne : </span><a href="http://www.lemonde.fr/europe/article/2014/02/13/la-belgique-va-etendre-l-euthanasie-aux-mineurs_4365959_3214.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">http://www.lemonde.fr/europe/article/2014/02/13/la-belgique-va-etendre-l-euthanasie-aux-mineurs_4365959_3214.html</span></a><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Le Japon
envisage l’euthanasie comme une solution au fardeau économique que fait peser
le vieillissement de la population sur la société japonsaise</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Source : </span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Annabel Claix, « Un ministre japonais prie ses
concitoyens de mourir, et vite » (22 janvier 2013), en ligne : </span><a href="http://www.7sur7.be/7s7/fr/1505/Monde/article/detail/1566553/2013/01/22/Un-ministre-japonais-prie-ses-concitoyens-de-mourir-et-vite.dhtml"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">http://www.7sur7.be/7s7/fr/1505/Mon...</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Lire
aussi les deux articles suivants :</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Source :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> Pierre Pelchat, "Aide médicale à
mourir : le PQ et la CAQ ouverts à l’accès aux personnes démentes"
(17 septembre 2013), en ligne : </span><a href="http://www.lapresse.ca/le-soleil/actualites/societe/201309/17/01-4690381-aide-medicale-a-mourir-le-pq-et-la-caq-ouverts-a-lacces-aux-personnes-dementes.php"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">http://www.lapresse.ca/le-soleil/ac...</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">"Le
Collège des médecins pour l’aide médicale à mourir" (17 septembre 2013),
en ligne : </span><a href="http://www.radio-canada.ca/nouvelles/societe/2013/09/17/004-college-medecins-aide-medicale-mourir-projet-loi-52.shtml"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">http://www.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle...</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Eric Folot</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: FR-CA;">Avocat et bioéthicien </span></div>
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